Addressing & Subnetting

Addressing

• …to identify and locate each host. We call it

“addressing”.
• Identification: hostname, address (MAC, IP)
• IP add ? MAC add ?
• MAC add: local
• IP add: internetwork
• An address generally represents the connection to the
network
Addressing

unique address: letter (network address) and number (host address)

IP Address (IPv4)

• IP address is 32-bit long.

• It is often writen in dotted decimal format.
Addressing

• IP add has two parts: net-id & host-id

• Two different networks must have different network
address (net-id).
• Two different hosts in the same network must have
different host address (host-id).
• Hosts in the same network have the same network
address.
• Broadcast domain: one network add
• Network address= IP address AND Subnet mask
Example 1:

SM : 255.255.255.0
Net/host id: N.N.N.H
Net E1 (Net-ID): 192.168.11.0 Number broadcast domain ?
Net E2 : 192.168.10.0
Net E3 : 192.168.12.0
Example 2:

H: hhhhhhhh
00000000
00000001
00000010
SM: 255.255.255.0 00000011
Net add: 192.168.10.0 00000100
Net/host id: N.N.N.H …
11111110
11111111
Example 3:

• IP add: 192.168.100.1
• Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
• Net add: 192.168.100.0
• Net/Host ID: N.N.N.H
• IP add : 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000001
• SM : 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
• Net add : 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000000
Example 4:

• IP add: 192.168.100.1
• Subnet mask: 255.255.224.0
• Net add: ?

• IP add : 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000001
• SM : 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
• Net add : 11000000.10101000.01100000.00000000
• Note: subnetmask
Hierachical addressing scheme

As a hierachical addressing scheme, IP addresses are divided into

“classes”.
Classes of IP Addresses

• Class A
addresses are
assigned to larger
networks.
• Class B
addresses are
used for medium-
sized networks
• Class C for small
networks.
Classes of IP Addresses

• First octet order bits: • First octet order bits:

– Class A: 00000000 (0) – Class B: 10000000 (128)
00000001 (1) 10000001 (129)
… …
01111110 (126) 10111110 (190)
01111111 (127) 10111111 (191)

• First octet order bits: • First octet order bits:

– Class C: 11000000 (192) – Class D: 11100000 (224)
11000001 (193) 11100001 (225)
… …
11011110 (222) 11101110 (238)
11011111 (223) 11101111 (239)
Classes of IP Addresses
Network Address

• When all host-bits are zeros (0), we have a number that represents
network address. This address is reserved, namely it cannot be
assigned to any host.
Broadcast Address

• When host-bits are all one (1), we have a number that represents
broadcast address. This address is also reserved, namely it cannot
be assigned to any host.
• Exp: ping 10.0.6.255
Reference: broadcast Address

• The router supports the following kinds of broadcast types:

– Limited broadcast - A packet is sent to a specific network or
series of networks. In a limited broadcast packet destined for a
local network, the network identifier portion and host identifier
portion of the destination address is either all ones
(255.255.255.255) or all zeros (0.0.0.0).
– Flooded broadcast - A packet is sent to every network.
– Directed broadcast - A packet is sent to a specific destination
address where only the host portion of the IP address is either all
ones or all zeros (such as 192.20.255.255 or 190.20.0.0).
Unicast and Broadcast Transmission

Unicast transmission Broadcast transmission

• The concept of unicast and broadcast transmission

exist in both layer 2 and layer 3 protocols. There are
refelections in the addressing scheme.
Reserved IP Address

Host-bits = all zeros (network address); exp: 176.10.0.0

Host-bits = all ones (broadcast address); exp: 176.10.255.255
Network-bits = all ones; exp: 01111111.x.x.x
Network-bits = all zeros; exp: 00000000.x.x.x
127.x.x.x (loopback address = 127.0.0.1).
Reference: Reserved IP Address

