THE BOOK OF LIGHT - LIBER DE LUMINE

by Blessed Raymond Lull

Doctor Illuminatus and Martyr

GOD
With the grace and virtue of your Light
We now begin the Book of Light

FOREWORD
1. Whereas the intellect reproduces species by attracting likenesses from
physical and imaginable things to its coessential and natural intelligible part in
which it makes them intelligible, we now write this Book of Light which enables
the intellect to become fluent in the science of the General Art, and this book
proceeds according to the mode of the General Art (Ars Magna, or Ars Generalis
Ultima) whose Principles and Rules it adopts. Now this Book is like a knot tied in
a rope to prompt the memory to recollect things.

2. By virtue of its subject, this Book will enlighten the intellect and stimulate it to
understand intelligible things artificially and to discover natural beings with their
secrets; this Book is meant to be an Art of Understanding subsidiary to the
General Art from which it arises; and it deals above all with natural things
associated to the intellect in providing doctrine about the light of truth. The
subject of this Book is that illumination with which all other sciences are
illuminated.
HOW THIS BOOK IS DIVIDED
This Book has three Distinctions. The first deals with the Tree and the Principles,
Rules and Definitions of the Principles of the General Art. The second deals with
the Definitions of light and the ten Rules. The Third deals with Questions about
the nine modes of being outside of which nothing can exist.

The Tree
1. In this Book we made one Tree called the Tree or Candelabrum of Light, with
nine flowers as shown, and these flowers are named after the nine letters of the
Alphabet, namely B.C.D.E.F.G.H.I.K. To know this Art, one must know this
Alphabet by heart.

B. means Goodness, Difference, Light and Whether.

C. means Greatness, Concordance, Light and What.
D. means Duration or Eternity, Contrariety, Light and Of What.
E. means Power, Beginning, Light and Why.
F. means Wisdom, Middle, Light and How much.
G. means Will, End, Light and What kind.
H. means Virtue, Majority, Light and When.
I. means Truth, Equality, Light and Where
K. means Glory, Minority, Light, How and With what.

2. This Tree with its flowers is general for illuminating other sciences with the
light that the intellect receives from it for seeing the other sciences.

3. Here are the Conditions of this Art's Candelabrum: if there is some doubtful
issue that has to do with B, we investigate it with whatever B contains, and if this
is not sufficient, we then apply C to B and scrutinize the content of B in
conjunction with the content of C, and if C is not sufficient, we go on to D and all
the way to K, combining letters with each other; this will necessarily clarify the
issue because this set of combinations with B is both implicitly and explicitly
general to all the particular lights that can generally be mentioned with reference
to B.

4. Any investigation using the conditions of the Tree is general to every kind of
light because the Tree is general, due to the above conditions. Nonetheless,
before the Artist of light can do anything with this Tree, he must read the entire
Book from beginning to end and become thoroughly conversant with it because
the entire Book is implicitly contained in the Tree.
If the doubtful issue has more to do with C than with B, then it is applied to C and
if BC does not yield any explicit results, D is then applied and so on in sequence
all the way to CK; and the things said here about B and C apply to all other letter
combinations.
COMBINING THE FLOWERS IN THE TREE
5. In this part we give a doctrine that will enable Artists of this Art to use the
Flowers of the Tree. first let us deal with the first Flower called B. Here we
consider the things contained in B and if there is any doubt about anything
contained in B, the doubtful issue is treated with the questions "Whether" or
"What" and with reference to the things said about the Definitions of Goodness,
Difference and Rule B; after this, conclusions can be drawn by making affirmative
or negative statements following the above meanings brought to bear on the
issue at hand without distorting or destroying the definitions of Goodness,
Difference and Rule B.

6. If the doubtful issue relates to something contained in Flower C, the Artist will
proceed in the way described for Flower B, namely he will refer to the definitions
of Greatness and Concordance and to Rule C and assert whatever appears in
the light of the above terms brought to bear on the issue, using simple or
compound definitions as he sees fit.
7. If the doubtful issue has to do with terms represented by B and C, he will refer
to the content of Flowers B and C, namely the Definitions and Rules in the first
and second Distinctions, and assert the things he sees in the light of the said
terms applied to the issue; whatever we said about BC also applies to the other
flowers.

8. Let us use the Flowers to deal with doubtful issues, beginning with with Flower
B, for instance, let us ask: "Can the Goodness of light be a reason for good to do
good without any distinction or motion?" And it seems that it cannot, as signified
by the definitions of Goodness, Difference and Rule B.

9. Now if the question has to do with the content of C, for instance, if we ask:
"What is candlelight in terms of Greatness and Concordance, and what does it
contain in itself? And what is it in other things, and what does it have in other
things?" Here we apply Rule C and base the answer on what the first and second
Distinctions say about the definitions of Greatness and Concordance.

10. And if the question has to do with BC, for instance if we ask: "When the light
of a candle lights a lamp, does it cause good motion as the lamp receives its
influx; and what motion do they cause and compose?" Now heating is caused by
the heater and what is heated, and running by the runner and what is run, and an
arrow's motion by the mover and the movable, and so forth. And here the answer
is given in accordance with the things signified by BC about light in the first and
second distinctions. The above examples of questions made with BC are valid for
making questions with BD, or CD and so forth.

Definitions of the Principles

1. Goodness is the being on account of which good does good.
2. Greatness is the being on account of which Goodness, Eternity etc. are great.
3. Duration, or Eternity is the being on account of which Goodness, Greatness
etc. are lasting.
4. Power is the being on account of which Goodness, Greatness etc. can exist
and act.
5. Wisdom is the being on account of which the wise understand.
6. Will is the being on account of which Goodness, Greatness etc. are desirable.
7. Virtue is the source of union among Goodness, Greatness etc.
8. Truth is that which is true about Goodness, Greatness etc.
9. Glory is the bliss in which Goodness, Greatness etc. repose.

10. Difference is that on account of which Goodness, Greatness etc. are clear
reasons without any confusion.
11. Concordance is that on account of which Goodness, Greatness etc. agree in
unity and plurality.
12. Contrariety is a mutual resistance of things with divergent ends.
13. The Beginning is what comes before everything else on account of some
priority.
14. The Middle is the subject through which the End influences the Beginning
and the Beginning transmits its influence back to the End, and it naturally
participates in both.
15. The End is that in which the Beginning reposes.
16. Majority is the image of the immensity of Goodness, Greatness etc.
17. Equality is the subject in which the End of the Concordance of Goodness,
Greatness etc. reposes.
18. Minority is a being close to nothingness.

19. Light is the being that illuminates substances and dispels the darkness.

To have full knowledge of light, we will later define it with the help of these
definitions

The Ten Rules or Questions

1. The first Rule inquires into whether something is, or not. It has three
species, namely affirmation, doubt and negation. Its condition consists in making
the affirmations or negations that help the most to remember, understand and
love the object: for instance, let us ask whether or not the intellect exists: now it
apparently does, because the affirmation of its existence can be better
remembered, understood and loved than the denial of its existence, and this
follows the definitions of the principles previously given here.
2. The second Rule deals with Quiddity or definition and has four species.
The first species asks what something is, for instance, "What is the intellect?"
This first species simply considers the essence by asking "What is it in itself?"
And the answer is that the intellect is the being of its own essence, called
intelligence, or reason.

The second species asks: "What does the intellect have in itself co essentially
and substantially?" And the answer is that the intellect has its own innate
intellectivity, intelligibility and act of understanding.

The third species asks: "What is the intellect in other things?" And the answer is
that in the will, the intellect is what enables the will to choose to love what is truly
good and to hate what is truly evil.

The fourth species asks "What does the intellect have in other things?" As in
asking "What does the intellect have in the will?" And the answer is that the
intellect has action in the will through the habit of conscience with which it afflicts
the will. And this example using the intellect can be applied to everything else.

3. The third Question or Rule inquires into Material, and has three species.
The first species asks about the origin of something, as for instance "Of what
origin is the intellect?" And the answer is that the intellect consists of its own
original being, meaning that it is not made or created from anything that existed
before it, but simply created inasmuch as it now is and previously was not.

The second species inquires into the constituent parts things are made of, as in
asking "What does the intellect consist of?" And the answer is that the intellect
consists of its own co essential principles, namely its own innate intellective,
intelligible and act of understanding; likewise, man consists of his own body and
soul; nails are made of iron, and so with other similar things.

The third species inquires into the ownership of things, like "To whom does the
intellect belong?" or "To whom does the realm belong?" And the answer is that
the intellect belongs to man and the realm belongs to the king. And this is how
this Rule asks the question "of what?".

4. The fourth Question asks "Why?" and has two species: one concerns
existence and the other concerns agency, as in asking "Why is there an
intellect?" And the answer, with regard to existence, is that the intellect exists
because it consists of its own innate intellective, intelligible and act of
understanding, like a whole that is what it is on account of its own constituent
coessential parts.

And with regard to agency, the intellect exists so that it can understand and move
purposefully toward its end which is to understand God and the truths of other
things or entities and to have the habit of science. With this rule we inquire into
the "Why and wherefore" of things.

5. The fifth Question asks about Quantity and has two species, namely simple
and compound: for instance, let us ask "What is the quantity of intellect in the
simplicity of its essence?" And the answer is that the intellect has the quantity of
its essential being.

As for composition, the answer is that the intellect has the quantity of its essence
and agency, namely its own innate intellective, intelligible and act of
understanding of which it consists. And this Rule serves to inquire into the
number and measure of things.

6. The sixth Question asks about Quality and has two species, namely proper
and appropriated quality. Let us ask, for instance, by the first species: "What
quality does the intellect have?" And the answer is that the intellect has the
quality of its own innate intellective, intelligible and act of understanding.

And if we ask the same question by the second species, the answer is that the
intellect has the qualities of the habit or intelligibility that it appropriates when it
acts within its own intelligibility whereby it attains other intelligible beings.
Likewise, let us ask "What is the quality of fire in its own quality, namely heat?"
And the answer is that fire is a being that heats, and with the dryness it
appropriates to itself from earth, it is a being with the power to dry out air, and so
forth. This Rule serves to inquire into proper and appropriated qualities.

7. The seventh Question asks about Time and has as many species as the
second, third, ninth and tenth Rules as we said in the chapter on the Seventh
Rule in the Major Art. But here we want to give an example of the Seventh Rule
using only the four species of the second Rule, and what we say about them
applies to the remainder. Let us ask: "When does the intellect exist?"

