Livro - Eficiência Energética Na Arquitetura

ELETROBRAS
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20071-003 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ
Caixa Postal: 1639 Tel: (21) 2514–5151
www.eletrobras.com.br eletrobr@eletrobras.com
PROCEL Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica

Av. Rio Branco, 53 / 13º andar – Centro
www.eletrobras.com/procel procel@eletrobras.com
PROCEL EDIFICA Eficiência Energética em Edificações

Av. Rio Branco, 53 / 15º andar – Centro
Fax: (21) 2514-5767
www.eletrobras.com/procel pfpr@eletrobras.com
E L E T R O B R A S P R O C E L
Presidente da ELETROBRAS
José da Costa Carvalho Neto
Superintendente de Eficiência Energética da ELETROBRAS
Renata Leite Falcão
Chefe do Departamento de Projetos de Eficiência Energética
Fernando Pinto Dias Perrone
Chefe da Divisão de Eficiência Energética no Setor Privado
Marco Aurélio Ribeiro Gonçalves Moreira
E Q U I P E T É C N I C A
E LE T R O B R AS
P R OC E L
Equipe do PROCEL Edifica

Edison Alves Portela Júnior
Elisete Alvarenga da Cunha
Estefânia Neiva de Mello
João Queiroz Krause
Lucas Mortimer Macedo
Luciana Dias Lago Machado
Maria Teresa Marques da Silveira
Colaboradores
Clóvis José da Silva
Frederico Guilherme Cardoso Souto Maior de Castro
Solange Nogueira Puente Santos
Vanda Alves dos Santos
Revisão Gráfica
Kelli Cristine Vidal Mondaini
Autores
Roberto Lamberts
Luciano Dutra
Fernando O. R. Pereira
Ilustração
Luciano Dutra
curriculum resumido dos autores
Roberto Lamberts: Professor Titular do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina. Engenheiro Civil (1980), Mestre em Engenharia Civil (1983) pela
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e PhD pelo Department of Civil Engineering da
University of Leeds (Inglaterra) em 1988. Supervisor do Laboratório de Eficiência Energética
em Edificações (LabEEE). Atua nos cursos de pós-graduação Engenharia Civil (Mestrado e
Doutorado) e Arquitetura e Urbanismo (Mestrado e Doutorado) e da UFSC. Coeditor do
periódico Ambiente Construído, membro do comitê editorial dos periódicos Advances in
Building Energy Research e do Journal of Building Performance Simulation. Membro das
associações científicas ANTAC, Associação de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído (onde foi da
diretoria por vários mandatos) e IBPSA, associação internacional para a simulação do
desempenho de edificações e membro do GT e ST de edificações do MME apoiando o
desenvolvimento da etiquetagem de eficiência energética em edificações. Desenvolve
pesquisas na área de Engenharia Civil, com ênfase em Eficiência Energética, desempenho
térmico de edificações, bioclimatologia e conforto térmico.
(http://lattes.cnpq.br/0755959610406012)
Luciano Dutra: Arquiteto e Urbanista pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina em 1991,
mestre em Conforto Ambiental pela mesma instituição em 1994 e PhD pela Architectural
Association School – AA School (Londres - Inglaterra) em 2010. Atualmente é professor do curso
de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL). É coordenador
do curso de Especialização em Arquitetura Sustentável e Bioclimática, ministrando disciplinas
neste curso e também no curso de Especialização em Engenharia e Segurança do Trabalho,
ambos da UNISUL. É integrante da equipe do Projeto REGSA (Promoting Renewable Electricity
Generation in South America), um convênio internacional entre a UNISUL e três outras
universidades. Tem experiência na área de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, com ênfase em
Arquitetura Bioclimática e Sustentável, atuando principalmente nos seguintes temas: projeto
de arquitetura, ensino de arquitetura, arquitetura bioclimática, eficiência energética e
conforto ambiental. (http://lattes.cnpq.br/4612184525520681)
Fernando Oscar Ruttkay Pereira: Professor Titular do Departamento de Arquitetura e

