The Holography Times

Endeavour to safe guard products & people

September 2008 Vol II Issue IV

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Source: www.ihma.org

SPECIAL REPORT
Hologram: The first line of defence in the war on

PHARMA COUNTERFEITING
ALSO Anti-counterfeiting solutions for FIFA 2010 3M targets Indian pharma industry Using holograms to celebrate success Face to face with Mr. Manoj Kochar - MD, Holoflex Holographic optical elements Review on HOLOPACK-HOLOPRINT 2008 Industry updates and more...
The Holography Times is a quarterly newsletter published by HoMAI

Editorial
Dear Readers,

The Holography Times

In this issue

e are delighted to share with you our quarterly newsletter The Holography Times. With its many applications, holography is one of the most interesting developments in modern optics. This newsletter is being designed to not only share with you learnings from the world of holography, but also to keep you informed of growth and achievements in the domestic and international arena. Worldwide counterfeiting has emerged as the fastest growing business, estimated to $ 600 billion every year. In this situation, when at least 5-7 Percent of world trade is counterfeited, it impacts governments and society at large. But this figure would be even higher, if Holography would not have come to rescue, whether it would be about safe guarding sports events like the FIFA world cup or about saving peoples lives by protecting pharma drugs. In this issue of Holography times, we bring to you several facets of developmental activity and latest happenings through our section on News Bytes. You will also be happy to know that every issue of The Holography Times will now cover a special report section, addressing a particular sector. It will further discuss the application of holograms as the most effective way for protecting products and enhancing authenticity in that sector. This issue has a very important offering for our readers in the form of a special report titled "Holograms-The first line of defence in the war on pharma counterfeiting". A must-read for all members! This issue also includes interviews of industry leaders, marketer's views, technology read on embossing technique, industry news & updates among many others. The objective of this newsletter is to create a forum for exchange of information on all aspects of holography. We are sure, that going ahead, with your suggestions, we can achieve this common goal. We appreciate your feedback and value your suggestions. Will be back with more insightful and informative articles!

News Bytes Corporate News

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INTERVIEW MANOJ KOCHAR

The managing director of Holoflex speaks about his experience in Hologram Industry

Alert of the Issue

MARKETERS SPEAKS
Ian Lancaster, General Secretary of IHMA, specialist analysts & consultant in holography describes how holograms is helping on pharma anticounterfeiting

Holographic optical element; New master replicating technology...

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Tribute Patent News Happy reading! Events & Conferences Holopack Holoprint Review

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News Bytes

Anti-Counterfeiting solution for 2010 World Cup

A
fter its success with the 2006 FIFA World Cup licensing programme, De La Rue Holographics has been reselected to provide a secure anti-counterfeit solution to protect FIFA's official licensed merchandise, including products for the 2010 World Cup in SouthAfrica. The tags will appear on clothing and merchandise to make it easy for football fans to identify original official products. The solution, which will be deployed globally, incorporates an easy to authenticate holographic label and holographic swing tag with SLSNet, an online ordering and tracking system. The new FIFA holograms integrate advanced design techniques with De La Rue latest hologram technology. The association is currently setting up a network of globally branded stores in preparation for the tournament. The quality seals produced by De La Rue make it easy for any supporter to identify the original official items, while guaranteeing the integrity of the licensing programme worldwide. De La Rue marketing communications manager Clare Walsh said: "The tags are a three-pronged prevention measure for counterfeiting. The public can identify them in stores; FIFA officials can check them in stores; and forensic workers can check authenticity in the lab. De La Rue is the world largest commercial security printer and papermaker. De La Rue holograms are used in 40 different currencies & more than 95 different banknote denominations. De La Rue is also accredited to produce the VISA dove holograms and is involved in the production of over 150 national currencies and a wide range of security documents.
Source: www.delarue.com

The solution, which will be deployed globally, incorporates an easy to authenticate holographic label and holographic swing tag with SLSNet, an online ordering and tracking system

Mikhail Myasnikovich

Belarus to develop cooperation in hologram production

protecting securities from forgery. IHMA Head Ian Lancaster noted that We are greatly interested in cooperation with Belarusian scientists and hologram manufacturers. This association intends to discuss the cooperation areas in this sector with scientific and commercial organizations of Belarus. The two sides also considered an opportunity of holding a similar international conference e.g. Holopack-Holoprint in Minsk, discussing a long-term hologram development strategy.
Source: www.belisa.org

elarus is going to develop cooperation with the international organizations in hologram production, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Belarus, Mikhail Myasnikovich stated at a meeting with Gen Secretary of the International Hologram Manufacturers Association (IHMA), Ian Lancaster on September 5, 2008. Mikhail Myasnikovich noted that Worldwide holography is used for protection and is also applied in other areas of the national economy. In Belarus this technology is used for popularization of art objects and in decoration. The main area of application, however, is
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In Belarus this technology is used for popularization of art objects and in decoration. The main area of application, however, is protecting securities from forgery, Mikhail Myasnikovich underlined
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News Bytes

