SYNTHESIS GAS CONVERSION OF METRO MANILA

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE THROUGH GASIFICATION

FOR 5MW GAS TURBINE ELECTRICAL ENERGY
PRODUCTION

Carillo, Renz Roe, Mationg

Hansel Paul, Penuela
Jasmine Helden Therese
Rosas, Leo Angelo
Advisers:
Jay R T. Adolacion
Dr. Rizalinda L. de Leon

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering

University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon, Philippines

Received and Accepted on April 5, 2011

Abstract
Turning trash into money is both an economic and environmental dream. But this dream has
already been slowly realized in Europe and in some parts of Asia through the chemical
engineering process of Gasification. This process not only converts coal and biomass into
useful Synthetic Gas (SynGas) but also handles Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW). This paper
showcases the conceptual and technical design of a gasification and energy plant that converts
MSW from Metro Manila into usable five Megawatts (5 MW) of electric energy. The plant design
is divided into four parts which corresponds to four major areas of the plant. The first area
manages the gathering and pre-treatment of raw MSW taken from Tanza, Navotas dumpsite.
The second part involves the gasification of MSW into syngas and the third part administers the
post treatment of the gas. Lastly, after post treatment, the syngas is fed into a gas turbine
generator which constitutes the fourth area of the plant. All major equipment comprising the
plant has in-depth technical specifications and analyses with information gathered from
numerous literatures. In addition to the technical aspects, the paper includes a market study and
economic breakdown of the plant in order to determine its feasibility once in operation.

Keywords: Municipal Solid Waste, Gasification, Synthetic Gas, Gas Turbine Generator, Waste
to Energy

I. Introduction municipal solid waste. The goal is to

develop an economically viable process
The proposed plant aims to generate in generating power by producing
electricity from synthetic gas, which will industrial grade synthetic gas from
be produced from the gasification of municipal solid waste. It is desired that

MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas Page 1 of 24

overall, the plant may not only be a
profitable business venture, but serve as
an environmentally friendly waste
disposal method for municipal solid
waste as well.
The Philippine electrical power
industry is also analysed, so as to
determine the potential of the industry in
the market in the country. Based on
economic data from the previous years,
the demand for electrical power is
continually increasing through time,
majority of which are used for
residential, industrial and commercial
purposes.
The economics of synthetic gas as
source for the electrical power is also
analysed based on the national data for
natural gas. It was also found out that
the main usage for natural gas in the
Philippines was for power, which is in
line with the objectives of the proposed
plant.
The processes and equipment
involved are divided into four stages
namely the (1) pre-treatment of
municipal solid waste, (2) gasification of
municipal solid waste to synthetic gas,
(3) cleaning of synthetic gas, and (4)
generation of electrical energy from
synthetic gas produced. There are a
total of 11 processes used, majority of
which will be used for the pre-treatment,
gasification and cleaning. The
processes and their corresponding
equipment are discussed in more detail,
inclusive of the properties, calculations,
optimization and hazards of each.
II. Market Study
a. The Design Problem
As the world becomes more
technologically advanced, more and
more innovations and inventions are
being developed. Most, if not all, of
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
these innovations require electrical
energy in order to function, thus,
increasing the demand for energy
worldwide. In the Philippines, the
demand for power is increasing with
20,000 Gigawatt-hour (GWh) in just a
span of 9 years. Currently, the major
sources of energy in the country are the
hydroelectric power and natural gas and
coal combustion. (Department of
Energy, 2009) This reliance on fossil
fuels is a huge disadvantage to our
country economically and
environmentally. As more fossil fuels are
being burned, more carbon (and
greenhouse gases as well) is released
to the atmosphere, causing harmful
effects to both health and the
environment. Also, most of the world‟s
oil reserves are monopolized by the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC), which is highly
unfavorable for the other OPEC-
dependent countries as political and
economic instability greatly affect the
dynamics of the industry.
Aside from our growing energy
needs, another problem faced by our
country is the disposal of municipal solid
waste (MSW). Municipal solid waste
(MSW) refers to all non-hazardous solid
waste that includes household garbage,
refuse (metal scrap, empty containers),
sludge from wastewater treatment
plants, and other discarded materials.
Here in the Philippines, the most
common form of MSW disposal is
through landfilling. Landfilling is
considered a negative-income activity
since it consumes large areas of land
but fails to generate revenues.
Currently, controlled dumps in the
outskirts of Metro Manila are
responsible for the disposal of all of
Metro Manila‟s MSW. The passing of
The Ecological Solid Waste
Page 2 of 24
Management Act (RA 9003) in 2001 has
already provided the legal framework for
the establishment of a systematic and
ecological solid waste management
(SWM) program. RA 9003 also allows
the awarding of incentives to institutions
that undertake effective SWM programs.
Despite the passing of R.A. 9003, there
is still an impending garbage crisis in
Metro Manila with the continuing
increase in MSW generation per capita,
along with the increase of population in
the area. A study done by Navarro in
2003 shows that the current SWM
sector will not be able to sustain itself
with the escalating prices of SWM.
(Navarro, 2003).
With this, we can see that there is
a great need for a sustainable and
profitable MSW disposal system as well
as an alternative power generation
setup.
This study aims to develop an
economically viable process for the
production of 5 MW of power from
municipal solid waste as a profitable
business venture and to serve as an
environmentally friendly waste disposal
method. Specifically, the study seeks
to:
•Design, simulate and optimize all
the equipments necessary in the
generation of electricity from
syngas made from MSW
•Provide an overview on
the current landscape of the
energy industry
•Analyze hazards and
risks involved in the equipments
and processes
•Provide the piping layout
and PID of the power plant
•Explore the economic
feasibility of MSW gasification
and power production
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
•Provide sensitivity
analysis and project profitability
of the proposed plant
b. Energy Demand
Electric power has great global
demand as technological advancements
cause more and more devices to be
invented and manufactured. Most of
these devices are usually run by
electrical energy – whether stored in
batteries, or transferred from electrical
sockets. With the continuous
industrialization of our country, our
reliance of electric energy has
increased. As seen in the figure below,
the demand for power increases along
with time, with the power consumption
increased by around 20,000 Gigawatt-
hour (GWh) in a span of 9 years, where
1 watt is 1 joule of energy per second.
The data below consists of the power
consumption for the past 9 years, with
imports added and exports subtracted.
Figure 1. Power Consumption
As seen in the figure above, the
energy consumption for the Philippines
has been projected to have an
increasing trend. For the span of time
considered in the graph, Philippines has
been consistently at the top 45 countries
in electric consumption worldwide, three
Page 3 of 24
of which are topped by United States of
America, China and Japan, respectively.
Furthermore, electric production in the
Philippines for 2011 was estimated in
2009 to be 61, 9930 GWh the electric
consumption to be around 54400 GWh.
Imports and exports are still non-
existent for the Philippine industry
(IndexMundi, 2010).
c. Metro Manila Municipal
Solid Waste
One major advantage of this
proposed project is the raw material at
which the production of electricity will
come from. Disposal of Municipal Solid
Waste through landfill is in itself a
resource spending activity and thus
provides no positive financial gain.
Additionally, adverse environmental
effect of landfilling generates risks that
could manifest in several ways such as
the „Payatas Tragedy‟ in 2000. For
those reason, this project would prove to
be beneficial in a lot of ways. The
accessibility and procurement of the
primary raw material in this project is
relatively easy and will come at almost
no cost. Republic Act 9003, or otherwise
known as the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000, strongly
encourages economic activity that would
help curtail the problem on Solid Waste
Management and Section 45 of the said
act provides incentives “to individuals,
private organizations and entities,
including non-government
organizations, that have undertaken
outstanding and innovative projects,
technologies, processes and techniques
or activities in re-use, recycling and
reduction” of Solid Waste. Thus, the
cost of obtaining MSW would either be
small and negligible or it could even be
a revenue generating activity if
coordination with the National Solid
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
Waste Management Commission can
be made and approved. However, a
major downside on the use of MSW as a
biomass feed for gasification is its
heterogeneity. Solid Waste could come
from a very wide range of sources and
thus the components present in the feed
could not be easily controlled. For this
reason, an elaborate pre-treatment must
be done accordingly to produce a more
uniform and homogeneous feed.
Designing the pre-treatment process
would require strategies at which the
particle sizes of the feed that would be
entering the main reaction phase are
consistent and the relative composition
is more or less steady. Furthermore,
removal of unwanted components (i.e.
non-hydrocarbon wastes) should be
employed in the design of the pre-
treatment process. The design of post-
treatment processes will also heavily
rely on the specifics and requirements of
the gas turbine that will be used to
produce the electricity. Aside from the
MSW, one other major raw material for
this process is the catalyst that is to be
used in the gasification stage. To further
minimize production costs, air will be the
preferred material to be used. Again,
this raw material will come at a very little
or almost no cost. Procurement of this
raw material therefore is not a major
problem. The target amount of solid
waste to be processed every day will be
100 metric tons. This will be the targeted
amount since most of the existing MSW
gasifiers in larger cities around the world
process around 150 to 400 tons of MSW
per day.
d. Target Market and
Competition
The electricity generated by the
proposed plant will be the distributors for
electric power, which are part of the
Page 4 of 24
second sector of the electric power
industry in the Philippines. The current
largest distributor of electricity in Metro
Manila is Manila Electric Company
(Meralco), which is among the top 5
largest companies in the country. It is,
however, the only distributor of electric
power in Metro Manila, dispensing
electrical energy to about 31 cities and
80 municipalities in the region (Meralco,
2009).
Possible competition will be
existing companies like National Power
Corporation (Napocor) and the First
Philippine Holdings Corporation (First
Holdings), which also produce power
and sell to electric power distributors
such as Meralco. According to the
Computation of Generation Charge
document (2010) of Meralco, the other
power sources they distribute for are
Wholesale Electricity Spot Market
(WESM), Philippine Power Development
Corporation (Philpodeco), Montalban
Methane Power Corporation (MMPC),
and other Independent Power
Producers (IPP) such as Quality Power
Products, Sta. Rita Gas Turbine Power
Plant, and San Lorenzo Combined
Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Power
Plant. The energy share of these
sources is presented as a pie graph in
the figure below.
Figure 2 Energy Share
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
Sta. Rita and Napocor (NPC) are
the largest sources of electric power of
Meralco, as seen in the figure above.
Sta. Rita is a combined-cycle natural
gas power plant in Batangas owned by
First Gas Power Corporation which is a
division of First Holdings. The plant
