ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

To aid in easily understanding of the disease process, Anatomy and Physiology provides important information about a Normal function of certain body parts and its structure. Anatomy and Physiology are always related. The parts of the body will formed an organized unit and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole. Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and their relationship to one another. While physiology is the study of how the body works or function. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The organs of the reproductive systems are concerned with the general process of reproduction, and each is adapted for specialized tasks. These organs are unique in that their functions are not necessary for the survival of each individual. Instead, their functions are vital to the continuation of the human species. In providing maternity gynecologic health care to women, you will find that it is vital to your career as a nurse and to the patient that you will require a greater depth and breadth of knowledge of the female anatomy and physiology than usual. The female reproductive system consists of internal organs and external organs. The internal organs are located in the pelvic cavity and are supported by the pelvic floor. The external organs are located from the lower margin of the pubis to the perineum. The appearance of the external genitals varies greatly from woman to woman, since age, heredity, race, and the number of children a woman has borne determines the size, shape, and color. The organs of the female reproductive system consist of the ff: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and the vulva. A. Ovaries (2) The ovaries are the woman s reproductive organ. There are two ovaries, both located within the pelvis (lower region of the abdomen, between the hip bones),one on each side of the womb(uterus). (1) Location and gross anatomy. The ovaries are about the size and shape of almonds. They lie against the lateral walls of the pelvis, one on each side. They are enclosed and held in place by the broad ligament. There are compact like tissues on the ovaries, which are called ovarian follicles. The follicles are tiny sac-like structures that consist of an immature egg surrounded by one or more layers of follicle cells. As the developing egg begins to ripen or mature, follicle enlarges and develops a fluid filled central region. When the egg is matured, it is called a graafian follicle, and is ready to be ejected from the ovary. Ovaries are the storing house for your egg follicles; every month, one of these egg follicles will mature and release an egg into the fallopian tubes. The ovaries are also responsible for producing estrogen and progesterone, which are vital for proper reproductive function. O ovaries produces female hormones V vital hormones that is for reproduction which are the estrogen and progesterone A appearance including breast, shape and hair are developed through female hormones R responsible for the development of woman s physical appearance

I it regulates menstrual cycle E eggs for reproduction are released S secreted hormones which are the estrogen and progesterone also regulates pregnancy B. Fallopian Tubes (Two). Uterine tube or fallopian tube There are two uterine tubes, also called fallopian tubes or oviducts. One uterine tube is associated with each ovary. The uterine tubes extend from the area of the ovaries to the uterus, and they open directly into the peritoneal cavity near the ovary to receive oocyte. (1) Location. Each tube is about 4 inches long and extends medially from each ovary to empty into the superior region of the uterus. T transports oocyte/zygote from the ovary to uterus U uterine tube or also known as fallopian tube B by fallopian tube fetilization usually occurs in the upper portion of the tube E end of the tube is surrounded by fimbrae that has cilia which facilitates the movement of oocyte to the uterine tube C. Uterus. The uterus is a hollow organ about the size and shape of a pear. It serves two important functions: it is the organ of menstruation and during pregnancy it receives the fertilized ovum, retains and nourishes it until it expels the fetus during labor. (1) Location. The uterus is located between the urinary bladder and the rectum. It is suspended in the pelvis by broad ligaments. (2) Divisions of the uterus. The uterus consists of the body or corpus, fundus, cervix, and the isthmus. The major portion of the uterus is called the body or corpus. The fundus is the superior, rounded region above the entrance of the fallopian tubes. The cervix is the narrow, inferior outlet that protrudes into the vagina. This part of your reproductive organs is situated between the vagina and uterus. It secretes mucus that can help or obstruct sperm from fertilizing an egg. The isthmus is the slightly constricted portion that joins the corpus to the cervix. (3) Walls of the uterus . The walls are thick and are composed of three layers: the endometrium, the myometrium, and the perimetrium. The endometrium is the inner layer or mucosa. A fertilized egg burrows into the endometrium (implantation) and resides there for the rest of its development. The myometrium is the smooth muscle component of the wall. These smooth muscle fibers are arranged. In longitudinal, circular, and spiral patterns, and are interlaced with connective tissues. During the monthly female cycles and during pregnancy, these layers undergo extensive changes. The perimetrium is a strong, serous membrane that coats the entire uterine corpus except the lower one fourth and anterior surface where the bladder is attached.

