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Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Feed Science, published original papers in the field of nutrition
and feed science. Manuscript submitted for publication and inquires regarding them should be sent to
the Editorial Board, Indonesian Association of Nutrition and Feed Science (AINI), Faculty of Animal
Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia. Authors are earnestly requested to
consult the “Instruction to Authors” published in Volume 2 Number 1. January 2011.
Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Feed Science, published three times a year. AINI also conducted a
biannual National Seminar and Symposium in Nutrition and Feed Science
INDON. J. NUTR. AND FEED SCI. Vol. 2 No. 1 , January 2011
ISSN 1410-2390
CONTENTS
The Respond of Sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) Offered in the Ration Supplemented with
Probiotic on Production and Physical Quality of Duck’s Egg. A. A. A. S. Trisnadewi, T. G.
B. Yadnya ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Growth Performance of Bali Cattle Bull (Bos sondaicus) Fed Fermented Cocoa
(Theobroma cacao L. ) Waste. I. M. Mastika, I. W. Supartha, I. W. Wiranatha, A. W. Puger .... 10
The Use of Cellulolytic Microbes from Cattle Rumen Fluid to Improve In vitro
Digestibilty of Fermented Robusta Coffee Pulp (Coffea canephora sp.). L. M. Yusiati, C.
Hanim, F. Az-zahra ...................................................................................................................... 15
Improving the Nutritive Value of Total Mixed Ration Based on By-products Fermented
by Rumen Liquor and Enzyme. I. M. Mudita, A. A. P. P. Wibawa, I. W. Wirawan, N. W.
Siti, I. G. L. O. Cakra .................................................................................................................... 20
The Evaluation of Nutrient Quality of Ramie Leaves Silage and Hay in Complete Mixed
Ration of Etawah-Crossbreed Goat Using in vitro Technique. Despal, I. M. L. Hutabarat, I.
G. Permana, R. Mutia.................................................................................................................... 26
Efficacy of Methionine Addition in Laying Hens Fed Corn Soy- Palm Kernel Meal Based
Diet. M. Ridla, Sumiati, J. Jachja, T. Toharmat, I. G. Permana and Nahrowi .............................. 36
REVIEWER ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Editorial team would like to thank the following scientists for their valuable contribution to the Indonesian Journal
of Nutrition and Feed Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, 2011.
The Response of Sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) Offered in the Ration Supplemented
with Probiotic on Production and Physical Quality of Duck’s Egg
ABSTRACT
The research was carried out to study the response of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb)
inclusion in the ration which was supplemented with starnox to increase the production
and improve physical quality of duck’s egg. The experiment was designed using a
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments consisted of : ration without
sago and starnox as control (C0), ration with 10% sago and 1% starnox supplementation
(C1), and ration with 20% sago and 1% starnox supplementation (C2). Each treatment
had five replicates with four ducks in each replicates. The data observed were feed
efficiency, egg production, and physical quality of duck’s egg. The results showed that
ration containing 10 - 20% sago could increase feed consumption and total egg weight
(P<0.05), and also improved feed conversion significantly (P<0.05) compared to that of
control treatment. The ration containing 10% and 20% sago increased hen day production
and the egg number significantly (P<0.05), meanwhile the average of egg weight was
not significantly (P>0.05) affected. However, the treatments had no significant effect
(p<0.05) on egg index, pH, specific gravity (P>0.05) but on the percentage of egg yolk
increased significantly (P<0.05). The physical composition of eggs with sago containing
ration showed that the eggshell percentage and egg yolk colour increased significantly
(P<0.05), and decreased the cholesterol (P<0.05) compared to that of control treatment.
Key words : Metroxylon sagu, starnox, production, physical quality, duck, egg
January 2011
YADNYA AND TRISNADEWI Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
10 weeks of age (Witariadi et al., 2005). But the (C2). Each treatment consists of five replications
influence on egg production and egg quality had and each replication consists of four layer ducks.
not yet been studied, so further research is needed. The variables measured were as follows:
a. Feed consumption was ration given during
research minus residues of ration (g/head)
MATERIALS AND METHODS b. Total amount of egg was egg yielded
during research (egg/head during research)
The experiment was conducted in Guwang c. Average of egg weight was total egg weight
Village, Gianyar Regency in Bali for 12 weeks, divided by number of egg yielded during research.
while the dermination of the quality of duck egg d. Total egg weight was egg weight
was conducted in the Laboratory of Animal Products yielded during research (g)
Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana e. Hen Day Production is number of egg
University for 4 weeks. yielded divided by number of duck
during research multiplied by 100%
Ducks
f. Physical quality of egg, included:
The ducks used in the experiment were 1. Egg index is egg length divided by width of the
layer ducks from UD Mertasari, Guwang egg
Village which were originally obtained 2. Physical composition was weight of each egg
from ducks breeder in Tabanan Regency. included eggshell, white and yolk of egg
divided by weight of egg and multiplied by
Ration and drinking Water 100
The rations were formulated based on 3. Colour of yolk was colour of egg yolk compared
Scott content (1982). The composition and to the rock yolk colour fan
nutrient of the rations are indicated in Table 1. 4. Egg acidity (pH) was measured with digital
pH
Table 1. The composition and nutrient content of the 5. Specific gravity of egg was determined by a
ration for ducks at the age 24 – 36 weeks hydrometer apparatus
6. Egg cholesterol by Liberman - Burchad was
Ingredients Treatment Rations
determined (Plummer, 1977).
(%) C0 C1 C2
The data were analyzed statistically with
Yellow maize 55.36 45.36 35.36
analysis of variance, and further analysis was
Sago - 10.00 20.00 continued using Duncan test (Steel and Torrie, 1989).
Fish meal 8.12 8.12 8.12
Rice bran 14.72 15.82 16.84
Copra meal 9.31 7.31 6.31 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soybean meal 11.97 11.97 11.97
Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
Starnox - 1.0 1.0
NaCl. 0.52 0.42 0.40 The sago offered at the level of 20% in the
Nutrient composition ration increased feed consumption (Tabel 2). This
may be due to high fibre content in sago (21.68%)
ME (kcal/kg) 2879.6 2926.9 2831.9
(Harsanto, 1992) causing higher consumption
Crude protein (%) 19.3 18.36 17.89
to fulfill the energy requirement. Wahyu (1992)
Fibre (%) 4.64 5.77 6.72 reported that the first factor influencing consumption
Fat (%) 4.64 5.77 6.72 level in duck was the requirement of energy.
Calcium (%) 0.27 0.29 0.30 Starbio and pignox (starnox) added in the ration
Phosphor available (%) 0.39 0.33 0.31 improved the total egg weight yielded. The existence
of cellulase, pectinase, ligninase, protease and lipase
enzymes increased digestibility of the ration and also
Animal and treatments were allocated in a more amount of nutrient absorbed. Pignox consists
completely randomized design. The treatments consists of vitamins, minerals especially Zn assisting the
of ration without sago and starnox (C0), ration with metabolism, and also methionine amino acid useful
10% sago and supplemented with 1% starnox (C1), and in egg formation. Increasing the total egg weight
ration with 20% sago and supplemented with 1% starnox
January 2011
Vol. 2 No. 1 THE RESPON OF SAGO
caused the feed conversion ratio more efficient. In number and total egg weight (Table 3). Ariana (2001)
fact, the result indicated that 10 - 20% of sago offered obtained that starbio addition in the ration containing
with starnox supplementation had lower FCR values different fibre increased egg production. Kenda (2006)
than the control treatment. Kenda (2006) reported reported that using starbio and pignox in the ration
starnox in the ration containing different fibre content improved number of eggs and hen day production. The
improved total egg weight and more efficient in ration average egg weight was not significantly improved
utilization compared to that in control treatment. (P>0.05), this might be caused by insufficiency of
supply nutrients. Ariana (2001) obtained that starbio
Egg production addition in the ration containing different fibre
increased egg production. Kenda (2006) reported that
Sago offered in the ration supplemented with using starbio and pignox in the ration improved number
starnox increased egg production, both for total egg
Table 2. The effect of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) offered in the ration supplemented with starnox on feed conversion ratio
and total eggs weight at the first layer phase
Treatments
Variables SEM
C0 CI C2
Feed Consumption (g/duck) 12743.30b 12900.16b 13657.86a 176.43
Total Egg Weight (g/duck) 2790.21b 3079.52a 3104.78a 45.34
FCR 4.60a 4.18b 4.40c 0.05
Note: C0 : Ration without sago and starnox; C1 : Ration with 10% sago and 1% starnox; C2: Ration with 20% sago and 1% starnox;
Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05) ; SEM : standard error of the treatment means.
Table 3. The effect of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) offered in the ration supplemented with Starnox on bali duck egg
production at the first layer phase
Treatment
Variables SEM
C0 C1 C2
Hen Day Production (%) 53.88b 59.83a 60.23a 0.85
Total Number of Egg (egg/head) 45.25b 50.25a 50.59a 0.70
Average Egg Weight (g/egg)ns 61.05 61.22 61.37 0.19
Note: C0 : Ration without sago and starnox; C1 : Ration with 10% sago and 1% starnox; C2: Ration with 20% sago and 1% starnox;
Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P <0.05); SEM : standard error of the treatment means.
of eggs and hen day production. The average egg starnox improved the colour of yolk. This might be
weight was not significantly improved (P>0.05), this related to the addition pignox that containing nutrients
might be caused by insufficiency of supply nutrients. which are deposited in the yolk. Pignox consists of
vitamins soluble in fat (A, D, E, K), vitamin B-complex
Physical quality of eggs (Bl, B2, B6, and B12), also the micro minerals (Mn,
Egg index is comparison between length I, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn) and methionine amino acid. The
and width of the eggs. If the egg index value nutrients in pignox have similar nutrients composition
close to one, it means that the egg closely become found in the yolk colour. The acidity degree (pH) of
circular. The result showed that egg index was not egg was not significantly different. This is possibly
significantly different, this possibly because of the because of the same egg weight and specific gravity
egg weight average was not significantly different, of egg, so the content of ion H+ in the egg is equal.
so the size of eggs were the same. Nutrient needed Sago offered in the ration supplemented with
by duck in the ration have been fulfilled, and did starnox improved the yolk and egg shell percentage,
not affect the length and width of the eggs (Table 4). while decreased the percentage of the white egg
Sago offered in the ration supplemented with percentage. It is proven that the ration containing
January 2011
YADNYA AND TRISNADEWI Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
Table 4. The effect of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) offered in the ration with starnox supplementation to physical quality
of Bali duck egg at the first layer phase
Treatments
Variables SEM
C0 C1 C2
Egg index ns 0.68 0.60 0.70 0.39
Colour of yolk 6.90b 7.46ab 7.8a 0.19
Acidity (pH) ns 6.6 7.06 7.12 0.10
Egg specific gravity ns 1.070 1.072 1.078 1.19
Egg physical composition (%)
Eggshell ns 10.53 11.26 12.13 0.42
Albumin 55.55 a
53.35 b
52.28 b
0.48
Yolk 33.92b 35.39a 35.59a 0.35
Egg cholesterol 570.29 a
411.34 b
418.45 b
22.45
Note: C0 : Ration without sago and starnox; C1 : Ration with 10% sago and 1% starnox; C2: Ration with 20% sago and 1% starnox;
Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05); SEM : standard error of the treatment means.
sago and starnox increased the specific gravity or physical quality of egg, especially increased
eggshell percentage. Starbio improved digestibility the percentage and colour of egg yolk and also
of ration, so higher amount of nutrients absorbed, decreased the cholesterol content in eggs.
and pignox consists of nutrient needed for yolk
formation such as : Mn, I, Fe, Co, Cu, Fe. Higher
feed consumption could cause higher value of specific ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
gravity and eggshell than the control treatment (C0).
Sago offered as a fibre source decreased Thanks due to the Rector of Udayana University
egg cholesterol. Fibre content in C1 in the form through the Head of Research Institute of Udayana
of glucosides bound cholesterol, so reduced the University which provided fund (DIPA) for budget
cholesterol absorbed or accumulated in egg (Alan year 2008, so that the research could be conducted.
et al. 1976, In Budaarsa, 1997). Besides, in large
intestine the fibre was fermented into propionic acid REFERENCES
which affect the cholesterol formation in the liver,
through formation of 3 methyl, 3 hydroxy glutenyl, Ariana, I N. T., 2001. Pengaruh Tingkat Serat yang Berbeda
and -CoA reductase enzyme. Cholesterol formation dalam Ransum yang disuplementasi dengan Strabio Plus
in the liver decrease, meaning that the cholesterol terhadap Produksi Telur Itik Bali. Laporan Penelitian.
circulation decreased and finally less cholesterol Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Udayana, Denpasar.
accumulation in eggs. Bestari et al. (1984) obtained Belawa, Y. T. G. dan I N. Suwidjayana. 2000. Respon
that fibrous ration reduced the cholesterol content in Pemberian Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4) dalam
eggs. Belawa (2002) reported that starbio offered in Pakan Berserat terhadap Daya Cerna Ransum pada
Ayam Pedaging. Prosiding Seminar Nasional, BPTP
fibrous ration reduce the cholesterol content in eggs.
Bali.