And by the first species we answer that the intellect exists when its being exists.
By the second species we answer that the intellect exists when it has its own
innate coessential parts.

Further, by the third species we answer that the intellect exists in other things
when it acts in them, for instance when the intellect is practically engaged in a
subject.

The fourth species asks "When does the intellect have something in other
things?" The answer is that the intellect has something in other things when it
has an understanding of their likenesses. Any topic can be dealt with in the same
way as we dealt with the intellect. This Rule inquires into things as they exist
within time and outside of time: for instance the intellect is within time by the third
and fourth species of C but it simply exists outside of time by the first and second
species of the same.

8. The eighth Rule asks about location, for instance, let us ask: "Where is the
intellect?" And this Rule has as many species as the second, Third, Ninth and
Tenth Rules together as was said in the General Art, but here, for the sake of
brevity, we want to give an example using only the four species of the second
Rule. Now the intellect, for instance, is in its own coessential and natural locus,
which is its own being and essence, like a man existing in his humanity.

By the second species the intellect is in its own essence and being as its parts
constitute a whole.

By the third species, the intellect is in the soul, or in man, or in the location where
man happens to be.

And by the fourth species, the intellect is located in the virtue or habit with which
it has its habit of knowledge, and it is also in the subjects in which it has practical
habits, and so forth. This Rule serves to inquire about things located in space
and about things that simply exist without occupying any space; for instance: the
intellect is located in space by the third and fourth species but does not occupy
any location by the first and second species.

9. The ninth Question is about mode, or about how things exist, and it has
four species. The first asks how a thing exists in itself. The second asks how one
thing exists in another. The third asks about the way parts are in the whole and
the whole in its parts. The fourth asks how a thing transmits its likenesses
outside itself.

With the first species let us ask, for instance: "How does the intellect exist as a
being per se?" And we answer that the intellect has a mode of existing as a being
per se inasmuch as its own essence is distinct from all other essences.

The second species asks: "How is the intellect in other things and other things in
it?" And we answer that the intellect has a way of existing in the will and the will
in the intellect inasmuch as the intellect and the will together with memory
constitute the rational soul.

With the third species, let us ask, for instance: "How is the intellect in its parts
and its parts in it?" And the answer is that the intellect has a way of being in its
parts and its parts in it by the natural mode implemented by its own intellective,
intelligible and act of understanding with the full participation of these three
correlatives.

With the fourth species, let us ask: "How can the intellect transmit its likenesses
outside itself?" And we answer that the intellect can transmit its likenesses
outside itself through its habit of science with which it understands many things
as it makes them intelligible in its own innate intelligible part. This Rule serves to
ask about modes according to the way in which things exist in themselves or in
other things, as said above.

10. The Tenth Rule, concerning instrumentality, asks about what things
exist with and what they act with, and it has four species similar to those in the
Rule of modality. For instance, let us ask: "With what is the intellect a part of the
soul?" And we answer that the intellect is a part of the soul with difference,
concordance and power, and with all the other principles except contrariety.

With the second species, let us ask: "With what does the intellect understand
things other than itself?" And we answer that the intellect understands things by
acquiring species and combining them together as it places them in its own
innate intelligible where it makes them intelligible and understands them, like an
eye viewing its reflection in a mirror.

With the third species let us ask: "With what is the intellect universal and
particular?" And we answer that the intellect is universal inasmuch as it has one
formal active intellective power with which it attains many things within one
universal intelligible that reflects many intelligible likenesses, like many images
displayed in one mirror; and it is particular when it descends to practical
considerations and understands some specific species it has acquired and stored
in memory.

With the fourth species, let us ask: "With what does the intellect transmit its
likenesses outside itself?" And we answer that the intellect transmits its likeness
outside itself with its own intellective, intelligible and act of understanding with
which it produces intelligible species that can be recalled by the memory so the
will can choose to love or hate them. This Rule serves to inquire about spiritual
and physical instruments.

We have dealt with the Questions or Rules, and they contain the solutions to
the questions in the Third distinction and to all peregrine questions that can be
reduced to the explicit terms in the way shown in the second distinction.

First Part
Light defined with the Principles
1. Light is a good being that naturally does good in its own way, and its own
Goodness is its natural reason to do good: now candlelight is a good being that
naturally does its own kind of good by lighting lamps and lighting up the air; the
Sun illuminates the atmosphere to cause daylight, and daylight is a good thing
because it is instrumental in destroying darkness and enabling animals to see;
likewise, the Moon shines at night to dispel the darkness that does evil against
good when it hinders the sight from seeing.

2. Light is a great being on account of its own natural Greatness with which it
produces great Illumination; candlelight, for instance, does its great act by
illuminating lamps and air. And light has a great act potentially existing in its own
great, natural and coessential Greatness: now if candlelight had enough fuel, it
would grow into a flame so huge that it would light up the entire sphere of air and
consume all darkness and shadow.

3. Light is a being that lasts in its own natural Duration with which it causes the
Goodness, Greatness, Power, Instinct, Appetite and Virtue of light to last in air,
so much so that if light never ran out of matter, it would last forever without
decreasing in quantity: if candlelight never ran out of wick and wax, it could
effectively last forever.

4. Light is a powerful being by its very nature: its innate Power enables it to
maintain its size and identity and to produce other light or lights without
decreasing or going out, as when candlelight lights a lamp without decreasing or
vanishing: this is because its own Goodness, Greatness etc. sustain its identity,
and they cannot do this if the light runs out of material, namely its wick and its
wax, or if the wind blows it out, or if it is placed where it cannot move, given that
light enclosed on all sides in a small space cannot move.

5. Light is a being with a natural Instinct for doing things proper to its own nature,
for instance, the light of a candle has an Instinct for lighting a lamp by using all of
its own active mode and the lamp's entire passive mode: candlelight cannot light
a lamp without the entirety of its mode because its Instinct cannot perform
without a mode just as the intellect cannot understand things unless it has a
mode for understanding them.

6. Light is a being with its own natural Appetite for illuminating things and
reproducing its likenesses, and its Appetite reposes in the act of illuminating, as
when a candle lights a lamp and lights up the air and when it extends its flame
down to another, extinguished candle to which it is drawn through the smoke by
its appetite for lighting things, as we know by experience. And likewise, the
intellect reproduces the likenesses it acquires to make them intelligible and
exercise the natural acts of its own Goodness, Greatness etc. in its own
understanding of itself.

7. Light is a being that arises with its own Virtue from a flame, and as it is infused
in the air or in a lamp, it optimizes its virtuous Goodness and magnifies its
virtuous Greatness, as when the Virtue of candlelight lights up air and lights
lamps with its own Virtue.
8. Light is a being that truly illuminates air and lamps with itself, from itself, from
its own Goodness, Greatness etc. and with its own Goodness, Greatness etc.
while Truth makes this a true visual experience; and the intellect, likewise, in its
own way, truly enlightens scholars with the science it teaches when its matter
and the scholar's matter are not impeded by ignorance.

9. Light is a being that delights in existing and acting: in existing because it is

what it is and in acting because it reproduces itself, like candlelight that has
natural delight in lighting up lamps and space. And likewise, the light of intellect
delights in understanding and reproducing its likenesses in itself and in the
humans who use it to learn science; in this way, when the intellect is joined to a
body, it delights in attracting to itself the things it can reach through the senses
and the imagination, and it delights in making all this intelligible within itself so it
can have repose.

10. Light is a being that lights up colors and shapes and enables the power of
sight to see colored objects: as the intellect attains the truth about things by
telling them apart, likewise, light disposes distinct colors and figures in the
physically visible world, now if there is no light, the power of sight cannot perform
its act of seeing.

11. Light is a being that accords visibility to visible subjects so that the power of
sight can objectify things and attain one light through its concordance with
another light: now candlelight and lamplight both belong to the same genus as
they light up a house; and so do sunlight and firelight because the Sun effectively
increases the heat of fire as the Sun convenes with fire in the genus of light and
heats bodies here below with the heat of fire.

12. Light, or brightness, is the color of fire and of the Sun, and darkness cannot
resist this color unless some opaque body impedes it; this is because darkness
and shadow are the colors of earth which air receives in its great transparency,
taking on these colors wherever light is partly blocked out as when a crystal
placed on green, blue or red colors receives and takes on these colors; now
transparency is the color of air, fire and air agree in heat while light drives out
and dispels darkness and lends its color to air as we see when the Sun shines by
day and when candles illuminate courtyards at night.

13. Light is the supreme source of color because the luminaries of heaven
convene with the light of fire in the same genus; now the colors of the luminaries
in heaven are not in the same genus as the colors of earth, water or air.

14. Light is the form used by fire to move lightable matter that is lit whenever
form and matter repose in light.

15. Light is a being that quantifies things with its quantity, and it has two kinds of
quantity, namely continuous and discrete. It is continuous, for instance, in the
various sources of light in a house, or in sunlight by day and moonlight at night;
and it is discrete in Saturn and Jupiter etc. in heaven and in the Sun by day and
in the Moon at night, and in a lamp in a room and in a candle in a courtyard.

16. Light is a being with the quality of showing things and it shows that the
subject of brightness consists of its innate bright parts and this subject lends
brightness to other subjects that do not shine by themselves, as the Sun
illuminates the Moon and candlelight lights up the air, lamps, etc.

17. Light is a being that relates to things by showing them and it shows that
sunlight - or the Sun's body - and fire both have substantial, coessential, innate
related parts namely the lucificative, lucificable and their act of lucification that
give rise to accidental, peregrine light when light illuminates and colors the air.

18. Light is a being that acts by illuminating air and coloring and brightening it
with light, and its action overcomes darkness as was shown above.

19. Light is a passive form whose matter is the general illuminability in which
peregrine luminaries receive light. And light is a passive form or power when
opaque bodies stop it from dispelling darkness and from growing and expanding
in quantity and movement.

20. Light is a habit of air illuminated by the Sun in daytime or by a candle in a

room and thus light is a being situated in the subject in which it exists, namely in
the air's length, breadth and depth, in the Sun's and Moon's roundness, in the
triangular shape of flames, in potentiality in a covered lamp and in motion when a
stone is struck with iron.

21. Light is a being that produces times and seasons and participates in motion
more closely than any other being; now light cannot be without motion, and since
motion accords with time, light participates in sequential motion more closely
than any other being does.