U uterus is a pear-shaped organ T the uterine cavity and cervical canal are the spaces formed by the uterus E endometrium is the innermost layer of the uterus and the R rest in the middle layer is the muscular layer or myometrium U uterus outer layer or serious layer is perimetrium S superficial layer of the endometrium are sloughed off during menstruation. D. Vagina. The vagina is the female organ of copulation. This tube like structure connects your internal reproductive organs with your external genitalia. It ends at the cervix and is the point of entry for the penis during sex as well as the final passageway through which a baby exits when it is born. (1) Location. The vagina is the thin in walled muscular tube about 6 inches long leading from the uterus to the external genitalia. It is located between the bladder and the rectum. (2) Function. The vagina provides the passageway for childbirth and menstrual flow; it receives the penis and semen during sexual intercourse. V vagina connects the uterus to vestibule A a layer of smooth muscle and an inner lining of moist, Stratified squamous epithelium G Greatly enlarged hymen openings which covers the vaginal opening during first sexual intercourse I it receives the penis during coitus N note thet the vagina is located between the bladder and the rectum A allows menstrual flow and childbirth E. VULVA The external female genital, also called the vulva or pudendum consist of the vestibule and its surrounding structure The vulva is made up of several female organs which are external. These include a small, rounded pad of fat which protects the pubic bone. Reaching down almost to the anus are two folds of fatty tissue, called the "larger lips," to protect the inner genitals. Just inside are two "smaller lips," which enclose the opening of the urethra (which comes down from the bladder) and the vagina. At the upper end, are small projections, called the "prepuce," that protect the clitoris. The clitoris is a very small, sensitive organ with numerous nerve endings that, like the penis, contain tissues which fill with blood when sexually aroused.

V vulva is the space into which vagina and the urethra open U urethra, above it is the clitoris which is composed of erectile Tissue and contains many sensory organs important in detecting sexual stimuli L labia minora are the folds that cover with vestibule and form The prepuce and it is covered by labia majora and the pudendal cleft which is a space between the labia majora V vestibular glands produce a mucous fluid, and lubricating fluid is produced by the wall of the vagina A and mons pubis an elevated area superior to the labia Majora. LAYERS OF BODY TISSUES SKIN 1. Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defense; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system.[3][4] 2. Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that jump to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury; see somatosensory system and haptic perception. 3. Heat regulation: increase perfusion and heatloss, while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat.Erector pili muscles are significant in animals. 4. Control of evaporation: the skin provides a relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier to fluid loss. 5. Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water 6. Absorption: Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in small amounts, some animals uses their skin for their sole respiration organ (contrary to popular belief, however, humans do not absorb oxygen through the skin). 7. Water resistance: The skin acts as a water resistant barrier so essential nutrients aren't washed out of the body. SUBCUTANEOUS FATS The hypodermis, also called the hypoderm, subcutaneous tissue, or superficial fascia is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. FASCIA A fascia is a layer of fibrous tissue that permeates the human body. Fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together in much the same manner as plastic wrap can be used to hold the contents of sandwiches together MUSCLE

Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse"[1]) is the contractile tissueof animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. PERITONEUM The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom it covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs in higher vertebrates and some invertebrates (annelids, for instance). It is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. The peritoneum both supports the abdominal organs and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. SEROSA Serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. PELVIS Pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is the part of the trunk inferioposterior (below-behind) to the abdomen in the transition area between the trunk (torso) and the lower limbs (legs). The term is used to denote several structures:
 

the structure connecting the spine to the femurs (thigh bones), the pelvic cavity, the space enclosed by the pelvic girdle, subdivided into
 

the greater or false pelvis (inferior part of the abdominal cavity) and the lesser or true pelvis which provides the skeletal framework for the perineum and the pelvic cavity (which are separated by the pelvic diaphragm)

The pelvis forms a bony ring that sits between the vertebral column and the hip bones, the acetabulum. It is stronger and more massive than the wall of the cranial or thoracic cavities. The pelvis gains its strength through the ligaments and muscles. The pelvis is symmetrical and each side is actually made up of three separate bones: 1. The top half is the ilium. Also known as the iliac crest. 2. The middle is the pubis. The front of the pelvis where the two sides join together and is called the symphysis pubis. 3. The bottom is the ischium. The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone. It is situated below the ilium. The female pelvis comes in four shapes: 1. Gynecoid: The gynecoid pelvis (sometimes called a "true female pelvis") is found in about 50% of the women. 2. Android: The android pelvis (sometimes called a "true make pelvis") is found in about 20% of women. 3. Anthropoid: The anthropoid pelvis is very long and almost "ovoid" in shape. It is more common in non-white females (it makes up about 25% of pelvic type in white women and close to 50% in non-white women). 4. Platypelloid: The platypelloid pelvis is very short (almost like a "flattened gynecoid shape"). Only about 3% of women have a true and pure pelvis of this type.

Diameters of Pelvic Inlet It has three principal diameters: antero-posterior (conjugate), transverse, and oblique. Average measurement in female

Name

Description

anteroposterior or conjugatediameter or conjugata vera

extends from the sacrovertebral angle (promontorium) to the symphysis pubis;

about 110 mm.

transverse diameter

extends across the greatest width of the superior aperture, from the about 135 mm. middle of the brim on one side to the same point on the opposite;

oblique diameter

extends from the iliopectineal eminence of one side to the sacroiliac articulation of the opposite side;

about 125 mm.