Belawa, Y. T. G. 2002. Pengaruh Pemberian Tingkat Serat
CONCLUSION
Berbeda yang Disuplementasi dengan Probiotik
Based on the result of the research, it could be Starbio terhadap Konversi Ransum, Kadar Protein,
concluded as follows: Asam Urat, Kolesterol Darah dan Komposisi Karkas
Itik Bali Umur 10 Minggu. Proc. Seminar Nasional.
1. Ration containing 10 - 20% sago which was
IP2TP, Denpasar.
supplemented with starnox could improve feed
Bestari, A. P., Suerat, A. D. Setioko, F. Setiadi dan Ulupi.
conversion ratio and egg production of Bali duck
1984. Pengaruh Berbagai Tingkat Serat Kasar Dalam
at first layer phase.
Ransum terhadap Produksi dan Kualitas Telur Itik
2. Ration containing 10 - 20% sago which was Tegal. Proc. Agro-Industri, Peternakan di Pedesaan.
supplemented with starnox could improve the Balai Penelitian Ternak, Ciawi Bogor. Hal. 120-127
January 2011
Vol. 2 No. 1 THE RESPON OF SAGO
Budaarsa, I . K. 1997. Kajian Penggunaan Rumput Laut Steel, R. G. D. And J. H. Torrie. 1989. Principles and
dan Sekam Padi untuk Menurunkan Kadar Lemak dan Procedure of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc.
Kolesterol Daging Babi. Disertasi S3. IPB Bogor. New York.
Harsanto. P. B. 1992. Budidaya Tanaman dan Pengelolaan Wahyu, J. 1992. Ilmu Nutrisi Unggas. Cetakan ke-3. Gadjah
Sagu. Cetakan Ketiga, Kanisius. Yogyakarta . Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.
Kenda, Y. 2006. Pengaruh Pemberian Starbio dan Starnox Witariadi, N. M., N. G. K. Roni, I G. L. O. Cakra. 2005.
dalam Ransum terhadap Efisiensi Penggunaan Evaluasi terhadap Substitusi Jagung dengan Sagu
Ransum pada Itik Bali Fase Peneluran Pertama (24- Cincang dalam Ransum yang disuplementasi ”
32 minggu). Skripsi. Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Starnox” pada Itik Bali Awal Periode Pertumbuhan.
Pertanian Univeristas Warmadewa, Denpasar. Laporan Penelitian Fakultas Peternakan Universitas
Plummer, D. T. 1977. An Introduction to Practical Udayana Denpasar.
Biochemistry. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Ltd. New
Delhi.
Scott, M. L., M. C. Neisheim and R. J. Young. 1982. Nutrition
of the Chicken. 2nd Ed. M.L. Scott and Assoc. Ithaca,
New York.
January 2011
Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci., Januari 2011, pages 6-9 Vol. 2 No. 1
ISSN 1410-2390
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the prebiotic function of extracted beta mannan
from copra meal in an attempt to replace antibiotic growth promotants. A total of two
hundred DOC (day old chicks) were used and the birds were distributed into 6 treatment
diets. The birds were given starter diets from day 1-21 and grower diets from day 22-42. The
treatment diets were: (1) control diet, (2) control diet + avilamycin, (3) control diet + 0.025%
copra mannan, (4) control diet + 0.05% copra mannan, (5) control diet + 0.075% copra mannan
and (6) control diet + commercial mannan (yeast mannan). Feeds were offered ad libitum
and water was available at all times. A completely randomized design was used with 6
treatment diets and 5 replicate cages. Differences among treatments were tested by analysis
of variance and then Duncan Multiple Range Test. Data indicated that supplementation
of antibiotic (avilamycin), 0.05% copra mannan and 0.02 % commercial mannan increased
(P<0.05) body weight gain. Feed conversion ratio, feed intake, proportion of gram negative
bacteria, mortality, intestinal dimension were not affected by antibiotic and mannan.
Caeca pH of birds fed the commercial mannan in the diet was lower than those of birds
fed the control diet. In conclusion, 0.05% copra mannan can be used to replace antibiotic
(avilamycin) and the body weight of birds fed the 0.05% copra mannan increased to the
same level of the body weight of birds fed the diet either supplemented with antibiotic or
commercial mannan.
January 2011
SUNDU ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
Table 1. Nutrient composition of the experimental diet A method of Kusakabe and Takashi (1988) was
Ingredients Starter diet Grower diet used to extract beta mannan from copra meal. A 24
(%) (%) liters of 24% NaOH was added to 3 kg in a stainless
steel bucket. The mixture was occassionally stirred for
Soybean meal 25.00 24.00
24 hours at room temperature. The slurry is filtered
Corn 57.80 59.40 through a cloth bag. The filtrate was neutralized with 12
Fish meal 12.00 10.00 NH2SO4 until the pH solution is about 5.5. Resultants
Rice bran 3.00 6.00 precipitate (copra mannan) collected by centrifugation,
Dicalcium phosphate 1.50 0.9 was dialysed against tap water to remove salts.
Detection of gram negative bacteria was done at
Salt 0.30 0.66
the laboratory of plant diseases at Tadulako University.
Methionine 0.10 0.55 To detect gram-negative bacteria, the method of gram
Lysine 0.10 0.11 stain was used based on the procedure of Tortora et
Premix 0.20 0.20 al. (1982). The heat-fixed smear was covered with
a basic purple dye. After a short time, the dye was
Crude protein 23.13 21.00
washed off and the smear was covered with iodine.
Crude fibre 3.5 3.6
When the iodine was washed off, both gram positive
ME (MJ/kg) 13.39 13.39 and negative bacteria appear dark violet. The slide was
Lysine 1.1 1.0 then washed off with an ethyl alcohol solution. This
Methionine + cystiene 0.9 0.79 solution acted as a decolourizing agent, removing the
purple colour from the cells. The alcohol was rinsed
and the slide was stained with safranin. The purple dye
Table 2. Experimental diets and the iodine combine with the bacteria and colour
Diet Composition was dark violet. Bacteria that retain this colour after
R1 Basal diet attempted decolourization were classified as gram
positive bacteria (dark violet). Bacteria that was
R2 Basal diet + antibiotic (avilamycin) (6 ppm)
invisible (colourless) was gram negative. Application
R3 Basal diet + 0.025% extracted copra mannan of safranin caused the gram negative bacteria to turn
R4 Basal diet + 0.050% extracted copra mannan pink.
R5 Basal diet + 0.075% extracted copra mannan A completely randomized design was used
with 6 treatment diets and 5 replicate cages. The
R6 Basal diet + 0.020% commercial from yeast treatments diets were: (1) control diet, (2) control diet
+ avilamycin, (3) control diet + 0.025% copra mannan,
(4) control diet + 0.05% copra mannan, (5) control
Dingle, 2003). This experiment, therefore, aimed to diet + 0.075% copra mannan and (6) control diet +
examine the potential use of extracted beta mannan commercial mannan (yeast mannan).
from copra meal as a feed additive in broiler diets.
Data were analyzed of variance. Differences
among treatments were tested by analysis and then
Materials and Methods Duncan Multiple Range Test (Steel and Torrie, 1980).
January 2011
Vol. 2 No. 1 EXTRACTED BETA -MANNAN
Table 3. The effect of extracted copra mannan on the response of broiler chickens.
Treatments Body weight Feed intake FCR Mortality
gain (g) (head)
Control diet (CD) 1501b 3053 2.03 2
CD + avilamycin 1650a 3075 1.86 2
CD + 0.025% extracted copra mannan 1625 ab
2834 1.74 2
CD + 0.050% extracted copra mannan 1701 a
2809 1.65 3
CD + 0.075% extracted copra mannan 1544 b
2876 1.86 2
CD + 0.020% yeast mannan commercial 1705 a
2794 1.64 2
Note : Means in the same column with different superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05)
yeast mannan had higher body weight gain than those concentration could have a prebiotic properties. It is
of birds fed the control basal diet. Caeca pH of birds hard to elaborate why concentration below or above
fed the diet supplemented with commercial yeast 0.05% did not work well on this experimental diet.
mannan was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the pH Caeca pH of birds fed commercial mannan
caeca of birds fed the control diet. was lower than those of birds fed the control diet.
The use of antibiotic (Evangelisti et al., 1975) to Interestingly, caeca pH of birds fed extracted copra
improve bird performance has long been believed. A mannan tended to linearly decrease over an increased
positif effect of using antibiotic, in this current study, concentration of copra mannan in the diet. The
was an increased body weight gain from 1501 g to mechanism that produces the decreased pH due to
1650 g. This improvement may be due to improved gut mannan supplementation is still unclear. It may be
health. Related to a decreased in bacterial population in through mode of action in which mannan, either from
the caeca of birds fed the diet containing antibiotic. It yeast or copra meal, are fermented in the caeca as a
is not hard to razionalise this fenomenon as antibiotic results of indigestibility of this fraction in the digestive
have a killing properties againts bacteria. This tract of broiler. One of the product of fermentation
condition could minimize negative effect of pathogen is lactic acid (Wang and Gibson, 1993; Okumura et
bacteria. al., 1994), which prevents the growth of pathogenic
Improvement of live weight gain was also found in bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella (gram negative
birds fed the commercial yeast mannan. These results bacteria). This may be the reason of a small decrease
were supported by the previous findings of Shane in proportion of gram negative bacteria. In conclusion,
(2006). Birds fed the diet supplemented with 0.05% extracted copra mannan could be used at 0.05% to
extracted copra mannan could reach growth equal to replace antibiotic growth promotant. The efficacy of
that of chickens fed the commercial yeast mannan. copra mannan was equal to commercial mannan.
This finding may justify that copra mannan at a right
January 2011
SUNDU ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
January 2011
Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci., January 2011, pages 10-14 Vol. 2 No.1
ISSN 1410-2390
Growth Performance of Bali Cattle Bull (Bos sondaicus) Fed Fermented Cocoa
(Theobroma cacao L.) Waste
ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out to study the growth performance of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus)
bull fed fermented cocoa waste. A total of 16 Bali cattle with the range of body weight 220-
225 kg were divided into two groups of 8 cattle each following the pairing method. The
first group was given 2 kg head/day of fermented cocoa by product and the second was
given 2 kg/head/day of commercial feed. Native grass and water were provided ad libitum.
This experiment was run for 12 weeks. Final body weight of the cattle were 257.5 kg and
263 kg respectively for those given 2 kg fermented cocoa by product and 2 kg commercial
feed (P>0.05). Daily weight gain of the cattle fed fermented cocoa waste and commercial
feed were 451 g/day and 488 g/day respectively (P>0.05). Total intake dry matter recorded
during the experiment were 595.61 kg and 582.32 kg for those given fermented cocoa
waste and commercial feed (P<0.05). However, there is no significant different on the feed
conversion ratio for both groups. Digestibility coefficient of crude fibre, dry matter, organic
matter, crude protein, crude fat and NFE were not significant different for both groups. It
was concluded that fermented cocoa waste has a prospective future for ruminant feed in
Indonesia.
Key words : Bali cattle, fermented cocoa by product, digestibility, feed intake
10 January 2011
MASTIKA ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
year. in 2006, the plantation area of cocoa in Bali Management and Housing
was 11,154 ha. The Jembrana and Tabanan regency Animals were placed in individual pen in one shed
are considered as the centre of cocoa production, and and the size of each pen was 1.5 m x 2 m, and each of
the total seed production estimated 2.62 ton/ha/year them was provided separate feeding throughs either for
(Disbun Bali, 2006). The ratio is of seed and cocoa grass or concentrate. The size of feeding through for
shell is 1: 3.4 in fresh materials (Ginting, 2004). Based grass was 0.8 x 0.5 x 0.5 m and for concentrate was 0.4
on the figure it was calculated that the cocoa waste x 0.5 x 0.5 m. A 20 litres plastic bucket is also provided
availability in Bali was 8.91 ton/ha/year. for drinking water. Before the commencement of
The nutrient content of cocoa shell was reported the experiment, all animals were vaccinated againt SE
by Suharto (2004). The crude protein, fat, crude fiber and dewormed.
and total digestible nutrient (TDN) was 9.15%,
1.25%, 32.7% and 50.3% respectively. Although the
nutrient content is good for animal feed, however, the Cocoa shell for fermentation
material contains some limiting factor such as tannin, Fermenting agent used in this biofermentation
theobromine and high crude fiber content as considered was A. niger provided by BPTP Bali Province. The
as a toxic factors (Ginting, 2004). Theobromine and preparation of fermentation followed the method
tannin substances has a high affinity to protein and described by Guntoro (2006). One kg of sugarcane,
carbohydrate causing these two nutrients decreased 1 kg fertilizer (NPK), 1 kg of urea and 1 litre of
in their availability (Amirroenas, 2005) and finally concentrated seed of A. niger were mixed in 100 lt of
affecting the growth of rumen microorganisms which clean fresh water. This mixture was kept in the room
is finally responsible for animal growth. Agricultural temperature for 3 days before used. The fresh cocoa
by product quality can be done improved using shell was cut into 2-3 cm pieces and 1,000 kg of these
biofermentation process (Purnama, 2004). The fresh chopped cocoa shell were mixed with 100 litres
common biofermentation agent is Aspergillus niger A. niger solution and then was placed in a fermenting
and the fermentation process of cocoa shell decrease box. Fermentation process was run for 5-6 days then
theobromine and tannin content up to 80-83% and 91- the fermented cocoa shell was dried under the sunshine
98% respectively (Guntoro, 2006), and significantly for 2-3 days. The dry fermented cocoa shell were
increase protein content (91.98%) from 8% to 15.3% ground using grinding machine (chopper; Kimdong
crude protein (Purnama, 2004). 185 Type made in China), to make a powder.