The Holography Times

3M targets Indian pharma with range of counterfeit solutions

3
M Security Systems Division, a leading provider of innovative solutions, is aggressively targeting the pharmaceutical sector to solve a wide range of security problems. Out of the $50 billion pharma counterfeit market, 35 per cent of the detected cases originate from India. According to the European Commission report, India tops in counterfeit medicines followed by the United Arab Emirates and China. Together, the three countries account for more than 80 per cent of all counterfeit medicines. The company's security systems division has been a market leader for over 35 years combining multiple 3M technologies in material science and adhesive state-of-the-art equipment to provide customers with unique anti -counterfeiting solutions i.e. anti-counterfeit labeling solutions, security laminates, border control management systems and document authentication systems. The company's offering for the pharma sector covers retro reflective technologies, clear 2 cyan, confirm floating image technologies and tamper label available in the form of labels, rolls for online and offline application. These patented products involve complex technology which is impossible to copy and tamper. The retroreflective authentication products use holography and patented, proprietary retroreflective technology to deliver a secure, visually attractive solution. It combines authenticated overt and covert security features. The overt security is a unique, black hologram. The covert security utilizes retroreflective technology to reflect a secure covert image when illuminated with a focused light source. These products can be applied on any kind of packaging substrate such as blister, aluminum, shrink sleeve, paper carton etc and come in the various forms and sizes. Pricing for the security products would depend on the levels of customization on the labels and the size of the labels. Indian pharma companies have made losses of around 4 to 5 per cent annually due to drug product counterfeiting. Beginning to realize the loss incurred with counterfeits, companies are allocating separate budgets for product security spends, said Ravi C Chandwani, General Manager, Security Systems Division, 3M.
Source: www.pharmabiz.com

Out of the $50 billion pharma counterfeit market, 35 per cent of the detected cases of counterfeits originate from India

Using hologram for celebrating success

olography is helping companies in celebrating their anniversary or success on a grand scale. This year two major companies celebrated in style, one being a cigarette manufacturers & the other a fashion magazine.

Imperial Tobacco developed a special edition holographic pack of Lambert & Butler to mark the cigarette marquee's 10 years as the UK's biggest FMCG brand. A range of holographic cartons were designed with rotogravure printing technology and in-line embossing, cutting and creasing had been used with a registered holographic laminate. Last year too, Hong Kong post celebrated the Hong Kong special administrative region's 10th anniversary by issuing a set of six special stamps and a hologram stamp sheetlet. This year a revolutionary Esquire magazine cover had an inset that electrically sorts tiny black or white capsules to read, The 21st century begins now as the magazine's 75th anniversary cover. A list of the 21st century's 75 most influential people highlights the issue.

special edition holographic pack of Lambert & Butler

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News Bytes

Holographic Proof of Address for Chennai residents

T
he Postal Department will soon issue Proof of Address cards to residents of Chennai, according to Chennai City Region Postmaster General M.S. Ramanujam. After launching new services at the Mylapore Post Office, he said the project was being implemented on a trial basis in Chennai, to be followed by other centres. These cards would not replace any of the existing identification cards. The objective is that they are trying to help people coming into the city on transfers and those seeking jobs. Most of them find it difficult to produce a proof of address and thus this card will enable them to open a bank account, buy mobile phones, apply for a telephone connection and ration card among other things. The tamper-proof, laminated card is valid for three years and will carry India Posts hologram. The postal department will charge Rs. 210 (US $ 5) per card. The card will be issued only to those who opt for it. Mr. Ramanujam said these cards would be issued only by the Postmaster of Head Post Office. It would be issued within 10 days from the date of application. The services of postman and beat inspector would be roped in to check the credentials of the applicant. It cant be misused. If the applicant changes the location, we will cancel the card. We are also ready to provide the database to investigating agencies, if need be, he added.
Source: www.hindu.com

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Corporate News

The Holography Times

Gopsons Papers Ltd. inks Holoflexs commitment to excellence joint venture with Data enhanced by Trace DNA Proprietary Ltd. environmental

opsons Papers Ltd. one of the most technological advanced security printers in India have recently inked a joint venture with Data Trace DNA Proprietary Ltd. for promoting & marketing the Data Trace Tracer technology. The Data Trace is owned and funded by the Australian Government's owned & research development organization. Datatrace DNA uses an exceedingly durable forensic marker system to provide a tracking and authentication for the protection of brands, industrial products, and bulk materials. The tracers are written in special algorithm which can only be deciphered by a special authenticator. The tracers have unique characteristics similar to the human DNA, which is used for the forensic analysis. The tracer can be used with almost all substrates like, paper, fiber, glass, metal, adhesives, polymers, and chemicals etc. With its extreme capabilities, the tracer is probably the only tracer to withstand temperature as high as 1000 Celsius apart from resistance to all most all chemical. With its unique properties it is extensively used for asset identification & in Industries like printing, paints, paper, tax stamps, chemical, explosives, fiber, bulk material like cement, powders etc. With this venture, Gopsons has become the official forensic laboratory for the Data Trace DNA to provide forensic analysis. Gopsons aims to promote the tracer in the Defense Industry, Brand Protection & IP Protection and the entire supply chain of the bulk materials.