• all 0s -This host, exp: 0.0.0.0

• all 0s.host - Host on this net, exp:0.x.x.x
• all 1s - Limitted broadcast (local net),exp:
255.255.255.255
• Net.all 1s - Directed broadcast for net, exp:
192.168.100.255
• 127.anything (often 1) - Loopback, (127.0.0.1)
• Exp: ping 0.0.0.0
0.0.6.156
255.255.255.255
10.0.6.255
Public IP Addresses

• Public IP addresses are unique. No two machines that connect to a public network
can have the same IP address. (X#Y#Z )
• Public IP addresses must be obtained from an Internet service provider (ISP) or a
registry at some expense.
• With the rapid growth of the Internet, public IP addresses were beginning to run out
(IP address depletion).
• New addressing schemes, such as classless interdomain routing (CIDR) and IPv6
were developed to help solve the problem. Private IP addresses are another
solution.
Private IP Addresses
Private IP Addresses

• RFC 1918 sets aside three blocks of IP addresses for private, internal use.
These three blocks consist of one Class A, a range of Class B addresses, and a
range of Class C addresses.
• Addresses that fall within these ranges are not routed on the Internet
backbone. Internet routers immediately discard private addresses.
Using Private Addresses

• When addressing a nonpublic intranet, a test lab, or a home

network, we normally use private addresses instead of globally
unique addresses.
• Private addresses can be used to address point-to-point serial links
without wasting real IP addresses.
• Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet
requires translation of the private addresses to public addresses.
This translation process is referred to as Network Address
Translation (NAT).
Subnetting
• Net 1: 172.16.0.0
• Net 2: 172.17.0.0
• Net 3: 172.18.0.0
• Net 4: 172.19.0.0
• Hosts per network (usable):
2^16-2= 65534 !!!
• IP add for poin-to-point link (router – router): 2 hosts Æ 2 IP add
• Waste !!!
• Exp:
• Net add: 192.168.100.0; SM: 255.255.255.0; Number hosts usable: 2^8-2=254
• If hosts per network is 60 Æ used: 6 bits host: xxhhhhhh, 2^6-2=62 hosts; unused:
2 bits host
xxhhhhhh
xx000000 (0)
xx000001
xx000010
…
xx111110
xx111111 (63)
Subnetting

• Subnetting is another method of managing IP addresses. This method of dividing full

network address classes into smaller pieces has prevented complete IP address
exhaustion.
• The network is no longer limited to the default Class A, B, or C network masks and there
is more flexibility in the network design.
• Subnet addresses include the network (N) portion, plus a subnet (sN) field and a host
(H) field.
To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the host
field and designates them as the subnet field.
Subnetting
• Host bit must be
reassigned as
network bit.The
starting “borrow” bit is
the leftmost hosting
bit.
• Providing broadcast
contentment and low
level security.
Subnetting

• 1 net add: 192.168.10.0; SM: Exp:

255.255.255.0; 254 hosts xxxhhhhh
• hosts per network: 30; networks: 6 ? 000 (0)
– Borrows bits: 3 Æ 2^3-2= 6 subnets 001 (32)
– Host bits: 5 Æ 2^5-2=30 hosts
010 (64)
– SM: 255.255.255.224
011 (96)
– Subnets: 192.168.10.32
192.168.10.64 100 (128)
192.168.10.96 101 (160)
.128
110 (192)
…
192.168.10.192 111 (224)
Establishing SM address
• The number of bits in
the subnet will depend
on the maximum
number of hosts
required per subnet.
• The subnet mask:
using binary ones in
the host octet(s)
• (2 power of borrowed bits) – 2
= usable subnets
• (2 power of remaining host
bits)–2= usable hosts
 Applying the Subnet Mask

• 192.168.10.001hhhhh
• .00100000
• .00100001 (33)
• Exp: subnet
• .00100010
192.168.10.32/27 • .00100011
• Host Range ??? •…
• 192.168.10.00111110 (62)
• .00111111
Example 5:

• Primary network 192.168.10.0/24

• Hosts per network: 30
• Number subnets: 4
• Borrows bits ?
• Subnets ?
• IP add for hosts ?