TCP Ip Service Programs Appl

TCP/IP service programs and applications
Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 3 4 5 6 TCP/IP service programs Ping Tracert PathPing Remarks on TCP Slow start and congestion avoidance Remarks on FTP WWW Exercise Solution 3 4 6 8 11 12 15 21 25 29
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TCP/IP service programs
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1.1
Ping
The command Ping can be used to check the network connection to one or several remote hosts. The command runs an application which generates an ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Echo Request data packet (this is an IP packet with Protocol = 1, Type field = 8) which is sent to the host. An Echo Reply is expected from the host (this is an IP packet with Protocol = 1, Type field = 0). In the Windows Ping, after 1 second a new packet is sent again. As a default, 4 packets, each having 32 bytes data, are sent. The sent and received data are compared. The length of the data sent can be modified with the command ping [l] to maximum 65527 bytes. In the output of the ping command the number of sent, received, and lost packets as well as the ping delay is given. The following figure shows an example:
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Fig. 1 An example for the ping command
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1.2
Tracert
The Tracert (trace route) tool checks the route to a destination by sending ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Echo Request data packets with different TTL (time to live) values starting with TTL=1 for the first packet, then TTL=2 for the next packet, Each node decreases the TTL value by 1 before further transmitting the data packet. If the TTL value of a data packet reaches value 0, the corresponding node sends back an error message ("time exceeded"). By checking these error messages, the Tracert tool checks the route to the destination. The following figure shows an example:
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Fig. 2 An example for the tracert command
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1.3
PathPing
The tool PathPing extends the features of the Ping and Tracert commands and offers more information than those commands do. During a certain time, data packets are sent to each node contained in the path to a certain destination. Statistics are calculated based on the data packets which are sent back from these nodes. Since the PathPing command shows losses of packets for each of the nodes and each connection, this command can be used to localize those nodes and/or connections making problems. The following figure shows an example:
Fig. 3 Part 1 of an example for the pathping command
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Fig. 4 Part 2 of an example for the pathping command
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Remarks on TCP
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Since many applications are running based on TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) we want to shortly mention in this chapter some problems arising from the usage of TCP.
2.1
Slow start and congestion avoidance
In TCP the transmission performance in the beginning of a data transmission and after a congestion situation is characterized by the so called slow start phase. During slow start, the initial size of the so called congestion window, which is used by the sender for flow control, is usually one segment only. Each time an acknowledgement is received by the sender, the size of the congestion window is doubled during slow start phase, i.e. the amount of transmitted data starts exponentially. At a certain point, when the congestion window becomes too large, congestion occurs and data packets are discarded. The initial slow start threshold, which is set to 65535 bytes, is reset to one half of the receiver's window size. If now the congestion window is less or equal to this reset slow start threshold, then TCP restarts with slow start. If the congestion window size reaches the slow start threshold again, TCP changes from the slow start to the so called congestion avoidance phase. In this phase, the congestion window is not increased exponentially but linearly: Each time an acknowledgement is received, the congestion window is increased by 1 step, but cannot be increased more than the value suggested by the receiver. In case of congestion, the slow start threshold is reset to half of its actual value and the congestion window is reset to 1 segment.
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Slow start threshold, start value = 65535
8,760
receivers window seize
congestion occurs
readjustment of slow start threshold third phase: congestion avoidance, linear growth Slow start threshold, readjusted value
cwnd
second phase: slow start, exponential growth first phase: slow start, exponential growth
Fig. 5 Slow start and congestion avoidance
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Remarks on FTP
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With FTP (File Transmission Protocol) , files can be transferred between computers. FTP is standardized in RFC 959. A FTP session requires two programs: On the server side: A FTP server implementation. On the client side: A FTP client program which, on most PC systems, is available under the command "ftp". A FTP session is started from the client side by the ftp command with the name or the IP number of the (remote) server. The server requires an identification and authentication from the client and therefore prompts the client for the username and password. After the login procedure has been successful, the client can access the servers file system and enter commands for the transfer of files.
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User command User dir ls Pwd Cd get put mget mput send receive binary text ? ! rmdir open quit bye status remotehelp hash
meaning login with user name show directory content list directory content print working directory change dir get file put file get several files(*) put several files(*) send file receive file use transparent transmission use text transmission (ascii) show available commands (help) go to local shell remove directory open connection to host end connection end connection show current status help from remote server generates a # symbol on the screen for every 2 kbytes transmitted
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Fig. 6 Download of a file with 100 KBytes using FTP and CS2
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Fig. 7 Download of a file with 500 KBytes using FTP and CS2 (3 timeslots)
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Fig. 8 Download of a file with 1Mbyte using FTP and MCS9 (2 timeslots)
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WWW
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The success of the Internet during the last years arises mainly from one application called WWW (World Wide Web). One has to distinguish the application WWW from the internet itself. The WWW as a protocol standard was developed in the CERN research center in Geneva. Scientists developed the HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) which allows an easy transmission of information containing not only text, but also pictures, programs, sound files links to other information etc. An example for the download of an Internet page using a (3+1) GPRS mobile is given in the following picture:
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Fig. 9 Example for the download of an Internet page
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Exercise
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Exercise
Title: Objectives: Pre-requisite: Task
Answer the following questions Throughput when using FTP Understanding of different throughput rates when using FTP none
Query
Consider the screenshot of Figure 6. How many bytes are received by the (3+1) GPRS mobile in 28.89 seconds? Consider the screenshot of Figure 7. How many bytes are received by the (3+1) GPRS mobile in 133.75 seconds? Concerning FTP, why is the throughput usually higher when downloading larger files?
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Solution
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Solution
Title: Objectives: Pre-requisite: Task
Answer the following questions Throughput when using FTP Understanding of different throughput rates when using FTP none
Query
Consider the screenshot of Figure 6. How many bytes are received by the (3+1) GPRS mobile in 28.89 seconds? 100000Bytes
Consider the screenshot of Figure 7. How many bytes are received by the (3+1) GPRS mobile in 133.75 seconds? 500000Bytes Concerning FTP, why is the throughput usually higher when downloading larger files? This arises from the slow start of TCP. The influence of slow start is higher when the amount of data to be transferred is smaller.
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TCP Ip Service Programs Appl

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TCP Ip Service Programs Appl

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TCP/IP service programs and applications

TCP/IP service programs and applications

TCP/IP service programs and applications

TCP/IP service programs and applications