protection measures!
oloflex ltd, a pioneer company in security hologram and brand protection, reports that its manufacturing facility at Salt Lake has been awarded an ISO 14001:2004 certificate. The company is a founder member of Hologram Manufacturers Association of India and a full member of International Hologram ManufacturersAssociation. ISO 14001 is a voluntary environmental management system which requires constant commitment to environment planning and improvement. It provides potential and existing customers with the assurance that Holoflex is dedicated to improving the quality of the environment. ISO 14001 shows that Holoflex has an effective environmental management system in place to protect both man and the environment from the potential impact of its manufacturing activities while helping to maintain and to improve the overall quality. Manoj Kochar, Holoflex Managing Director, said "We decided to introduce and implement ISO 14001:2004 to ensure greater consistency and to foster among Holoflex team members an attitude to continual search for improvement in our environmental protection performance. This helps us to develop, manufacture and market products that are sage for their intended use, efficient in their use of energyandprotectiveoftheenvironment. Holoflex has achieved full compliance with ISO 14001:2004 environemntal management system standard on 29 April 2008. For more information, contact at manoj@holoflex.com
Corrigendum: We apologies and state that in our last issue the details of Shriram Veritech Solutions Pvt Ltd were incorrect. The correct contact details are info@veritechindia.com

Track-Pack becomes Kantas Track Pack

rack-Pack India Ltd has now becomes Kantas Track Pack India Ltd. Kantas Track-Pack is among one of premier Hologram Companies in India and are a part of the KANTAS group. Track-Pack a founder member of HoMAI & has been manufacturing holograms since 1998. For more information, contact at: tpiltd@airtelbroadband.in

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The Holography Times

Know Your Member

Face to Face with Mr. Manoj Kochar

A Commerce Graduate from St. Xavier College, Mr. Manoj Kochar is behind the fastest growing hologram company in India. In a interview with our correspondent, he brief us about his companys key success and share his experience in Hologram Industry.
Mr. Manoj Kochar, MD, Holoflex

HT: Can you please brief us a bit more about you & your company, HOLOFLEX ? Holoflex is a 17 year old company, one of the oldest in this business in India. We have a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility at Kolkata. We are an ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001:2004 certified unit. Holoflex has always strived to innovate and provide our customers with customized security solutions. We have had the honour of our work being appreciated and awarded at various fora, including the International Hologram Manufacturers Association Award for the Best Hologram Label that we won for two consecutive years - for 2003 at Vancouver Canada, and again for 2004, at Prague Czech republic. HoMAI, our Indian Association and Label Manufacturers Association have also conferred upon us a host of awards over the last several years. HT: What made you interested to be part of Holography Industry? Around 1991, we were planning to enter the printing and packaging business, and were introduced to the security hologram technology that was being looked upon as a very exciting new technology in the USAand Europe. We felt that this technology was perhaps more apt in our markets, and decided to enter this business. HT: As you always say Holoflex is the fastest growing hologram company in India? What has been the key to this success? Well, this is an Award that has been conferred upon us by HoMAI for the last two years in a row, and we are very elated and humbled at the same time. We would love to do a hat-trick!! There are several reasons for this success - first and foremost our committed team that always rises to the occasion to innovate and deliver a product that meets the customer requirements, and then - some good fortune, unstinted customer support and some bit of hard work as well!! HT: As we all knows, margins are going down in every industry these days? What do you think the scope of Indian hologram industry, at such situation?
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Margins go down in any growing industry and our industry cannot be an exception. The going down of margins may not always be a bad thing, because the volumes are growing too. I think the Indian hologram industry is at crossroads. The industry needs to decide whether it wants to sell on price alone or does it want to innovate and deliver superior products that enhance the value proposition to the customer. Having said that, we also realize that there will always be some customers who will buy on price alone, but then there are so many others who are willing to pay a reasonable price for a security product that offers increased value to them. All the players in the industry need to decide on their positioning - whether they are selling on price or security value. To my mind one thing is very clear - at least for the foreseeable future the hologram will remain a key overt feature in most security solutions. This is an edge that the hologram industry must maintain. India is still growing and will keep doing so for the next several years, and our industry will also get plenty of opportunities to grow. HT: Globally, lot of research and developments is going in Holography industry. Where do you feel HOLOFLEX to be part of this development? Any industry that does not invest in R&D will lose its relevance, and our hologram industry is no different. We are also working in this direction and investing in new equipment and technologies that will hopefully enable us to at least meet, if not exceed our customers' future expectations. HT: Are you also looking out diversifying into some other industries? Down line after 5 years where will you see HOLOFLEX? We are diversifying into printing industry, and more than diversification it is actually an extension of what we are doing, as we foresee a distinct trend toward merging of holography with other print and security print technologies. We are preparing ourselves for this and will continually invest in allied technologies. Five years down the line I hope to see Holoflex as a company known the world over for our customer-centric approach, for our innovative abilities, and last but not the least, a responsible corporate citizen.
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Alert of the Issue

