REINFORCED CONCRETE

FRAMED STRUCTURES

FOUNDATIONS

SUPERSTRUCTURE

STAIRS

FEBRUARY 2010 M LAATOE

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010

REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED STRUCTURES
1. STANDARD SYSTEM CLAUSES

BILL TRADE: CONCRETE FORMWORK AND REINFORCEMENT

1.1 CONCRETE

Clause 1: Classification

(a) Unreinforced concrete (URC)

(b) Reinforced concrete (RC)
(c) Concrete encasing structural steel

Different grades or mixes of concrete must be given separately.

Concrete may be specified as follows:

(a) Prescribed mix concrete:

• Class A min. 7 MPa max. 37,5mm stone 1 : 4 : 8

• Class B min. 15 MPa max. 19mm stone 1 : 3 : 5
• Class C min. 20 MPa max. 19mm stone 1 : 2,5 : 3,5

(b) Strength concrete:

Specified strength and size of stone, e.g. 30 MPa/19mm.

Clause 2: Scope and unit of measurement

• All concrete measured in m3

• Separate items for different components such as surface blinding, surface

bed, footings, bases, slabs inclusive of beams, isolated beams, lintels,
stairs inclusive of landings and beams, walls, columns.

• Concrete components cast against excavated surfaces to be kept separate

- description deemed to include filling to irregularities.

• Separate surface beds cast monolithically and those cast in panels -

description of the latter deemed to include formwork forming panels.

• No deductions for void not exceeding 0,1 m3

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 2

 • No deductions for longitudinal pipes n.e. 200 mm diameter, reinforcement,
conduits, etc.

Clause 5: Projections

• Small projections and cores such as nibs, fins, strings, cornices and kerbs
shall be included with the relevant item to which they apply.

Clause 6: Shaped tops, and striking off and curing

• Deemed to be included in the description of relevant items.

• Prescribed curing compounds measured in square metres.

Clause 7: Surface treatment

• Treatment of the finished face of concrete other than in clauses 6 above to

be given in square metres.

Clause 8: Grooves, channels, mortices, etc.

• Grooves and channels in tops of concrete measured in metres,

descriptions inclusive of angles, ends, etc.

• Mortices and sinkings measured in no.

Clause 10: Test Blocks

• Blocks for testing quality of concrete measured in No, descriptions to

include testing.

1.2 FORMWORK

Formwork must classified in terms of its off-shutter finish:

(a)Rough: No treatment of the surface of the concrete will be required

after the striking of the formwork. The finish of the
concrete need not be more than Degree of Accuracy III.

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 3

 (b)Smooth: Imperfections such as small fins, bulges, irregularities, surface
honeycombing and surface discolourations must be made good
and repaired. The finish of the concrete need not be more than
Degree of Accuracy II.

(c)Special: Smooth and fair: This class of finish requires the highest standard
of concrete work, formwork, accuracy and technique. The
standard of finish shall be straight, smooth and uniform finish of
good quality and consistent colour and texture, free of
honeycombing.

Clause 11: General

• Formwork measured to net surfaces of concrete to be supported.

• Formwork for different components kept separate.

• Circular work kept separate, distinctions to be made between circular and

spherical work, and work exceeding and not exceeding 1m radius.

• Formwork to sloping top surfaces measured where pitch exceeds 35 degrees.

Clause 12: Scope and unit of measurement

• Formwork measured m2 unless otherwise stated.

• No deductions for openings not exceeding 3 m2.

• No deductions for intersection of ends of beams with beams, columns, walls,

etc. and tops of columns with slabs, beams, etc.

Clause 13: Propping, etc.

• Formwork to soffits separated into groups propped to heights not exceeding

1,5 m, exceeding 1,5 m and n.e 3,5m and thereafter in stages of 1,5 m.

• Formwork to soffits of sloping components must also be categorised as above

except for soffits of stairs and landings where no separation of height is made.

• Formwork to columns and walls separated into stages of n.e. 3,5 m high above
bearing level and thereafter in stages of 1,5 m.

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 4

 • Formwork to inner face of shaft wall and to outer face of wall flush with
perimeter of concrete structure to be measured separately, no distinction
being made for height.

Clause 14: Columns

• Formwork to columns of different shapes measured separately, caps and

bases measured in number.

• Formwork to circular columns measured in number and may include caps and
bases.

Clause 15: Slabs

• Formwork to soffits of solid slabs exceeding 250 mm thick measured in stages

of 250 mm.

Clause 16: Edges, Risers, etc

• Formwork to edges, risers, ends and reveals not exceeding 300 mm high or
wide all added together and measured in metres.

Clause 17: Projections, grooves etc.

• Formwork to form projections, chamfers, splayed edges, grooves, rebates, etc

shall be given in metres suitably grouped according to size. Description is
deemed to include stops, angles, etc.

• Formwork to raised panels and the like, pedestals, sinkings, measured in

number.