produces 1,000 MW of power (First Gas
Power Corporation, 2010). Similar to
Sta. Rita is San Lorenzo CCGT which
supplies 500MW power and has 13.06%
market share (San Lorenzo CCGT
Power Plant, Batangas City, Philippines,
2010).
Napocor, on the other hand,
generates its own electricity, but the
same time also buys electricity from
Independent Power Producers (IPPs).
NPC used to have monopoly over power
generation, until the generation sector of
the industry was opened to private
investors by the effectivity of Executive
Order No. 215 (DOE, 2005).
The smallest sources are
Philpodeco and MMPC. Philpodeco is a
power company that owns three mini-
hydroelectric plants located in the
Laguna areas (Miras, JC, 2006). The
plants generate a sum of less than 2MW
of power. On the other hand, MMPC is a
methane converting power plant that
derives energy from the Montalban
Landfill. The plant is projected to
produce 8.19MW of power but only a
“very small level” is currently being used
due to technical problems (Añonuevo,
2009).
Existing power plants in Manila
are Duracom Unit 1 &2 and East Asia
Diesel, both diesel plants found in
Navotas, Philippines (DOE, 2006).
Based on the available data, the
proposed Gasification plant with
5.19MW output and operates
continuously, shall have a market share
of about 0.153%.
Page 5 of 24
 e. Plant Location
Electricity in Metro Manila is
generated by National Power
Corporation (Napocor), a government-
owned and controlled corporation
(GOCC). It is currently ranked third
among 20 largest companies in the
Philippines, “legislated into existence”
by Commonwealth Act No. 120 on 1936
(Fay, 2010).
Independent power generators in
Luzon contribute to the total power
generation as well. Electricity is
transmitted using high tension wires by
the National Grid Corporation of the
Philippines (NGPC), which is owned by
private investors, and distributed by the
Manila Electric Company (Meralco), the
only company allowed for electric
distribution (DOE, 2005).
The plant will be located in
Tanza, Navotas, Metro Manila. The raw
material for the proposed power plant is
municipal solid waste (MSW). It will,
thus, be physically and financially
strategic to have the plant located within
the immediate area of a dumpsite. This
will ensure less cost for transportation of
raw materials, ergo, maximizing the
profit. Compared to the Payatas in
Quezon City, the location of another
dump site in Metro Manila, Navotas is
dense (more buildings per land area)
and has low coastal area, making it
prone to calamities, especially of
storms.
As of year 2000, a total of 49,450
exist in different barangays in Navotas,
around 8.49% of which are found in
Tanza, where the dumpsite is more
specifically located. As of December
2010, 39.67 hectares is converted into
land fill, which is 3.71% of the total land
area (City of Navotas, 2007).
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
f. Flowsheet Synthesis and
Development
In recent years, there have been
numerous studies that involve the
search for an alternative energy source.
This, in large part, is due to the
diminishing world supply of fossil fuels.
One such alternative that is currently
being explored is biomass as an energy
source. There are several renewable
biomass sources, (i.e. indigenous crops,
woods) which makes it an attractive
alternative energy source. Hydrogen-
rich gas can be produced from biomass
after undergoing a process called
gasification. Gasification is a process
that devolatilizes solid or liquid
hydrocarbons, and converts them into a
gas with low to medium heating value.
The gas produced in gasification can
have several applications such as raw
materials in various chemical industries
or as fuel to power gas turbines. This
process will be discussed in further
detail later on.
Today, Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) is currently being explored as a
biomass feedstock for gasification
plants. These studies are aimed to
provide knowledge on the utilization of
Municipal Solid Waste gasification to
serve both as an alternative process for
energy recovery and a method for the
disposal of Solid Waste. These high
temperature energy recovery from MSW
are known as Waste-to-Energy (WTE).
A more common practice around the
world regarding energy recovery from
solid waste is the process of
combustion. Combustion of solid wastes
releases energy as the hydrocarbons
reacts completely with oxygen and this
energy that is being produced is utilized.
However, one major downside of this
process is the formation of
dioxins/furans (PCDD/PCDFs) in the
Page 6 of 24
flue gas which are proven to be harmful
emissions to the environment.
Moreover, here in the Philippines,
Republic Act 8749, or more commonly
known as the Clean Air Act, prohibits
the incineration of solid wastes.
Therefore, gasification must be pursued
since it proves to be the better
commercially and environmentally viable
alternative. In line with this, our study is
aimed at designing a MSW gasification
plant that is to be built here in the
Philippines, specifically in Metro Manila,
one that would help reduce wastes that
ultimately end up in dumpsites/landfills,
while at the same time the said process
would be economically feasible as a
commercial venture. This gasification
plant will produce synthetic gas (syngas)
which is a gas composed mainly of
hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide
(CO). The syngas is then subsequently
used as fuel to power a gas turbine that
will produce electricity. Market demands
for electricity, which was discussed
previously, indicates a relatively easy
market penetration due to increasing
demands in electricity.
III. Process Development
a. Health, Safety, and
Environmental
Considerations
Gasification is a vital process in
the energy industry today, making a
promising contribution to the
development of renewable energy
worldwide. In this light, operational
safety and environment compliance
should be partnered with this
development in the energy industry, as it
is currently and will continue to
penetrate the energy market, therefore
appealing to investors and to common
people as well. This can ensure
commercialization and improving
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
promotion for gasification and syngas
production.
Dealing with the different risks in
health, safety and environment (HSE) is
one of the major challenges for new
technologies nowadays, usually
because of the lack of awareness,
knowledge and concern of these issues.
Though biomass gasification is already
promoted as a better means for
renewable energy production, many
HSE issues still remain to be addressed.
Systematic analysis, study and
evaluation of different measures
involving health, safety and environment
should be carefully done, so as to
ensure proper handling and
performance for the municipal wastes,
the syngas as product and gasification
as the major process.
b. Detailed Process
Synthesis
Pretreatment
When the feed is delivered to the
plant, the pretreatment process begins.
MSW, starting at stream 01 is fed into
the hammer mill for size reduction. Next,
MSW is transferred to a trammel screen
for size discrimination. The oversize is
assumed to be composed big carton
boxes and the like, and shall be directly
fed to a rotary shredder. This shall be
done manually. On the other hand, the
undersize is delivered back to the landfill
while the medium size is fed to the
conveyor installed with a magnetic head
that separates iron from the feed. After
iron separation, it is then pass through
an eddy current separator which takes
out aluminum. The feed then joins the
oversize earlier in the shredder. After
this second size reduction process,
MSW is again discriminated through a
vibrating screen. The fines shall enter
Page 7 of 24
the gasifier hopper while the oversize
shall go back to the shredder.
Gasification
The gasifier hopper temporarily
stores the feed and delivers it at a
steady rate to the fluidized bed gasifier.
The MSW is converted into raw syngas
through gasification in the equipment
where air serves as the gasification
medium. The gasification product
composition is discussed in chapter 4 of
this report.
Post-treatment and Cleaning
Raw syngas then undergoes
post-treatment. It first undergoes
catalytic cracking with dolomite which
transforms some unconverted product,
or tar into more carbon monoxide and
hydrogen. The cracker has two columns
in order to accommodate dolomite
reloading to one of the columns while
the other is in operation. Particulates are
then removed from the syngas by a
candle filter after the cracking process.
Electric Conversion and Heat
Recovery
When post-treatment is
accomplished, the syngas is now fed
into the gas turbine. The gas turbine
converts syngas into electrical energy.
The power output of the turbine is
6.42MW. About 1MW of this output is
used for the plants energy requirement
while the remaining is delivered to
electric distribution companies.
c. Mass and Energy
Balance
The following paragraphs
describe the material flow in and out of
the whole reactor. Several assumptions
were made so as to make the
calculation straightforward. These
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
assumptions are based on existing
literatures.
The basis for the material
balance is a daily operation that would
process 100 tons of MSW. This is the
basis used by the researchers in
calculating all mass and energy
balances, in preparing the process flow
sheet, in designing equipments, and in
calculating the economic feasibility of
the proposed power plant
MSW composition is an
uncontrolled variable that could widely
alter the composition of the produced
gas. So for the purpose of this study, the
known average compositions of Metro
Manila MSW were the basis used for the
subsequent computations made,
specifically for the pre-treatment
process.
Figure 3 shows the Process Flow
Diagram of the proposed plant.
IV. Equipment Design
a. Pre-treatment
HAMMER MILL
The hammer mill was designed to
reduce the particle size of the MSW
feed for easier classification in the nest
processes. A low-speed, low-torque
hammer mill was chosen to avoid
explosions caused by undesired
components in the feed stream and
reduce the wear and tear caused by the
feed stream. The particle size of the
MSW feed will be reduced from 14.7 cm
(average) to -6m (average) in this
equipment.
Untreated MSW is composed of
different types of materials with different
particle sizes. To homogenize the
particle size of the MSW, size reduction
is necessary. A mechanical crusher,
specifically a hammer mill, will be
employed to perform the said task. The
Page 8 of 24
Figure 3. Process Flow Diagram

MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas Page 9 of 24

 crushing will also reduce the glass
component of the MSW stream to fines,
which will allow easier removal of glass
in the subsequent process. The particles
size distribution of the MSW feed was
assumed to be similar to that of New
York City (Nakamura, Castaldi, &
Themelis)
The MSW feed enters the
hammer mill through the hopper to the
hammer circle. The rotating hammers in
the circle crushes the feed by impacting
it. The smaller particle is then allowed to
pass through a series off grates where
only the material with the appropriate
particle size is allowed to pass through.
The rejected material is retained in the
hammer circle until it is reduced to the
desired particle size. (Tchobanoglous &
Kreith, 2002) The specifications of the
selected hammer mill are shown below.
Parameter Value Unit
Actual Capacity 4.17 ton/hr
Volumetric Capacity 6.683 m3/hr
Rotational Speed 1800 rpm
Hammer length 25.00 cm
Hammer width 6.35 cm
Hammer Thickness 6.40 cm
Selected Hammer Mill
MAXI PIG /10
Model
Feed mouth dimension 400x1490 Mm
Power 250 kW(max
output)
H 1657 mm
D 1170 mm
W 2612 mm
Table 1. Hammer Mill Design specifications
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
Figure 4. Hammer Mill
TROMMEL SCREEN
The trommel screen is designed
to carry out size discrimination for the
crushed MSW. The design allows
separation of the feed into three
streams: X-3, X-4, and X-5 with particle
sizes of -2.54 cm, -6 cm, and +10.12
cm, respectively. The first stream is
composed of crushed glass and other
undesired fines which will be disposed
in landfills. The stream with the largest
particles size is assumed to be
composed mainly of cardboard boxes
and this will be transported to the rotary
shredder to be incorporated with the X-
7A stream.
After reducing the MSW into
smaller particle sizes, the stream must
be classified into different streams. The
desired particle size for the next
processes is -6 cm. Those particles with
sizes less than 1 inch are assumed to
be glass, which were effectively grinded
into fines during the processing in the
hammer mill. The oversized
components of the feed stream, whose
sizes exceed 10 cm, are assumed to be
mostly cardboard because they are
least likely to be reduced into smaller
sizes by the hammer mill.
(Tchobanoglous & Kreith, 2002). For the
this plant‟s trommel mill, the equipment
is expected to completely separate the
crushed MSW into 3 streams, whose
particle sizes are -2.54 cm, -6 cm, and
Page 10 of 24
+10.12 cm, respectively. To separate
the feed stream more effectively, the
equipment will be designed with spikes
in its interior, which will serve as bag
openers for those components trapped
in plastic bags.
To design the trommel screen for this
plant, the efficiency of the equipment
was assumed to be 99%, which means
complete separation of MSW into the 3
desired streams. Since there is no
literature regarding the design of
trommel screens, literature values from
Tchobanoglous et al and Robinson
adopted for this design. The power
consumption of the equipment was
extrapolated using the empirical data
from Caputo et al‟s study. The sizes of
the openings for the trommel screen
were estimated using the equation
below.
Where:
p = probability of the feed particle
to pass through the screen
d = diameter of the feed particle
a = length of one side of the
square opening (or diameter of the
circular opening) of the screen
Q = ratio of the area of the
openings over the total screen area
Material to be separated is fed
into one end of a tubular, rotating screen
with a downward slope, so that the
material will flow down the screen as it
is dropped and tumbled. Blades or
prongs are located at the inlet end to
open bags. (Tchobanoglous & Kreith,
2002)
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
Parameter Value Unit
Inclination angle 5 degrees
Diameter 3.5 m
Mesh Size 1 5 cm
Mesh Size 2 8 cm
Screen length 5 m
Rotational Speed 12 rpm
Table 2. Trommel Screen specifications
MAGNETIC SEPARATOR
To remove the ferric components
of the MSW feed, a magnetic separator
is installed in the pretreatment system.
The equipment is expected to remove
all the ferric materials, which constitute
4% of the untreated MSW. The removed
ferric metal is then sent to a recovery
facility for recycling.
The magnetic separator for this
process is expected to remove the all
the ferric components of the screened
MSW. Since the amount of ferric
material to be recovered is just a small
fraction of the total MSW stream, a
magnetic head pulley will be
appropriate. This type of magnetic
separator is the least expensive and
easiest to operate. A permanent magnet
was selected to reduce the electric
consumption of the plant.
To determine the appropriate size
of the magnetic head pulley, empirical
data from Perry‟s‟ Chemical Engineering
Handbook were used.
The head-pulley magnet will be
installed at the end of the conveyor belt.
As the MSW stream arrives at the end
of the conveyor belt, the non-ferric
material falls off the belt while the ferric
waste is attracted to the head pulley and
is retained on the belt. Once the
attracted material passes through the
bottom of the belt, it falls off as soon as
it is moved away from the magnetic
pulley. The ferric materials separated
will be collected and transported to a
Page 11 of 24
recycling facility. The computed The eddy current separator
specifications for the magnetic head produces a magnetic field that induces
pulley are shown below. an electric current in metallic
components of the MSW feed. The
Selected Pulley mm 914 induced electric current then generates
diameter a secondary magnetic field, which is
Belt velocity m/s 1.855 opposite to that of the primary magnetic
Belt width mm 457 field. This causes a physical repulsion of
Maximum depth of Mm 191 the metallic waste from the main stream.
material (Table Due to the low conductivity and density
19-18, Perry's) of aluminum, it is easily repelled and
Table 3. Magnetic Separator specifications separated by the equipment. Based on
the type of MSW feed and inlet flow
The head-pulley magnet is rate, the following specifications were
installed as an integral part of the belt determined.
conveyor. As material falls off the end of
the conveyor, the head-pulley magnetic ECS Model LC
forces hold magnetic material to the Magnetic Scalper CP and
belt, attracting the magnetic materials pulley
and changing their trajectory as they fall Actual Capacity ton/day 83
off the end of the belt. Under burden ton/hr 3.458
material, which is entrapped under the Capacity per ton/hr 20
magnetic metal, will be held onto the 1000mm Feed
belt by the magnetic material above it width (Shredded