The Holography Times

Pharma Counterfeiting
C
ounterfeit drugs are drugs that are sold as legitimate brand name medicines but have been created without the authority of the brand owner. They have no active ingredient or is an expired drug that been re-labelled and sold. Their active ingredients are usually fraudulently diluted, adulterated or substituted.
Sales of counterfeit drugs are estimated at $ 50 billion a year World Health Organisation (WHO). 10-30% of all medicines in developing countries are feared to be counterfeits (WHO). In India it is 4 percent according to WHO and 5 percent according to health ministry of India. India: Biggest culprit of fake drug manufacture. According to a report released by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 75 percent of fake drugs supplied world over have some origins in India, followed by 7 per cent from Egypt and 6 per cent from China. 50 percent of pharmaceutical drugs sold over the Internet without a prescription are believed to be counterfeit (Reuter). Most counterfeit drug includes Viagra, Lipitor, Tamiflu,Ambien and Diflucan. Viagra remains the world most counterfeit drug. Pfizer losses sales of $ 2 billion a year in Viagra alone. Source:bloomberg.com Estimated death from counterfeit drugs vary from ten thousand to more than 200,000 every year. Lethal market for counterfeits is growing at the rate of 25 percent annually (ASSOCHAM). Main factors for the growth of the industry : Weak drug regulation, weaknesses in enforcement of existing regulations and lenient punishment for counterfeiters. Methods for success of Anti counterfeiting market: Full cooperation between drug regulatory authorities, law enforcement agencies, manufacturers, association of pharmacists and consumers.

FIRST IN HOLOGRAPHY
Glaxo was the first company to use a tamper evident hologram to seal packs of ZANTAC (the trade name for the anti-ulcer medication ranitidine) in 1989.

Zantac was the world's single largest-selling prescription drug with sales exceeding $ 2.5 billion in 1989. In 1994, Zantac generated $3.6 billion in sales, $2.1 billion of that in the USA.

FIRST IN INDIA
Again in 2003, Glaxo Smithkline Consumer Healthcare Ltd (GSKCH) an Indian associate of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was the first company to use a 3-D hologram on its popular medicine CROCIN. It is the first and only analgesic / antipyretic brand in India with a sophisticated 3-D hologram.
Source: www.tribuneindia.com

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Alert of the Issue

Hologram: The first line of defence in the war on pharma counterfeiting

Fighting the war on counterfeiting is a seemingly endless one for the pharmaceutical industry. The World Health Organisation estimates that annual earnings from the global sales of counterfeit and substandard medicines are over $32 billion. And the cost of counterfeiting doesn't finish there. The negative impact on a company's image can be immeasurable as high quality reproductions have made it virtually impossible for even the most trained eye to distinguish the genuine from the fake. However, the hologram has emerged over the last 25 years to become one of the most effective anticounterfeiting and security measures available. Here, Ian Lancaster, general secretary of the International Hologram Manufacturers' Association (IHMA), examines the role of this versatile technology.

The counterfeit threat

ophisticated replication techniques have made counterfeiting and fraud a serious threat to the pharmaceutical i n d u s t r y. T h e Wo r l d H e a l t h Organization(WHO) estimates that annual earnings from the global sales of counterfeit and substandard medicines are over $32 billion. Both drugs and packaging are counterfeited, putting peoples lives at risk. The diversion of legitimate product outside authorised distribution channels is another problem. In response to this, many of the worlds leading pharmaceutical companies have directed their efforts towards authenticating their packaging as part of the process of protecting their products. As a result, diffractive optically variable devices referred to generically as holograms have become one of the most widely-used overt authentication features on pharmaceutical products around the world.

The ability of the hologram to provide effective protection lies in the continuous innovation, invention and evolution in holographic techniques that have succeeded in creating increasingly complex devices that are easily recognised yet difficult to copy accurately. The evolving role of the hologram has also been accompanied by the increased use of the security device in combination with other authentication technologies. In such solutions holograms often provide overt first line authentication, while covert features such as scrambled images, micro text, UV-sensitive or other specialist inks provide second line authentication for trained examiners equipped with the appropriate decoding equipment. Another trend has seen the serialisation of holograms as part of systems that combine authentication with traceability. So called track-and-trace systems link on-pack security devices with database management and field tracking services. In this way, the ability to know where a pharmaceuticals consignment has been, where it is now and where it is heading has become a fundamental part of many drugs companies production and logistical operations. This is particularly important where the ability to identify the source and provenance of products is becoming a mandatory requirement, as it is in the US with the FDAs requirements for pedigree.