22. Light is a being that locates itself in the air that it lights up and that locates air
within itself in every place to which its radiance extends. And here we see how
one color is contained in another; and as every proper color is inseparable from
its own subject, we see how bodies in mixture stand within one another as when
elements mix together in elemented things, or when gold and silver are mixed in
coins, or when substance and accident are mixed in compounds.

23. Light is a being that habituates the things it illuminates: as when candlelight
habituates and clothes illuminated air by coloring it with its light, or when it
clothes a rose with light shining through the air; and likewise the intellect
habituates itself with science in its own innate intelligibility by acquiring peregrine
species habituated with intelligibility.
24. Light is a subject that exists in space within a horizon in which the color of air
is joined to the color of fire, by the Sun in daylight and by the Moon at night, and
by a candle flame in a room where continuous and undivided light shines on
every extreme of every wall as candlelight lights up the air and as the air lets light
shine through its transparency, which cannot happen unless the light and the air
mix together to make one compound that occupies the entire space within the
horizon both formally and materially.

25. Light is the end in which the colors of fire and air repose as does the power of
sight which cannot see anything without light: they repose when their appetite is
joined to the desired object, as when the lover is joined to the beloved and when
the knower is joined to knowledge, which comes about in an act of illumination,
when the act of loving joins the lover to the beloved and the act of knowing joins
the knower to the knowledge.

26. Light is an image of God's immense Magnitude, Goodness, Eternity, Power,

Wisdom, Will, Virtue, Truth and Glory; now if a lit candle had an infinite amount of
fuel placed at its disposal, it could, with its act of illuminating, make its lucificative
luminance shine out into infinity; but since candlelight cannot do this for lack of
fuel and space, this power of light only exists potentially, as does the light of
human intellect, memory and will. And here we see the Greatness of God the
creator displaying the outward signs of his intrinsic operation and Trinity.

27. Light is a subject in which the final concordance between the illuminative and
illuminated equally reposes in their act of illuminating; and the same is
understood about the light of intellect and the flame of love in the knower,
knowledge and act of knowing and in the lover, beloved and act of loving; here
we see how spiritual things are signified by corporeal ones.

28. Light is a being whose minority makes it exist in proximity to nothingness;

and it really has minority because it is deprived of being when it is deprived of
material and when its opposite, namely darkness comes into being. Light also
exists in minority and close to naught when it potentially exists in a stone without
the presence of external agents, like motion and a collision with iron or with
another stone without which it cannot manifest its act.

We used definitions to show how the general Principles apply to light, and as we
applied them to light, they can be applied to different beings in different ways.

Second Part
The Rules Applied to Light
Rule B
In this part we apply the ten Rules or Questions to light following the mode used
in the second part of the first distinction. And now we begin with the first Rule.

The first Rule is signified by B. and deals with possibility.

1. We ask: "Does the light of a candle generate light in a lamp without decreasing
itself?
We answer that it does, because if candlelight did not generate lamplight from
itself it would produce it artificially and it would not belong to the same genus as
lamplight, which is impossible; and candlelight visibly produces lamplight without
diminishing itself or decreasing in quantity.

2. Given that candlelight, which is less powerful than an Angel, can produce
lamplight, we ask whether an Angel can generate another Angel? And the
answer is that it cannot, because an Angel does not have discontinuous matter,
its matter cannot reproduce, whereas candlelight has secondary matter under
prime matter, and this secondary matter exists due to the transition of prime
matter into lamplight by way of generation.

3. We ask whether candlelight moves on its own. And the answer is that it does
because light exists invisibly and potentially in the wick and wax and visible light
brings it into act by generating its species and exhausting itself in its upward
movement where it transmutes itself into the species of smoke, as we see.

4. We ask whether candlelight illuminates air within its own essence, and the
answer is that it does, because fire's essential illuminating power illuminates air
in fire's innate illuminable part, and the illuminating quality does not belong to air
itself but air appropriates it from fire; now illumination could only be air's own
quality if it did not receive it in and from the illumination that is proper to fire.

5. We ask whether a lit candle transmutes the transparency of air into its own
light while the transparency of air still remains what it is, and the answer is that it
does: now, as imagination internally reproduces likenesses of outwardly sensible
beings which still retain their own identity, so does candlelight internally
transmute the transparency of air into brightness while the transparency retains
its identity.

6. We ask whether candlelight is joined to the power of sight in viewing colored

things, and we answer that it is not because they do not have the same proper
subjects, although they work together like an agent with its instrument when the
power of sight attains illuminated and colored objects through illuminated air.

7. We ask whether candlelight vegetates the light of the lamp it lights, and the
answer is that it does not, since candlelight and lamplight are purely elemented
bodies in which vegetation cannot be sustained because of excessive motion
and heat.
8. We ask whether the four elements exist in act in candlelight, and the answer is
that they do, in order to constitute a full three dimensional body comprised of its
own form and matter wherein the elemental accidents are sustained.

9. We ask whether lamplight is lit by candlelight through necessity or by

contingency, and the answer is given in two distinct ways: now inasmuch as
candlelight lights lamplight, it does so by natural causation; but it does so by
contingency inasmuch as the artificer does not naturally light lamplight with
candlelight but rather does so through contingency occasioned by need.

We solved the above questions with the first general Question which is
"Whether?" and we followed its conditions, namely that things are to be affirmed
or negated as the soul remembers, understands and loves them more; here we
see the general nature of the said Rule with its conditions.

Rules C to K applied to Light

The second Rule, regarding Quiddity, signified by C.
1. What is light? The solution to this question is signified by the second Question
or Rule in the second part of the first distinction. Light is a being that illuminates
things, for instance, candlelight illuminates lamplight and air, and a Doctor
enlightens himself with the habit of science as he enlightens his students.

2. What does light have in itself coessentially and naturally? The solution to this
question is signified by the second Rule in the first distinction; now light has in
itself its own innate constituent parts, namely the illuminative, illuminable and
their act of illuminating: like the light of a candle whose innate illuminative, in its
own innate illuminable, illuminates illuminated air and produces illuminated
lamplight in its own illuminable as it brings it from potentiality into act by way of
generation: likewise, an Angel acts on things below with its innate powers in its
own innate matter whereby it perceives colors in general without using eyes,
voices without using ears and moving bodies without using touch, etc.

3. What is light in other things? The solution to this question is signified by the
second Rule in the first distinction, now light is a disposing agent in air as it
enables the power of sight to attain white color that disperses the sight and black
color that focuses the sight.

4. What does light have in other things? The solution to this question is signified
by the second Rule in the first distinction, now light has action in the air it
illuminates and passion in the power of sight that uses it to see color, and light
with its virtue has action in the power of sight, as in the eye which is an
illuminated organ joined to the power of sight that endows it with sense and the
power to see.
The third Rule, "Of What" signified by D.
1. Of what origin is light? The solution to this question is signified by the third
Rule in the second part of the first distinction; now the Sun's light exists
primordially in its own right, as does the motion of the eighth sphere because at
their natural origin they are not derived from anything else.

2. What does light consist of? The solution to this question is signified by the third
Rule in the second part of the first distinction: now light consists of its own
coessential lucificative, lucificable and their act of lucification, the light of a lamp
is made from that of a candle and elemented candlelight consists of the light of
simple fire; and the light of air is peregrine because it accidentally consists of
candlelight; and moonlight is made of sunlight; and Saturn's motion consists of
the motion of the eighth sphere at the antipodes that drives planets from west to
east in our side of the sky like water moving a mill wheel by driving its lower part
so that the upper part moves.

3. To whom does light belong? The solution to this question is signified by the
third species of the Rule in the first distinction: now candlelight belongs to
sunlight because the heavenly bodies above effectively and virtually possess
bodies here below; like divine intellect possesses human intellect, and the heat of
fire possesses the heat of air and that of hot water.

The Fourth Rule, "Why?" signified by E

1. Why is there light? The solution to this question is signified by the fourth Rule
in the second part of the first distinction; now candlelight is necessarily caused by
its own constituting coessential, substantial and natural lucificative, lucificable
and lucification, and the light of a lamp is naturally caused by candlelight but it is
occasioned by contingency when someone happens to light a lamp with light
from a candle; and the light in air exists because its cause exists, namely
candlelight that causes the peregrine light in air, outwardly in its own necessary
lucificable.

2. Why is there candlelight? The solution to this question is signified by the fourth
Rule in the second part of the first distinction; now candlelight exists for lighting
up the air and light exists in air to dispel the darkness in it so that sighted beings
can see objects that cannot be seen if the air is not lit up.

The Fifth Rule or Rule of Quantity, signified by F

What is the quantity of candlelight? The solution to this question is signified by
Rule F in the second part of the first distinction; now candlelight in continuous
quantity is one body in one undivided quantity through all its discrete quantities
sustained in its physical parts, namely the lucificative, lucificable and their act of
lucification.

And candlelight has two quantities, one proper and one appropriated or
peregrine. Its proper quantity is its own quantifying quantity and its peregrine
quantity is the quantity of light in air derived from the said proper quantity, and
this peregrine quantity illuminates stones, horses, etc. Now the quantity
sustained in the lucificative, lucificable and their act of lucification is neither
visible nor measurable, it is only visible as the light of a flame with shape and
color and situation inasmuch as it is joined to physical being, and even so it
cannot be sensed by touch although its color is visible.

The Sixth Rule, or Rule of Quality, signified by G.

What is the quality of candlelight? The solution to this question is signified by
Rule G in the second part of the first distinction; now candlelight has two
qualities: proper and appropriated. The proper quality is the light of simple fire
whose color causes compound candlelight, so the color of candlelight is a
subalternate quality that rules the peregrine color of light in air where light causes
color in the light reflected by a stone or a rose illuminated by light acting as an
appropriated quality of air.

The Seventh Rule, or the Rule of "When?" signified by the letter H.

When is there candlelight? The solution to this question is signified by Rule H in
the second part of the first distinction; now candlelight exists when its own being
and number exist; it existed potentially in stone and iron and in a candle before it
was lit. And candlelight is in successive becoming when it moves from
potentiality to act and it is in corruption when it gradually consumes the wick and
wax of the candle. It also exists in numeric alteration when the light that
potentially existed in the wick and wax actually corrupts the flame's body by
successively depriving its previous number, without this, candlelight could never
move from potentiality to act.

The Eighth Rule, or Rule of "Where?" signified by I.