Cocoa shell is a high potential of animal feed due In this experiment a pairing method was used,
to the high content availability of its nutrient content, consisted of two treatments and 8 replicates. Animal
however, since cocoa shell is known containing in the first group were offered native grass + 2 kg
theobromine and tannin, it is worth therefore to run commercial feed as treatment A and the second group
the experiment using A. niger to ferment cocoa shell were given fresh grass + 2 kg of fermented cocoa as
as cattle feed. treatment B. This experiment was run for 12 weeks.
Body weight and daily weight gain, feed consumption,
feed conversion ratio were used as parameters of the
MATERIALS AND METHODS treatment effects.
At the end of the experiment, all data collected
Animals were analyzed using Pairing Test (t-test) as explained
A total of 16 Bali cattle bull with the average by Chang (1979).
weight of 220 kg, age approximatelly 2 years were
used in this experiment. Animals were divided into RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
two treatment groups of 8 animals each as replicates.
Data of laboratory analysis showed that there
Feeds and water were quite significant changes of the nutrients and
antinutrients content of cocoa shell fermented with
As basal feeds, all animals were given native
A. niger compared to those non fermented materials
grass and each group was supplemented with either 2
(Table 1).
kg commercial feed per head per day as treatment A,
The protein content of the feed stuffs increased
or 2 kg of ground fermented cocoa shell as treatment
by 102.18% and on the other hand the crude fiber
B. Fresh native grass and water were provided ad
content decreased 7.05% compared to unfermented
libitum.
cocoa shell. This finding is in line with the results
January 2011 11
Vol. 2 No. 1 GROWTH PERFORMANCE
Table 1. Nutrient content of commercial feed, fermented cocoa, and unfermented cocoa by product.
Feedstuffs
Nutrients/ Antinutrients Unfermented cocoa
Commercial feed Fermented cocoa
by product
Nutrients
Dry matter % 92.750 88.080 88.260
Crude protein % 9.720 13.870 6.860
Crude Fiber % 21.625 25.820 27.780
Fat % 2.599 5.190 4.770
Total Digestible Nutrient % 58.134 49.580 21.030
Nitrogen Free Extract % 54.337 43.306 39.980
Digestible energy Mcal/kg 2.563 2.186 -
Ash % 11.510 11.120 8.870
Antinutrients
Theobromine % - 3.460 5.110
Cyanide ppm - 91.130 132.980
Source : Data of proximate analysis from Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University
reported by Guntoro et al. (2002) and Guntoro (2006). reduced significantly (Purnama, 2004; Guntoro 2006).
It was postulated that biofermentation using A. niger They postulated that decreasing the content of both
could significantly improve the quality of the cocoa by tannin and theobromine and finally the availability
product as an alternative feedstuff for animals. of the hemicellulose that can be digested will be
Table 2 shows that when this fermented cocoa shell increased. Probably, the higher rate of hemicellulose
was given to Bali cattle at the rate of 2 kg/head/day, digestion in animals given fermented cocoa shell
the animals grew as good as those given commercial (treatment B) causing higher crude fiber digestibility
feed supplementation (P>0.05) (treatment A) that (Table 2) and stimulate higher feed consumption on
was 257.50 kg vs 263.0 kg. The same trend in body fermented cocoa fed animals. This finding supported
weight gain and daily weight gain were performed by the report of Preston (1986) that the more accessible
by the animals fed either fermented cocoa shell or of hemicellulose to microorganism in the rumen will
commercial diet supplementation. therefore increase total fermentation and the rate of
However, feed intake of the cattle fed fermented fermentation. The interesting point in this experiment
cocoa feed significantly (P<0.05) higher than that was that the feed conversion ratio of the cattle fed
given commercial concentrate (Table 2), on the other commercial feed vs fermented cocoa shell was
hand energy intake and feed conversion ratio of both slightly higher on treatment B although statistically
treatments were not significant. The lower feed and not significant. Probably this differences due to the
energy was apparently responsible for the slightly fact that the NFE consumption of cattle on treatment
lower body weight gain of the cattle fed fermented B was lower than cattle on treatment A. Other factor
cocoa feeds. As stated by Parrakasi (1999) and Ginting that could be responsible for a lower efficiency of
(2004), that feed consumption of the ruminant basically fermented cocoa fed animals is probably the tannin
to statisfy their energy requirement, thus the animals and theobromine content is not completely discarded
will stop eating whenever their energy requirement is during biofermentation process (Table 1).
satisfied or fulfilled. From the present results, it was suggested that
The hemicellulose content as neutral detergent cocoa shell waste has a potential role for animal feed
fiber (NDF) fraction of the cocoa shell is high, but in the future. With the technology development,
most of it is bound to tannin or theobromine causing the quality of this feedstuff can be improved by
this materials have a low or can not be digested in the physical, chemical and biofermentation process.
rumen (Amirroenas, 2005). Biofermentation using A. Supplementation of 2 kg/head/day of fermented cocoa
niger causing the tannin and theobromine content were gave no significant different (451 g/head/day vs 488
12 January 2011
MASTIKA ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
Table 2. Body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio of bali cattle bull offered 2 kg commercial feed or
2 kg fermentation cocoa shell supplementation/head/day
Treatments
Parameters SEM
A B
Body Weight
Initial body weight (kg) 222.00 219.63 5.35
Final body weight (kg) 263.00 257.50 4.87
Body weight gain (kg) 41.00 37.88 2.16
Daily body weight gain (g/head/day) 488.00a 451.00a 25.76
Dry Matter Intakes
Total grass (kg) 426.67a 450.81b 3.16
Total Feeds (kg) 582.32a 595.61b 3.11
Daily grass (kg/head/day) 5.11a 5.37b 0.04
Daily Feeds (kg/head/day) 6.93a 7.09b 0.04
Feed energy consumption (Mcal DE/head/day) 17.21 16.87 16.26
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 14.78 16.32 1.00
Digestibility Coefficient (%)
Dry matter 62.22 60.59 1.80
Organic matter 64.48 64.54 0.68
Crude protein 69.28 68.95 2.34
Crude fiber 57.37 63.12 1.87
Crude fat 67.61 54.85 5.21
NFE 70.42 64.85 1.62
Note : A : fresh native grass fed ad libitum + 2 kg commercial feed; B : fresh native grass ad libitum + 2 kg fermented cocoa shell;
SEM = standard error of the treatment means; Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P <0.05)..
g/head/day) in gain compared to those given 2 kg group association who help in feeding and looking after
commercial feed supplementation and this daily gain the animals during the period of experimentation. The
is almost double compared to animal fed grass only Laboratory Staffs of the Faculty of Animal Husbandry
which was only 200 g-300 g/head/day as reported by for the assistance in analysing the nutrient content of
Sukanten et al., (1990). The overall finding is that the the feedstuffs are also acknowledged.
supplementation of fermented cocoa shell will reduce
feed cost in animal production. REFERENCES
January 2011 13
Vol. 2 No. 1 GROWTH PERFORMANCE
14 January 2011
Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci., January 2011, pages 15-19 Vol. 2 No. 1
ISSN 1410-2390
The Use of Cellulolytic Microbes from Cattle Rumen Fluid to Improve In Vitro
Digestibility of Fermented Robusta Coffee Pulp (Coffea canephora sp.)
ABSTRACT
The research was conducted to examine in vitro digestibility of fermented robusta coffee
(Coffea canephora sp.) pulp using rumen cellulolytic microbes. Cellulolytic microbes as much
as 0%, 5%, and 10% was added each to 200 g of coffee pulp (dry matter basis). Fermentation
was done anaerobically for 21 days at room temperature. The fermented coffee pulp was
examined for it’s odor, color, texture, pH, and the presence of fungi. The fermented robusta
coffee pulp samples were taken out and dried at 55oC, for analysis of dry matter (DM),
organic matter (OM), crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and nitrogen
free extract (NFE), dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and
crude fiber digestibility (CFD). one way analysis of variance of completely randomized
design and continued by Duncan’s new multiple range tests were used to examine the
differences between mean values. addition of cellulolytic microbes 5% and 10% decreased
the fungi growth. Addition of 5% cellulolytic microbes did not affect the pH value (5.81 vs.
5.91). The addition of 10% cellulolytic microbes decreased pH from 5.81 to 5.57. Addition
of cellullolytic microbes 5% and 10% decreased CF content (P<0.01) as much as 9.14% and
21.12% from 42.99% (from the result of addition of 0% cellulolytic microbes) to 39.06% and
33.91% respectively. The NFE content of coffee pulp increased (P<0,01) by 56.83%, when it
was fermented by addition of 10% rumen cellulolytic microbes, while the addition of 5%
cellulolytic microbes did not affect NFE content. The increasing of inoculum from 5% to
10%, significantly increased NFE content by 24.21%. Nevertheless addition of cellulolytic
microbes did not give significant effect on DM, OM, CP and EE content of fermented coffee
pulp. The CFD, OMD, and DMD of fermented coffee pulp without addition of cellulolytic
microbes were 30.25%, 30.30% and 36.83%. Digestibility of crude fiber, organic matter and
dry matter increased significantly by 9.52%, 11.65%, and 8.85% after being treated with
5% and increased by 13.85% , 24.49%, 14.23% after being treated with 10% respectively.
It could be concluded that addition of 10 % cellullolityc microbes in robusta coffee pulp
fermentation altered physical and chemical composition as well as in vitro digestibility.
January 2011 15
YUSIATI ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
16 January 2011
Vol. 2 No. 1 THE USE OF CELLULOLYTIC MICROBES
January 2011 17
YUSIATI ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
Table 1. Physical quality and pH of coffee pulp after fermentation using rumen cellulolytic microbes
Table 2. Chemical composition of coffee pulp after fermentation using rumen cellulolytic microbes (% DM)
0% 5% 10%
Crude fiber 30.25A 33.13B 34.44C P <0.01
Organic matter 30.30A 33.83B 37.72C P <0.01
Dry matter 36.83a 40.09b 42.07b P <0.05
with different specificities to hydrolyze glycosidic microbes at the level of 10%, resulted the highest
bonds. The three major cellulase enzyme are: qualities and digestibility of coffee pulp.
endocellulase (1,4- ß-D-glucan- 4-glucanohydrolase,
endoglucanase, EG, EC 3.2.1.4.), exocellulase (1,4-
β-D-glucan-cellobiohydrolase, CBH, EC 3.2.1.91) REFERENCES
and β-glucosidase (β-D-glucosido-glucohydrolase,
cellobiase, EC 3.2.1.21). Those enzymes break the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1990.
linkages between components of crude fiber, therefore Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of
other enzymes produced by rumen microbes are Official Analytical Chemists, Food Composition;
facilitated to digest any compounds inside the cell. As Additives; Natural Contaminants. Helrich, K. (Ed.),
15th Edition. Virginia, USA, AOAC, Inc.
the result, the digestibility of organic and dry matter
increased. Astuti, M. 1981. Rancangan Percobaan dan Analisis
Statistik. Bagian I. Fakultas Peternakan. Universitas
Conclusion Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
Braham, J. E. & R. Bressani. 1979. Coffee Pulp :
The use of rumen cellulolytic microbes at the
Composition, Technology, and Utilization. Institute
level of 5% and 10% in coffee pulp fermentation of Nutrition of Central America and Panama.
increased physical and chemical quality as well as in
Bressani, R. 1979. The by-products of coffee berries.
vitro digestibility. The addition of rumen cellulolytic
In : Coffee Pulp : Composition, Technology, and
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Vol. 2 No. 1 THE USE OF CELLULOLYTIC MICROBES
Utilization. J.E. Braham and R. Bressani. (Eds). Pleurotus florida. Research J. Environ. Sci. 2(2): 145-
Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama 150
Elias. 1979, Chemical composition of coffee-berry by- Murthy, P. S., M. M. Naidu & P. Srinivas. 2009. Production
products. In:Coffee Pulp: Composition, Technology, of -amylase under solid-state fermentation utilizing
and Utilization. J.E. Braham and R. Bressani.(eds) coffee waste. J. Chem.Technol. Biotechnol. 84 (8):
Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama 1246 – 1249
Halliwel, G., N. N. B. A. Wahab & A. H. Patle. 1985. Penaloza, P., M. R. Molina, R. G. Brenes & R. Bressani.
Chemical Compotition of endo 1,4-β-glucanase to 1985. Solid-State Fermentation: an Alternative to
cellulolitic in trichodrma koningii. J. App. Biochem. Improve the Nutritive Value of Coffee Pulp. J. Appl
7: 43-45. and Environ. Microbiol. 49 (2): 388-393
Hanim. C., L. M. Yusiati, & V. P. Budyastuti. 2008. Pengaruh Plummer, D. T. 1971. An Introduction to Practical
Penambahan Mikrobia Selulolitik dari Cairan Rumen Biochemistry. Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing
Sapi pada Fermentasi Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma Company Ltd., Bombay-New Delhi
cacao) terhadap Kecernaan in vitro dengan Metode Rojas, J. B. O., J. A. J. Verreth, S. Amato & E.A. Huisman.