Urbanismo da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Eng. Civil (1979), Mestre em Eng. Civil
(1984) pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e PhD pela School of Architectural
Studies, University of Sheffield (Inglaterra) em 1992. Supervisor do Laboratório de Conforto
Ambiental desde a sua criação em 1987. Atua nos cursos de pós-graduação em Arquitetura e
Urbanismo (Mestrado e Doutorado) e Engenharia Civil (Mestrado e Doutorado) da UFSC. Diretor
(gestão 2002 – 2008) do PLEA – Passive and Low Energy Architecture International Association,
Membro da IESNA - Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, membro do Comitê de
Iluminação Natural da IESNA e do CIE – Commission Internacionale de L’Éclairage – seção
Brasil, Divisão 3 e é Editor Regional - América do Sul, do International Journal Management of
Environmental Quality. Desenvolve pesquisas nas áreas “Insolação e Iluminação no Ambiente
Urbano, Sistemas Inovativos de Iluminação Natural, Simulação da Iluminação e Eficiência
Energética no Ambiente Construído e Ensino de Conforto Ambiental e Eficiência Energética.
(http://lattes.cnpq.br/2498471958439979)
iv eficiência energética na arquitetura

prefácio
A primeira edição do livro Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura foi elaborada pelos
professores Roberto Lamberts, Luciano Dutra e Fernando O. R. Pereira, em Convênio
com o Procel – Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica no ano de 1997,
sendo desde então referência sobre Arquitetura Bioclimática, em todo o País. Em
2004, uma segunda edição foi lançada e, passados mais de 15 anos, a Eletrobras,
empresa do setor elétrico brasileiro que administra há quase três décadas o Procel,
orgulha-se em apresentar à sociedade esta nova versão.
A 3ª edição, além de uma extensa revisão e atualização de conteúdo, conta com uma
considerável ampliação, tratando de maneira mais específica conceitos e
questionamentos relacionados è Eficiência Energética e à Sustentabilidade, como
iluminação e ventilação naturais. Concomitantemente, propõe uma abordagem
sistêmica listando estratégias e descrevendo os processos para a elaboração de
Projetos de Arquitetura Bioclimática. Permanece, porém, a essência de levar à
comunidade acadêmica, de um modo bastante didático, uma publicação de qualidade
e com conceitos atuais de arquitetura energeticamente eficiente, sustentabilidade e
conforto ambiental.
A importância deste livro torna-se ainda mais evidente no presente cenário em que a
Eletrobras Procel, em parceria com o Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e
Tecnologia – Inmetro, implementaram o Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem em
Edificações (PBE Edifica). Desde 2009, existem critérios técnicos nacionais para a
avaliação de edifícios residenciais, comerciais, públicos e de serviços quanto ao nível
de Eficiência Energética, e para a emissão da Etiqueta Nacional de Conservação de
Energia. O objetivo é, mediante uma ferramenta orientativa, criar um mercado mais
exigente e consciente quanto ao uso da energia elétrica nas edificações, sem,
contudo, privar seus usuários de suas funcionalidades e conforto. Nesse contexto, esta
publicação é de suma importância por contribuir para a formação acadêmica de
futuros profissionais cada vez mais engajados com as novas soluções para os setores de
Arquitetura e Construção Civil no Brasil.
A Eletrobras, como empresa consciente da importância das energias limpas para o
Brasil, rejubila-se em presentear a sociedade brasileira com esta publicação que visa a
um modo de pensar e de construir edificações confortáveis, energeticamente
eficientes e com respeito ao meio ambiente.
JOSÉ DA COSTA CARVALHO NETO

