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The total pressure drop in the pipe is typically calculated using these five steps. (1) Determine the total length of all
horizontal and vertical straight pipe runs. (2) Determine the number of valves and fittings in the pipe. For example, there may
be two gate valves, a 90o elbow and a flow thru tee. (3) Determine the means of incorporating the valves and fittings into the
Darcy equation. To accomplish this, most engineers use a table of equivalent lengths. This table lists the valve and fitting and
an associated length of straight pipe of the same diameter, which will incur the same pressure loss as that valve or fitting. For
example, if a 2” 90o elbow were to produce a pressure drop of 1 psi, the equivalent length would be a length of 2” straight pipe
that would also give a pressure drop of 1 psi. The engineer then multiplies the quantity of each type of valve and fitting by its
respective equivalent length and adds them together. (4) The total equivalent length is usually added to the total straight pipe
length obtained in step one to give a total pipe equivalent length. (5) This total pipe equivalent length is then substituted for
in Equation 2 to obtain the pressure drop in the pipe.
An Example
The fluid being pumped is 94% Sulfuric Acid through a 3”, Schedule 40, Carbon Steel pip
Typical
Equivalent
Length K Value
Method Method
Not
Straight Pipe ∆P, psi applicable 0.41
Total Pipe Equivalent Not
Length ∆P, psi 11.73 Applicable
Valves and Fittings Not
∆P, psi applicable 6.83
Total Pipe ∆P, psi 11.73 7.24
K = K1 / NRE + KΨ (1 + 1/D)
∆p = pressure loss in Pa
Λ = friction factor (a number without dimension)
PIPE PARAMETERS
Allowance in Equivalent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss in Valves and Threaded Fittings
Diameter of Coupling or
fitting in 90° std. 45° std. 90° side straight run Gate valve, Globe
inches ell, ft. ell, ft. tee, ft. of tee, ft. feet valve, feet
3/8 1 0.6 1.5 0.3 0.2 8
1/2 2 1.2 3 0.6 0.4 15
3/4 2.5 1.5 4 0.8 0.5 20
1 3 1.8 5 0.9 0.6 25
1 1/4 4 2.4 6 1.2 0.8 35
1 1/2 5 3 7 1.5 1 45
2 7 4 10 2 1.3 55
2 1/2 8 5 12 2.5 1.6 65
3 10 6 15 3 2 80
3 1/2 12 7 18 3.6 2.4 100
4 14 8 21 4 2.7 125
5 17 10 25 5 3.3 140
6 20 12 30 6 4 165
Absolute
Pipe
Roughness
Included here is a sampling of absolute pipe roughness e data taken from Binder (1973). These values are for new pipes; age
Absolute
Pipe Roughness,
Material e
x 10-6 feet micron
(unless
noted)
FIRE
HOSE
Loss pressure
In rate of laminar, the nature or the surface quality of the interior walls of the
lines does not intervene in the calculation of the pressure loss.
The laminar flow meets in practice only in the transport and the handling of
the viscous fluids, such as the crude oil, fuel oil, oils, etc.
In the critical zone, i.e. between 2000 and 4000 Reynolds the formula of
computation employed will be treated in the manner that in situation of
mode of turbulent flow.
With:
t = temperature at 0°C
a = percentage of glycol
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Inputs
Pressure at A (absolute): kPa
Average fluid velocity in pipe, V: m/s
Pipe diameter, D: cm
Pipe relative roughness, e/D: m/m
Pipe length from A to B, L: m
Elevation gain from A to B, ∆z: m
Fluid density, ρ: kg/l
Fluid viscosity (dynamic), µ: cP
Answers
Select
desired
output
units for
next
calculatio
Reynolds Number, R:1.00 × 105 n.
Friction Factor, f: 0.0180
Pressure at B: 95.5 kPa kPa
Pressure Drop: 4.50 kPa
Volume Flowrate: 7.85 l/s l/s
Mass Flowrate: 7.85 kg/s kg/s
For pipe flow, we assume that the pipe diameter D stays constant. By continuity, we then know that the fluid velocity V stays c
For laminar flow (R < 2000 in pipes), f can be deduced analytically. The answer is,
The calculator above first computes the Reynolds Number for the flow. It then computes the friction factor f by direct substitutio
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For questions and comments, please contact: Dr. L. Charles Sun, Email: Charles.Sun@noaa.gov
Plumbing Conversions
To Change To Multiply By
US & Imperial >>: Metric system Metric system >> US & Imperial
1 Inch (in) - US 25.40005 mm 1 millimeter (mm) 0.03937 in (US)
1 Inch (in) - Imp 25.39996 mm 1 millimeter (mm) 0.03937 in (imp)
1 Foot (ft) = (12.in)
- US 0.3048006 m 1 meter (m) 3.28083 ft (US)
1 Foot (ft) = (12.in)
- Imp 0.3047995 m 1 meter (m) 3.28083 ft (imp)
1 Yard (yd) = (3.ft)
- US 0.9144018 m 1 meter (m) 1.093611 yd (US)
1 Yard (yd) = (3.ft)
- Imp 0.9143984 m 1 meter (m) 1.093611 yd (imp)
1 Mile (mi) =
(1760.yd) - US 1.609347 km 1 kilometer (km) 0.6213699 mi (US)
1 Mile (mi) = 0.6213724 mi
(1760.yd) - Imp 1.609341 km 1 kilometer (km) (imp)
1 Nautical mile 0.5396127 n.mi
(imp) 1.853181 km 1 kilometer (km) (imp)
US & Imperial >> Metric system Metric system >> US & Imperial
2.471044 acre
1 Acre - US 0.4046873 ha 1 hectare (ha) (US)
For example a man of 75 kg (it is its mass, and not its weight contrary to the
current expression), has a weight of: 75 * 9.80665 = 735,5 N on the sea level.
1Short
hundredweight(sh 0.02204622 sh.cwt
cwt)= 100 Ib - US 45.35924 kg 1kilogram (kg) (US)
0.02204622 ctl
1Cental (imp) 45.35924 kg 1 kilogram (kg) (imp)
1Long ton (l tn) = 0.9842064 l.tn
2240 Ib - US 1.016047 t 1 ton (US)
Specific Gravity
The density of gas, relative to air, is called specific gravity. The specific gravity
of air is defined as 1. Since propane gas has a specific gravity of 1.5,
propane-air mixtures have a specific gravity of greater than 1.
Design 1:
(1) Determine the total length of all horizontal and vertical straight pipe runs.
2) Determine the number of valves and fittings in the pipe. For example, there may be two gate valves, a 90o elbow and a
(3) Determine the means of incorporating the valves and fittings into the Darcy equation.
(4) The total equivalent length is usually added to the total straight pipe length obtained in step one to give a total pipe equ
(5) This total pipe equivalent length is then substituted for L in Equation 2 to obtain the pressure drop in the pipe
o gate valves, a 90o elbow and a flow thru tee.