Produksi Gas. In Progress. 2003. Biological treatments affect the chemical
Ishler, V. 1996. From Feed To Milk: Understanding Rumen composition of coffee pulp. Biores. Technol. 89: 267–
Function. College of Agricultural Sciences The 274
Pennsylvania State University. Pp.5-6. Skinner, F. A. 1971. Isolation of Soil Clostridia. In: Isolation
Krishna, N.H. & U. Umiyasih .2006. Identification and Of Anaerobes. The Society for Applied Bacteriology
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Yogyakarta District. Seminar Nasional Teknologi Tilley, J. M. & R. M. Terry. 1963. A two stage technique
Peternakan dan Veteriner PP.872-879. for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grass.
Lynn M. J.& J. H. Harrison. 2001. Scientific Aspects of Soc.18, 104–111.
Silage Making. Proceedings, 31st California Alfalfa & Yusiati, L.M., Z. Bachrudin, Kustono & Didi Rachmadi.
Forage Symposium, Modesto, CA, UC Cooperative 1995. Chemical evaluation of lignocellulolitic
Extension, University of California, Davis. microbes, yeast,and lactobacili addition to rice straw
Luiza, J.2000. Solid state fermentation of agricultural wastes at silage preservation. Bulletin of Animal Science.
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Crops and Products 11 :1–5. Yusiati, L. M., Wihandoyo & C. Hanim, , 2009.
Mathew, C.K. & K.E. Van Holde, 1990. Biochemistry. Pemanfaatan Bungkil Kelapa Sawit Fermentasi
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Bridge Parkway. Redwood City, CA 94065. Terhadap Produksi dan Kualitas Telur. In progress.
Murthy P.S. & H. K. Manonmani. 2008. Bioconversion
of Coffee Industry waste with White Rot Fungus
January 2011 19
Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci., January 2011, pages 20-25 Vol. 2 No. 1
ISSN 1410-2390
ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out to optimize the nutritive value of total mixed ration based
on by-products fermented with rumen liquor and enzyme complex. Factorial Completely
Randomized Design was used through out the experiment. The level of rumen liquor of 0
ml (RL0), 20 ml (RL20) or 40 ml (RL40) per 1 kg total mixed ration; the levels of optyzim as
sources of enzyme complex of 0g (E0), 1 g (E1) or 2 g (E2) per 1 kg total mixed ration . The
treatments were allocated randomly in 3x3 factorial of completely randomized design in
three replicates. Nutritive value of total mixed ration including contents of dry matter/DM,
organic matter/OM, crude protein/CP and crude fibre/CF were determined. Fermentation
products including concentration of NH3-N, total VFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric
acid, and methane were also measured. There was treatments interaction (P<0.05) effect
on nutritive value except dry matter content, concentration of acetic and butyric acid.
The untreated total mixed ration (RL0), optimum indicated good nutritive value (P<0.05)
Fermentation of local by-products as compound of complete feeds using rumen liquor and
enzym complex reduced contents of organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, pH, and
methane gas production, while concentrations of total VFA, propionic acid and NH3-N
increased.
Key words : Complete feed, enzyme complex, local waste, nutrition quality, rumen liquor
20 January 2011
MUDITA ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
hemicellulases, cellulase, and xylanase (Kamra, 2005). kg complete feed; (2) the levels of 0, 1 and 2 optizyme
Optyzim is a comercial enzyme complex in powder as a source of enzyme complex per 1 kg complete
form consisting of a mixture of amylase, protease, feed as E0, E1 or E2, respectively. Each combination
xylanase, cellulase, and hemicellulases (Bidura, 2006). of treatment had three replicates. The rumen liquor
Inclution of inoculants hydrolysis plant cell walls and/or enzyme optizyme were diluted in 1 liter fresh
(cellulose, hemicelluloses, xylan and pectin), reduced clean water for each kg of a complete feed. Basal
Neutral Detergen Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergen complete feeds composed of local feedstuff (Table 1).
Fiber (ADF) content (Parakkasi, 1999), increased The complete feeds were treated with rumen liquor
digestibility of crude protein, energy, dry matter, and and optizyme and incubated for 31 days at anaerobic
NDF of feed ingredients (Hau et al., 2006). condition. Fermentability of complete feeds from
Pantaya et al. (2005) showed the addition of different treatments was evaluated in vitro. The
enzymes from rumen liquor reduce the polysaccharide treatments were allocated in a Factorial Completely
content and increased metabolized energy content Randomized Design of 3 x 3 with three replications.
of wheat pollard. Purnomohadi (2006) reported that
addition of celulolytic bacteria of the rumen liquor Data collection, sampling procedure and analysis
improved crude protein (4.1% to 9.01%) and decreased
Nutrient content of the complete feed including
crude fiber (37.10% to 31.17%). Lamid et al. (2006)
dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein
reported that the use of xylanolytic bacteria (5-15%)
(CP) and crude fibre (CF) were determined. The
of rumen liquor in rice straw ensilage increased crude
characteristics of the complete feed fermentability
protein and reduce a crude fiber content of rice straw
were evaluated. Concentration of NH3-N, total VFA,
silage. Ridla and Uchida (1999) reported that the
partial VFA (acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid),
combined treatments of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and
pH. and methane gas production were determined and
celulase improved the fermentation quality of both
used as variables.
the Rhodesgrass and Italian Ryegrass. by degrading a
Feed samples were collected from untreated
portion of cell wall during storage.
and treated complete feeds produced and used in the
Nahrowi (2006) showed the assignment of silage
experiment. Feed samples were analyzed for DM,
complete feed, was accepted by sheep, beef and dairy
ash, CP and CF contents according to the proxymate
cattle, with no negative impact on performance. Feeding
analysis method of AOAC (1980). Concentration
silage became the source of probiotics, defaunating
of NH3-N was analysed using the phenolhypoclorite
agents and alternative antibiotics for livestock which
method, Total volatile fatty acids was analysed bythe
affected the balance of rumen microbes (Hau et al.,
method of steam destilation technique (Department of
2006; Wina, 2006). Krisnan and Ginting (2005)
Dairy Science, 1966), pH was measured using portable
reported that inclusion of fermented markisa 20 to
pH meter “HANNA instrument HI 9025”, partial VFA
40% in ration gave the same intake, feed efficiency
(Acetic, propionic and butyric) was analysed using
and daily gain of Kacang goat compared to control.
a high performance liquid chromatography HPLC,
Parwati et al. (2006) showed that goat production
and methane production was estimated accoding to
given feed ration containing fermented cashew waste
the following calculaton: CH4 = 0.5 acetate – 0.25
improved.
propionate + 0.5 butirate production (Orskov dan
This experiment was conducted to determine the
Ryle, 1990).
best level of rumen liquor and enzyme complex in the
Data collected were analyzed statistically
fermentation to improved nutritive value of total mixed
by applaying the analysis of applied if necessary
ration complete feed compound of by-products.
(Sastrosupadi, 2000).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Location, feed and experimental design
Fermentation with rumen liquor or optyzime
An experiment was carried out at Bukit addition in a complete feed decreased (P<0.05) the
Jimbaran Research Stasiun and Animal Nutrition contents of organic matter/OM, crude protein/CP and
Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana crude fiber/CF. There was the effect of interaction
University. Experimental treatments had two factors (P<0.05) between the level of rumen fluid and optyzime
as follows: (1) RL0 = without rumen liquor, RL20 = 20 addition on these variables, except on dry matter
ml rumen liquor, and RL40 = 40 ml rumen liquor per 1 (P>0.05). The interaction of the treatments (P<0.05)
January 2011 21
Vol. 2 No. 1 IMPROVING THE NUTRITIVE QUALITY
Table 2. Nutritive Value of Complete Feeds Treated with Inoculants and Optizyme
Treatment Nutritive Value
DM OM CP CF
---------------------------------------------------------- % DM ------------------------------------------------------------
Rumen Liquor
RL0 96.49a 81.90b 17.62c 23.84c
RL20 96.19a 80.19a 16.44a 23.21b
RL40 96.52a 80.92a 16.75b 22.90a
SEM 0.45 0.21 0.04 0.06
Optyzime
E0 96.79a 81.80b 17.40c 24.34c
E1 95.72a 80.61a 16.87b 23.22b
E2 96.69a 80.60a 16.55a 22.38a
SEM 0.45 0.21 0.04 0.06
Interaction P>0.05 P<0.05 P<0.05 P<0.05
Note: The means in same column with different letter different (P<0.05); SEM = Standard Error of the treatment means.
Table 3. Fermentation Characteristics of Complete Feeds treated with Inoculants and Optyzim
Fermentation Characteristic
pH NH3-N Total VFA Acetic Propionic Butyric acid Methane
Treatment acid acid
------------------------------------------------------- mM-----------------------------------------------
Rumen Liquor
22 January 2011
MUDITA ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
nutrients composing the complete feed. The decreased to 2 g optizym in 1 kg complete feed and high pH
of OM and CP of treated complete feeds could be due liquor in the in vitro test, indicated the effectiveness
to the utilization of nutrients in the feed by microbial of the enzyme produced by inoculant and optizyme
inoculants for microbial protein synthesis to grow and in hydrolyzing the feed components including fiber
support its activities (Fellner, 2004; Leng, 1997). compenents. The decreased in rumen pH liquor
Increased NH3-N, total VFA production and its indicated that the inoculant and optizyme increased
propionic acid proportion indicated that addition the solubility and availability of fiber, protein and
of inoculant and optizyme into the complete feed others feed components, and therefore increased fiber
increased the fermentability of the feed. Activity fermentation and the protein degradation in the rumen
of microbe inoculated into the feed hydrolyzed the liquor. The high acidity of pH 5.81 had been providing
large molecules of nutrients of the complete feed. the best conditions for cellulolytic microbial activity
The decreased in fiber content of treated feed up to produce the highest total VFA (Fellner, 2004).
Table 4. Nutritive Value of Complete Feeds Treated with Inoculants and Optizyme
January 2011 23
Vol. 2 No. 1 IMPROVING THE NUTRITIVE QUALITY
The increased in propionic acid proportion in the Bidura, I.G.N.G.. 2006. Feed Animal Biotechnology.
VFA was likely associated with the reduction of crude Subjects for Tuition. Faculty of Animal Husbandry,
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Nurtjahya, E. S. D.Rumetor, J. F. Salamena, E. Hernawan, Ridla, M. and S. Uchida. 1999. Comparative Study on
S. Darwati, S. M. Soenarno. 2006. Utilization Animal The Effects of Combined Treatments of Lactic
Waste for Reduced Environment Pollution. Article for Acid Bacteria and Celases on The Fermentation
Lesson ”Pengantar Falsafah Sains”. Doctoral School, Characteristic and Camical Composition of
IPB. http://tumoutou.net/6_sem2_023/kel4_seml_02 Rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) and Italian
[December 16, 2006]. (in Indonesian) Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Silages. Asian-
Orskov, E.R. and M. Ryle. 1990. Energy Nutrition in Australasian J. Anim. Sci 12 (4). Pp:525-530.
Ruminants. Elsevier Applied Science. London. Sastrosupadi, A.. 2000. Rancangan Percobaan Praktis
Pantaya, D., Nahrowi, L. A. Sofyan. 2005. Suplementation Bidang pertanian. Edisi Revisi. Penerbit Kanisius,
of Enzyme Rumen Liquor on Feed Wheat Pollard Yogyakarta. (in Indonesian)
Based Diet on Processing Feed with Steam Pelleting Tamada, J., H. Yokota, M. Ohshima and M. Tamaki. 1999.
on Feed Chemical Composition. In: Proceeding Effect of Additives, Storage Temperature and Regional
of National Seminar on Indonesia Assosiation of Difference of Ensilasing on fermentation Quality of
Nutrition and Feed Science V, Brawijaya University, Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) Silage.
Malang. (in Indonesian with abstract in English) Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 12 (1):28-35.
Parakkasi, A.. 1999. Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak Wahyono, D. E., and R. Hardianto. 2004. Utilization of
Ruminan. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta. (in Local Feed Resources to Develop Beef Cattle. Article
Indonesia) in: Lokakarya Nasional Kambing Potong. Http://pe-
Parwati, I. A., S. Guntoro, R. Yasa and I N. Suyasa. 2006. ternakan.litbang.deptan.go.id/download/infoteknis/
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Farmer Income in Juntal Village Kubu Karangasem. with abstract in English)
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Indonesian with abstract in English).
January 2011 25
Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci., January 2011, pages 26-31 Vol. 2 No. 1
ISSN 1410-2390
The evaluation of nutrient quality of ramie leaves silage and hay in complete mixed
ration for Etawah-Crossbreed goat using in vitro technique
Abstract
A research was conducted to evaluate the effect of ramie leaves silage and hay in Etawah
Crossbreed (PE) goat complete mixed ration (CMR) on nutrient content, fermentability, and
digestibility by in vitro. There were seven CMR dietary treatments i.e. P0 (control ration)
= 50% napier grass + 50% concentrate, P1 = 30% napier grass + 20% ramie leaves silage +
50% concentrate, P2 = 20% napier grass + 30% ramie leaves silage + 50% concentrate, P3
= 10% napier grass + 40% ramie leaves silage + 50% concentrate, P4 = 30% napier grass +
20% ramie leaves hay + 50% concentrate, P5 = 20% napier grass + 30% ramie leaves hay
+ 50% concentrate, and P6 = 10% napier grass + 40% hay + 50% concentrate. Both ramie
leaves silage and hay increased the CMR digestibility and nutrient content, except the crude
fiber. Control ration had a higher crude fiber than silage and hay. The CMR which contain
40% ramie leaves silage had higher nutrient digestibilities compared to the other rations.