Hologram initiatives
While the US Congress is currently considering making the use of security marking on some pharmaceutical products mandatory, using overt optically variable counterfeit resistant technologies to protect consumers from fakes, the hologram is already specified as the authentication feature on the worlds only statutory pharmaceutical marking scheme the Meditag programme in Malaysia. This initiative requires all registered medicines, OTC pharmaceuticals and traditional medicines to carry a uniquely numbered label which is built around a hologram. The system is supervised by a central authority controlling the issue of tags and training inspectors to examine holograms through the distribution chain. Since its introduction this system has led to a significant increase in the identification and confiscation of illegal items from the market as well as

Holograms as a solution
Since Glaxo first used a tamper-evident hologram to seal packs of Zantac in 1989, holograms have been taken up in a big way by the whole industry. Many major drug companies use holograms on at least some of their medicines in selected markets and they are used in the form of labels, seals, hot stamped patches and blister-foils.
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Alert of the Issue

preventing their entry into distribution channels. As a result, consumer confidence in the integrity of pharmaceuticals has increased and public health has been safeguarded. More recently, the National Agency for Food & Drug Administration and Control in Nigeria (NAFDAC) has also announced that it is planning to introduce uniquely numbered holographic labels to be used on all licensed medicines distributed in the country. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the success and near ubiquitous use of holograms in anti-counterfeiting applications has inevitably led to attempts to copy or replicate them. However, the intrinsic features of holograms mean that the techniques and visual effects make it very difficult to copy a properly conceived and executed authentication hologram with one hundred per cent accuracy. is barely distinguishable from the genuine article the same cannot be said of the fake holograms. The situation involving Artesunate, an important antimalarial treatment, is often quoted as an example. It is reported that over half of the sales of this drug in South East Asia are fake, despite the blister pack incorporating a hologram. What is evident is that, despite the fact that the hologram used is relatively simple and has been used in its unchanged form for several years, the fake holograms are identifiable as such. The problem is that in a region of low rural literacy, very high poverty and very poor drug regulation, and where medicines are sold in street markets and non-specialist shops, most buyers and users of Artesunate see a hologram and think this means that the medicine is genuine. The Artesunate case is a classic example of how not to manage a hologram authentication programme on a brand of medicine. The hologram has not been redesigned since it was first introduced, and insufficient attention was paid to the distribution, examination and purchasing patterns in the region. In contrast, there are many examples of how holograms continue to provide a successful and vital detection function in pharmaceutical anti-counterfeiting strategies. In all these cases, it is widely understood by those involved that formal inspection of the hologram provides the quickest way to identify a fake product, even if this then needs to be supported by forensic examination. Importantly, as well as understanding the need to invest in the creation of a properly designed secure hologram, those pharmaceutical companies and organisations involved in successful anti-counterfeiting efforts also

The Holography Times

recognise that it should not be the sole responsibility of the consumer to examine a hologram to check that the product is genuine. Rather than rely on untrained members of the public to identify counterfeits, it must be the primary responsibility of manufacturers and the enforcement agencies to ensure that fake pharmaceuticals should not be able to enter the legitimate supply chain in the first place. This is why successful brand protection programmes now involve forma l examination and inspection systems at different stages in the distribution network.

The real thing?

H i s t o r i c a l l y, h o l o g r a m s h a v e succeeded in doing their job. They have proved to be extremely difficult to copy accurately and, invariably, while the product and packaging they protect may have been counterfeited, the lower quality copy of the hologram has

Conclusion
The holographic industry is working hard to destroy the myth that sophisticated holograms cannot be counterfeited; anything can be counterfeited, the question is how well, and this is where the real value of holograms should be appreciated. The evolving anti-counterfeiting role of holograms lies in their ability to combine authentication with detection and this is why the more enlightened pharmaceuticals companies and enforcement agencies continue to make them an integral part of modern anticounterfeiting strategies.

typically been the feature that has demonstrated that it is a counterfeit. In this way, the hologram serves as an effective detection feature when sophisticated criminals have the resources to reproduce packaging that

Historically, holograms have succeeded in doing their job. They have proved to be extremely difficult to copy accurately and, invariably, while the product and packaging they protect may have been counterfeited, the lower quality copy of the hologram has typically been the feature that has demonstrated that it is a counterfeit. In this way, the hologram serves as an effective detection feature when sophisticated criminals have the resources to reproduce packaging that is barely distinguishable from the genuine article the same cannot be said of the fake holograms.
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Technology

Holographic optical elements:

Printing technology enables HOE volume manufacturing
New master replicating technology that borrows concepts from the printing industry enables volume production of holographic optical elements for applications in general and backlit illumination, displays, and automotive LEDbased optics.
function like standard lenses, gratings, or mirrors, and they are lightweight and do not require precise surface machining. Unfortunately, the development of many obvious applications for HOEs, such as three-dimensional (3-D) visualization, 3-D cinema, or 3-D displays has been hampered for many years. There are two reasons that holography and HOEs have found a limited range of applications that are generally restricted to medicine, museum pictorials, or one-shot visualization objects: cost and complexity. But if you could make a perfect master hologram, a mother of all the others, the master HOE could be replicated numerous times without going through the same development cycle, saving time and reducing costs. Currently, Luminit (Torrance, CA) is using this master hologram methodology to develop custom holographic products; in particular, optical films and diffusers. This unique and rather peculiar way of reproducing objects that are no longer there (that is, during playback the laser beam illuminates the interference fringes) is based on retrieval of phase and amplitude information, which uniquely represents the original object. To preserve the phases of the scattered fields, a photosensitive medium is insensitive to the phase and reacts to light intensity. That is what made Dennis Gabor's invention unique: using a second illumination beam along with an object beam allows the beams to interfere so that the interference pattern can be recorded. As long as the interference pattern is preserved, the phase information is preserved and the object can be reconstructed.