Clause 18: Openings

• Formwork to small opening not exceeding 2m girth measured in number and

grouped in stages of 1m girth.

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 5

1.3 REINFORCEMENT

Clause 20: General

• Reinforcement measured to the designed lengths and given in tons. Small

quantities may be measured in kg.

• Descriptions deemed to include bending, hooked ends and binding wire, cover
blocks and spacers, and maintaining in position during concreting.

Clause 22: Bar reinforcement

• Bar reinforcement shall be measured separately for each diameter.

• Bars in lengths exc. 13 m and n.e. 18 m kept separate and thereafter in stages
of 1 m lengths.

Clause 24: Fabric reinforcement

• Fabric reinforcement measured in m2, including in description all

bending.

• No deduction to be made for openings wants n.e. 1 m2.

Methods of dealing with reinforcement in bills of quantities

1. Weighted out - Bending schedules

2. Provisional Sum - Design, supply and fixing complete
3. Prime Cost Sum - Supply only

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 6

REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE FRAMED STRUCTURE
Column
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
FFL
1. FOUNDATION Surface bed
NGL

Filling

Backfill B C Ground beam

D
Stooling

A
Column
b

Order of Measurement:
Blinding
A - Column bases
B - Foundation columns
C - Foundation beams
D - Stooling under foundation beams

MEASURING LIST

A Columns bases
• Excavate for column bases m3
• Risk of collapse m2
• Unreinforced concrete (URC) in blinding under column bases m3
• Reinforced concrete (RC) in column bases m3
• Formwork to sides of column base (exceptional cases) m2

B Foundation Columns
• R.C. in foundation columns m3
• Formwork to sides of foundation columns m2

C Foundation beams
• Excavate for foundation beams m3
• Risk of collapse m2
• URC in blinding under foundation beams m3
• R.C. in foundation beams m3
• Formwork to sides of foundation beams m2
• Excavate for working space for formwork to sides of foundation beams m2

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 7

D Stooling under foundation beams
• R.C in stooling under foundation beams. m3
• Formwork to sides of stoolings under foundation beams. m2

2. SUPERSTRUCTURE (FLOOR BY FLOOR)

C B First floor
E

F Measure
each floor
from top of
floor level to
top of floor
level above
A
– all
inverted
beams part
of slab

Ground floor

Measuring procedure

1. Measure columns to underside of slab above

2. Measure slab through beams and inverted beams
3. Measure beams between columns

Order of Measurement:

A - Columns to underside of slab

B,C - Slab overall
D - Beams below slab
E - Inverted beams
F - Isolated beams
G - Walls

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 8

MEASURING LIST

A Columns

• R.C. in columns m3

• Formwork to sides of columns:

• rectangular columns m2

• L-shaped columns m2

• T-shaped columns m2

• irregular shaped columns m2

• circular columns No

Examples of circular columns

• R C in columns m3

• Formwork to sides circular columns

300 mm diameter 3 m high No

• R.C. in columns m3

• Formwork to sides of circular columns 300 mm diameter 3m

high overall with mushroom cap 1 000 mm diameter at top
and 300 mm high overall with the top 100 mm of cap
vertical No

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 9

B & C Slabs

• R.C in slabs including beams and inverted beams m3

• Formwork to edges n.e. 300 mm high m

• Formwork to sides of beams m2

• Formwork to soffit of slab propped up exc 1,5m and n.e. 3,5 m high m2

• Ditto cantilever slab propped up exc 3,5 m and n.e. 5 m high m2

• Ditto slab exceeding 250 mm and n.e. 500 mm thick ditto m2

D Beams

• R.C. in slabs including beams and inverted beams m3

• Formwork to sides of beams m2

• Formwork to soffits of beams propped up n.e. 3,5 m high m2

&
• Ddt: Formwork to soffit of slab ditto m2

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 10

E Inverted beams

• R.C. in slab including beams and inverted beams m3

• Formwork to sides of inverted beams m2

• Formwork to sides of inverted beams above concrete m2

F Isolated beams

• R.C in isolated beams m3

• Formwork to sides of isolated beams m2

• Formwork to soffits of isolated beams propped up exc 5m and n.e. 6,5m

high m2

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 11

G Walls

• R.C. in walls m3

• Formwork to sides and walls with total height exceeding 3,5 m and n.e. 5 m
above bearing level m2

H Staircases

First floor

Landing

Ground floor

• Reinforced concrete ( 25 MPa / 19 mm ) in stairs including landings,

beams and inverted beams. m3

• Formwork to soffit of landings. m2

• Ditto exc 250 mm and n.e. 500 mm thick. m2

• Formwork to stairs with sloping soffits. m2

• Formwork to sloping and stepped outer edges of stairs ne. 300 mm high
extreme. m

• Ditto .......mm high extreme. m

• Formwork to edges, risers, ends and reveals n.e. 300 mm high. m

RC Structures Notes - M Laatoe – Feb 2010 12