Rations which were added with ramie leaves silage (P1 – P3) had higher VFA concentration
compared to the other rations. Ammonia concentration of rations added with preserved
ramie leaves were lower than control, however ammonia concentration in all treatments
were in optimal range. Acetate proportion was higher in CMR which contain ramie leaves
hay than CMR which contain silage and the nutrients digestibilities were lower. Adding
ramie leaves silage in rations resulted higher propionate and butyrate proportion than
control and rations added with ramie leaves hay. Either silage or hay ramie leaves can be
used up to 40% as napier grass substitute in the PE CMR.
26 January 2011
DESPAL ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
necessary so that ramie leaves could be utilized more Chemical composition of ingredients which were used
efficiently and being used as animal daily feed. in complete mixed ration was appeared in Table 1.
General preservations of forages are wet (silage) Complete ration was mixed appropriately
and dry (hay) preservations. Each technique has according to formula (Table 2). Complete ration
advantages and disadvantages. Drying with open sun was formulated based on the nutrient requirement of
drying technique is a cheap forage conserving method. lactating PE having 30 kg BW and produce 1 kg milk/d
However, forage excess generally occur at rainy (4% FCM). The ration contained 66.5% TDN, 11.17%
season so there is a needed for technology to handle CP, 0.41% Ca, and 0.29% P (NRC, 1981).
the constraint. Whereas wet preservation (silage) is Nutrients content, i.e. dry matter (DM), crude
hampered by low water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE),
and high water content that may produce a low quality and ash were analyzed according to AOAC (1999).
of silage. Fermentability and in vitro digestibility were
According to Despal and Permana (2008), ramie determined as described by Tilley and Terry (1969),
leaves dried by greenhouse technique produced better NH3 analysis was conducted according to General
quality of hay than drying by open sun drying and Laboratory Procedure (1966), and partial VFA were
oven technique. Adding dried cassava 20% (w/w) in analyzed with gas chromatography using Chrompack
silage ramie leaves produced better quality of silage method (1998).
than silage which were added with corn and pollard. Data were subjected to analysis of variance
The quality of preserved ramie leaves needed to be (ANOVA). Significant differences between individual
tested in ration. means were identified using Duncan’s multiple tests.
The objective of the research was to study
preserved ramie leaves using wet and dry preservation
as grass substitute in PE goat ration and their effect
on nutrient content, fermentability and in vitro Results and Discussions
digestibility.
Nutrient composition of complete ration
Materials and Methods
Proximate composition is presented in Table 3.
This research was conducted from November Nutrient composition among treatments ration were
2008 to March 2009 at Agrostology Laboratory, Dairy significantly different (P<0.05). Substitution of napier
Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition grass by ramie leaves hay on level 20% decreases the
and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, DM weight of ration, but it was still higher than the
Bogor Agricultural University, Laboratory of Inter DM weight of the control ration. Substitute of napier
University Center, Bogor Agricultural University, and grass by silage 20% caused the DM weight of ration
Laboratory of Nutrition Physiology, Animal Research was lower than of the control ration. On higher level
Center, Ciawi. substitute (30% and 40%), DM weight of ration that
Ramie leaves were obtained from Koperasi was produced were higher than control. The difference
Pondok Pesantren (Koppontren) Darusalam, Garut of ration’s DM weight was not only because of hay
Regency. As many as 2 kg of ramie leaves, that was and silage alone, but also because of other ingredients
chopped into a length of approximately 1,5 – 2 cm (Table 1).
using forage chopper, added with 400 grams of dried Ash shows the mineral contents of the substances.
cassava to make the silage. Silage was stored in plastic Generally, substitution of king grass with ramie
(28 x 50 cm) and rewrapped with plastic and polybag increased the ash-content. This was because of the
(60 x 120 cm) to avoid light intervention. Silages were higher ash-content of both preserved ramie leaves
incubated anaerobically for 35 days. After 35 days, compared to napier grass. The higher ramie hay
silages were dried, ground, and mixed in ration. Hay and silage on ration, the higher ash-content was.
was made by drying ramie leaves in greenhouse for Substitution of napier grass with ramie leaves hay
21 hours under intensive light and the hay was twist increased the ration’s ash-content higher compared to
every 2 hours. After 21 hours light intensities, hay was substitution with silage. This was because of the ash-
ground and mixed in ration. The forage which used content on ramie leaves hay was higher than on ramie
in ration was napier grass whereas the concentrate leaves silage (Table 1). Ash-content of ramie leaves
consisted of corn, pollard, rice bran, pressed coconut was dominated by Ca that ranging from 4 – 5%. High
cake, dried cassava, CaCO3, and dicalsium phosphat. content of 6% Ca on ramie leaves was also reported by
January 2011 27
Vol. 2 No. 1 THE EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT QUALITY
Duarte et al. (1997). The high content of Ca on ramie content than control. Hay ramie leaves contained of
leaves was expected to be more available for dairy 14.01% CP were able to increase the CP content of the
animals than inorganic Ca that usually added in ration ration significantly. Eventhough, it was not obviously
(McDowell, 2003). different, ration containing silage ramie leaves had a
Ration fat-content (EE) that contained both higher CP content than control. There was no obvious
preserved ramie leaves (silage and hay) were not different caused by the level of hay-added on CP
different with control. Ration containing 40% silage had content of ration. The low CP content on using silage
higher EE content than control and ration containing was proceed from dried cassava on hay ramie leaves
hay on every level. Because of that, the higher silage that has 2.6% CP content. The use of dried cassava on
level that was added, the higher EE content was on ensilage had caused ramie ensilage to have content of
ration. On the contrary, the higher hay level added, 10.2% CP, which was not really different with napier
the lower EE content was. Crude fat-content on ration grass (8.9%).
was high because of the high percentage of pressed Ration consisted of preserved ramie leaves had a
coconut cake (Table 2). lower CF content than control. This was because of
Ration containing hay ramie leaves had higher CP lower CF content on preserved ramie leaves compared
DM Ash CP EE CF TDN Ca P
No. Feed Ingredients
------------------------------------------------- (%) -------------------------------------------------------
1. Ramie hay 90.43 21.57 14.02 3.70 13.09 52.79 4.65 2.18
2. Ramie silage 90.10 17.90 10.20 4.41 11.10 62.30 3.98 0.17
3. Napier grass 22.20 12.00 8.69 2.71 32.30 52.40 0.48 0.35
4. Rice bran 87.70 13.60 13.00 8.64 13.90 67.90 0.09 1.39
5. Pollard 88.50 5.90 18.50 3.86 9.80 69.20 0.23 1.10
6. Pressed coconut cake 88.60 8.20 21.30 10.90 14.20 78.70 0.17 0.62
7. Corn 86.80 2.20 10.80 4.28 3.50 80.80 0.23 0.41
8. Dried cassava 79.50 4.70 2.60 7.00 5.70 78.50 0.17 0.09
P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Feed Ingredient
------------------------------------------- (%) -------------------------------------------------
Ramie hay 0 0 0 0 20 30 40
Ramie silage 0 20 30 40 0 0 0
Napier grass 50 30 20 10 30 20 10
Rice bran 10 10 12 7.87 10 10 10
Pollard 10.39 17.67 17.85 23.16 15.64 19.74 18.42
Pressed coconut cake 7.32 11.8 13.67 15.09 5 5 5
Corn 18 9.03 5 3 13.09 7.04 5
Dried cassava 3.94 0 0 0 10 10 15
CaCO3 0.35 1 1 0.38 1 0 0
DCP 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.28 0 0
TDN 66.5 66.5 66.91 68 66.5 66.5 66.5
PK 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Ca 0.41 1.518 1.879 2 1.584 1.558 1.982
P 0.561 0.614 0.635 0.589 0.462 0.455 0.436
28 January 2011
DESPAL ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
Ash EE CP CF
DM
Treatments
(%)
------------------------------------- (% DM) ---------------------------------------
P0 82,17 b
10,01a 4,52abc 12,97a 23,78e
P1 81,23a 10,81a 2,83a 13,69ab 16,97cd
P2 86,15e 11,11b 5,21bc 12,69a 14,29bc
P3 86,14e 11,17b 5,58d 13,16abc 11,45a
P4 85,26e 12,03b 4,75bc 13,83bcd 16,53d
P5 83,92d 14,26c 3,77ab 14,52d 17,18d
P6 83,86c 14,94c 3,94abc 14,31cd 13,08ab
Note: Means in the same column with different superscript differ significantly (P <0.05)
January 2011 29
Vol. 2 No. 1 THE EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT QUALITY
and McCullough and Sisk (1972). On steam distillation The increasing of OM digestibility was in line
methods, all volatile substances are counted as VFA, with increasing of DM digestibility. As reported by
but not in VFA measured using GC. Sutardi (1980), because of most components of DM
Ration containing hay was less fermentable were consisted of OM so that factors that influenced
than ration containing silages. This was because DM digestibility, could also influence OM digestibility.
of microorganism activity on the ensilage helped
digesting the feedstuffs and caused silage in the rumen
Table 5. In vitro digestibility of complete ration
system more fermentable. The same result was also
found by Schingoethe et al. (1976). DMD OMD
Acetic acid was present in greatest amount and Treatments
(%) (%)
the proportion of propionic acid usually exceeded
P0 61,21a 60,40a
that of butyric (Balch and Rowland, 1956). Acetate
proportions to total VFA of the respective rations were P1 66,33abc 66,22abc
76.5%; 73.9%; 71.1%; 69.9%; 73.4%, 77.9% and P2 69,53bc 69,25c
75.6%. The use of silage (P1 – P3) gave a lower acetate
proportion than control. The higher use of silage on P3 71,91c 72,33c
ration, the lower acetate proportion . This was because P4 66,81abc 67,44bc
of the lower content of CF in silage containing ration
P5 61,63ab 61,89ab
compare to control (McCullough and Sisk, 1972).
The use of hay on certain level might reduce acetate P6 65,00ab 66,14abc
Note: Means in the same column with different superscript differ
proportion, however not as much as on silage. On the
significantly (P <0.01)
use of hay as much as 30%, acetate proportion was
higher compared to control. The high proportion of
acetate on the use of hay can be found in Esdale et al. Conclusion
(1968).
Ammonia was the main source of nitrogen Ramie leaves silage and hay used as substitute
to synthesize the microorganism’s protein, so its for napier grass may improve nutrient content and
concentration on rumen was a case that had to be ration digestibility. Eventhough ration fermentability
observed (Satter and Slyter, 1974). According to using ramie leaves silage and hay lower than control,
McDonald et al. (2002), the range of NH3 optimal fermentability in all ration still in optimal range.
concentration to synthesize the rumen microorganism’s Acetate proportion was higher on hay ramie leaves
protein was 6 – 21 mM. The NH3 that yielded from substitution though it had a lower digestibility than on
protein fermentation on the experimental rations were silage. Either silage and hay ramie leaves can be used
in optimal range for the growth of livestock and not up to 40% as Napier grass substitute in Etawah TMR.
excessive.
Digestibility was an early indication on the
availability of nutrients in certain feed to livestock ReferenceS
(Yusmadi, 2008). The influence of hay-added and
silage-added to ration on in vitro digestibility is
AOAC. 1999. Official methods of Analysis. AOAC
shown on Table 5. Ration treatment highly influential International. Washington.
(P<0.01) to ration DM and OM digestibility.
Balch, D. A. & S. J. Rowland. 1956. Volatile fatty acids
Ramie leaves silage-added to ration increased the and lactic acid in the rumen of dairy cows receiving a
DM and OM digestibility in line with the increased variety of diets. Nutr. 11 : 288 – 298.
level. The increase in digestibility also observed in Crompack. 1998. Reference Manual CP-9002 Gas
its on hay ramie leaves-added however is was not Chromatograph. Middleburgh. Netherland.
as much as on silage. Moreover 30% hay-added was
Despal. 2000. Kemampuan komposisi kimia dan kecernaan
ration gave a relative similiar digestibility to control. A in vitro dalam mengestimasi kecernaan in vivo. Media
higher digestibility of silage compared to hay was also Peternakan 23 (3): 84 – 88.
found by Yusmadi (2008). Dry matter and organic Despal. 2005. Nutritional Properties of Urea Treated Cocoa
matter pattern was inversely proportional to CF ration. Pod for Ruminant. Cuvillier Verlag. Goettingen.
The higher CF was, the lower digestibility was. This
Despal. 2007. Suplementasi nutrien defisien
case was in mutual according to Despal (2000). untuk meningkatkan penggunaan daun rami
(Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) dalam ransum
30 January 2011
DESPAL ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
domba. Media Peternakan 30 (3): 181-188. McDonald, P. R. A., Edwards J. F. D. Greenhalge & C. A.
Despal & I. G. Permana. 2008. Penggunaan berbagai Teknik Morgan. 2002. Animal nutrition. 6th Edition. Longman
Preservasi untuk Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Daun Science and Technology. New York.
Rami sebagai Hijauan Sumber Protein dalam Ransum McDowell, Lee Russell. 2003. Minerals in Animal and
Kambing Peranakan Etawah. Laporan Penelitian Human Nutrition. 2nd Edition. Elseivier Science.