Overcoming Limitations
Holography has been perceived as an interesting science but a rather complex and nonapplicable technology, especially in terms of high-volume manufacturing. Considering the typical drawbacks associated with using a standard holographic lab such as high material costs, operation in a dark, vibration-free environment, chemical development, materials storage, long recording times, and demanding requirements for uniformity, yield, efficiency, and most importantly, reproducibility, all of these factors can add up to an expensive undertaking. New technology from Luminit borrows concepts from the printing industry for manufacturing HOE elements with surface microstructure relief patterns applicable to general and backlight illumination, display, automotive, and light-emitting-diode (LED)-based optics. Instead of optimizing an optical recording in an expensive and often futile attempt to produce thousands of identical copies, our HOE development plan is different: make one good master and replicate from it.
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HOE science
Optical holography, invented by Dennis Gabor in the 1940s, deals with the recording of scattered optical fields from objects. Derived from Greek for "science of writing," holography and the holographic recording process produces holograms or HOEs. These HOEs are typically made by the interference of a reference beam (usually a laser) and an illumination beam (scattered by an object). The resultant two-dimensional (2-D) picture--the hologram--is stored on a photographic film, photoresist material, charge-coupled device (CCD), or is generated numerically. The hologram is essentially a collection of interference fringes obtained during exposure of the photosensitive medium to a high-low intensity profile. During playback, the laser light diffracts on the fringes, and the object is reconstructed.

Evgeni Poliakov and Leo Katsenelenson

Methods for storing and reproducing optical information have greatly boosted interest in holographic products. Indeed, because they are diffractive in nature (with feature size approximately 0.1 to 10, where is the recording wavelength), holographic optical elements (HOEs) offer several types of optical functionality. Instead of bending light by curvature and shape, as in the case of typical optical elements such as lenses, HOEs diffract light waves by using a corresponding material profile to make new waves. These HOEs can
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Technology
Creating the master
Fabrication of the master HOE begins with an optical setup in which the laser light--which is passed through an optical objective and a shutter--is directed through a mid-mask diffuser made of ground glass (see Fig. 1). The light diffracts on the middle mask and produces secondary (scattered) waves, which are then multiplexed on the surface coated with the photoresist. The individual speckles are engineered on the original master by exposing the photoresist to light variations through the optical setup and a specular pattern--an ensemble of millions of individual photoresist speckles--is obtained. FIGURE 1: An optical setup is used to fabricate holographic optical

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Lenslet shape can be varied in both directions according to x = 2f/h and &deltay = 2f/w and where x and y and are the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the speckle, is the recording wavelength, f is the total focal distance, and h and w are the geometrical parameters of the middle mask. Such an independent control in two directions allows one to create asymmetric illumination profiles and elliptical beam shapes (see Fig. 3). FIGURE 3:

elements (HOEs) on a photoresist. The surface profiles from specular recordings resemble a random collection of lenslets, which are indeed the speckles (see Fig. 2). Feature size varies from 2 to 200 m, depending on the specified output. Smaller, individual features represent the larger diffraction (and scattering) capability, while the combined microrelief surface of the lenslet ensemble determines the final output. Control of the HOE output (and the individual lenslet shape) is achieved through changing the working distance f, the wavelength, and the middle-mask aperture. FIGURE 2:

Typical radiation patterns from beam-shaping HOEs correspond to the microrelief patterns shown in Fig. 2. A photoresist is an ideal substance for making large seamless masters that do not have any material discontinuities. Surface patterning, achieved by recording the light patterns onto the photoresist, is transferred onto the masters through a multistep process, which ends with the electroforming step. The master, made of nickel or copper, has continuous microrelief structure along radial and tangential directions of the cylinder.

Replicating the master

The absence of structural discontinuities in the HOE master is the key to fast replication manufacturing. Long (1500 ft), wide (more than 48 in.) rolls of film can be replicated in a web process, where an ultraviolet (UV)grade epoxy is distributed on a substrate and is subsequently hardened by UV light as the seamless metal master rolls over it. By choosing correct web speed and UV dosage, replication from the seamless master is smooth and defects are minimal. The advantages of the web process are clear: fast replication speeds (up to 500 ft/min), large formats (62 in. wide) and great capacity (up to 100 million linear feet of optical-quality films).
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Material surface profiles of Luminit HOEs have microrelief patterns that result in symmetric profiles (top) and asymmetric (elliptical) profiles (bottom).

