Organism Type Transmission/Entry Life cycle Immune stuff Pathology/Symptoms

Toxoplasma g. Protozoa Undercooked meat, Ingest cyst Transmitted x the placenta, especially if woman is infected
cat poop during pregnancy  birth defects. Toxic to brain/eyes in
AIDS patients. Can present like mononucleosis.
Plasmodium Protozoa Mosquito (very Sporozoite into Vivax strain In liver, infects hepatocytes, divides, cells burst. Then,
(falciparum) efficient transmission) bloodstream  cannot infect they infect RBCs, feed off Hb, then they burst. Cyclical
liver Duffy a / b fevers, chills, headaches, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly.
persons Falciparum is most severe – CNS, lung problems.
Giardia l. Protozoa Consumption, such as Consumption of Cleared by Adheres but doesn’t invade brush border of duodenum 
in contaminated water cyst form – then  CMI, usually 2- malabsorption of stuff bloating/flatulence, steatorrhea,
 small intestine. trophozoite. 3 weeks. weight loss.
E. Histolytica Protozoa Consume cyst form Cyst  Invasion of colon  necrosis/cell death 
trophozoite. dysentery/bloody diarrhea, megacolon. Enter portal 
liver abscess (pain, WL) ( lung abscess).
N. fowleri Protozoa SWIMMING Meningitis: fever, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, headache.
Trypanosomiasis Protozoa Tsetse fly Bite  Avoids Ulcer @ bite site, fevers, headaches, lymphadenopathy,
trypomastigote destruction malaise, weight loss, symptoms resolve; then intermittent
spreads in through fevers, finally progression to encephalitis/meningitis as
bloodstream to antigenic personality changes, sleepiness, coma, death.
lymph nodes / variation Gambiense (W. Africa) = milder/more chronic, human
CNS. host. Rhodesiense (E. Africa) = more acute/worse,
zoonosis: painless chancre.
T. Cruzi Protozoa Reduviid bug Enter as Amastigotes infect macrophages, lymph nodes, and
bites/deposits feces. trypomastigotes, bloodstream. Chagas’ Disease: acute phase = chagoma @
then form bite site, fever, lymphadenopathy, malaise, then
amastigotes. asymptomatic, then recurs with megacolon,
megaesophagus, cardiomegaly/arrhythmias
Leishmania Protozoa Sandfly Promastigotes engulfed by Cutaneous: chancres that heal, mucocutaneous: chancre
macrophages. heals, then later oropharyngeal ulcers  damage face, or
visceral = invasive: fevers, anemia/weight loss,
thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly.
Trichuris trichiura Roundworm Ingestion of eggs No invasion Intestinal infection – abdominal pain / diarrhea.
Ascaris Roundworm Ingestion of eggs  Penetrate through Mostly mild/asymptomatic: abd. pain, dysentery/intestinal
lumbricoides SI, such as in food intestinal wall  infection. Lung: cough, SOB. Severe cases affect bile
lungs or through ducts/gall bladder, liver  malnutrition because of
skin  alveoli  competition for nutrients and/or mechanical blockage.
N. Americanus + A. Roundworm Larva can penetrate coughed Suck blood in SI  anemia, also diarrhea, abd. pain, WL,
duodenale “hookworm” skin up/swallowed  rash at site. Presence in lung  cough or pneumonia.
Strongyloides Roundworm Penetrate skin adult worms in SI Anemia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, bloating.
stercoralis  release eggs. Rash @ site of entrance and lung symptoms are possible.
Cycle can repeat.
Loa loa Roundworm Tabanid fly Mostly asymptomatic; can have edema/swelling due to
host responses. Worms on/in the eye  swelling
 W. bancrofti Roundworm Many mosquito Larvae enter skin Microfiliariae go into lymphatics  lymphadenitis +
species through mosquito fever, inguinal swelling, edema, possible elephantiasis
bite, grow up to be through fibrosis/blockage of lymph drainage months later.
adults. Toxin released after death of adult worms can cause
damage. Incubation before symptoms.
Onchocerca Roundworm Blackfly Larvae infect, go Immune Nodules are adult worms - painless. Skin: loss of
volvulus through sub-q, then response  pigmentation if long-term infection, also pruritic rash can
are adults pruritus. occur. River blindness if parasites die near/in the eye.
Dracunculus Roundworm Consume the Out of crustacean Offspring go to extremities and often come out of foot.
medinensis microcrustacea in  thorax, Symptoms at egress site: hives, inflammation, also
drinking water mature/mate vomiting, diarrhea.
D. latum/T. saginata Tapeworm Consume in beef Cysts in muscles of Mostly asymptomatic, can have weight loss/malnutrition.
(saginata), fish for meat are consumed, Latum can impair B12 in particular, anemia.
latum. form adult in the SI
T. solium Tapeworm Consume eggs or Eggs  adults in Inhibit Consume larvae: attach to wall of SI  malnutrition.
larvae in pork the SI. complement Consume eggs: mostly asymptomatic except cysticercosis:
and CMI. oncospheres can go to brain. Can cause neuro symptoms;
worse if they die in brain: encephalitis, seizure, etc.
Echinococcus Tapeworm Consume oncospheres Eggs hatch in Usually asymptomatic. Larvae penetrate intestinal wall,
granulosus from dogs intestine  larvae then throughout the body, esp. liver (abd. pain, biliary
obstruction), but also lungs (chest pain, hemoptysis).
Schistosoma Tapeworm Released by snails Cercariae  Molecular Acute: dermatitis @ site of entry; later, there’s fever,
mansoni, into water / baby schistosomulae that mimicry. chills, headache, lymphadenopathy. In vessel: attach to
haemotabium worm penetrates circulate. Skin  wall / release eggs  inflammation  fibrosis and also
through skin liver – mate in impair flow. Liver: eggs  fibrosis, PHTN, varices,
liver. splenomegaly. Long-term: granulomas, cirrhosis. Long
term haemotabium of bladder  inflammation 
squamous cell cx.
Paragonimus Fluke Eggs in fresh water  Baby worm Penetrate intestinal wall  peritoneal cavity  diaphragm
consume (cercariae) through diaphragm,  pleural area. Inflammatory mass in lung  coughed up
in shellfish then into lung. in rusty brown sputum/hemoptysis, inflammation.
Fasciola hepatica Fluke Often eat in Baby worm in Live in liver/biliary tract. Try to get into feces/out of body.
watercress/water intestine, Acute: abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, fever, vomiting
chestnut perforates, through diarrhea. Chronic: in bile ducts – obstruction.
liver, up to bile
tract, eggs there.
Sarcoptes scabei Mite 6-8 weeks after infection = immune reaction – dermatitis.
Burrow into epidermis.
Tunga penetrans Flea Burrows into skin – usually painless, then can be itching,
irritation, ulceration – can progress to infection/gangrene.
Lice Hair Feed daily on blood. Specific to the animal.