Hibah Bersaing. LPPM Institut Pertanian Bogor, Amsterdam.
Bogor. NRC. 1981. Nutrient Requirement of Goat. National
Duarte, A. A, V.C. Sgarbieri & E. R. B. Juniar. 1997. Academy Press. USA.
Composition and nutritive value of ramie leaf flour Orskov, E.R and Ryle M. 1990. Energy
for monogastric animals. Revista PAB : 32 (12). Nutrition in Ruminant. Elseivier. London.
Esdale, W. J., G. A. Broderick & L. D. Satter. 1968. Schingoethe, D. J., H. H. Voelker, G. L. Beardsley, & J. G.
Measurement of ruminal volatile fatty acid production Parsons. 1976. Rumen volatile fatty acids and milk
from alfalfa hay or corn silage rations using a composition from cows fed hay, haylage, or urea
continuous infusion isotope dilution technique. J. treated corn silage. J. Dairy Sci. 59 (5) : 894 – 901.
Dairy Science 51 (11) : 1823 – 1830.
Satter, L. and L. L Slyter. 1974. Effect of` amonia
FAO. 2005. Animal Feed Resources Information System. concentration on rumen microbial protein
htttp://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/afris/Data/361. production in vitro. Br. J. Nutr. 32 : 199 – 208.
HTM. [1 Juni 2009].
Sutardi, T. 1980. Landasan Ilmu Nutrisi. Jilid I. Fakultas
General Laboratory Procedure. 1966. Departement of Dairy Peternakan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Science University of Wisconsin.
Seymour, W. M., D. R. Campbella, & Z. B. Johnson. 2005.
Hartati, E. 1998. Suplementasi minyak lemuru dan seng ke Relationships between rumen volatile fatty acid
dalam ransum yang mengandung silase pod kakao dan concentrations and milk production in dairy cows : a
urea untuk memacu pertumbuhan sapi Holstein jantan. literature study. Animal Feed Science and Technology
Disertasi. Program Pasca Sarjana. IPB. Bogor. 119 : 155–169.
Madrid, J., M. D. Megias & F. Hernandez. 1999. Yusmadi. 2008. Kajian Mutu dan Palatabilitas Silase dan Hay
Determination of short volatile fatty acids in silages Ransum Komplit Berbasis Sampah Organik Primer
from artichoke and orange by-products by capillary pada Kambing PE. Tesis. Program Pascasarjana.
gas chromatography. J. Sci. Food Agric 79: 580-584. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
McCullough, M. E. & K. R. Sisk. 1972. Crude fiber, form
of ration, type of silage and digestibility of optimum
rations. J. Dairy Sci. 55 (4) : 484.
January 2011 31
Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci., January 2011, pages 32-35 Vol. 2 No. 1
ISSN 1410-2390
Abstract
A research was carried out to study the effect of chlortetracycline addition in drinking
water on the performance of broilers fed corn-mungbean base diet. The diet was composed
of corn and mungbean as the major ingredients. One hundred of day-old chicks CP 707
were randomly assigned into two treatments i.e. 1) no addition of chlortetracycline in the
drinking water (D1), (2) addition of chlortetracycline in the drinking water (D1+). Diet
and water were offered ad libitum. Feed consumption, body weight, and feed conversion
were recorded up to day 21. Chlortetracycline addition via drinking water affected
significantly feed consumption and feed conversion (P<0.05). Broilers with chlortetracycline
administration showed lower feed consumption and feed conversion. The results indicated
that chlortetracycline additive can improve the performance of broilers fed corn-mungbean
base diet.
32 January 2011
MURWANI ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
rejected milk, or by products of bakery industries. The Table 1. Composition and nutrient contents of experimental
following research therefore was carried out to study diets.
the effect of antibiotic additive i.e. chlortetracycline Ingredients (%) D1 D1+
in drinking water in broilers fed local feed ingredients
based diet. Treatment of antibiotic in drinking
water - 500 ppm
Corn 36.71 36.71
MATERIALS AND METHODS Mungbeans 29.95 29.95
Sorghum 2.90 2.90
Birds and diets Protein Mix 21.26 21.26
Coconut Oil 2,9 2,9
All feed ingredients were obtained from local
Mineral 3.38 3.38
feed producers. Corn, sorghum and mungbean were
obtained in grain form with moisture content around Baker yeast 2.90 2.90
11%. These feed ingredients were ground separately Total 100 100
and stored in clean water- tight plastic drum until Nutrient Contents
mixed. They were also checked for the presence of Metabolisable Energy (Kkal/kg)2 3230.28 3230.28
mycotoxin, but no mycotoxin was detected. Crude protein3 22.7 22.7
Corn, sorghum, mungbean, protein mix, inactivated Crude fat3 1.09 1.09
bakery yeast (fermipan), vitamin mixture and mineral
Crude fiber3 2.32 2.32
mixture were used to compose the basal diet (Table 1). 1
The contens of mineral mix per kg i.e. 32.5% Ca, 10% P, 6 g Fe,
Protein mix consisted of locally produced milk powder 4 g Mn, 0.075 g , 0.3 g Cu, 3.75 g Zn, 0.5 g vitamin B12, 50000
and albumin powder. Albumin powder was prepared IU vitamin D3
by steaming albumin obtained from side product of
2
Based on calculated values
3
Based on proximate analysis.
local bakery producers, dried and then ground.
A total of 100 Ross CP 707 day old unsexed
broilers with initial body of weight 37± 5 g were chick
used in this experiment. They were offered free access broiler chicken producers (Murwani and Bayuardhi,
to sugar and vitamin mix solution on the arrival. The 2007).
experimental chicks were randomly assigned into 2
groups (in a warm brooder) and given the following Feed consumption, body weight
treatments: 1) without chlortetracycline (D1), (2) with and feed conversion
chlortetracycline via drinking water (D1+) (Table 1).
On day 7, the birds from each large groups were further Feed consumption was determined from the
allocated randomly into 5 replicates with 10 chickens amount of feed given ad libitum minus feed that
in each replicate. was not consumed. Body weight was measured each
The dose of antibiotic used was 500 ppm week with an electronic scale. Feed conversion was
(500 mg/L water). The diet was formulated to meet determined from the ratio of feed consumption to body
nutrient requirement of broilers with protein level on weight.
22.7%. The calculated ME of 3200 Kcal/kg. ME was A completely randomized design with 2 treatments
calculated from ME value of each feed ingredient and 5 replicates was employed. All data were analyzed
(NRC, 2004 and Hartadi et al., 1986). Chicks were using ANOVA, and Duncan’s multiple range test .
offered ad libitum access to the diet and drinking water.
Antibiotic-free vitamin was given through
drinking water and mineral mixture was mixed with
the diet. Birds were vaccinated with commercial ND RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
La Sota (PT. Medion Indonesia) on day-4 via eye
drop and subcutaneous simultaneously. The dose and Feed consumption of broilers in D1 was
vehicle of vaccine was used according to instruction significantly higher than broilers in D1+ (P<0.05)
sheet. Subcutaneous route was given with automatic (Figure 1). Antibiotic supplementation in drinking
injector. The treatments were performed for 25 days water reduced feed consumption.
of starter period, in an open broiler-house with similar
condition as that found in most small to medium scale
January 2011 33
Vol. 2 No. 1 CHLORTETRACYCLINE ADDITIVE
1000 874,06 2
751,40
800
1,5
600
gram/bird
gram/bird
1
400 A B A
A B
200 0,5
0
0
D1 D1+
D1 D1+
Figure 3. Means of feed conversion of broilers as affected
Figure 1. Means of feed consumption of broilers as affected
by antibiotic addition in drinking water.
by antibiotic addition in drinking water (g/bird)
There is no significant effect of treatments on compsution might indicate that antibiotic improved
body weight of broilers at 21 d (p>0.05). Antibiotic the effectiveness of feed utilization which could fulfill
adminstration did not affect body weight of broilers the energy and nutrient needs of broilers. Antibiotic
(Figure 2). might induce satiety system in birds and therefore
had less consumption. Antibiotics might also excert
700 its effect by improving gut morphology, especially on
560,80 small intestine, suppressing pathogenic microbes, and
600 528,80
consequently improving nutrient absorption (Parks et
500 al., 2000; Perez et al., 2005; Murwani, 2008). Such
400 effect was manifested by accretion into lean which is
gram/bird
34 January 2011
Vol. 2 No. 1 THE EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT QUALITY
Klasing, K.C. 2000. Comparative Avian Nutrition. CABI NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National
Publishing. Cambridge. Academy Press. Washington, D.C.
Murwani, R. & B. Bayuardhi. 2007. Broilers serum Parks, C.W., J. L. Grimes, P. R. Ferket & A. S. Fairchild.
cholesterol and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 2000. The case for mannanoligosaccharides in poultry
and their relation to antibiotic in feed and medication diets. An alternative to growth promotant antibiotics?
programs in four broiler producers in Semarang Proc. of Alltech’s 16th Annu. Symp. (Lyons, T.P.
region-central Java, Indonesia. Intl. J. of Poult. Sci., and Jacques, K.A. eds.). Nottingham Univ. Press,
6(4): 266-270. Nottingham UK., p.45-60.
Murwani, R. 2008. Aditif Pakan. Aditif Alami Pengganti Perez, A.R., E. Amit-Romach & Z. Sklan Dand Uni. 2005.
Antibiotika. Unnes Press, Semarang. Mucin dynamics and microbial populations in chicken
Murwani, R. 2009. Effect of Mung bean as Local Feed small intestine are changed by dietary probiotic and
Ingredients to Substitute Soybean Meal in the Diet antibiotic growth promoter supplementation. J. Nutr.
on the Performance of Broilers. The first International 135:187-192.
Seminar on Animal Industry: Sustainable Animal
Production for Food Security and Safety. Bogor.
Nyachoti, C. M., J. L. Atkinson & S. Leeson. 1996. Response
of broiler chicks fed a high-tannin sorghum diet. J. of
App. Poult. Res. 5: 239¬-245.
January 2011 35
Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci., January 2011, pages 36-41 Vol. 2 No. 1
ISSN 1410-2390
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of methionine supplementation either
in drinking water or diet on feed conversion ratio, hen day egg production from hens age
22-24 weeks, egg production, egg weight, percentage of egg yolk, egg albumin, eggshell
weight, as well as eggshell thickness in laying hens fed corn-soy-palm kernel meal based
diet. Three hundreds and fifty commercial laying hens age 16 weeks with initial weight of
1626.7 ± 38.7 g were assigned randomly in a completely randomized design to seven dietary
treatments. The treatments were as follows: (S0) deficient in methionine without addition of
methionine; (S1, S2, S3) S0 diet with addition of methionine in the diets at level of 0.05, 0.10,
and 0.15 giving total methionine content in the rations of 0.33, 0.38, and 0.43%; (S4, S5, S6)
S0 diet with addition of methionine in the drinking water at level of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075%.
Diets and water were offered ad libitum. Data were analyzed statistically using analysis of
variance (ANOVA) according to the procedure of SAS. The average intake of methionine of
S2 during four weeks of the experiment was 388.8 mg/day/bird, while the average intake of
methionine of S0 and S1 were less than the requirement, i.e., 276 mg/day/bird and 330 mg/
day/bird, respectively. The intake of methionine of S3, S5, and S6 was over the requirement
(432 mg/day/bird) and this amount of methionine could decrease the performances of the
hens. Supplementation of 0.1% methionine in the diets (S2, total methionine in the diet
was 0.38%), and 0.05% in the drinking water gave the best results in terms of hen-day egg
production, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, albumin weight, and shell weight. It is
concluded that methionine should be added to corn-soy-palm kernel based poultry diets as
much as 0.1% in diet and 0.05% in the drinking water.
Key words: Palm kernel meal, laying hens, methionine, egg, albumin, shell
36 January 2011
RIDLA ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
DL-methionine in starter diets and 0.20% in finisher egg quality in terms of the percentage of egg yolk, egg
diets in the corn-soya based diet increased performance albumen, eggshell, as well as eggshell thickness.
of broiler (Jahja et al,. 2007). However, the optimum Data were analyzed statistically using analysis of
level of methionine addition in broiler may differ from variance (ANOVA) (Steel and Torrie, 1991).
that in layer, and moreover, inclussion of palm kernel
meal (PKM) in laying hens diets may affect nutrient
retention including methionine. Table 1. Formula and chemical composition of experimental
The objective of this study was to investigate basal diets
the effect of methionine supplementation either in
Ingredients (%) Chemical Composition
drinking water or diet on egg production and its quality
Nutrient (%)
in laying hens fed corn-soy-PKM based diet.
Local Corn 53.96 Dry matter 86.16
Indian SBM 18.08 Ash 10.18
MATERIALS AND METHODS Limestone Pow 9.0 Crude protein 15.25
Rice Bran 7 Crude Fiber 5.45
Three hundred and fifty ISA-Brown strain CGM USA 2.74 Ether extract 2.66
laying hens, 16 weeks of age, were purchased from Nitrogen free
commercial breeder. Liquid methionine hydroxy Crude Palm Oil 2.13 extract 52.62
analogue and solid DL-Methionine (DLM) was Dicalcium
supplied by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. Feedstuffs phosphat 1.28 Ca 4.38
were obtained and mixed in a small commercial feed Sodium
mill in Bogor-Indonesia. The pullets were kept in Bicarbonat 0.29 P 0.99
individual cages in conventional housing system (an Salt 0.20 NaCl 0.1
open-side poultry housing). Each cage was completed L-Lysine 0.11 GE 3984
with feeder and drinking water. The lighting was Choline Chloride 0.10 EM (kcal/kg) 2868*
provided for 16 hours from 05:00 AM to 21:00 PM
Mineral mix 0.05
daily.