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The Holography Times

Essentially a printing process, this method wins over other industrial alternatives in terms of machinery cost (hot embossing), complexity and robustness of the process with respect to custom products (extrusion), or size (injection molding). Luminit HOEs are unique because only one beam is used to make them compared to the standard holographical recording process, which uses two beams. Second, the HOEs have randomized surface structures whose optical response (modulation transfer function) is determined by the collection of individual lenslets of varying shapes and sizes rather than by a periodic structure, as in the case of bright-enhancement films produced by 3M (St. Paul, MN). The combination of millions of lenslets determines the output profile and optical properties, leading to very important characteristics such as wide-band operation (300 to 1500 nm) and high transmission (see Fig. 4). Such HOEs effectively act as high-efficiency, wide-bandpass optical filters. They exhibit nearly zero chromatic aberration, atypical for holographic elements that usually demonstrate high diffraction efficiency in a narrow wavelength range.

Technology
angular spread (see Fig. 5). This is also the reason for suppressed chromatic aberrations: since there are many values of d, the sensitivity of a particular scattering angle to the wavelength is limited.

FIGURE 5: Different surface roughness features on an HOE contribute to different angles, producing a controlled angular spread. The composition of different roughness features fills up the scattering profile and is the ultimate source of suppressing chromatic dispersion (otherwise known as wavelength dependence). HOE performance Diffusers from Luminit take the light from a source (coherent or not) and scatter it to a particular design shape. These HOEs are weakly diffractive elements (the light rays do not deviate much from the original path) and therefore obey Fresnel approximations for weakly divergent paraxial rays. They are, however, diffractive enough to create a pleasant (to the human eye) Gaussian-type scattering profile with wide roll-offs, or what is known as a standard deviation. This controlled roll-off comes from the fact that these are engineered material surfaces in which the surface roughness, although being randomized, is controlled during the recording process. Holographic diffusers and directional-turning films with high transmission make exceptional film products for liquid-crystal and rear-projection displays, machine vision, biomedical, aircraft, and automobile applications, and for LED illumination. Functionalities such as spreading light quickly to hide the source and redirecting light toward the viewer benefit the display market. Advantages include the simplification and cost, weight, and size reduction of backlights, while providing equivalents to bright-enhancement (prismatic) films with hybrid integrated options (HOEs with extreme elliptical angle profiles have very similar structure to brightenhancement films, but are less expensive). With further commercialization of these HOEs and the applicability of the printing-based manufacturing process to markets such as the rapidly evolving solar-cell industry, the future will likely see further proliferation of this technology and many more HOEs in production.
Source: www.laserfocusworld.com, www.luminitco.com

FIGURE 4: HOEs manufactured with a roll-to-roll process have high broadband optical transmission. It is important to understand how an HOE obtained at a UV laser exposure (300 nm) does not alter its properties at near-infrared wavelengths (900 nm). The reason is that the HOE surface is represented by a randomized picture of different lenslets. Contributions to the modulation transfer function come from numerous and different spatial frequencies of individual speckles. Therefore, no matter what the wavelength is (essentially, the playback wavelength), there are always features of a particular size within the master that can interact (scatter) the light most efficiently. This is best illustrated by the master grating equation, sinef = m&lambda/d + sine0, that relates the incoming light angle 0, the diffractive angle f, and the surface roughness, d. Different surface roughness features (d), upon playing back (when the light falls on the HOE), contribute to different angles, producing a controlled
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Tribute
The eminent Russian gentleman and physicist Professor YURI N DENISYUK must be honored as one of the Pioneers of MODERN HOLOGRAPHY. Professor Yuri N Denisyuk was born on 1927in Sochi. A graduate of the Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics (1954), he worked in the Vavilov State Optical Institute for more than 40 years. After lasers became available Denisyuk developed "volume reflection holography" rightfully also called "Denisyuk holography". Denisyuk began experiments in interference photography in 1958 and published his work in 1962 in the Soviet Union. In 1962 he conceived the idea of recording light wavefronts by interference with a reference beam, and produced the first reflection hologram. But his research was not well received until the work of Leith and Upatnieks began to generate excitement in the late sixties. In 1970 he was awarded the Lenin Prize and was elected a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. From the onwards, holography

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was a prominent feature of the Soviet Union's Scientific profile, along with space technology, nuclear power, and high-power lasers. In addition to this honor, he received many awards including including Banner (1988), Badge of Honor (1975). the film organization Interkamera" (1971), the International Society for Optical Engineering (SRIE) - Prize Gabor D. (1983), Optical Society of America (OSA) - Prize RV Wood (1992), the International Publishers Prize Science (1996). In 1987 he was awarded the Grand silver medal and honorary membership in the Royal Society of Great Britain fotograficheskom. ctive member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His later research included work on holograms made without a reference beam and the recording of holographic images by incoherent light. A great academician, an outstanding scholar-optics, the largest specialist in the field of holography Yuri N. Denisyuk was died in St. Petersburg, 14 May 2006.

