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Elements
Most elements have single atoms as their constituent particles The atoms may be physically attracted to each other, but are not chemically bonded together A few elements have molecules as their constituent particles The molecules are made of two or more atoms chemically bonded together by 6 Material Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e covalent bonds from
Covalent Bonds
A chemical bond in which 2 atoms share a single of electron to form one bond. Example: H and H Two nonmetal atoms form a covalent bond because they have less energy after they bonded. H + H H : H = HH = H2
hydrogen molecule
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Other molecules having single covalent bonds, e.g: H2O. The hydrogens share their electrons with oxygen so that O has 8 e- and each H has 2 e-.
Lone pair of electrons (unshared pair)
H O H
Show bonding electrons as a single line; show nonbonding electrons as a pair of Lewis dots
Molecular Elements
Certain elements occur as 2 atom molecules
rule of 7s
7A H2 7 N2 F2 O2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
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Molecular Elements
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O + double bond
O::O
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N +
N triple bond
N:::N
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Diatomic Elements
Elements that are naturally in molecules with 2 atoms each. HONClBrIF Existing as diatomic molecule yields a stable octet Gases that exist as diatomic molecules are H2, F2, N2, O2, Cl2, Br2, I2 Examples in naming diatomic molecules: H2 - hydrogen O2 - oxygen I2 - iodine
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Compounds
Some compounds are composed of ions arranged in a 3-dimensional pattern these are called ionic compounds
Other compounds are composed of individual molecule units Each molecule contains atoms of different elements chemically attached by covalent 16 Material from bonds Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
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Ionic Compounds
No individual molecule units, instead they have a 3-dimensional array of cations and anions made of formula units Many contain polyatomic ions
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Classify Each of the Following as Either an Atomic Element, Molecular Element, Molecular Compound, or Ionic Compound
Aluminum, Al Aluminum chloride, AlCl3 Chlorine, Cl2 Acetone, C3H6O Carbon monoxide, CO Cobalt, Co
atomic element ionic compound molecular element molecular compound molecular compound atomic element
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ELECTRON
PROTON
NEUTRON
Charge Occurrence
-1
+
+1 In the nucleus 0 In the nucleus
9.109 x 10-28 1
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Elements
Each element has a unique number of protons in its nucleus The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number
the elements are arranged on the Periodic Table in order of their atomic numbers symbol either one or two letters
one capital letter or one capital letter and one lowercase letter
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are one capital letter, like name, like Others are two Some symbols come from the element s C, S, and I. C for carbon. Others letters, andthe Latin name of the element, like Au for gold (aurum) and come from the second is lowercase, like Br and Sr Cu for copper (cuprium)
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Soddy discovered that the same element could have atoms with different masses, which he called isotopes
there are two isotopes of chlorine found in nature, one that has a mass of about 35 amu and the other about 37 amu
The observed mass is a weighted average of the weights of all the naturally occurring atoms
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the percentage of an element that is one isotope is called the isotopes natural abundance
Isotopes
All isotopes of an element are chemically identical n undergo the exact same chemical reactions n All isotopes of an element have the same number of protons n Isotopes of an element have different masses n Isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons n Isotopes are identified by their mass numbers, which is the sum of all the protons and neutrons in the nucleus 29
n
Isotopes
Atomic number
Mass Number
30
10 10
10 11 12
20 21 22
22 Ne 10 10
27 13 Al
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13 6C 96 42 Mo 27 13 Al 133 55 Cs
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Example 2.3b: How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an atom of ?
Given: 5 therefore A = 52, Z = 24 Find: # p+, # 2 Cn0 e, # 4 r Conceptual Plan: atomic symbol number
5 2 2 4
C r
# e # n0
# p+
atomic & symb Relationships: in neutral atom, # p+ = # emass ol mass number = # p+ + # n0 numbers
Solution: Z = 24 = # p+ # e = # p+ = 24
A = Z + # n0 52 = 24 + # n0 28 = # n0
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Reacting Atoms
n
When elements undergo chemical reactions, the reacting elements do not turn into other elements
n
n n
This requires that all the atoms present when you start the reaction will still be there after the reaction Because the number of protons determines the kind of element, the number of protons in the atom does not change in a chemical reaction However, many reactions involve transferring electrons from one atom to another
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Charged Atoms
When atoms gain or lose electrons, they acquire a charge n Charged atoms or groups of atoms are called ions n When atoms gain electrons, they become negatively charged ions, called anions n When atoms lose electrons, they become positively charged ions, called cations
n
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
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e.g., the metal sodium, made of neutral Na atoms, is highly reactive and quite unstable; however, the sodium cations, Na+, found in table salt are very nonreactive and stable
Because materials such as table salt are neutral, there must be equal amounts of charge from cations and anions in them
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Nonmetals form anions For each negative charge, the ion has one more electron than the neutral atom
Anions are named by changing the ending of the name to -ide fluorine F + 1e F fluoride ion 38 Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e oxygen O + 2e O2 oxide ion
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potassium cation sulfide anion calcium cation bromide anion aluminum cation
K+ S2 Ca2+ Br Al3+
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Al3 +
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Mg2 + Al3 + Br
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Example 2.5: If copper is 69.17% Cu-63 with a mass of 62.9396 amu and the rest Cu-65 with a mass of 64.9278 amu, find the atomic mass of copper
Given: Find: Conceptual Plan: Relationships: Cu-63 = 69.17%, 62.9396 amu Cu-65 = 100-69.17%, 64.9278 amu atomic mass, amu
Solution:
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Practice Problem
There are two isotopes of Gallium: Ga-69 with mass 68.9256 amu and abundance of 60.11%; and Ga-71 with mass 70.9247 amu and abundance of 39.89%. Calculate the atomic mass of gallium.
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Practice Ga-69 with mass 68.9256 amu and abundance of 60.11% and Ga-71 with mass 70.9247 amu and abundance of 39.89%. Calculate the atomic mass of gallium.
Given: Find: Conceptual Plan: Ga-69 = 60.11%, 68.9256 amu Ga-71 = 39.89%, 70.9247 amu atomic mass, amu isotope masses, isotope fractions
Relationships:
Solution:
Check:
the average is between the two masses, closer to the major isotope