and carried over into the magnetic refuse, 50-
product, resulting in contamination. 150mm)
Minimum feed mm 172.9
EDDY CURRENT SEPARATOR width
The eddy current separator
serves as a separator for non-ferric Separator
metal waste from the MSW stream. For Dimensions/Type
this process, all non-ferric metal waste ECS Model 12
is assumed to be aluminum. The Weight kg 450
aluminum waste will be collected and Total Power 6.25
sent to a recycle facility. Feed Width A 305
This process must remove all the Distance bet. B 1500
metal waste which was not removed Pulleys
from the previous process, which is length (w.out C1 2110
assumed to be aluminum. Aluminum hopper)
waste comprises 1% of the total MSW width E 899
feed. An eddy separator is appropriate System height G 1840
for this process since it allows easy System Length H 4120
separation of aluminum from MSW. To Table 4. Eddy current separator specifications
determine the appropriate specifications
for the said equipment, a selection table ROTARY SHEAR SHREDDER
from Eriez Magnetics Europe Ltd was
used.
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas Page 12 of 24
 After removing the unwanted
components of the MSW feed, the
stream must be further homogenized
and its particle size must be reduced to
less than 6 mm before entering the
fluidized bed gasifier. The rotary shear
shredder will allow size reduction of
streams X-8 and X-9, whose average
particle sizes are -6 cm and +10 cm.
In order to achieve the required
particle size for the fluidized bed
gasifier, a more uniform size reduction
process must be added to the
pretreatment process. A rotary shredder
is the most appropriate since it is able to
cut the paper and plastic components of
the MSW into shreds effectively. The
inlet MSW stream into this equipment is
assumed to be of uniform size, with
particles finer than 6 cm. The desired
particle size is less than 6 mm, which is
the maximum allowable particle size for
the fluidized bed gasifier.
To compute for the appropriate
design for the rotary shear shredder, the
density and volumetric flow rate of the
inlet stream were determined. The
particle size distribution of the resulting
product from the shredder were adopted
from the empirical data from
Tchobanoglous et al.
The rotary shear shredder is
essentially a continuous rotary shear or
scissor. Material is fed into counter
rotating shafts with closely spaced
cutters. This type of shredder tends to
cut feed material into strips, which are
the same dimension as the cutter width
or spacing. The cutters are not circular,
but rather oblong. Material passes down
through openings that form between the
tops of opposing cutters from opposite
shafts. Hooks are positioned on each
cutter to grab material that enters the
mill and pull it into the shear where it is
cut. (Tchobanoglous & Kreith, 2002)
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
The specifications of the chosen shear
shredder are shown below. (Shredders
& Grinders - TWIN SHAFT SHEAR
TYPE)
Model HT80-3526
Motor Power 2 x 40 HP
Feed Size L x W 35" X 26"
Shaft Distance 12
Rotor Thickness 1.2" / 2"
Rotor Diameter 13.6"
Rotor Speed -rpm 22 / 20
Machine Weight 7700 lbs
Table 5. Shear shredder specification
VIBRATING SCREEN
The vibrating screen allows
removal of particles with sizes greater
than 6 mm from the MSW stream. The
oversize is sent back to the rotary shear
shredder where it is reduced to the
desired particle size.
To separate the fraction of the
MSW stream with the desired particle
size, a separator equipment is needed.
For this function, a vibrating screen is
the most appropriate equipment due to
its high efficiency. The oversize stream
is returned to the rotary shear shredder
to reduce it to an admissible size while
the undersize is transported to the
storage silo for gasification.
Vibratory screens are flat screens
mounted at an angle, which facilitates
material movement. During operation,
the screens vibrate up and down to
allow undersize particles to pass
through it. (Tchobanoglous & Kreith,
2002). The acquired specifications of
the screen is shown below, as collected
from the Shanghai Shibang Machinery
Catalogue. (SHANGHAI SHIBANG
MACHINERY CO., LTD.)
Page 13 of 24
 Type YA1237 Gasification of Municipal Solid
Screen Spec mm 1200x3700 Waste (MSW) is somehow complicated
Layers 1 due to its properties. Its kinetics has not
been studies extensively compared to
Sieve Pore mm 3-50
coal gasification. Yet it is possible to
Max Feed Size mm 200
design a MSW gasifier by considering
Capacity t/h 7.5-70 the feed as a form of biomass and
Power kW 5.5 obtaining the ultimate analysis
Vibrating composition of the MSW feed. Several
Hz 800-970
Frequency papers have been published that shows
Incline of Screen degrees 5 how gasifier design-specifications can
Table 6. Vibrating screen specification be calculated using ultimate analysis
data of any feed.
b. Gasification
Desired Product MWth 20.177142
FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIER Gas Power Output 9
The design of a MSW fluidized Desired LHV of MJ/Nm3 4.75
bed gasifier was performed which Product Gas
required the desired energy from the Biomass/Fuel LHV MJ/kg 22.181278
gas turbine and ultimate analysis of the 8
MSW feed. The ultimate analysis was Gasifier efficiency 0.89
approximated by utilizing the Metro Air Equivalence ER 0.2654979
Manila average compositions and an Ratio
older ultimate analysis study of MSW Stoichiometric kg/kg 7.3410483
from USA. The sizing and streams of amount of air dry fuel 8
the gasifier were obtained by an required
established process calculation. On the Fluidization m/s 35.417284
other hand, the composition of the Velocity 9
Maximum kg/m3.h 1120
product was estimated by using a
Volumetric
stoichiometric model. Lastly, the biomass capacity
controls for a gasifier and its of gasifier
corresponding HAZOP were presented. Product Gas Flow Nm3/s 4.2478195
The heart of the energy Rate
conversion plant is the gasification Biomass/Fuel kg/s 1.0220757
stage. This is where the pretreated Feed Rate
MSW is converted into usable Synthesis Air Flow Rate kg/s 0.0191727
Gas (Syngas). Gasification is basically Cross Sectional m2 0.4618645
heating with the presence of less Area
stoichiometric air requirement. This Volumetric Air m3/s 0.0630913
prevents complete combustion from Flow Rate @ 875 C
happening which is undesired since this Minimum Bed m 7.1130023
turns the feed into unusable products height
Diameter of m 0.7668534
instead. The basic compositions of
gasifier
syngas are Carbon Monoxide and
Table 7. Gasifier specification
Hydrogen gases with some amounts of
Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen.

MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas Page 14 of 24

 c. Post treatment
CATALYTIC TAR CRACKING
Catalytic tar cracking is the first in
the series of gas clean up processes.
This process is done to reduce tar
concentration on the synthesis gas
produced from the gasification process.
Tar is a complex mixture of condensable
hydrocarbons, including, among others,
oxygen-containing, 1- to 5-ring aromatic,
and complex polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(L. Devi et al., 2003). For Gas Turbine
applications, tar concentrations of the
synthesis gas must be reduced to a
tolerable level that the turbine can
withstand and accommodate.
For our process, dolomite will be
used as the catalyst. Dolomite is a
cheap, non-metallic, disposable catalyst
that performs well in reducing tar
concentration of gasification product
gas.
One of the main obstacles faced
by biomass gasification technologies is
the presence of considerable amount of
tar and particulate matter in the
synthesis gas produced from the
process. The typical level of tar
concentration for fluidized bed biomass
gasifier is 10 g/Nm3. Tar is considered
to be an undesirable by-product of the
gasification process due to some
potential problems that it could cause.
Examples of these nuisances are (L.
Devi et.al, 2005):
•Condensation and subsequent
plugging of downstream
equipment
•Formation of tar aerosols
•Polymerization into more
complex structures
Therefore, reducing the tar
concentration of the product gas is a
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
vital step in the utilization of the
synthesis gas for power production.
Specifically for gas turbine use, the limit
for biomass gas tar concentration is
within the range of 0.05 to 5 g/Nm3. In
order to attain this required
concentration in our process, catalytic
decomposition of the biomass tar is to
be done in a reactor, using dolomite as
the catalyst.
The process undergoes
heterogeneous catalytic reaction. Using
the rate constants calculated from the
study by L. Devi et.al, a reactor will be
designed assuming plug flow conditions,
and utilizing the calculated apparent rate
constant and activation energy
determined from the experiment in
formulating a global rate expression for
the reaction.
From the study mentioned above,
several considerations were made such
as plug flow conditions. The apparent
value of the constants that were
determined already accounts for the
effect on overall rate of transport (bulk to
interface and intraparticle) and
adsorption/desorption. Likewise, first
order reaction mechanism were
assumed for the global rate of the
reaction.
From the apparent reaction
kinetics constants, the space time,
catalyst amount, and catalyst-sand
mixture amount were calculated.
The reactor design for the lab
scale reactor used in the study will be
the basis for the industrial scale design.
After performing the calculations, the
results indicate the need for
approximately 266 kg of dolomite or 1.2
tons of the catalyst-sand mixture per
reactor. Two 12 L stainless steel fixed
bed reactor (1 m diameter, 15 m height)
will be used. These results are all based
on and in line with the study by L. Devi
Page 15 of 24
et.al, thus the design method is highly Face Velocity 2.9 cm/s (5.8 ft/min)
dependent on the said study. The table Inlet Dust 18,400 ppm
below summarizes the result of the Loading
calculations. Outlet Dust Not Detectable
K0,app (m3/kg h) 7.2 x 1010 Loading
E (kJ/mol) 196 Table 9. Candle Filter specifications
R (J/mol K) 8.314
T (K) 1073.15 The result of the equipment
e-Eapp/RT 2.88089 x 10-10 design indicates the requirement for a
K (1/s) = K0,app x e-E/RT 20.74239642 Hot Gas Filtering Refractory Lined
Conversion Desired 95% Vessel diameter of 10 ft., with 64 candle
Space time (kgcat h/m3) 0.144425563 elements that are 1.5 m long. This
Flowrate (m3/h) 1845 design for the gas filtering is enough to
Amount of catalyst (kg) 266.4651631 reduce the biomass gas particulate in
Amount of mixture (kg) 1567.442136 the synthesis gas to allowable limits.
Table 8. Tar Cracker calculations This design method depends largely on
the reported performance of the SPPC
CANDLE FILTER Pinon Pine Hot Gas Filter in the tests
Following the initial gas clean up conducted.
step that reduces the tar concentration
through catalytic reaction with dolomite d. Gas Turbine
of the tar present in the produced
synthesis gas, the removal of dry solid GAS TURBINE
particulates will be done through candle The second most important component
barrier filters. Candle filters are porous, of the plant is the gas turbine package
ceramic, or metallic. (Basu, 2010) The which converts post-treated syngas into
porosity will depend on the size of the energy. The design of the turbine is
finest particles that must not be allowed simple since selection of a packaged
to pass through. These particles will product was done beforehand.
then deposit on the wall and form a The second key component of
layer of solids called a “filter cake.” the waste-to-energy plant is the
The candle filter design will be conversion of syngas to mechanical and
determined based on the results of the electrical energy by a gas turbine. The
study indicated on the report by T. gas turbine design process is simple
Lippert et.al for Westinghouse since the proponents have established a
Advanced Particle Filter System. The specific gas turbine package. The
specifications of the filter will be based specific package is the Allison (Rolls-
on the results of the biomass hot gas Royce) 501-KH5 Gas Turbine Package
filter tests conducted. which is currently available in the
market.
Gas Flow 1000 to 1700 ACFM
Filter 1.4 to 2.4 Mpa (200 to 350 Figure 4 shows the Gas Turbine
Pressure psig) equipment specification by a)
Filter Gas 1200 to 1900°F manufacturer and b) package dealer.
Temperature
No. of Candle 64
Elements

MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas Page 16 of 24

Figure 4a. Gas Turbine manufacturer specification
Figure 4b. Gas Turbine Package dealer specifications
In addition to the information stated
above, syngas flow rate and energy
demand was sought. After the
calculation process, the proponents
obtained the syngas flow rate and
process energy demand to be at 3.3928
Nm3/s and 20.1771 MWth.
V. Economic Analysis
a. Cost Estimation
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
The first major factor considered
in this chapter is the Total Capital
Investment. This is the amount in which
the plant needs in order for it built. The
capital investment basically comprises
the total cost of equipment purchase
and the site development. The second
major factor considered is the Total
Product Cost. This is the amount
needed to produce one unit of product.
Page 17 of 24
 To complete the feasibility study, Conveyor Belt 2,660,530.36
all the costs shall be compared to how Feed Conveyor 1,375,234.19
much the plant will gain in revenue. Tar Reactor 956,958.14
Engineering Economics methods such Table 10. Summary of equipment cost
as Present Worth and IRR analysis shall
be done to effectively determine if the
proposal is an attractive venture or not. Amount %
Sensitivity analysis is also presented in (PhP)
the later part to determine which factors Purchased
of cost greatly affect the plant‟s 369,417,439.
Equipment
69
desirability. (Delivered E.C.) 20.53
We begin the calculation of TCI 144,072,801.
Installation
by determining how much all in all the 48 8.01
equipment are worth. The prices of each Instrumentation 48,024,267.1
of the equipment discussed in the Mass and Controls 6 2.67
and Energy Balance Chapter were 114,519,406.
Piping
already mentioned. Next, the other 30 6.37
36,941,743.9
factors for TCI were estimated using Electrical
7 2.05
Table 17 of Peters and Timmerhaus
Buildings and 107,131,057.
(1991). Assigning the total purchased Services 51 5.95
equipment as 100 over 487, the total Yard 36,941,743.9
capital investment can now be easily Improvements 7 2.05
determined. Using the total PhP 369 M, 203,179,591.
the total capital investment is calculated Service Facilities
83 11.29
by multiplying the amount to 487 over 22,165,046.3
Land
100. 8 1.23
Engineering and 118,213,580.
Equipment Equipment Cost Supervision 70 6.57
(PhP) Construction 125,601,929.
Expense 49 6.98
Hammer Mill 13,156,209.99
66,495,139.1
Trommel Screen 4,252,085.81 Contractor's Fee
4 3.70
Magnetic Separator 2,646,283.38 132,990,278.
Eddy Current 529,256.68 Contingency
29 7.39
Separator 273,368,905.
Rotary Shredder 3,804,328.78 Working Capital
37 15.20
Vibrating Screen 180,443.35
Vibrating Bottom - 1,020,381.33 Total Capital 1,799,062,93
Silo Investment 1.27 100.00
Centrifugal Air 2,583,554.68
Compressor Fixed Capital 1,525,694,02
Gas Turbine 43,830,813.10 Investment 5.90 85.00
Fluidized Bed Gasifier 233,081,114.43 Table 11. Breakdown of total capital investment
Pyrolysis 0.00
Candle Filter 45,101,906.68
Air Preheater Furnace 5,783,826.44
(for Gasifier)

MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas Page 18 of 24

 % of Fixed PhP/year Notes: % from
Capital Taxable
Investment Product Cost
Raw Materials 0.00% 0.00 Raw material is MSW. It is 0.00%
assumed that the plant will
obtain MSW with no cost.
Operating Labor 0.08% 1,169,671.35 See Operating and Other 0.72%
Labor Cost Calculations
Direct 0.02% 303,828.55 See Operating and Other 0.19%
Supervisory and Labor Cost Calculations
clerical labor
Utilities 0.34% 5,212,892.76 Natural Gas and Dolomite. 3.19%
See Utilities Tab for NG and
Dolomite.
Maintenance 4.44% 67,808,623.37 See Maintenance and 41.54%
and Repairs Repairs Cost Calculations
Operating 0.67% 10,171,293.51 Assumed 15% of 6.23%
Supplies Maintenance and Repairs
Cost
Laboratory 0.01% 175,450.70 Assumed 15% of Operating 0.11%
Charges Labor Cost
Patents and 0.28% 4,258,811.77 0 to 6% of Product Cost 2.61%
Royalties
Depreciation 3.84% 58,614,233.76 Used Straight Line Method 35.90%
of Depreciation based on
MACRS-GDS Recovery
Period
Local Taxes
Insurance 1.00% 15,256,940.26 Assumed 1% of Fixed capital 9.35%
investment.
Rent 0.00% 0.00 Assumed land shall be 0.00%
bought and no buildings
shall be rented.
Plant Overhead 2.72% 41,569,273.96 Assumed 60% of Labor, and 25.46%
Costs Maintenance and Repairs
Costs
Administrative 0.02% 292,417.84 Assumed 25% of Operating 0.18%
costs Labor Cost
Distribution 0.19% 2,839,207.85 2 to 20% of product. (2%) 1.74%
and selling costs
Research and 0.93% 14,196,039.23 2 to 20% of product. (15%) 8.70%
development
costs
Total Product 163,254,451.14 Without Depreciation
Cost
104,640,217.38 With Depreciation