Where is candlelight? The solution to this question is signified by Rule I in the
second part of the first distinction; now candlelight is in its own number and it is
sustained in its own constituent lucificative, lucificable and their lucification; and it
is in the room where it exists like the content in its container; as a body it is in
substance and accident because physical bodies are composed of substance
and accidents; and it is in air, like the efficient cause in its effect; and it is also in
motion, and so forth.

The Ninth Rule, or Rule of "How?" signified by K

How does candlelight exist? The solution to this question is signified by Rule K in
the second part of the first distinction; now candlelight has a way to be what it is
and not to be what it is not; and it exists because it contains parts that exist within
one another, like its form in its matter and vice versa; it also has a way of existing
because of its innate mobility, like a flame whose mobility enables it to live from
wax and wick, because its nutritional moisture exists.

The Tenth Rule, or Rule of "With What?" signified by K

With what does candlelight exist? The solution to this question is signified by
Rule K in the second part of the first distinction; now candlelight exists with the
mixture of its constituting elements, and with the concordance of fire and air in
heat and of fire and earth in dryness and with the opposition of earth and air in
dryness and moisture; and it exists with the concordance of air and fire in heat
and of air and water in moisture and with the opposition of water and fire in cold
and heat. And candlelight exists with the concordance of water and air in
moisture and of water and earth in cold and with the opposition of air and earth in
moisture and dryness.

Further, candlelight exists with the concordance of earth and fire in dryness and
of earth and water in cold, and with the opposition of fire and water in cold and
heat, which shows that the motion of candlelight is derived from and influenced
by the said concordances and contrarieties existing in one and the same subject.

Further, candlelight exists with its Goodness because it is good, with its
Greatness because it is great, with its Duration with which it lasts and with its
Power with which it is powerful, and so forth.

We have dealt with the Rules applied to light, and this application is a general
locus from which you can fully extract solutions to any questions that can be
asked about light

Third Distinction
Questions
This distinction deals with peregrine questions and their solutions are referred to
the first distinction where they are implicit and to the second distinction where
they are more explicitly signified. Now the questions are divided into nine parts,
namely into nine beings which are the following: God, Angel, Heaven, Soul,
Imagination, Sense, Vegetation, Elements, Artifice. There are actually no more
than these nine because whatever exists or can exist must be included in its way
within the nine above terms.

We have five loci to refer to for solving questions, namely: the Tree, the first and
second parts of the first distinction and the first and second parts of the second
distinction. Now let us deal with the first part of the third distinction.

Third Distinction
First Part - Questions about God

1. Question: Is there good, infinite and eternal production within God? The
solution to this question is signified by the definitions of Goodness, Greatness
and Eternity and by BC of the Tree, especially Rules B and C.
2. Question: Do the divine dignities or reasons have their own equal acts in God's
essence? Solution: apply B, C, G, and I to the loci in the first and second
distinctions.
3. Question: Is God the being of his own essence? Solution: go to the first
species of Rule C in the first and second distinctions.
4. Question: What does God have naturally and coessentially within Himself?
Solution: Go to the second species of Rule C in the first and second distinctions.
5. Question: Does God represent his intrinsic, coessential and natural operation
to the human intellect in this life? Solution: Go to the third species of Rule C.
6. Question: What does God have in his effect? Solution: Go to the fourth
species of Rule C in the second distinction.
7. Question: Can God produce something else from Himself without diminishing
Himself? Solution: Go to the first Rule in the second distinction, the first
paragraph on B.
8. Question: Must there necessarily be some differentiation within the Godhead?
Solution: Go to the second distinction, the ninth paragraph of rule B and to the
second species of Rule C in the first and second distinctions.
9. Question: Is there nature in God? Solution: Go to the definitions of Goodness,
Greatness and Power and to the second species of Rules C and D.
10. Question: What does God consist of? Solution: Go to the second species of
Rule D in the first and second distinctions.
11. Question: Is God a necessary being? Solution: Go to Rule E.
12. Question: Is God as great in his intrinsic act as in his existence? Solution: Go
to Rules E and G and to Flowers B, C and G in the Tree.
13. Question: Is there any properly numeral quantity in God? Solution: Go to
Flowers C, D and F and then to the Rules and definitions signified by them in the
first and second distinctions.
14. Question: Are there any properties in God? Solution: Go to B, C, D, and G
and then to the things they signify in the first and second distinctions.
15. Question: Where is God? Solution: Go to Rule I in the first and second
distinctions and to the second species of Rule C.
16. Question: How does God exist and how does He act within Himself?
Solution: Go to the second species of Rule C and to the ninth Rule K. However,
note that God in Himself is not divided into parts, but has infinite and eternal
properties as indicated by Rules B and C.
17. Question: With what does God exist and with what does He act within
Himself? Solution: Go to the definitions of Goodness, Greatness etc. and to Rule
K in the divine mode and go to the second species of Rule C.

We have dealt with the questions about God and shown how to find solutions to
questions in the above loci, and all other questions about God can be solved in
the same way.

Third Distinction
Second Part - Questions about Angels

1. Question: Do angels exist? Solution: go to the Definitions of Goodness,

Greatness, Majority, and to Rules B, C, G and H in the first and second
Distinctions.
2. Question: Can one angel generate another? Solution: go to the second
distinction, the second paragraph in the part on Rule B.
3. Question: Does an angel move on its own? Solution: go to the second species
of Rule C.
4. Question: Does an angel have innate species with which it acts upon things
here below? Solution: go to the fourth paragraph in the part on Rule B in the
second distinction.
5. Question: Does an angel see, hear and move physical things with and within
its own innate species? Solution: go to the fourth paragraph in the part on Rule B
in the second distinction.
6. Question: Does an angel participate in things below effectively with its innate
species like an efficient cause in its effect? Solution: go to the fifth paragraph in
the part on Rule B in the second distinction.
7. Question: Are physical things inherently proportioned to the innate species of
angels? Solution: go to the seventh paragraph in the part on Rule B in the
second distinction.
8. Question: Is an angel made of angelic parts? Solution: go to the eighth
paragraph in the part on Rule B, to Rules C and D and to the first species of Rule
E in the second distinction.
9. Question: Is the devil evil by necessity or by contingency? Solution: go to the
ninth paragraph in the part on Rule B in the second distinction and to the
definition of Minority.
10. Question: Does a good angel merit glory necessarily or by contingency?
Solution: go to the ninth paragraph in the part on Rule B in the second distinction
and to the definition of Majority.
11. Question: What is an angel? Solution: Go to the first paragraph in the part on
Rule C in the second distinction.
12. Question: What coessential and natural things does an angel have in itself?
Solution: Go to the second paragraph in the part on Rule C in the second
distinction.
13. Question: What is an angel in its effect and what is it in its Greatness?
Solution: Go to the third paragraph in the part on Rule C in the second
distinction.
14. Question: What is an angel's Greatness? Solution: Go to the definition of
Greatness in the second distinction.
15. Question: What is an angel's Power? Solution: Go to the definition of Power
in the second distinction.
16. Question: What does an angel have in other things? Solution: Go to the
fourth species of rule C in the second distinction.
17. Question: What does an angel consist of? Solution: go to the first and second
species of Rule D in the first distinction.
18. Question: What does an angel's willing consist of? Solution: Go to the second
species of Rule D in the first distinction.
19. Question: Why do angels exist? Solution: go to the first and second species
of Rule E in the first distinction.
20. Question: What quantity does an angel have? Solution: go to Rule F in the
first distinction.
21. Question: What qualities does an angel have? Solution: go to Rule G in the
first distinction.
22. Question: When did the angels come into being? Solution: go to Rule H in the
first distinction.
23. Question: Where are the angels? Solution: go to Rule I in the first distinction.
24. Question: How and with what does an angel exist? Solution: go to Rule K in
the first distinction.

We have solved questions about the angels by referring to the above loci,
sometimes literally, sometimes through likenesses, and other questions about
angels can be solved in the same way.