Vitamin mix 0.05
Experimental rations were formulated based on
*Calculated from 0.72 x Gross Energy
poultry requirement according to NRC (1994) using
corn-soy-PKM based diet. The formula and chemical
composition are shown in Table 1. The ration was
mixed twice a month. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
January 2011 37
Vol. 2 No. 1 STUDY ON EFFICACY
methionine either in the diets or drinking water Table 3. As a response to DL-methionine supplementation
decreased the average of water intake during the first means of on water consumption (ml/day/bird)*
five weeks of laying period. Compared to the water
Age (Weeks)
intake of the hen fed control diet, the decreasing water Treatments
intake were 16.04% (S1), 13.16% (S2), 20.58% (S3), 22 23 24
14.82% (S4), 17.78%, and 27.71% (S6). The hens S0 298.54±12.99 316.74±13.47 361.11±35.92
fed S6 diet (+ 0.15% DL-methionine in the drinking S1 244.54±26.28 263.63±8.59 298.67±51.07
water) had the lowest water intake. The reduction in S2 264.97±17.80 265.14±19.78 279.76±46.95
water intake could be due to the taste of water as the S3 256.03±16.42 235.43±13.61 250.90±34.94
result of rather high content DL-methionine. Water S4 249.86±14.14 266.06±15.36 293.41±48.01
intake recommended by Bell and Weaver (2002) in
S5 248.80 ± 2.80 258.91±22.06 278.46±25.17
laying hens was 220 ml/hen/day at house temperature
of 28.9oC and 300 ml/hen/day at 34.4oC. S6 216.89±21.33 228.17±17.07 49.51±29.20
* S0= basal diet without DL methionine supplementation; S1=
basal diet +0.05% DL-methionine in the diet; S2= basal diet +
0.1% DL-methionine in the diet; S3= basal diet + 0.15% DL-
Table 2. As a response to DL-methionine supplementation methionine in the diet; S4= basal diet +0.025% DL-methionine
on means of feed consumption (g/day/bird)* in the drinking water; S5= basal diet + 0.05% DL-methionine in
the drinking water; S6= basal diet + 0.075% DL-methionine in
Treatments Age (Weeks) the drinking water.
22 23 24
S0 96.06 ± 2.71 97.33±2.73 103.27± 5.65
0.1% DL-methionine in the diet) yielded the highest
S1 96.14 ± 3.63 97.40 ±3.40 108.36±1.87
egg weight. The eggs weight were almost the same to
S2 98.75 ±1.29 99.80±1.03 112.33±2.63 the standard egg weight suggested by Bell and Weaver
(2002) who reported that the weight of commercial
S3 95.96 ± 3.82 97.12±2.41 109.79± 1.32
egg was 47.5 g/egg (at 22 weeks of age), 49.0 g/egg
S4 94.53 ± 3.69 97.41±2.79 106.63±4.01 (at 23 weeks of age), 50.7 g/egg (at 24 weeks of age),
S5 97.77 ± 2.35 95.85±4.42 106.68± 0.36 and 52.3 g/egg (at 25 weeks of age).
S6 94.90 ± 2.52 94.72±7.90 105.12±1.57
* S0= basal diet without DL methionine supplementation; S1=
Response of egg production
basal diet +0.05% DL-methionine in the diet; S2= basal diet +
0.1% DL-methionine in the diet; S3= basal diet + 0.15% DL-
Means of henday egg production are presented in
methionine in the diet; S4= basal diet +0.025% DL-methionine
in the drinking water; S5= basal diet + 0.05% DL-methionine in Table 5. There was no different in henday production
the drinking water; S6= basal diet + 0.075% DL-methionine in in the first five day production period. Henday egg
the drinking water. production at the first week of the production period
Response of egg weight Table 4. Eggs weight (g) of layer with and without
methionine supplementation*
Means of egg weight are presented in Table 4. Treatments Egg Weight
Supplementation of DL-methionine either in the S0 51.24 ± 0.42
diets or drinking water increased the egg weight by of
S1 50.96 ± 0.53
3.22% (S1), 5.2% (S2), 3.45% (S3), 4.96% (S4), 5.10%
S2 51.98 ± 1.03
(S5), and 3.22% (S6). Leeson and Summers (2005)
reported that apart from manipulating feed intake, egg S3 51.62 ± 0.76
size could be manipulated by adjusting dietary levels S4 52.14 ± 0.84
of energy, fat and linoleic acid, or by adjustment the S5 51.69 ± 1.51
levels of protein, methionine and basal sulphur amino S6 51.56 ± 0.89
acids (TSAA). There was a consistent linear trend in * S0= basal diet without DL methionine supplementation; S1=
the increased in egg weight of young birds as TSAA basal diet +0.05% DL-methionine in the diet; S2= basal diet +
0.1% DL-methionine in the diet; S3= basal diet + 0.15% DL-
increased from 0.65 to 0.81%. Egg size of young
methionine in the diet; S4= basal diet +0.025% DL-methionine
layers increased by 0.7g for each 0.05% increased in in the drinking water; S5= basal diet + 0.05% DL-methionine in
dietary TSAA. Dietary TSAA was 0.56% (S0), 0.61% the drinking water; S6= basal diet + 0.075% DL-methionine in
(S1), 0.66% (S2), and 0.71% (S3). The hens fed S2(+ the drinking water.
38 January 2011
RIDLA ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
ranged from 17.36 to 40.88%. During the first five especially in weeks 22, 23, 24. The values ranged
weeks, all groups of laying hen indicated the similar from 2.47 to 2.96 in the week 4 of the laying period.
trend in hen day production. Although the methionine Supplementation of methionine tended to decrease
supplementation either in solid or liquid form had feed conversion ratio during the first five week of
no significant effect on henday production, the the production period. The excess of supplemented
supplementation tended to improve the productivity methionine tended to increase feed conversion.
of layer. The excess of supplemented methionine Available methionine in the experimental rations did
tended to reduce henday production. not meet the requirement of the experimental laying
Supplementation of DL-methionine either in the hen. The supplementation of methionine at level up
diet or drinking water increased henday egg production to 0.1% corrected the defficiency of methionin in the
by 5.2% (S1), 19.37% (S2), 19.28% (S3), 18.49% ration. However the methionine supplementation up to
(S4), and 9.94% (S5). However, the supplementation 0.15% resulted in excess of methionine or imbalance
of methionine in the drinking water at the level of in dietary amino acid.
0.15% (S6) decreased the henday egg production by
8.85%. Increased henday egg production could be due Table 6. Means of feed conversion ratio of layers receiving
to methionine role in protein synthesis in the liver of diets with and without methionine addition*
hens, resulting in increased the follicle formation. The Age (Weeks)
henday egg production of S3 and S4 at 24 weeks of Treatments
22 23 24
henday egg production old of age was 88.48%, and
S0 8.87±9.36 5.16±3.02 2.91± 0.50
S1 5.3 ±2.74 4.67±1.74 2.69±0.54
Table 5. Henday egg production (%) of layer fed diets with
and without methionine addition* S2 3.44±0.90 4.15±1.28 2.54±0.33
Treatments Age (Weeks) S3 3.38±0.36 3.84±0.65 2.44± 0.24
22 23 24 S4 3.54±1.46 3.79±1.17 2.47±0.24
S0 S5 3.48±0.56 4.15±0.93 2.79± 0.33
43 ± 14.52 63.00 ±16.95 68.04 ± 7.45
S6 8.87±9.36 5.16±3.02 2.91± 0.50
S1 46 ± 20.06 62.72 ±18.08 75.60 ± 12.52 * S0= basal diet without DL methionine supplementation; S1=
S2 60 ± 16.55 70.00 ±16.54 81.48 ± 10.77 basal diet +0.05% DL-methionine in the diet; S2= basal diet +
0.1% DL-methionine in the diet; S3= basal diet + 0.15% DL-
S3 57 ± 6.96 71.96 ±11.90 83.72 ± 8.82 methionine in the diet; S4= basal diet +0.025% DL-methionine
S4 60 ± 23.42 72.52 ±16.46 80.36 ± 10.50 in the drinking water; S5= basal diet + 0.05% DL-methionine in
the drinking water; S6= basal diet + 0.075% DL-methionine in
S5 56 ± 6.49 65.24 ±12.07 70.84 ± 9.37
the drinking water.
S6 37 ± 5.65 56.00 ±12.60 69.44 ±15.51
* S0= basal diet without DL methionine supplementation; S1=
basal diet +0.05% DL-methionine in the diet; S2= basal diet +
Response of egg quality
0.1% DL-methionine in the diet; S3= basal diet + 0.15% DL-
methionine in the diet; S4= basal diet +0.025% DL-methionine Egg quality of laying hen receiving rations
in the drinking water; S5= basal diet + 0.05% DL-methionine in supplemented with methionine are presented in Table
the drinking water; S6= basal diet + 0.075% DL-methionine in 7. Supplementation of DL-methionine in the diets and
the drinking water.
drinking water did not affect the yolk weight, but it
increased the albumin weight. This results showed
Response of feed conversion ratio that methionine supplementation increased the protein
Feed conversion ratio of laying hen receiving synthesis in term of albumin protein. Pesti et al.,
rations supplemented with methionine are presented (2005) reported that the essential, amino acids were
in Table 6. Supplementation of DL-methionine in the needed to make protein and other compound. Amino
diets and drinking water decreased feed conversion or acid needs change when protein synthesis changes.
increased feed efficiency. The results indicated that When birds were actively producing feather or egg,
basal diet (S0) had mild deficient of methionine. Pesti for instance, their requirements reflect the amino acids
et al., (2005) reported that feed efficiency was reduced in these products as well as those needed for tissue
growth and maintenance.
when imbalanced proteins were given to the birds.
Pesti et al. (2005) reported that the most important
Feed conversion decreased with the progress of
factor in determining egg size was the size of yolk,
the production period. Variation of feed conversion
largely lipids, and the second most important factor
was high during the first three week of laying period,
in determining egg size was the albumen, almost
January 2011 39
Vol. 2 No. 1 STUDY ON EFFICACY
entirely protein. The used of laying hens on protein Table 8. Eggs yolk and eggshell characteristic in laying
and amino acids to synthesis albumen were high, any hens receiving diets with and without methionine
lack of protein resulted in a decrease amount in the of addition*
albumen, and consequently egg size even though the Treatments Parameters
quantity of yolk may be similar. Increasing the protein Yolk Score Eggshell thickness
and amino acid contents of the diet had a marked effect (mm)
on increasing egg size, particularly when the hen laid
small eggs. S0 9.50 0.34
Supplementation of DL-methionine in the diets S1 9.80 0.36
and drinking water increased the egg shell weight, S2 9.50 0.35
except for the S4 and S5. This results indicated that S3 9.70 0.35
there was an increased calcium retention into the egg S4 9.50 0.37
shell due to increased in protein synthesis as methionine S5 9.70 0.37
supplementationed calcium might be bound to protein
S6 10.20 0.36
in the enterocytes and was transported in the blood in *S0= basal diet without DL methionine supplementation; S1=
both ionized and protein-bound forms. basal diet +0.05% DL-methionine in the diet; S2= basal diet +
0.1% DL-methionine in the diet; S3= basal diet + 0.15% DL-
methionine in the diet; S4= basal diet +0.025% DL-methionine
Table 7. Eggs components weight in laying hens receiving in the drinking water; S5= basal diet + 0.05% DL-methionine in
with and without methionine addition* the drinking water; S6= basal diet + 0.075% DL-methionine in
the drinking water.
Treatments Parameters
Weight Yolk Albumin Eggshell day/bird, respectively. The intake of methionine by
(g) weight weight weight layers in S3 group was 21.35 % over the requirement
(%) (%) (%) (432 mg/day/bird) and this amount of methionine
S0 51.81 22.56 63.67 10.87 intake could decrease the performances of the hens.
S1 51.84 21.97 64.52 11.29 This result indicated that there was a mild excessive of
S2 51.90 22.00 64.47 11.43 methionine in the S3 diet.