Presidente da Eletrobras
eficiência energética na arquitetura

v
lamberts, dutra e pereira
vi eficiência energética na arquitetura

apresentação
Nos últimos nove anos, desde a publicação da segunda edição do livro “Eficiência
Energética na Arquitetura” em 2004, muita coisa surgiu em termos de eficiência
energética, incluindo algumas publicações brasileiras. Estas iniciativas vêm suprir,
numa primeira instância, as antigas carências em publicações nesta área no país. Além
disso, refletem sobre nossa arquitetura e sobre os problemas e dificuldades
enfrentadas pelos profissionais da área.
Na sua terceira edição e com conteúdo completamente revisado e atualizado, o livro
“Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura” retorna com novos conceitos. Busca agora
trazer, não somente uma atualização, mas também novos questionamentos referentes
à arquitetura sustentável e sua relação com a eficiência energética e a arquitetura
bioclimática.
O objetivo principal do livro continua o mesmo, introduzir os principais conceitos
relativos ao manejo e controle do consumo de energia em edificações, tendo como
critério central de projeto o conforto de seus usuários.
Um dos pressupostos é de que os conceitos físicos básicos precisam ser bem
entendidos e assimilados quando se busca aplicar e implementar o controle ambiental
de modo inteligente. Para isso, o livro baseia-se intensamente em esquemas,
diagramas conceituais e analogias para guiar o leitor ao entendimento intuitivo sobre
como o aquecimento, resfriamento e iluminação afetam as pessoas, o projeto das
edificações e a energia utilizada pelos principais sistemas mec6anicos e elétricos.
O livro traz capítulos novos como “geometria solar”, “iluminação natural” e
“ventilação natural”, todos essencialmente práticos, mas cujos conteúdos são mais
aprofundados que na edição anterior. Nestes capítulos, o leitor acessará
conhecimentos essenciais ao bom projeto bioclimático e à eficiência energética.
O último capítulo do livro presta atenção ao aspecto mais importante no tema, o
“projeto de arquitetura bioclimática”, onde o leitor irá trilhar pelos principais
conceitos de projeto arquitetônico e verá como as variáveis discutidas no livro
interagem ao longo do processo de projeto.
Esta terceira edição é completamente revisada e ampliada em relação à edição
anterior, publicada em 2004. Traz 366 páginas e tem, ao todo, 334 ilustrações, das
quais 137 são novas. Estas ilustrações seguem o mesmo padrão das edições anteriores
(são coloridas e, na sua maioria, feitas completamente à mão) e buscam tornar claro e
atraente um tema que, apesar de importante, nem sempre é facilmente digerido pelos
estudantes das engenharias e da arquitetura e pelos próprios profissionais destas
áreas. Espera-se, com isso, que o livro possa informar, conscientizar e preparar o
arquiteto e demais profissionais da construção civil para enfrentar um novo desafio,
projetar e construir edificações não somente adequadas às condicionantes ambientais
do local e às necessidades de conforto do usuário, mas também com eficiência
energética e a consequente sustentabilidade.
ROBERTO LAMBERTS, LUCIANO DUTRA e FERNANDO O. R. PEREIRA

vii
viii eficiência energética na arquitetura

sumário
Capítulo 1: Um Segundo Breve Histórico

O Conceito de Eficiência Energética .................................................. 5
Da Arquitetura Vernacular aos Nossos Dias .......................................... 8
A Crise de Petróleo ...................................................................... 15
A Situação Atual.......................................................................... 16
Consumo nos Setores Residencial, Comercial e Público............................ 16
Normalização ............................................................................. 20
O Conceito de Sustentabilidade ....................................................... 22
Bons Exemplos de Arquitetura Contemporânea ..................................... 23
A Atuação de Cada Profissional ........................................................ 31
Estrutura do Livro ........................................................................ 33
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 34
Bibliografia também consultada ....................................................... 37
Capítulo 2: Conforto Ambiental