Third Distinction
Third Part - Questions about Heaven

1. Question: Is the goodness of heaven a cause for it to do good? Solution: go to

the definition of Goodness in the first part of the first distinction.
2. Question: Is the greatness of heaven a reason for it to produce great motion?
Solution: go to the definition of greatness in the first part of the second
distinction.
3. Question: Does the motion of heaven last on its own? Solution: go to the
definition of Duration in the first part of the second distinction.
4. Question: Can heaven move itself and the planets with its own power?
Solution: go to the definition of Power in the first part of the second distinction.
5. Question: Does heaven have a natural instinct for moving things here below?
Solution: go to the definition of Wisdom in the first part of the second distinction.
6. Question: Does heaven have a natural appetite for moving things here below?
Solution: go to the definition of Will in the first part of the second distinction.
7. Question: Does heaven's motion move under the influence of its own virtue?
Solution: go to the definition of Virtue in the first part of the second distinction.
8. Question: Is there any essential truth in the essence of heaven? Solution: go
to the definition of Truth in the first part of the second distinction.
9. Question: Is delight an innate part of heaven? Solution: go to the definition of
Glory in the first part of the second distinction.
10. Question: Is there some essential difference in the essence of heaven with
which it differentiates things below? Solution: go to the definition of Difference in
the first part of the second distinction.
11. Question: Does the concordance in dryness between Aries and Saturn
belong to their essence? Solution: go to the definition of Concordance in the first
part of the second distinction.
12. Question: Does the contrariety of heat and cold between Aries and Saturn
belong to their essence? Solution: go to the definition of Contrariety in the first
part of the second distinction.
13. Question: Are heat and cold in the elements caused by the contrariety
between Saturn and Jupiter? Solution: go to the definition of Beginning in the first
part of the second distinction.
14. Question: Are sunlight and moonlight essentially joined together? Solution:
go to the definition of Middle in the first part of the second distinction.
15. Question: Are the planetary spheres joined together and is their motion
continuous? Solution: go to the definition of Middle in the first part of the second
distinction.
16. Question: Do Mars and the Sun repose in each other through motion?
Solution: go to the definition of End in the first part of the second distinction.
17. Question: Does the power of combustion make candlelight into an image of
divine Goodness, Greatness etc. greater than sunlight? Solution: go to the
definition of Majority in the first part of the second distinction.
18. Question: Why are equal things more compatible than unequal ones for a
native of Leo, Mars and the Sun? Solution: go to the definition of Equality in the
first part of the second distinction.
19. Question: In heaven, is there anything potential that does not come into act?
Solution: go to the definition of Minority in the first part of the second distinction.
20. Question: Does the Sun generate the light of Venus, then Venus the light of
Mercury, then Mercury the light of the Moon and Moon the light of Fire? Solution:
Go to the first paragraph on Rule B in the second distinction.
21. Question: Could it be that heaven generates Saturn and Saturn generates
Jupiter? Solution: Go to the second paragraph on Rule B in the second
distinction.
22. Question: Does moonlight potentially exist in sunlight? Solution: Go to the
third paragraph on Rule B in the second distinction.
23. Question: Does the Sun illuminate moonlight from its essence? Solution: Go
to the fourth paragraph on Rule B in the second distinction.
24. Question: Does the Sun transmute the transparency of air into sunlight?
Solution: Go to the fifth paragraph on Rule B in the second distinction.
25. Question: Are sunlight and firelight joined together in daylight? Solution: Go
to the sixth paragraph on Rule B in the second distinction.
26. Question: Does sunlight shining on the Moon produce moonlight? Solution:
Go to the seventh paragraph on Rule B in the second distinction.
27. Question: Do the lucificative, lucificable and their lucificating exist in act in
sunlight? Solution: Go to the eighth paragraph on Rule B in the second
distinction.
28. Question: Does sunlight illuminate the Moon through contingency or by
necessity? And do heavenly bodies cause contingencies in bodies here below?
Solution: Go to the ninth paragraph on Rule B in the second distinction.
29. Question: What is the motion of heaven? Solution: The motion of heaven is
the universal cause of all natural physical motion, and this is signified by Rule C
in the second part of the second distinction.
30. Question: What are the natural coessential moving parts of heaven? Solution:
Go to the second paragraph on Rule C in the second part of the second
distinction.
31. Question: What is the motion of heaven in that of Saturn and so on in a
straight line, in the mode of generation, to the motion of a rose? Solution: Go to
the third paragraph on Rule C in the second part of the second distinction.
32. Question: Does heaven's motion actively participate in the motion of snow?
Solution: Go to the fourth paragraph on Rule C in the second part of the second
distinction.
33. Question: What does heaven's motion consist of? Solution: Go to the first
paragraph on Rule D in the second part of the second distinction.
34. Question: What does the light of lightning consist of? Solution: Go to the
second paragraph on Rule D in the second part of the second distinction.
35. Question: What does the motion of rain belong to? Solution: Go to the third
paragraph on Rule D in the second part of the second distinction.
36. Question: Why is there heaven? Solution: Go to Rule E in the second part of
the second distinction.
37. Question: What is the motion of heaven for? Solution: Go to Rule E in the
second part of the second distinction.
38. Question: Supposing that there were no prime universal physical form, could
there be a continuous diametrical line from Cancer to Capricorn? Solution: Go to
Rule F in the second part of the second distinction.
39. Question: Does heaven have its own motion for moving itself? Solution: Go to
Rule G in the second part of the second distinction.
40. Question: Do plants have their own motion, or is it appropriated? Solution: Go
to Rule G in the second part of the second distinction.
41. Question: Does the Sun's active virtue in things here below come from the
virtue of heaven? Solution: Go to Rule G in the second part of the second
distinction.
42. Question: Is heaven good on account of its own natural Goodness, and great
on account of its own natural Greatness etc.? Solution: Go to Rule G in the
second part of the second distinction.
43. Question: Does the Sun alone cause the natural daily cycle? Solution: Go to
Rule H in the second part of the second distinction.
44. Question: Is heaven's motion successive from Saturn's standpoint, but
continuous in itself? Solution: Go to Rule H in the second part of the second
distinction.
45. Question: Do time and motion exist continuously? Solution: Go to Rule H in
the second part of the second distinction.
46. Question: Can there be motion without time? Solution: Go to Rule H in the
second part of the second distinction.
47. Question: Does motion belong to time past? Solution: Go to Rule H in the
second part of the second distinction.
48. Where is heaven? Solution: Go to Rule I in the second part of the second
distinction.
49. Question: Is heaven contained by something? Solution: Go to Rule I in the
second part of the second distinction.
50. Question: Does heaven have its own appetite to go somewhere on its own?
Solution: Go to Rule I in the second part of the second distinction.
51. Question: Does the motion of heaven exist in a rose? Solution: Go to Rule I
in the second part of the second distinction.
52. Question: Does the motion of heaven exist in a stone while it rises and falls?
Solution: Go to Rule I in the second part of the second distinction.
53. Question: How does heaven move? Solution: Go to Rule K in the second part
of the second distinction.
54. Question: How does the motion of heaven arouse heat in fire or in summer?
Solution: Go to Rule K in the second part of the second distinction.
55. Question: How does the natural motion of things last here below? Solution:
Go to Rule K in the second part of the second distinction.
56. Question: How is the motion of heaven circular? Solution: Go to Rule K in the
second part of the second distinction.
57. Question: How is the motion of heaven continuous? Solution: Go to Rule K in
the second part of the second distinction.
58. Question: What does the motion of the planetary virtues exist with? Solution:
Go to Rule K in the second part of the second distinction.
59. Question: Are the planets moved by contrary innate virtues? Solution: Go to
Rule K in the second part of the second distinction.
60. Question: With what does the Sun cause heat and the Moon cause cold?
Solution: Go to Rule K in the second part of the second distinction.
61. Question: With what do Aries and Pisces agree and disagree? Solution: Go
to Rule K in the second part of the second distinction.
62. Question: With what do the heavenly bodies cause bodies here below?
Solution: Go to Rule K in the second part of the second distinction.

Third Distinction
Fourth Part - Questions about the Rational Soul

1. Question: Does the rational soul have a natural appetite for doing good?
Solution: go to the definition of the Goodness of light.
2. Question: Does the rational soul have as much natural appetite for a great
intellectual act as for a great act of the will? Solution: go to the definition of the
Greatness of light.
3. Question: Does the soul joined to the body make the body last? Solution: go to
the definition of the Duration of light.
4.Question: After death, does the human soul still have the same power it had
while it was in the body? Solution: go to the definition of the Power of light.
5. Question: Does a separated soul naturally have appetite for remembering and
understanding things? Solution: go to the definition of the Wisdom, or Instinct of
light.
6. Question: Does the will's appetite desire the Beloved sooner and more
fervently than it desires good things? Solution: go to the definition of the Will, or
Appetite of light.
7. Question: Does the soul have innate virtue? Solution: go to the definition of the
Virtue of light.
8. Question: Is the intellect more readily attracted to what it understands than to
the truth? Solution: go to the definition of the Truth of light.
9. Question: Why does the intellect want knowledge? Solution: go to the
definition of the Glory, or Delight of light.
10. Question: Does the soul have innate, intrinsic difference with which it
performs distinct acts? Solution: go to the definition of the Difference of light.
11. Question: Does the soul have innate, intrinsic concordance with which it
performs concordant acts? Solution: go to the definition of the Concordance of
light.
12. Question: Given that the soul is not composed of contrary things, why are the
intellect and will sometimes in opposition? Solution: go to the definition of the
Contrariety of light.
13. Question: Does the soul have primordial intelligibility in which it gives rise to
the intelligibilities of other beings? Solution: go to the definition of the substantial
Principle of light.
14. Question: Is there any matter in the soul? Solution: go to the definition of the
formal Principle of light.
15. Question: Does the soul have quantity? Solution: go to the definition of the
quantity of light.
16. Question: Does the soul truly indicate God? Solution: go to the definition of
the quality of light.
17. Question: Does each power of the soul have its own innate relations?
Solution: go to the definition of the relative Principle of light.
18. Question: Can the intellect act against ignorance? Solution: go to the
definition of the active Principle of light.
19. Question: Solution: Does the intellect belong to the passive genus? go to the
definition of the passive Principle of light.
20. Question: Do the soul and its powers have an internal structure? Solution: go
to the definition of the situational Principle of light.
21. Question: Why does the intellect understand things sequentially, given that its
essence is unmovable and inalterable? Solution: go to the definition of the time
producing Principle of light..
22. Question: Is the Soul located in the body and vice versa? Solution: go to the
definition of the local Principle of light.
23. Question: Does the Intellect have an intrinsic habit whereby it habituates itself
with its extrinsic habit? Solution: go to the definition of the habitual Principle of
light.
24. Question: Is there any innate medium within the Intellect? Solution: go to the
definition of the Middle of light.
25. Question: With what does the intellect come to rest? Solution: go to the
definition of the End of light.
26. Question: Is the intellect an image of God in existence and action? Solution:
go to the definition of the Majority of light.
27. Question: Are the intellect, memory and will equal powers in the soul?
Solution: go to the definition of the Equality of light.
28. Question: Given that the intellect has innate instinct, why does it make
errors? Solution: go to the definition of the Minority of light.
29. Question: Does the intellect reproduce species without corrupting itself?
Solution: Go to Rule B in the second distinction.
30. Question: Can one soul generate another soul? Solution: Go to the second
paragraph of Rule B.
31. Question: Can a soul joined to a body move by itself? Solution: Go to the
third paragraph of Rule B.
32. Question: Does the intellect make the species it acquires intelligible within its
own essence? Solution: Go to the fourth paragraph of Rule B.
33. Question: Does the essence of a soul joined to a body cause a human
essence? Solution: Go to the fifth paragraph of Rule B.
34. Question: Does the soul join the body to constitute a human being? Solution:
Go to the sixth paragraph of Rule B.
35. Question: Does the soul encounter old vegetative and sensitive powers in the
body it joins? Solution: Go to the seventh paragraph of Rule B.
36. Question: Does each power of the soul have its own innate act? Solution: Go
to the eighth paragraph of Rule B.
37. Question: Does the intellect act inwardly by necessity and outwardly by
contingency?? Solution: Go to the ninth paragraph of Rule B.
38. Question: What is the soul? Solution: Go to the first paragraph of Rule C.
39. Question: What are the natural and coessential inner parts of the soul and its
powers? Solution: Go to the second paragraph of Rule C.
40. Question: Is the soul joined to the body moved along its course by man?
Solution: Go to the third paragraph of Rule C.
41. Question: What does the soul joined to the body have in the powers under it?
Solution: Go to the fourth paragraph of Rule C.
42. Question: Does the intellect have a general primordial act of understanding?
Solution: Go to the first paragraph of Rule D.
43. Question: What does the soul consist of? Solution: Go to the second
paragraph of Rule D.
44. Question: Does the soul belong to man? Solution: Go to the third paragraph
of Rule D.
45. Question: Why does the soul exist? Solution: Go to the first paragraph of
Rule E.
46. Question: Does the soul exist as much for itself as for its purpose? Solution:
The second paragraph of Rule B.
47. Question: What is the soul's quantity? Solution: Go to Rule F.
48. Question: What are the soul's qualities? Solution: Rule G.
49. Question: When does the soul exist? Solution: Rule H.
50. Question: Where is the soul? Solution: Rule I.
51. Question: How does the soul exist? Solution: Rule K.
52. Question: What does the soul exist with? Solution: Rule K.