Professor Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (1927-2006)

Patent

(WO/2008/086795) Method for Writing Holographic Pixels

Abstract: (EN) The invention relates to a method for writing holographic pixels in a holographic recordable film (3), comprising a photo component that can be changed photochemically and/or photophysically by exposure, wherein the holographic recordable film (3) is positioned above a reflection master (4), wherein a primary light beam (P) is directed at the holographic recordable film (3), wherein the primary light beam (P) penetrates the holographic recordable film (3) and is reflected by the reflection master (4) to form a reflection light beam (R). The primary light beam (P) and the reflection light beam (R) interfere in the holographic
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recordable film (3) within an interference zone (10) and change the photo component in the interference zone to form the holographic pixel. The method is characterized in that a transmission hologram (6) is arranged between the holographic recordable film (3) and the reflection master (4) and that the transmission hologram (6) diffracts the primary light beam (P) and/or the reflection light beam (R) with the proviso that the interference zone (10) has a larger lateral surface area, in relation to the directions orthogonal to the surface normal for the holographic recordable film (3), than in the absence of the transmission hologram (6).

Fig. 2

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The Holography Times

Industry Updates

Strong Indian Presence at Holo-pack Holo-print 2008

Ian M Lancaster, Reconnaissance International
The Holo-packHolo-print 2008 conference and trade show takes place in Toronto, Canada, on November 18-20, and this year the conference is on the theme Pushing the Boundaries. Undeniably, the global holography community has been and remains innovative and inventive, finding new techniques, new materials, new applications and new approaches for holograms. These innovative holographers are pushing the boundaries of the scope of holography. But the boundaries of holography are being pushed in a more literal way. The holography industry, in the sense of that collective group which develops, produces and markets commercial holograms, had its birth in North America in the early 1980s, and quickly expanded across the Atlantic to Western Europe. For the first decade or so of commercial holography, it was from these two regions that the crucial, market-driving developments inholographycame. Now, however, the holography industries of China and India are equally accomplished, so that there are numerous boundary-pushing developments from companies and researchers inthesefast-growingAsianeconomies. So it is no surprise to see a strong presence from Indian companies at Holo-packHoloprint this year, in both the conference programme and the accompanying trade show. For several years there has been a strong Indian delegation at the event, so it is good to see this participation expanding in this way. The conference will be full of information and insights for holography professionals, while the tradeshow is a unique opportunity to find the latest in holographic production equipment and materials. The programme covers everything from the latest incremental developments in surface-relief hologram production techniques essential listening if you are involved in embossed holograms to techniques that are realising holographers' dreams for true colour, full 3D, large format image holograms. It also includes case studies on security and promotional holograms, new photopolymers for mass production holograms, instruments to examine the optical structure of holograms and display
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enhancement HOEs. All this is crammed in to four half-day sessions: Design and production, Security holograms, Expanding the holographic space and Emerging technologies. On the first day, topics range from new photopolymers, DGC mastering materials, HIR embossing films and durable coatings to the holograms on the Canadian dollar series, the evolution of holographic protection for major sporting events, data storage, customisable micro-dot holograms, sensor holograms and instrumental characterisation. On the second day the emphasis switches to the display space, with presentations on direct-write holograms, projection systems and autostereoscopic displays, before concluding with a series of presentations on next-generation developments including thermo-plastic photosensitive materials, RFID-hologram combinations, collectors for solar energy and explosive holograms. The conference concludes with a look at emerging holographic technologies which might become important commercial products in future. Before the two-day plenary meeting there will be a Workshop titled OVDs New & Emerging Optical Security Technologies, and a Short Course on ID Documents: Overview of Current Expectations. Led by Glenn Wood and John Mercer respectively, their long experience and excellent knowledge of their topics will help you to understand competing or complementary technologies and the important market in ID documents. Representatives from members of HoMAI gain special discounts on the delegate fee. Please visit www.holopackholoprint.info for full details and to reserve your specially-priced delegate place, or to book an exhibition space.

Events & Calendar

The 4th China International ID, Smart Card and Ticket Security Anti-counterfeiting Technology Exhibition & Summit (CIDS 2008) 22-23 October, 2008 Beijing Fragrant Hill Empark Hotel, Beijing, PRC. http://www.cids.com.cn/en/ CARTES 2008 NOVEMBER 4-6, 2008 PARIS, FRANCE www.cartes.com 7th Asian High Security Printing Conference November 11-13, 2008 Bangkok, Thailand www.cross-conferences.com The 3rd All in Print China 14th to 17th Nov.2008 Shanghai,China Holopack-Holoprint 2008 Pushing the Boundaries November 18-20, 2008 Toronto, Canada www.holopackholoprint.info 2nd International Exhibition & Conference-SECURE 2008 24-26 November 2008, Mumbai www.securexh.com India Label Show 2008 3-6 December 2008, New Delhi www.indialabelshow.com; www.labelexpo.com PackPlus 2009 8-11 July 2009, New Delhi www.print-packaging.com Asia Print & Pack Expo 2009 28-31 August 2009, Bangalore www.asiaprintpackexpo.com

Editorial Board C S Jeena Neha Gupta

The Holography Times is published by HOLOGRAM MANUFACTURES ASSOCIATION OF INDIA (HoMAI)

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Disclaimer: The data used here are from various published and electronically available primary and secondary sources. Despite due diligence the source data may contain occasional errors. In such instances, HoMAI would not be responsible for such errors.

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