Table 12. Total Product Cost Breakdown

MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas Page 19 of 24

Total Product Cost
As mentioned in the Mass and
Energy Balance chapter, the cost of
obtaining raw materials is zero since it
was assumed that the operators will
acquire MSW for free. This scenario
may be possible since it would be
beneficial to local authorities if the
problem of MSW is shared by another
company or group.
The Cost of Operating Labor was
achieved by assigning appropriate
laborers for each process stage or
machine involved in the plant. In
addition, control and chemical
engineers, and mechanical and
electrical engineers are also assigned to
take care of the specific work areas. The
wage rate of the laborers for the plant is
based on a 2006 survey by the
Department of Labor and Employment.
The consumable materials that
do not count as raw materials are
placed as Utilities for the Plant. There
are three consumables of the plant that
were categorized as Utilities. These are
Natural Gas and Dolomite. Since the
plant is self-sustaining in energy,
electricity consumption is not considered
as a utility.
The cost of Maintenance and
Repairs was estimated using table 25 of
Peters and Timmerhaus (1991) Cost
Estimation Chapter. Each operation
stage is rated how much wage and
material should be allocated for its
maintenance and repairs.
The Plant Overhead Cost which
also takes care of the electric
consumption of the Gas Turbine
Generator Station and of the plant such
as lights and air-conditioning is
assumed to be 70% of the sum of
Operating Labor, Supervision and
Clerical Labor, and Maintenance and
Repairs Costs.
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
All of the equipment purchased
are assumed to depreciate after the
effective plant life of 22 years. This plant
life is actually stated by the MACRS-
GDS depreciation method which is used
for this plant proposal. The MACRS
states that either Straight Line or
Declining Balance with Switch can be
used within the recovery period of the
plant. The recovery period for a typical
power plant is 15 years as instructed by
this depreciation method. Straight Line
method was used for 15 years. The
depreciable materials of the plant other
than the equipment include:
Instrumentation and Controls, Piping,
Electrical, Buildings and Services, and
Service Facilities.
The other factors that should be
considered for the Total Product Cost
such as Insurance, and Research and
Development Cost are estimated by
giving percentages of various costs
already available.
Table 12 provides a breakdown
of the total product cost.
Economic Feasibility
For one year, the plant shall have
projected gross revenue of about PhP
198 M. This can now be used to assess
the plants economic feasibility, including
the total capital investment and total
product cost.
Moreover, dividing the total
energy output to the total product cost
calculated beforehand, the cost of
producing 1 kilowatt-hour of energy is
PhP 2.80/kWh. This value is smaller
than the selling price of Meralco which
indicates that there will be positive
revenue for the proposed plant.
The initial revenue should be
deducted to the total product cost in
order to determine the actual profitability
of the plant without any other charges.
Page 20 of 24
But tax laws of the country should be
considered too.
Taxation should be considered
since it will greatly affect the net income
of the project. The effective tax rate for a
production facility such as this is 35%.
Tax is placed on the net income and
shall be paid by the future project
owners. After this consideration, the
final net income is now achieved. The
after-tax net income is about PhP 32.83
M.
The payback period is calculated
by dividing the total capital investment
by the after-tax net revenue per year.
The result, which is also in years, is the
time it takes for the investment to
actually start earning profits and the
capital already compensated. The
payback period is 29.51 years, which is
more than the expected plant life.
Hence, this indicates that unfortunately,
the plant is not profitable and payback
won‟t be attained unless plant is to have
a longer life span.
Landfill Cost Savings
An international study was made
in 1999 by Johannessen and Boyer
about the landfill status for most parts of
the world. For the Philippines, the
Carmona and San Mateo landfills were
investigated. They remark that
municipalities charged a tipping fee for
every truck of garbage delivered to their
landfill. For San Mateo, the charge is
about USD 1 per 4-wheeled truck
delivered or about 10m3 of garbage and
USD 1.5 per 6-wheeled truck (15 m3).
On the other hand, Carmona landfill
charges a flat rate of about USD 5 per
truck delivered. There was no direct
source of how much it would cost for a
landfill but they estimated that per tonne
of garbage, the landfill cost is USD 10.
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
Using this value, we can
approximate how much it would cost to
throw garbage to a landfill. Using an
inflation calculator provided by
inflationdata.com, the price USD 10 is
currently USD 13.13. And with a foreign
exchange rate of PhP 43.83, the cost is
575.71 PhP/tonne.
Even though 100 tonnes/day of
MSW is delivered to the site, the actual
feed processed is about 90 tonnes/day
and the rest gets delivered back to
landfills or recycling facilities. The
amount of cost saved by putting up the
proposed gasification plant is PhP 15.5
M if the proposed gasification plant is
realized. Hence, even if the plant is not
profitable in terms of payback years, it is
possible to construct the gasification
and power plant with the landfill benefit
in mind. The revenues saved from the
landfill may be used in order to shorten
the payback period.
VI. Conclusion and
Recommendations
The report proposes a municipal
solid waste (MSW) conversion to usable
energy. Market study of this report
points out the increasing demand of
energy in recent years. Synthesis gas
was also shown to be increasingly used
as power since 1989 at a speedy rate.
The current sources of syngas are coal
and petroleum. Several competitors
have been mentioned in this section
including the several natural gas
producers in the country. The proposed
plant site is in Tanza, Navotas, located
near the new landfill area.
Technical discussion of the
proposition suggests the utilization of a
fluidized bed gasifier, with air as its
gasification medium. The process shall
produce Synthesis Gas (SynGas) that
will be fed in a Gas Turbine Generator.
Page 21 of 24
The whole process is composed of
MSW pre-treatment, gasification, post-
treatment and cleaning, and electrical
energy conversion and heat recovery. A
complete process flowsheet and
detailed streams were presented. In
addition, detailed design process
sections for each significant process
were also included. The projected power
output of the plant is 5.19MW with the
amount needed to self-sustain the plant
already considered. The report
concludes that the proposed method is
feasible.
MSW Gasification Carillo, Mationg, Penuela, Rosas
The total capital investment
needed for the plant is PhP 1.80B while
the total product cost per year is PhP
163M. The net income per year
amounts to PhP 60M per year.
Economic analysis shows that the
plant‟s payback period is 29 years. This
is greater than the expected plant life of
22 years. However, considering the
savings of decreasing 90 tonnes/day of
waste from landfill use, the plant may be
economically feasible if the savings are
used for the benefit of the plant.
Page 22 of 24
 VII. References

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http://www.firstgen.com.ph/OurAssets.php?id=17

San Lorenzo CCGT Power Plant, Batangas City, Philippines. (2010). Retrieved October 20, 2010, from
power-technology.com: http://www.power-technology.com/projects/sanlorenzo/

Añonuevo, E. P. (2009, August 19). Meralco draws power from first renewable energy source. Retrieved
October 20, 2010, from The Manila Times.net:
http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/archives/444-meralco-draws-power-from-first-
renewable-energy-source

Department of Energy. (2009). Power Statistics. Retrieved April 1, 2011, from Department of Energy
Portal: http://www.doe.gov.ph/ep/Powerstat.htm

Miras, JC. (2006). First and Oldest (Hydroelectric) Power Plant in the Philippines. Retrieved October 20,
2010, from JcMiras.Net_02: http://www.jcmiras.net/surge/p77.htm

Navarro, R. A. (2003). A Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management of Metro Manila, Philippines.

Rodrigues, Monica, Arnaldo Walter, and Andre Faaij. "Performance evaluation of atmospheric biomass
integrated gasifier combined cycle systems under different strategies for the use of low calorific
gases." Energy Conversion and Management 48, 2007: 1289–1301.

(2004, January 16 ). SOLID WASTE INCINERATION. Washington: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Basu, P. (2010). Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis: Practical Design and Theory. Oxford: Elsevier.

Eriez Magnetics Europe Ltd. (2010, May 24). Product Fact Sheet: Eddy Current Separator Guide for
Preliminary Equipment Selection. Retrieved March 29, 2011, from Eriez Magnetics Europe Ltd:
http://eriez.com/Products/EddyCurrentSeparatorsRecycling/Documents/Brochure/

MANFREDINI & SCHIANCHI Srl. (n.d.). P.I.G. HAMMER MILL. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from
MANFREDINI & SCHIANCHI:
http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2
Fwww.manfredinieschianchi.com%2Fpdf%2F3-macchine%2F2-EN%2F301-02-2EN-hammer-
mills.pdf&rct=j&q=pdf%3A%20MANFREDINI%20%26%20SCHIANCHI%20hammer%20mill&ei=o4
KRTYLQCcWHcf31tYkH&usg

Nakamura, M., Castaldi, M., & Themelis, N. J. (n.d.). Numerical analysis of size reduction of municipal
solid waste particles on the traveling grate of a waste-to-energy combustion chamber.

Navarro, R. A. (2003). A Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, Philippines.
Sweden: Lund University International Master’s Programme in Environmental Science.

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Olsen, L., & Carnes, B. (2009). SCREEN CAPACITY CALCULATION. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from
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