Conforto Térmico ........................................................................ 43
Mecanismos Termorreguladores ..................................................... 44
Conceito de Conforto ................................................................. 46
Variáveis de Conforto Térmico ...................................................... 46
Índices de Conforto Térmico ......................................................... 49
Programas de Análise e Simulação de Conforto Térmico ........................ 51
Instrumentos de medição ............................................................ 53
Conforto Visual ........................................................................... 57
Nível de Iluminação ................................................................... 57
Contraste ............................................................................... 58
Ofuscamento ........................................................................... 59
Escalar e Vetor Iluminação ........................................................... 62
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 64

ix
Capítulo 3: Arquitetura e Clima

Variáveis Climáticas .................................................................... 71
Radiação Solar......................................................................... 72
Luz Natural ............................................................................ 76
Temperatura........................................................................... 77
Vento ................................................................................... 79
Umidade ................................................................................ 80
Climas do Mundo ........................................................................ 81
Os Climas do Brasil ...................................................................... 81
Microclima ................................................................................ 83
A Bioclimatologia Aplicada à Arquitetura............................................ 83
Zona de Conforto ..................................................................... 86
Zona de Ventilação Natural ......................................................... 87
Zona de Inércia Térmica Para Resfriamento ...................................... 88
Zona de Resfriamento Evaporativo e Umidificação .............................. 88
Zona de Aquecimento Solar ......................................................... 89
Zonas de Condicionamento Artificial com Isolamento Térmico ................. 90
Zona de Sombreamento............................................................... 91
Interseções entre Estratégias ....................................................... 91
Métodos de Avaliação Bioclimática ................................................... 92
Avaliação Bioclimática com Dados Climáticos Horários .......................... 92
Avaliação Bioclimática pelas Normais Climatológicas ............................ 93
Zoneamento Bioclimático Brasileiro .................................................. 97
ZONA 1 ................................................................................. 98
ZONA 2 ................................................................................. 98
ZONA 3 ................................................................................. 98
ZONA 4 ................................................................................. 98
ZONA 5 ................................................................................. 98
ZONA 6 ................................................................................. 98
ZONA 7 ................................................................................. 98
ZONA 8 ................................................................................. 99
Programas de Análises Bioclimáticas ................................................. 100
O Programa Analysis-Bio ............................................................. 100
“Painel Bioclimático” ................................................................... 101
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 103
x eficiência energética na arquitetura

Capítulo 4: Geometria Solar
A Radiação Solar como Fonte de Calor ............................................... 112
Trajetória da Terra em Torno do Sol ................................................. 114
Posição do Sol no Céu ................................................................... 116
Norte Geográfico versus Norte Magnético ............................................ 116
Horário Local versus Horário Solar .................................................... 117
A Carta Solar.............................................................................. 119
Aplicações práticas da carta solar .................................................. 124
O Transferidor de Ângulos .............................................................. 127
O ângulo A .............................................................................. 127
O ângulo B .............................................................................. 128
O ângulo G .............................................................................. 129
Análise de insolação e sombreamento de obstruções e aberturas................ 130
Análise de proteções solares ........................................................... 131
Proteção Solar horizontal ............................................................ 131
Proteção solar vertical ............................................................... 133
Projeto de proteções solares ........................................................... 135
Análise de sombreamento e projeto de proteções solares com aparatos de simulação
em maquetes ............................................................................. 140
Relógio Solar ........................................................................... 140
Heliodons e Solarscópio .............................................................. 141
Análise de maquetes com heliodons e solarscópios .............................. 142
Simulação de sombreamento e acesso solar com auxílio de programas computacionais
............................................................................................. 143
Analysis-SOL-AR ........................................................................ 143
Outros Aplicativos ..................................................................... 144
Tabela de Brises.......................................................................... 145
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 145
Capítulo 5: Iluminação Natural

