ElectroMagnetic Induction

We learned that current carrying wires

produce a magnetic field around them.
The reverse is also true. A changing magnetic
field can induce a current in a wire.
The current is called an induced current
because it comes about (is induced) by the
changing magnetic field.

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 ElectroMagnetic Induction
If we hold a magnet near a coil of wire nothing
happens.
If we now move the magnet towards or away
from the coil, a voltage and current is
induced. Let’s see if we can see what is going
on together.
But I will need a helper,
And you will have to make some
predictions first.
LoggerPro with Coil
Link to Solutions
Chapter 19: Magnetism

ElectroMagnetic Induction
When the magnet moves towards the coil the
magnetic field through the coil increases,
inducing a current.
When it is moved away, the field decreases,
creating a current, but in the opposite
direction.

Chapter 19: Magnetism

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 Induced EMF and Current
The changing magnetic field causes an induced
current. Since a source of emf (voltage) is
needed to produce a current (remember
Ohm’s Law), the moving magnet acts like a
source of emf. So we would say the moving
magnet induces an emf in the coil, producing
an induced current.

Chapter 19: Magnetism

Magnetic Flux
Another way to describe this induced emf is in terms
of something called magnetic flux.
Magnetic flux [B] is similar to the luminous flux or
electric flux. It is deals with the magnetic field and
the surface through which it passes. It is a measure
of the quantity of magnetism.
Magnetic flux [B] is mathematically the dot product
of the Magnetic Field [B] and the enclosed area [A]
you are measuring the flux through

B = B·A = (B)(Aperp)
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 Magnetic Flux
The flux only depends on the portion of the
magnetic field that is perpendicular to the
area in which is passes through. So when the
magnetic field direction is not perpendicular
to the area the equation for flux becomes
 B  BA cos 

Chapter 19: Magnetism

EMF and Flux

So, an emf [E] is created due to the rate change
of flux []. How can the flux change?
• the coil can spin ()
• The coil can change area (A)
• The coil can move out of the field
• The magnetic field can change strength (B)
Since flux depends on B, A and , that means
that any of them can be changing to
produced an induced emf E.
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 Faraday’s Law of Induction
Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic
induction. He discovered that whenever
there is a change in flux through a coil of
wire, an emf is produced.
This equation is one of the most important law
corresponding to modern day electrical
power as it is the basis for all electric
generators.
  0 
  
t  t0 t
Chapter 19: Magnetism

Faraday’s Law of Induction

Often a magnetic flux passes through a coil of
wire consisting of more than one loop. Each
loop abides by the previous equation for the
emf produced.
So if a coil has N loops, we get

   0  
   N     N
 t  t0  t
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction w/loops
Let’s see some examples
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 Lenz’s Law
The induced emf creates an induced current
through the loop. Conventional current runs
out of the positive terminal and into the
negative. So which is positive and which is
negative? Which direction does the current
flow?

Chapter 19: Magnetism

Lenz’s Law
As it turns out,
The induced current will create its own magnetic field
called the induced magnetic field.
The induced emf resulting from a changing magnetic
flux has a polarity that leads to an induced current
whose direction is such that the induced magnetic
field opposes the original flux change.
Or the induced magnetic field opposes the change in
the original magnetic flux, so the direction of the
current must address this.
This is known as Lenz’s Law, and is why that negative
sign is on Faraday’s Law of Induction – The induced
emf opposes the change in flux.
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 Lenz’s Law Strategy
1. Determine whether the flux is increasing or
decreasing.
2. Find out what direction the induced
magnetic field must be to oppose this change.
• If the flux is increasing, the induced field must be
opposite the direction of the original field
• If the flux is decreasing, the induced field must be
in the same direction as the original field
3. Use the RHR-2 to determine what direction
of current will result in an induced field that
is in this direction.
Chapter 19: Magnetism

Lenz’s Law Example

Moving magnet
through a coil.
The B-field is
increasing, so flux
is increasing.
The induced field
must be opposite
the direction of
the original field
Induced current is
as shown.
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 Motional EMF
The magnet does not have
to move, but there does
have to be relative
motion between the wire
circuit and a magnetic
field.
Another way to do this is
to move a conductor in a
magnetic field.

Chapter 19: Magnetism

Motional EMF
When the bar moves
through the field, a force
is applied on the
electrons in it. In this
case the force points ...
UP 
This magnetic force
separates the charges
according to
F  qvB
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 Motional EMF
The mobile electrons move to
the bottom, leaving a
positive charge at the top.
This charge difference now
creates an attractive electric
force which competes
against the magnetic force.
The separation stops when the
electric force balances with
the magnetic force.
But the separated charges now
have a potential difference
associated with them.
Derive what’s happening
Chapter 19: Magnetism

Motional EMF
We can see that the motional emf [E] is defined
E = -ν B L
Where E is the emf, ν is the velocity of the bar,
B is the magnetic field strength, and L is the
length of the conductor bar.
As you can see, E = 0 when ν = 0, and as ν
increases, so does E.
Is this really the same as Faraday’s Law?

Chapter 19: Magnetism

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 Applications - Generator
An electric generator transforms mechanical
energy into electrical energy. That is, it
generates electricity.

Chapter 19: Magnetism

Applications - Generator

Chapter 19: Magnetism

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 Applications
My never dying flashlight

Chapter 19: Magnetism

Applications
Electric Guitar Pickups

Chapter 19: Magnetism

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 Applications
Moving coil microphone

Chapter 19: Magnetism

The falling magnet

How does dropping a magnet through a
copper (non magnetic) pipe compare to
dropping the same magnet through a
PVC (non magnetic) pipe?
Why should the motion be different?

Chapter 19: Magnetism

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 Eddy Currents
An eddy current is a swirling current set up in a
conductor in response to a changing magnetic field. By
Lenz's law, the swirling current sets up a magnetic
field opposing the change. In a conductor, electrons
swirl in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.
Eddy currents cause energy to be lost. More accurately,
eddy currents transform more useful forms of energy,
such as kinetic energy, into heat, which is generally
much less useful. In many applications the loss of
useful energy is not particularly desirable, but there are
some practical applications such as train brakes.

Chapter 19: Magnetism

Eddy Current Application: train brakes

Draw a set of pictures for the green region, to

show the direction of the induced current in the
green region as it enters the magnetic field.

What is the direction of the

force induced?

Chapter 19: Magnetism

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More Eddy Currents

Chapter 19: Magnetism

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