Third Distinction
Fifth Part - Questions about the Imagination

Given that there are two kinds of imagination, namely that of beasts and that of
humans, we will put some questions about the human imagination and some
about the imagination of irrational animals; now the human imagination exists in
the middle between the rational soul and the senses whereas the imagination of
irrational animals has no other power above itself, and although it has under it
the powers of memory, estimation and appetite, the imagination of irrational
animals cannot act without some subject that has color or shape, therefore, both
species of imagination require different kinds of questions and solutions,
differently understood and extracted from the examples given about light.

1. Question: Does the imagination acquire shadows in an extra sensory way, and
are these shadows that we call species a vestige of sense impressions?
Solution: go to the definition of the Goodness of light in the first part of the
second distinction.
2. Question: Does the imagination illuminate the intellect's perception of physical
beings just as candlelight illuminates air so the power of sight can see colored
objects? Solution: go to the definition of the Greatness of light in the first part of
the second distinction.
3. Question: What is the imagination's enemy? Solution: go to the definition of the
Duration of light.
4. Question: In procreating, does a man generate his child's imagination?
Solution: go to the definition of the Power of light.
5. Question: Why do goats fear wolves on sight, and why do humans fear snakes
on sight? Solution: go to the definition of the Instinct of light.
6. Question: Why does a newly hatched chick recognize edible grain without ever
having seen it before? Solution: go to the definition of the Appetite of light.
7. Question: Does the imagination have an innate act with which it acquires its
peregrine acts? Solution: go to the definition of the Virtue of light.
8. Question: Why does the imagination move the sensitive power to sense
things? Solution: go to the definition of the Truth of light.
9. Question: Why does the imagination reproduce its acts? Solution: go to the
definition of the Glory of light.
10. Question: With what does the imagination perform its distinctive acts?
Solution: go to the definition of the Difference of light.
11. Question: With what does one imagination agree with another? Solution: go
to the definition of the Concordance of light.
12. Question: What are the imagination's shadows? Solution: go to the definition
of the Contrariety of light.
13. Question: Is a beast's imagination subject to another power, similar to the
intellect in humans which stands above the imagination because it can
understand unimaginable separate substances without using the imagination?
Solution: go to the definition of the Principle of light.
14. Question: In sensing things, does a beast's imagination move form before it
moves matter? Solution: go to the definition of the formal Principle of light.
15. Question: Why can the imagination freely expand or diminish its acts?
Solution: go to the definition of the quantitative Principle of light.
16. Question: Is the imagination a being that truly informs the intellect about what
is sensed by the senses? Solution: go to the definition of the qualitative Principle
of light.
17. Question: Does the imagination have its own relative coessential constituent
parts? Solution: go to the definition of the relative Principle of light.
18. Question: Is the imagination with its powers of memory, estimation and
appetite active in the sensitive power of the animal to which it is joined? Solution:
go to the definition of the active Principle of light.
19. Question: Does the imagination convert the species it acquires into
imaginable ones with its own innate imaginable part? Solution: go to the
definition of the passive Principle of light.
20. Question: Does a beast acquire the peregrine habits of its imaginative
through an innate imaginative habit? Solution: go to the definition of the habitual
Principle of light.
21. Question: Why does the imagination situate its act in relation to the imagined
object? Solution: go to the definition of the situational Principle of light.
22. Question: When does the act of the imagination exist in time? Solution: go to
the definition of the time producing Principle of light.
23. Question: In what does the imagination move the sensitive power to sense
things? Solution: go to the definition of the local Principle of light.
24. Question: How are the acts of the Imaginative and sensitive powers joined
together? Solution: go to the definition of the Medium of light.
25. Question: Does a beast's imagination repose in itself, or in a higher power, or
in a lower power? Solution: go to the definition of the End of light.
26. Question: Why is the imaginative on this side of the earth unable to imagine
that people at the antipodes can move upward just like people can do here?
Solution: go to the definition of the Majority of light.
27. Question: Does the imagination have equal innate powers? Solution: go to
the definition of the Equality of light.
28. Question: Why can't a man imagine a horse just while he is looking right at it?
Solution: go to the definition of the Minority of light.
29. Question: Can the imagination diminish its act without diminishing itself?
Solution: Go to the first paragraph of Rule B in the second distinction.
30. Question: Is there one general imaginative power shared by several senses?
Solution: Go to the second paragraph of Rule B in the second part of the second
distinction.
31. Question: Does a beast's imagination move on its own? Solution: Go to the
third paragraph of Rule B.
32. Question: Can the imaginative tell whether an object is bitter or sweet when
the eyes do not see it? Solution: Go to the fourth paragraph of Rule B.
33. Question: Are species reproduced by the imagination in the same way as the
shadows of sense objects, like the shadow of a tree, which is a shadow made of
darkness due to the absence of light? Solution: Go to the fifth paragraph of Rule
B.
34. Question: Can the light of the sensitive power, when disconnected from the
imaginative, dispose the imagination to imagine things? Solution: Go to the sixth
paragraph of Rule B.
35. Question: Is the imaginative rooted in the sensitive power, or vice versa?
Solution: Go to the seventh paragraph of Rule B.
36. Question: Is the imaginative rooted in the elementative and sensitive powers
of beasts? Solution: Go to the eighth paragraph of Rule B.
37. Question: Are the imagination's habits formed at random? Solution: Go to the
ninth paragraph of Rule B.
38. Question: What is the imaginative power? Solution: Go to the first paragraph
of Rule C.
39. Question: What innate coessential things does the imagination have?
Solution: Go to the second paragraph of Rule C.
40. Question: What is the imagination in the soul to which it is joined? Solution:
Go to the third paragraph of Rule C.
41. Question: What does the imagination have in the soul? Solution: The fourth
paragraph of Rule C.
42. Question: What does the imagination come from? Solution: Go to the first
paragraph of Rule D.
43. Question: Is the imagination of the same essence as the body? Solution: The
second paragraph of Rule D.
44. Question: To whom does the imagination belong? The third paragraph of
Rule D.
45. Question: Why is there an imaginative power? Solution: Go to the first
paragraph of Rule E.
46. Question: Is the imagination an instrument of the intellect? Solution: The
second paragraph of Rule E.
47. Question: Is there one general imaginative power from which all particular
Imaginative powers come? Solution: Go to Rule F.
48. Question: Is there one act of imagining that is innate and another act that is
peregrine? Solution: Go to Rule G.
49. Question: Does the peregrine act of the imagination exist potentially in its
innate act? Solution: Go to Rule H.
50. Question: Where is the imagination? Solution: Go to Rule I.
51. Question: How does the imagination exist? Solution: Go to Rule K.
52. Question: With what does the imagination exist? Solution: Go to Rule K.

Third Distinction
Sixth Part - Questions about the Sensitive Power

Questions about the sensitive power can be considered in two ways, namely,
with regard to the sensitive power of men and that of beasts, and thus the
questions sometimes refer to the former and sometimes to the latter, and
sometimes include both. Given that the sensitive power is a substance, we
compare it to the substantial flame from which candlelight accidentally arises,
because we consider the sensitive power's acts with its sensible luminaries as
accidental, just like candlelight is accidental.

1. Is the sensitive power a reason for a sentient being to naturally produce good
sentient beings, as humans produce humans, lions produce lions, etc. Solution:
go to the definition of the Goodness of light in the first part of the second
distinction.
2. Is the essence and virtue of the sensitive power as great as the essence and
virtue of candlelight? Solution: go to the definition of the Greatness of candlelight.