Fontes de Luz Natural ................................................................... 151
Avaliação da Iluminação Natural ...................................................... 152
Céu Artificial ............................................................................. 154
Céu artificial do tipo Caixa de Espelhos ........................................... 154
Céu artificial do tipo Hemisférico .................................................. 154
Céu artificial do tipo Hemisférico com/sem domo translúcido ................. 154
Céu artificial do tipo Hemisférico com domo opaco reflexivo .................. 154
xi
Medindo a Contribuição de Iluminação Natural com o céu artificial .......... 154
Estratégias de Iluminação Natural .................................................... 155
Pátios e Átrios ......................................................................... 155
Prateleiras de Luz .................................................................... 156
Cores .................................................................................... 157
Distribuição e posicionamento de Janelas ........................................ 157
Orientação ............................................................................. 158
Iluminação Zenital .................................................................... 158
Iluminação Artificial como Suplemento da Iluminação Natural .................. 160
Sensor Fotoelétrico ................................................................... 160
Distribuição das Luminárias ......................................................... 160
Dimmer ................................................................................. 161
Sensor de Presença ................................................................... 161
Programador de Tempo ou Minuteria .............................................. 161
Iluminação de Tarefa ................................................................. 162
Programas de Análise de Iluminação ................................................. 163
Radiance e Desktop Radiance ....................................................... 163
Ecotect Analysis 2011 ................................................................ 164
Apolux .................................................................................. 166
TropLux................................................................................. 166
Lux ...................................................................................... 167
Relux .................................................................................... 167
DIALux .................................................................................. 167
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 168
Capítulo 6: Ventilação Natural

A rosa-dos-ventos ....................................................................... 174
Correção da velocidade do vento ..................................................... 175
Coeficiente de pressão do vento ($CPL) ............................................. 176
Área útil de ventilação ................................................................. 176
Fluxo de ar ............................................................................... 177
Redução do fluxo de ar ................................................................. 178
Número de Trocas de Ar (N) ........................................................... 179
Influência da implantação e da orientação na ventilação natural ............... 181
Barreiras de Vento ...................................................................... 183
Ventilação Cruzada ..................................................................... 185
xii eficiência energética na arquitetura

Captadores de vento, peitoris ventilados, mansardas, lanternins e torres de ventilação
............................................................................................. 186
Elementos direcionadores e filtrantes da ventilação natural ..................... 187
Ventilação noturna ...................................................................... 190
Ventilação em fachada dupla e periférica ........................................... 190
Túneis de Vento e Mesa d’Água ........................................................ 191
Túnel de Vento com Serragem ......................................................... 191
Túnel de Vento com Fumaça ........................................................... 191
Mesa d’Água .............................................................................. 191
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 191
Capítulo 7: Propriedades Térmicas dos Elementos Construtivos

Fechamentos Opacos e Transparentes ................................................ 197
Fechamentos Opacos.................................................................. 197
Fechamentos Transparentes ......................................................... 198
Absortividade, refletividade, transmissividade e emissividade ................... 208
Condutividade térmica .................................................................. 210
Resistência térmica ...................................................................... 210
Resistência Térmica Superficial ..................................................... 212
Resistência térmica de câmaras de ar ............................................. 213
Transmitância térmica .................................................................. 215
Densidade de Fluxo de Calor ........................................................... 216
Temperatura SOL-AR .................................................................... 217
Fluxo de Calor ............................................................................ 218
Capacidade térmica ..................................................................... 220
Fator Solar ................................................................................ 221
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 225
Capítulo 8: Equipamentos e Sistemas Eficientes

Sistemas de Aquecimento de Água .................................................. 231
Elétrico ............................................................................... 231
A Gás ................................................................................. 232
Solar .................................................................................. 232
A Biomassa (lenha) .................................................................. 232
Sistemas de Iluminação Artificial .................................................... 232
Lâmpadas ............................................................................... 233
Incandescentes ...................................................................... 234
xiii
Descarga Gasosa .................................................................... 235

Novos Tipos de Lâmpadas .......................................................... 238
Luminárias .............................................................................. 241
Reatores ................................................................................ 242
Controle da Iluminação ............................................................... 243
Climatização Artificial ................................................................. 243
Ventilação Mecânica ................................................................ 243
Aquecimento ......................................................................... 245
Aquecimento a Biomassa ........................................................... 248
Aquecimento a Gás .................................................................. 249
Resfriamento ........................................................................... 249
Ar Condicionado de Janela ........................................................... 249
Mini Centrais de Pequeno Porte ou Split .......................................... 250
Multisplit ............................................................................. 251
Self Contained ....................................................................... 252
Chiller & Fan-Coil ................................................................... 253
REFERÊNCIAS ........................................................................... 253
Capítulo 9: Projeto de Arquitetura Bioclimática