S3 51.96 22.38 64.37 11.01
Supplementation methionine 0.05 % in the
drinking water yielded a better performances compared
S4 52.19 22.44 64.52 10.84
to others (S5 and S6). The methionine intake by layers
S5 51.92 22.67 64.19 10.93 in S5 and S6 group could be exceeded the requirement
S6 52.09 22.53 63.79 11.08 of the hens. The methionine intake of S6 group was
*S0= basal diet without DL methionine supplementation; S1= 161.97% above the requirement, and it could be
basal diet +0.05% DL-methionine in the diet; S2= basal diet +
0.1% DL-methionine in the diet; S3= basal diet + 0.15% DL-
excessive to the birds.
methionine in the diet; S4= basal diet +0.025% DL-methionine
in the drinking water; S5= basal diet + 0.05% DL-methionine in CONCLUSION
the drinking water; S6= basal diet + 0.075% DL-methionine in
the drinking water. Supplementation of 0.1% methionine in the corn-
soy-palm kernel meal based diets which was equal
with 0.38% of the total dietary methionine, or 0.05%
Supplementation of 0.1% methionine in the diets in the drinking water with the same formula of the diet
(S2, total methionine in the diet was 0.38%) resulted resulted in the best performances of young laying hens
in the best performances in terms of hen-day egg in terms of hen-day egg production, feed conversion
production, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, albumin ratio, egg weight, albumin weight, and shell weight.
weight, and shell weight. It could be due to fulfillment It is recomended that methionine should be added to
of the methionine requirement of the hens. The corn-soy-palm kernel based poultry diets as much as
estimated methionine requirement for egg number and either 0.1% in diet or 0.05% in the drinking water.
weight were 364 mg/day/bird and 356 mg/day/bird,
respectively. The average intake of methionine by REFERENCES
layer in S2 group during five weeks of the experiment
was 388.8 mg/day/bird, while the means intake of Al-Saffar, A. A. & S. P. Rose. 2002. The response of of
laying hens to dietary amino acids. World Poult. Sci.
methionine of those in S0 and S1 group were less than
58 : 209-234.
the requirement, i.e., 276 mg/day/bird and 330 mg/
40 January 2011
RIDLA ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
Bell, D.D. & W. D. Weaver, 2002. Commercial Chicken National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements
Meat and Egg Production. 5th ed. Nework, Springer. of Poultry. 9th Revised Edition. National Academy
Jachja, J., N. Ramli, M. Ridla, Sumiati & T. Toharmat. 2007. Press. Washington D. C. USA.
The effectiveness of DL-Methionine suplementation Pesti, G.M., R. I. Bakalli, J. P. Driver , A. Atencio, & E. H.
in diet on performance of starter and finisher broil- Foster. 2005. Poultry Nutrition and Feeding.Trafford
ers. Proceeding of Association of Nutrition and Feed Publishing. Canada.
Scientiest Seminar Gadjah Mada University, July 26- Steel, R. G. D. & J. H. Torrie. 1991. Prinsip dan Prosedur
27th 2007. Statistik. Suatu Pendekatan Biometrik. Terjemahan:
Leeson, S., and J.D. Summers,. 2005. Commercial Poultry M. Syah. P.T. Gramedia, Jakarta.
Nutrition. 3rd Ed. University Book. Guelph, Ontario,
Canada.
January 2011 41
Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci., January 2011, pages 42-45 Vol. 2 No. 1
ISSN 1410-2390
ABSTRACT
Key words : Earthworm, broiler chickens, growth performance, carcass production, abdominal fat
42 January 2011
DONO ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
Rukmana (1999) reported that earthworm is suitable average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio of the
as an alternative feedstuff for poultry since it contains broilers were recoded weekly. At 42 days old, the
high protein and amino acids. It is also contains broilers were slaughtered and the carcass percentage,
protein and amino acids that are easily digested and and abdominal fat levels were measured. Variables
absorbed by the gut. On the other hand, earthworm that observed in this study were: growth performance
also contains anti-bacterial properties (Smith, 2001) (feed consumption, average daily gain, and feed
that can reduce pathogenic bacteria of gram negative, conversion ratio), carcass percentage (slaughter weight
such as : Salmonella typhii, etc. (Waluyo, 2008); non- and percentage of slaughter weight), and abdominal
toxic (Mambo, 2006) and contains α-tocoferol (vitamin fat levels (abdominal fat weight and percentage of
E), which can be used as anti-oxidant (Purwakusuma, abdominal fat) of broiler.
2007). All data were statistically analysed by the One
In the bio-pharmacy practices, earthworm Way of ANOVA and followed by the Duncan’s new
is known to have many purposes, such as : anti Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for significant differences
oxidative, hepatoprotective (Balamurugan et al., between treatments.
2008), antipyretic, antihypertensive, anti-allergic,
anti asthmatic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti
inflammatory effects (Ismail et al., 1992; Cooper, 2005; RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Prakash et al., 2007; Balamurugan et al., 2007).
Lumbricin, an active compound in earthworm’s, Growth performance
can be used in poultry feed as immunosuppressant
(Damayanti et al., 2009), resulting in optimizing Growth performance of broilers used in this
daily growth. Resnawati (2008) recommends to use study was presented in Table 1. Supplementation of
earthworm meal as supplement in broiler ration. earthworm meal increased protein intake and energy
A further study must be done properly to explore intake significantly. Earth worm supplementation
hidden potencies of earthworm meal in broiler increased protein intake (P<.05) of the birds from 2.24
ration, particularly its effects on growth, and carcass g/day (LR-0) to 2.41 g/day (LR-3.0). Supplementation
composition. also increased energy intake (P<.05) of the birds from
235.74 kcal/kg/day (LR-0) to 260.43 kcal/kg/day (LR-
3.0), while supplementation at that level did affect
Materials and Methods on total feed intake of the birds. Total feed intake of
broilers fed control diet was 83.37 g/day. It was not
different with those that given 1.5% supplementation
This research was carried out at the Poultry Unit, (82.89 g/day) or of those given 3.0% supplementation
Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, (84.98 g/broiler/day).
Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Data on Table 1 showed that on LR-3.0, energy
Yogyakarta. Materials that used in this study were: intake and protein intake increased simultaneously.
DOC broilers, base diet, and earthworm meal. Sixty This made total feed consumption quite stable and did
(60) unsexed DOC broilers strain of Lohmann not detected significantly. Zuprizal (2006) reported
were used in this study. The birds were plotted into that total feed consumption of broiler was depended on
3 treatment levels, i.e : LR-0 (base diet without energy which is consisted in the ration. Improvement
earthworm supplementation; as control diet), LR- of that energy and protein consumption was caused
1.5 (control diet supplemented with 1,5% earthworm by presence of nutrient that is consisted in earthworm
meal), and LR-3.0 (control diet supplemented with meal. Therefore, earthworm supplementation increased
3.0% earthworm meal). Every treatment was replicated protein consumption. It was not different with
4 times, with 5 broilers in each replicate. The control Mudjiman’s statement (2004) that since earthworm
diet was composed of : yellow corn, soybean meal, meal is so easy to digest, it will easy also to be absorbed
fish meal, wheat pollard, rice polishing, coconut oils, by pores within gastrointestinal walls.
bone meal, and mineral premix. All diet was design The average of daily weight gain of the birds fed
iso-caloric (2979.58 + 18.05 kcal/kg) and iso-protein control diet was 42.46 g/day. Supplementation of 3.0%
(22.36 + 0.40 %). Earthworm which used was is the earth worm meal increased average of daily weight
Lubricus rubellus that had been sun-dried for 2-3 days gain (P<0.05) from 42.46 g/day (LR-0) to 46.47%
and grilled properly. (LR-3.0). On the other hand, feed conversion ratio
During the feeding trial, total feed consumption, (FCR) of the birds fed control diet was 1.96. This FCR
January 2011 43
Vol. 2 No. 1 THE EFFECT OF EARTHWORM
reduced significantly (P<.0.05) up to 1.83 following growth rate of the broiler. This might be also caused by
by 3.0% earthworm meal supplementation. its higher nutrient intake. Soeparno (1994) described
This may be caused by the higher amino acids that acceleration of slaughter weight and the whole
content of earth worm – especially methionine and growth rate was much depends on the nutrient intake
lysine – and fatty acids in the supplemented diet. Both of the birds.
amino acids and fatty acid contained by the earth worm Data presented in Table 2 showed that carcass
more or less will contribute in the growth of the birds weight was not affected by 3.0% earth worm
(Rukmana, 1999). Furthermore, earth worm meal supplementation. Carcass weight of the birds fed
also has strong anti-bacterial properties. Reducing control diet was 1139.25 g/bird, while in the LR-1.5
certain number of enteropathogens alters microbial group was 1244.92 g/bird and in the LR-3.0 group was
colonization in the gut (Rodriguez et al., 1996; Smith, 1311.08 g/bird. At the other hand, carcass percentage
2001), resulted more nutrient available in the gut. of the bird fed 3.0% earth worm meal was 63.53%,
Therefore, 3.0% earthworm meal supplementation while in the LR-0 which fed control diet was 62.30
improved performances of 42 day old broilers. %. Statistical analyses showed that there was no
significant difference among the treatment groups.
Carcass percentage
Abdominal fat levels
Results showed in Table 2 that slaughter weight
of broilers fed with 3.0% earthworm meal increased Data presented in Table 2 showed that abdominal
significantly (P<.05) from 1830.75 g/bird (LR-0) fat levels of the control birds (LR-0) were 20.75 g/bird.
to 1995.55 g/bird (LR-1.5). Addition of 1.5% earth The abdominal fat decreased significantly (P<.05)
worm meal on LR-3.0 didn’t automatically increase to 18.08 g/bird (LR-3.0) following 3.0% earthworm
slaughter weight (P>.05). Damayanti et al., (2009) meal supplementation. However, supplementation of
cited Liu et al. (2004) stated that earthworm contains 1.5% earth worm meal did not affect the abdominal
Lumbricin which have an immuno-stimulation effect. fat weight.
This active compound is reported to accelerate the Percentage of abdominal fat of 42 days old birds
Table 2. Carcass production of 42 days old birds and abdominal fat levels fed earthworm meal supplement
Level of Supplementation
Variables
LR-0 LR-1,5 LR-3,0
Slaughter Weight (g/bird) 1830,75a 1995,55a 2084,67b
Carcass Weight (g/bird) 1139,25 1244,92 1311,08
Carcass Percentage (%) 62,3 62,29 63,53
Abdominal Fat Weight (g/bird) 20,75 a
19,58a
18,08b
Percentage of Abdominal Fat (%) 1,13b 1,00b 0,87a
Note : Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P <0.05)
44 January 2011
DONO ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.
Earthworm meal is one of high quality protein Ismail, S. A., K. Pulandiran, R. Yegnanarayan. 1992. Anti-
source which contains 52.17% to 60-72% crude pro- inflammatory activity of earthworm extracts. Soil
tein (Rahman, 2008; Chumaidi, 2005). Previous study Biology Biochemistry, 24(12):1253–1254.
showed that the higher earthworm meal supplementa- Mambo. 2006. Sabut Kelapa dan Ampas Tahu sebagai
tion level, the more the protein content in the ration. Media dan Pakan Cacing Tanah (Lumbricus rubellus).
On the other hand, earthworm meal can be digested http://maluku.litbang.deptan.go.id. [2 July 2009]
and absorbed easily. As a result, protein metabolism in Mudjiman, A. 2004. Makanan Ikan. Edisi revisi. Penebar
the body performed properly, resulting less fat deposi- Swadaya, Jakarta.
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January 2011 45
INDON. J. NUTR. AND FEED SCI. Vol. 2 No. 1 , January 2011
ISSN 1410-2390
INDEX OF AUTHORS
Vol. 2 No. 1
INDEX OF SUBJECT
Vol. 2 No. 1
Table 1. Mean of pH, N-NH3 and total VFA concentration, and gas production in vitro as responses to various dietary
treatments.
Dietary treatments
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4
pH 6.97±0.14 6.94±0.09 6.93±0.06 6.92±0.07 6.92±0.07
N-NH3 (mM) 13.52±4.93 12.55±5.56 11.81±4.96 10.81±4.64 13.93±6.02
Total VFA (mM) 82.85±17.39 c
105.54±12.02 ab
114.68±6.99 ab
122.46±7.88 a
98.27±20.30bc
Gas volume (ml) 43.25±11.18 48.75±10.40 49.25±9.84 52.25±08.54 53.50±16.76
Note: Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05).
700 700
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Growth Period (week) Growth period (week)
Figure 1. Length of stolons (A) and pattern of stolons growth (B) of B. humidicola grass during 14 weeks growth period: ◊= control, =
mulch C. odorata, ∆= animal manure, x = combination C. odorata-animal manure, ○ = urea + SP36.
journal, volume and number, and pages. Article in articles as suggested by reviewers.
a book: author(s), year, title of the article, editor(s),
2. Copy right of article(s) published is held by Indonesian
book title, name and place of publisher.
Journal of Nutrition and Feed Science.
e. An example of writing references:
3. Publication of accepted articles is free of charge.
AOAC. 2010. Official Methods of Analysis of
AOAC International, 18th Edition. Assoc. 4. First author get five reprints of accepted articles and
Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington. (Book) one exemplar of the journal.
Biswas, A., M. Ahmed, V. K. Bharti, & S. B.
Singh. 2011. Effect of Antioxidants on
Physiobiochemical and Hematological Address for Correspondence
Parameters in Broiler Chicken at High Editorial Board of Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Feed
Altitude. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 24: Science
246-249. (Journal) Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Jayanegara, A. 2008. Methane reduction effect Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor Indonesia 16680
of polyphenol containing plants, simple Telephone: +62 251 8626419
phenols and purified tannins in in vitro rumen Facsimile: +62 251 8626419
fermentation system. Thesis. University of E-mail: jurnal_aini@yahoo.com
Hohenheim, Stuttgart. (Thesis/Disertation)
Peoples, M.B., R.M. Boddey, & D.F. Herridge.
2002. Quantification of Nitrogen Fixation.
In. G. J. Leigh (Ed). Nitrogen Fixation at the
Millennium. Elsevier B.V. Amsterdam. pp.
357-389. (Article in a Book)