3. Is the sensitive power corruptible per se or by accident? Solution: go to the

definition of the Duration of light.
4. Is the sensitive power of a generating being corrupted by the act of
generation? Solution: go to the definition of the Power of light.
5. Is the sensitive power instinctively active? Solution: go to the definition of the
Instinct of light.
6. Are sensual appetite and pain to the sensitive power what love and hate are to
the soul? Solution: go to the definition of the Appetite of light.
7. Does the sensitive power have an innate virtue for sensing things? Solution:
go to the definition of the Virtue of light.
8. Does the eyesight really see colors and shapes, or only likenesses of them?
Solution: go to the definition of the Truth of light.
9. What does the sensitive power delight in? Solution: go to the definition of the
Glory of light.
10. Does man have one common sense with which he makes judgments about
specific things? Solution: go to the definition of the Difference of light.
11. In the sensitive power, must there be innate concordance among the
sensitive, the sensible and the act of sensing? Solution: go to the definition of the
Concordance of light.
12. Does pain debilitate and darken the sensitive power's appetite? Solution: go
to the definition of the Contrariety of light.
13. Are the lights of the imaginative and sensitive powers joined together?
Solution: go to the definition of the substantial Principle of light.
14. Does the sensitive power dispose the imaginative to imagine things, or vice
versa? Solution: go to the definition of the formal Principle of light.
15. Does the sensitive power have quantity? Solution: go to the definition of the
quantitative Principle of light.
16. Is the sensitive power in some way an innate habit? Solution: go to the
definition of the habitual Principle of light.
17. Does the sensitive power have innate relative substantial parts? Solution: go
to the definition of the Relation of light.
18. Is the sensitive power active in the vegetative power to which it is joined?
Solution: go to the definition of the Action of light.
19. Is the sensitive power passive in its own right, or due to the matter of the
subject in which it exists? Solution: go to the definition of the Passion of light.
20. Does the sensitive power exist as a potential habit in a dead man? Solution:
go to the definition of the habitual Principle of light.
21. Does the sensitive power have an intrinsic, innate situation with regard to
each particular sense? Solution: go to the definition of the Situation of light.
22. Can the sensitive power exist without motion? Solution: go to the definition of
the Time of light.
23. Does the sensitive power contain the body, or does the body contain it?
Solution: go to the definition of the local Principle of light.
24. In which act of sensing does the sensitive power mostly engage in? Solution:
go to the definition of the Medium of light.
25. In which act of sensing does the sensitive power repose the most? Solution:
go to the definition of the End of light.
26. Is the sensitive power active as a form and passive as a power? Solution: go
to the definition of the Majority of light.
27. Are there equal coessential parts in the sensitive power? Solution: go to the
definition of the Equality of light.
28. Did the sensitive power which is now in act formerly exist in potentiality while
awaiting generation? Solution: go to the definition of the Minority of light.
29. Is one sensitive power derived from another? Solution: Go to the first
paragraph of Rule B in the second part of the second distinction.
30. Are there divisions in the sensitive power? Solution: Go to the first paragraph
of Rule B. Solution: Go to the first paragraph of Rule B.
31. Does the sensitive power move on its own in sensing things? Solution: third
paragraph of Rule B.
32. Does the sensitive power produce its sensible object within itself? Solution:
fourth paragraph of Rule B.
33. Do the species of the sensitive power influence the imaginative? Solution:
fifth paragraph of Rule B.
34. With what does the sensitive power attain its object? Solution: sixth
paragraph of Rule B.
35. Does the sensitive power vegetate sensible objects? Solution: seventh
paragraph of Rule B.
36. Can the sensitive power actually exist without the elementative? Solution:
eighth paragraph of Rule B.
37. In the sensitive power, is there one act that proceeds by necessity and
another that proceeds by opportunity? Solution: ninth paragraph of Rule B.
38. What is the sensitive power? Solution: Go to the first paragraph of Rule C.
39. What innate coessential parts does the sensitive power have? Solution:
second paragraph of Rule C.
40. Does the sensitive power move on its own, or is it moved by the sentient
being in which it exists? Solution: second paragraph of Rule C.
41. What does the sensitive power have in other things? Solution: second
paragraph of Rule C.
42. Does the sensitive power originate in itself? Solution: go to the first paragraph
of Rule D.
43. Is the sensitive power a compound entity? Solution: second paragraph of
Rule D.
44. Is the sensitive power subject to a higher power? Solution: third paragraph of
Rule D.
45. Why is there a common sense? Solution: first paragraph of Rule E.
46. Why do the senses feel both pleasure and pain? Solution: second paragraph
of Rule E.
47. Does a man share the same sensitive power with his son? Solution: Go to
Rule F.
48. Is a human father as much the father of his son by reason of the sensitive
power, as a donkey is the father of his colt? Solution: Go to Rule F.
49. Is the sensitive power inherently enabled to sense the subject in which it
exists? Solution: Go to Rule G.
50. Is there an appropriated sensitive power? Solution: Go to Rule G.
51. When its subject is corrupted, does the sensitive power migrate to another
subject? Solution: Go back to Rule G.
52. Can the sensitive power be separated from its own subject without corrupting
the subject? Solution: Go back to Rule G.
53. Does the same sensitive power exist at the moment of its subject's corruption
as existed at the moment of generation? Solution: Go to Rule H.
54. Is the sensitive power that senses heat the same as the one that senses
cold? Solution: Go back to Rule H.
55. Does the sensitive power exist in the entire human body? Solution: Go to
Rule I.
56. Does the same sensitive power exist both intensively and extensively in the
same subject? Solution: Go back to Rule I.
57. Do the sensible object and the act of sensing both belong to the essence of
the sensitive power? Solution: Go back to Rule I.
58. How does the sensitive power acquire species? Solution: Go to the first Rule
K.
59. How is the sensitive power divided into five senses? Solution: Go back to the
first rule K.
60. How is the sensitive power joined to its subject? Solution: Go to the first rule
K.
61. What does the sensitive power exist with? Solution: Go to the second Rule K.

62. With what does the sensitive power reproduce its species? Solution: Go to
the second Rule K.
63. With what does the sensitive power cause happiness and sadness? Solution:
Go back to the second Rule K.

Third Distinction
Seventh Part - Questions about the Vegetative Power

1. Is the vegetative power in humans a good reason for a vegetating entity to

produce a good vegetated entity by transmuting food into the human species?
Solution: go to the definition of the Goodness of light.
2. Is the act of the vegetative proportioned to it? Solution: Third paragraph of
Rule B. Solution: go to the definition of the Greatness of light.
3. What gives duration to the vegetative? Solution: go to the definition of the
Duration of light.
4. Does a father's vegetative vegetate the offspring's radical and nutritional
moisture when semen is introduced into the matrix? Solution: go to the definition
of the Power of light.
5. When the vegetative vegetates, does it instinctively turn the vegetated
substance into its own species? Solution: go to the definition of the Instinct of
light.
6. Does the vegetative have an innate appetite to vegetate on its own? Solution:
go to the definition of the Appetite of light.
7. Is elemented substance the original source of vegetated substance in the
vegetative? Solution: go to the definition of the Virtue of light.
8. Does the vegetative truly take over elemented substance to turn it into
vegetated substance? Solution: go to the definition of the Truth of light.
9. Is the vegetative engendered in an embryo pleased when the soul is
introduced into the body? Solution: go to the definition of the Glory of light.
10. Does the vegetative in humans take over the vegetative matter ingested as
food to live from it? Solution: go to the definition of the Difference of light.
11. When an animal eats lettuce, does the lettuce's vegetative agree with that of
the animal in cold and moisture? Solution: go to the definition of the
Concordance of light.
12. When the vegetative is placed in the elementative, does it clothe itself with
the Elementative by digesting, retaining, attracting and expelling it? Solution: go
to the definition of the Contrariety of light.
13. Is there one vegetative general to all others? Solution: go to the definition of
the Principle, or Beginning of light.
14. When lettuce is eaten, is the vegetative that is potentially and habitually in it
brought into act by the animal's vegetative by way of generation and
transmutation of species? Solution: go to the definition of the formal Principle of
light.
15. Does the vegetative have extended quantity?
Solution: in the definition of the quantitative Principle of light.
16. Is there a proper vegetative as well as a peregrine one?
Solution: in the definition of the qualitative Principle of light.
17. Is the vegetative an innate form in the essence of the body?
Solution: in the definition of the relative Principle of light.
18. As the vegetative vegetates, is it active in elemented substance?
Solution: in the definition of the action of light.
19. Is elemented substance active in the passive part of the vegetative that
vegetates it?
Solution: in the definition of the passion of light.
20. Does the vegetative have its own situation in the subject in which it exists?
Solution: in the definition of the situation of light.
21. Does the vegetative contain the subject in which it exists, or does the subject
contain it?
Solution: in the definition of the time producing Principle of light.
22. Does the vegetative move with instantaneous, or successive motion?
Solution: in the definition of the local Principle of light.
23. Is the vegetative a habit with which vegetated beings are habituated?
Solution: in the definition of the habitual Principle of light.
24. Does the vegetative stand as a medium of conjunction between the sensitive
and elementative powers that enables them to join each other?
Solution: go to the definition of the Medium of light.
25. Is the vegetative the material of life?
Solution: in the definition of the End of light.
26. Is the vegetative an image of the subject in which it exists?
Solution: in the definition of the Majority of light.
27. Does the vegetative have innate equal coessential parts?
Solution: in the definition of the Equality of light.
28. In vegetated bodies, is there a minor and a major vegetative, namely the
actual vegetative and the potential vegetative?
Solution: in the definition of the Minority of light.
29. Is a new vegetative produced from an old vegetative, either when the old is
corrupted without corrupting the subject in which it exists and the new vegetative
is introduced by way of generation, or when the old is corrupted without
corrupting the subject in which it exists and the new vegetative is introduced by
way of creation? Solution: Go to the first paragraph of Rule B in the second part
of the second distinction.
30. Are both the generating vegetative and the generated vegetative parts of the
general vegetative? Solution: in the second paragraph of Rule B.
31. Does the vegetative move vegetated substance to vegetate? Solution: in the
third paragraph of Rule B.
32. Does the vegetative vegetate vegetated substance in its own essence?
Solution: in the fourth paragraph of Rule B.
33. Does the vegetative reproduce species? Solution: in the fifth paragraph of
Rule B.
34. Is the vegetative power in contact with the sensitive power? Solution: in the
first paragraph of Rule B. Solution: in the sixth paragraph of Rule B.
35. Is the vegetative power in contact with the elementative power? Solution: in
the first paragraph of Rule B. Solution: in the seventh paragraph of Rule B.
36. Are the elements in the vegetative? Solution: in the eighth paragraph of Rule
B.
37. Does a farmer sowing seed in a field cause the vegetative power? Solution:
in the ninth paragraph of Rule B.
38. What is the vegetative? Solution: go to the first paragraph of Rule C.
39. What innate, natural and coessential parts does the vegetative have?
Solution: in the second paragraph of Rule C.
40. What is the vegetative in other things? Solution: in the third paragraph of
Rule C.
41. What does the vegetative have in other things? Solution: in the fourth
paragraph of Rule C.
42. What is the vegetative power's origin? Solution: in the first paragraph of Rule
D.
43. What does the vegetative consist of? Solution: in the second paragraph of
Rule D.
44. To whom does the vegetative belong? Solution: in the third paragraph of Rule
D.
45. Why is there a vegetative power? Solution: in the first paragraph of Rule E.
46. Again, why is there a vegetative power? Solution: in the second paragraph of
Rule E.
47. What is the quantity of the vegetative? Solution: in Rule F.
48. What are the vegetative power's qualities? Solution: in Rule G.
49. When does the vegetative exist? Solution: in Rule H.
50. Where is the vegetative power? Solution: in Rule I.
51. How does the vegetative power exist? Solution: in Rule K.
52. What does the vegetative power exist with? Solution: in Rule K.

