Psychology Reviewer I.

Learning and Thinking

Avoidance conditioning Secondary reward conditioning

Learning a process by which brings about a change in the individuals way of responding as a result of practice or other experiences. Types of Learning 1. Classical Conditioning simplest form of learning. Ivan Pavlov CS-UCS-UCR-CS-CR (example ung sa dog at ung meat) Unconditioned Stimulus Stimulus which is adequate at the outset of training to produce the response in question Conditioned stimulus initially adequate to evoke the response in question but will do so if paired with the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response learned response Discrimination eliciting different responses to two different stimuli Extinction organisms repertoire of behavior 2. Instrumental Conditioning/Operant Conditioning a selection from many responses of the one that habitually will be given in a stimulus situation. E.L. Thorndike & B.F. Skinner Primary reward conditioning Escape conditioning

Reinforcement Stimulus that will maintain or increase the strength of a response 3. Insightful Learning/Perpetual Learning - Wolfgang Kohler Sign learning Programmed Learning Learning to Learn

4. Multiple Response Learning Associative Learning Habit formation

5. Other types Rational Learning Motor Learning Associational Learning Appreciation Learning

Remembering and Forgetting Reintegrative Memory recollection of a personal experience or event. Recognition remembering only a sense of familiarity Recall - a reinstatement of something learned in the past Saving in relearning is a way of finding out the influence of prior learning

Explanations of forgetting Passive decay through disuse Systematic distortions of the memory trace Interference effects Motivated forgetting

A. Presence of a problem B. Definition of a problem C. Weighing of relevance or probabilities D. Verification Theories differing functions of the brain A. Peripheralists - hold that all thinking goes on in muscular movement and all that psychology requires is a stimulus response analysis of thinking. B. Centralists hold that thinking goes on inside the brain and nervous system, and muscular movements merely accompany the central process. Problem Solving a) Habitual set tendency to persist in applying a solution that was once efficient but is no longer applicable b) Functional fixedness the inability to see alternative uses for a tool or object whose familiar use for a tool or object whose familiar use-meaning has become fixed. Preparation Incubation and illumination Verifications

Retroactive inhibition new learning interfering with prior ones Proactive inhibition prior learning interfering with learning and recall of new materials Improvement in retention Correct performance Spacing learning Distributed practice Recall Teaching aids Branching programs

Thinking type of behaviour that uses symbols as inner representations of objects and events. Directed thinking has an aim, goal or end point Creative thinking attempts to discover new relationships achieve new solutions to problems, invent new methods or devices and produce new artistic forms.

Thinking process

Higher of mental process Autistic thinking

Dreaming

5. Need for self actualization 6. Cognitive needs

II.

Drives and Motivations

7. Esthetic needs Maslows Ladder of Human Needs 1. Physical needs 2. Safety and security needs 3. Love and belonging 4. Self respect 5. Personal Growth Theories of human motivation Behavior theory whiting and child Theory of unconscious motivation Cognitive theory of motivation

Biological Drives Hunger Thirst Air Hunger Warmth and cold Pain Rest and sleep drives Sleep drive Sex motive

Psychosocial Motives Affiliation Dependency Social Approval Status Security Achievement III.

Alderfers ERG Theory Existence Relatedness Growth

Hierarchy of Motives Abraham Maslow 1. Physiological needs biological drives 2. Safety needs 3. Belongingness and love needs 4. Esteem needs

Emotions

Physiological Reactions in emotion Galvanic skin response Blood pressure and volume Heart rate Respiration

Pupillary response Salivary secretion Pilomotor response Gastrointestinal motility Muscle tension and tremor Blood composition

Multiple conflicts

Displaced aggression when circumstances block direct attack on the cause of frustration and the aggressive action is made against an innocent person or object instead. Scapegoating Free-floating Withdrawal reactions Fantasy Beatnik reaction Repression Apathy Fixation Identification Regression

Classes of emotional reactions Fear Anger Depressive reactions or grief Love

Theories of emotion James - Lange Theory Canon Bards Theory Cognitive Theory of Emotions

Compromise reactions Reaction formation Projection Sublimation Compensation Rationalization

IV.

Frustrations and Conflicts

Sources of Frustrations Physical Environment Social Environment Organism itself

Type of conflicts Conflicting attraction or approach approach conflicts Approach avoidance conflict Avoidance avoidance conflict