O Partido Bioclimático ................................................................ 261
Análise do Terreno ..................................................................... 261
Análise do Clima Local ................................................................. 262
Análise dos Usuários e dos Horários de Uso ......................................... 262
Programa de Necessidades ........................................................... 262
A Função ................................................................................ 262
A Forma ................................................................................. 263
Os Materiais Construtivos ............................................................. 267
O uso das Estratégias Bioclimáticas de Forma Integrada ......................... 268
A Expressividade Arquitetônica ....................................................... 268
Definição dos Elementos Bioclimáticos a serem Empregados ..................... 269
Ventilação ............................................................................ 269
Resfriamento Evaporativo e Umidificação ........................................ 271
Usar Inércia Térmica ................................................................. 274
Aquecimento Solar Passivo ......................................................... 275
Ar Condicionado ..................................................................... 277
Aquecimento Artificial .............................................................. 278
Outras Técnicas para Diminuir o Consumo de Energia .......................... 279
xiv eficiência energética na arquitetura

Iluminação Natural e Artificial ..................................................... 284
Análise e Síntese da Primeira Alternativa de projeto .............................. 288
Simulação e Propostas Alternativas ................................................. 289
Uso de Energia Alternativa ............................................................ 290
Captação da Água da Chuva .......................................................... 290
Reutilização de Água ................................................................... 291
Projeto de Arquitetura Bioclimática ................................................. 291
REFERÊNCIAS ........................................................................... 296
Referências Bibliográficas
Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................. 299
Apêndices
APÊNDICE 1: Paineis Bioclimáticos ................................................... 313
APÊNDICE 2: Confecção de um Relógio Solar para uma Latitude Específica .... 328
APÊNDICE 3: Tabela de Brises ......................................................... 331
APÊNDICE 4: Tabelas de Propriedades Térmicas ................................... 342
APÊNDICE 5: Unidades e Conceitos Físicos ......................................... 349
Quantidades Térmicas .............................................................. 349
Princípios Termodinâmicos ......................................................... 350
Psicrometria ......................................................................... 353
Processos Psicrométricos ........................................................... 355
APÊNDICE 6: Carga Térmica .......................................................... 357
Conceitos ............................................................................. 357
Exemplo Numérico .................................................................. 359
REFERÊNCIAS ........................................................................... 365

xv
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Livro - Eficiência Energética Na Arquitetura

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ELETROBRAS

Av. Presidente Vargas, 409 / 13º andar – Centro

PROCEL Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica

PROCEL EDIFICA Eficiência Energética em Edificações

Equipe do PROCEL Edifica

Fernando Oscar Ruttkay Pereira: Professor Titular do Departamento de Arquitetura e

iv eficiência energética na arquitetura

JOSÉ DA COSTA CARVALHO NETO

eficiência energética na arquitetura

vi eficiência energética na arquitetura

ROBERTO LAMBERTS, LUCIANO DUTRA e FERNANDO O. R. PEREIRA

eficiência energética na arquitetura

viii eficiência energética na arquitetura

Capítulo 1: Um Segundo Breve Histórico

Capítulo 2: Conforto Ambiental

eficiência energética na arquitetura

Capítulo 3: Arquitetura e Clima

x eficiência energética na arquitetura

Capítulo 5: Iluminação Natural

Capítulo 6: Ventilação Natural

xii eficiência energética na arquitetura

Capítulo 7: Propriedades Térmicas dos Elementos Construtivos

Capítulo 8: Equipamentos e Sistemas Eficientes

Descarga Gasosa .................................................................... 235

Capítulo 9: Projeto de Arquitetura Bioclimática

xiv eficiência energética na arquitetura

eficiência energética na arquitetura

xvi eficiência energética na arquitetura

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