Third Distinction
Eighth Part
Questions about the Elementative Power

1. Does the elementative cause the mixture of simple elements to give rise to
good elemented substances? Solution: go to the definition of the Goodness of
light in the first part of the second distinction.
2. Is the elementative as great a power in elementing elemented substance as
the vegetative is in vegetating vegetated substance? Solution: go to the definition
of the Greatness of light.
3. Does the elementative cause the duration of elemented things just like the
vegetative causes the duration of vegetated things? Solution: go to the definition
of the Duration of light.
4. When one elemented thing is corrupted, can its matter exist under the form of
another elemented thing?
Solution: in the definition of the Power of light.
5. Given that a rose is elemented, does it have an elementing instinct?
Solution: in the definition of the Instinct of light.
6. Does the elementative have an appetite for mixing simple elements?
Solution: in the definition of the Appetite of light.
7. Does the elementative power have virtue?
Solution: in the definition of the Virtue of light.
8. Can one elementative element another elementative?
Solution: in the definition of the Truth of light.
9. Do the elements delight in elementing things just like the sensitive power
delights in sensing things?
Solution: in the definition of the Glory of light.
10. Does the elementative power differentiate anything?
Solution: in the definition of the Difference of light.
11. Is the elementative power a compound?
Solution: in the definition of the Concordance of light.
12. Is the elementative comprised of contrary things?
Solution: in the definition of the Contrariety of light.
13. Is there one general elementative whose species are the elemental
complexions?
Solution: in the definition of the substantial Principle of light.
14. Is the elementative a form that moves matter to element things?
Solution: in the definition of the formal Principle of light.
15. Does the elementative cause the quantity of elemented things?
Solution: in the definition of the quantitative Principle of light.
16. Does the elementative cause the distribution of elemental qualities?
Solution: in the definition of the qualitative Principle of light.
17. Does the elementative have relations?
Solution: in the definition of the quantitative Principle of light.
18. Does the elementative, as a form, influence any actions?
Solution: in the definition of the relative Principle of light.
19. Does the elementative, as matter, influence any passions?
Solution: in the definition of the passive Principle of light.
20. Is the elementative the source of the innate habits of elemented things?
Solution: in the definition of the habit of light.
21. Is the elementative the source of the innate situations of elemented things?
Solution: in the definition of the situation of light.
22. Does the elementative cause the motion of the elements through growth,
decrease and alteration?
Solution: in the definition of the time producing Principle of light.
23. Does the elementative power cause beings to exist in a continuous line,
within one another?
Solution: in the definition of the local principle of light.
24. Does the elementative power mediate between things and join them
together?
Solution: in the definition of the Medium of light.
25. Is a flame a species of the elementative?
Solution: in the definition of the Medium of light.
26. Does the elementative repose in elementing things just as does the
vegetative in vegetating things and the sensitive power in sensing things?
Solution: in the definition of the End of light.
27. Is the elementative a reproductive power?
Solution: in the definition of the Majority of light.
28. Does the elementative equalize and temper the elemental qualities and their
subjects?
Solution: in the definition of the Equality of light.
29. Does the elementative accord with privation and corruption?
Solution: in the definition of the Minority of light.
30. Can one Elemented thing arise from another? Solution: go to the first
paragraph of Rule B in the second part of the second distinction.
31. Does the elementative power generate anything? Solution: in the first
paragraph of Rule B. Solution: in the second paragraph of Rule B. 32. Did all the
forms of elemented things exist potentially in the elementative which exists as a
universal form? Solution: in the third paragraph of Rule B.
33. Does the elementing entity initiate the generation of elemented beings within
itself? Solution: in the fourth paragraph of Rule B.
34. Does the elementative transmute species? Solution: in the fifth paragraph of
Rule B.
35. Is the elementative diffused like a cause in its effect? Solution: in the sixth
paragraph of Rule B.
36. Does the elementative in a candle flame cause generation, corruption and
privation as it brings the flame from potentiality into act?
Solution: in the seventh paragraph of Rule B.
37. Is the elementative both intensive and extended so it can produce bodies?
Solution: go to the eighth paragraph of Rule B.
38. Does the elementative cause freaks of nature? Solution: in the ninth
paragraph of Rule B.
39. What is the elementative in itself? Solution: go to the first paragraph of Rule
C.
40. What does the elementative have in itself? Solution: in the second paragraph
of Rule C.
41. What is the elementative in other things? Solution: in the third paragraph of
Rule C.
42. What does the elementative have in other things? Solution: in the fourth
paragraph of Rule C.
43. What does the elementative originate from? Solution: in the first paragraph of
Rule D.
44. Again, what does the elementative originate from? Solution: in the second
paragraph of Rule D.
45. To whom does the elementative belong? Solution: in the third paragraph of
Rule B.
46. Why is there an elementative power? Solution: in the first paragraph of Rule
E.
47. What is the elementative power for? Solution: in the second paragraph of
Rule E.
48. What quantity does the elementative have? Solution: in Rule F.
49. What are the qualities of the elementative? Solution: in Rule G.
50. When does the elementative exist? Solution: in Rule H.
51. Where is the elementative? Solution: in Rule I.
52. How does the elementative exist? Solution: in Rule K.
53. What does the elementative exist with? Solution: in Rule K.

Third Distinction
Ninth Part - Questions about Artificial Works

We have put questions about natural causes and now we intend to put questions
that deal with well being, namely the acquired sciences, such as the Liberal, the
Mechanical and the Moral Arts by giving a few examples while observing the
same natural mode as above.
1. Is the General Art a light to other Arts? Solution: go to its Principles and to
what is said by this Art in this Book, or science of Light.
2. Given that the intellect is a power general to all that is intelligible, is there one
science general to all intelligible things? Solution: go to the definition of the
Greatness of light.
3. Is the habit of science durable in its own right?
Solution: in the definition of the Duration of light.
4. Is the intellect in this mortal life, with the grace and wisdom that comes from
the supreme Lord, as well disposed to understand the Most Holy Trinity, as the
will is disposed to love It with the help of divine grace?
Solution: in the definition of the Power of light.
5. Does the intellect, like the will, have its own act proportioned to it?
Solution: in the definition of the Instinct of light.
6. In this mortal life, can God be understood as much as He can be loved?
Solution: in the definition of the Appetite of light.
7. Is moral virtue naturally possible?
Solution: in the definition of the Virtue of light.
8. Does the imagination enlighten the intellect through acquired habits?
Solution: in the definition of the Truth of light.
9. Is prudence a loftier virtue than fortitude?
Solution: in the definition of the Glory of light.
10. Can the intellect have science without discernment?
Solution: in the definition of the Difference of light.
11. Is the conscience active and passive at one and the same time?
Solution: in the definition of the Concordance of light.
12. Can a physician stave off death by improving one's health?
Solution: in the definition of the Contrariety of light.
13. Can a Theologian reach higher levels of understanding than a Philosopher or
Lawyer can?
Solution: in the definition of the substantial Principle of light.
14. Can a Theologian advance in his science without understanding God, or a
Doctor in Medicine without understanding natural causes, or a Lawyer in the
science of Law without understanding the conditions necessary to judgment?
Solution: in the definition of the formal Principle of light.
15. Can scientific habits be quantified?
Solution: in the definition of the quantitative Principle of light.
16. Is Theology in itself a science of judgment for judging what is true about God,
like Logic is for judging about first and second intentions?
Solution: in the definition of the qualitative Principle of light.
17. Can a Theologian's understanding reach to the relation within Godhead?
Solution: in the definition of the relative Principle of light.
18. Can the intellect be more active in Theology than in any other science?
Solution: in the definition of the active Principle of light.
19. Is the intellect passive under the habit of faith?
Solution: in the definition of the passive Principle of light.
20. Does hope take on the habit of delight just as charity takes on the habit of
love?
Solution: in the definition of the habitual Principle of light.
21. Is the science of Law situated in the memory more by contingency than by
causality?
Solution: in the definition of the situating Principle of light.
22. Is sin committed in a time sequence, or instantaneously?
Solution: in the definition of the time producing Principle of light.
23. Are the virtues interconnected?
Solution: in the definition of the local Principle of light.
24. Is virtue found in the middle and in the extremes of the subject in which it
exists?
Solution: in the definition of the Medium of light.
25. Can the intellect and the will both equally repose in Theology?
Solution: in the definition of the End of light.
26. In Theology, can the will have an act of loving greater than the intellect's act
of understanding?
Solution: in the definition of the Majority of light.
27. Is Justice a habit comprised of equal things?
Solution: in the definition of the Equality of light.
28. Is sin equal to naught?
Solution: in the definition of the Minority of light.
29. Can one virtue be acquired through another? Solution: go to the first
paragraph of Rule B in the second part of the second distinction
30. Does one virtue arise from another? Solution: in the second paragraph of
Rule B.
31.Does man move on his own in doing good or evil? Solution: in the third
paragraph of Rule B.
32. Does moral virtue originate in natural virtue? Solution: in the fourth paragraph
of Rule B.
33. Can virtue be transmuted into merit? Solution: in the fifth paragraph of Rule
B.
34. Can virtue be transmuted into sin? Solution: in the sixth paragraph of Rule B.
35. Does sin cause punishment by causing guilt? Solution: in the seventh
paragraph of Rule B.
36. Is a house a full body? Solution: in the eighth paragraph of Rule B.
37. Is moral virtue natural, and sin unnatural? Solution: in the ninth paragraph of
Rule B.
38. What is morality? Solution: in the first paragraph of Rule C.
39. Does Rhetoric have innate or peregrine parts in the subject in which it exists?
Solution: in the second paragraph of Rule C.
40. Does sin have even less entity in other things than an accident innate to
substance? Solution: in the third paragraph of Rule C.
41. Does virtue enable man to act against sin? Solution: in the fourth paragraph
of Rule C.
42. What does morality arise from? Solution: in the first paragraph of Rule D.
43. Does sin have anything with which to constitute its own being? Solution: in
the second paragraph of Rule D.
44. Does sin belong to man? Solution: in the third paragraph of Rule D.
45. Why is a man virtuous? Solution: in the first paragraph of Rule E.
46. Why are there Mechanical Arts? Solution: in the second paragraph of Rule E.

47. Given that sin has no being per se, how come it grows in quantity? Solution:
in Rule F.
48. With what qualities do Astronomers draw their judgments? Solution: in Rule
G.
49. Which of the powers is the passion most appropriate to Geometry? Solution:
in Rule G.
50. When a Mathematician counts, does he set numbers into motion and time?
Solution: in Rule H.
51. In what place does a Musician form harmony among voices? Solution: in
Rule I.
52. How do mores exist? Solution: in Rule K.
53. With what do virtues and vices oppose one another? Solution: in Rule K.

We have dealt with the above questions and what we said about them provides a
doctrine for solving other, peregrine questions. Clearly, this book has many uses:
it is good for preaching because it deals with all subjects and teaches how to
extract and apply likenesses to the issue at hand, as was shown with candlelight
and other things mentioned in this book; its science also makes it easy to learn
the General Art because it uses the Principles and Rules of the General Art and
follows its mode.

In GOD's honor, Raymond completed the Book of Light in Montpelier in

the month of November in the year 1303 of the Incarnation of Our Lord
Jesus Christ. Amen.

THANKS BE TO GOD