ImplementingaSustainableFoodandFuel SysteminJatrophaPlantationManagement

ThomroBiofuelsExperience A Visitor's Synopsis

By

Prof.ThomsonSinkala
ManagingDirector,ThomroBiofuels tsinkala@thomrobiofuels.com,www.thomrobiofuels.com

CONTENTSOFPRESENTATION
1.Introduction 2.Appropriatechoiceoffeedstock(s)matters 3.Choiceofliquidbiofuelsfeedstocks 4.Anexampleoffoodandfuelsystem 5.Observations 6.Conclusions

INTRODUCTION

Why Biofuels Now? Liquidbiofuelsareanoldstory.

Theyhaveonlyresurfaceddueto: 1. Securityofsupply offuelscausedbyamuch debatedPEAKOIL,globalpoliticaldisturbances, etc; 2. Increasinglyexpensivefossilfuels,thereby makingbiofuelscompetitive;and 3. Demandforcleanenergy.
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SUBSAHARAAFRICAPARTICULARLYHARDHIT Electricpowershortagesleadingto: Loadshedding; Increaseddemandfordieselforuseindiesel electricgenerators,thusincreasingthebills forliquidfuels;and Overallreducedproductivityofsocio economicactivities.

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Biofuels are only part of the solution to the above issues.

For developing countries, biofuels are also a golden opportunity to strengthen their economies, and more especially to develop rural areas.

NOTONLYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES
Commentingonthecrisisduetotheunprecedented oilpollutionintheGulfofMexico,theU.S.Secretary ofAgricultureTomVilsack wasquotedassaying: Whynotcreatebiofuel refineriesandrenewable energyplantsthatcreatejobsandmarkets. Whynotcreateopportunitiesforthebioeconomy to respondtochallengeslikewehavedownintheGulf
http://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/importanceofbiofuelsinruralrevitalization

APPROPRIATECHOICEOFFEEDSTOCK(S) FORAGIVENLOCATIONMATTERS

EXAMPLE:FeedstockSelectionApproachinZambia
Twelve(12)selectioncriteriaconsidered
1. Scopeofwealthownership; 2. Productiontechnology; 3. Jobcreation; 4.Resilienceagainstexternaldisturbances; 5. Diversityofproducts; 6. Sizeofinvestment; 7. Marketscope; 8. Landrequirements; 9. Waterrequirements; 10.Foodsecurity; 11.Geographicalcoverageofwealthownership;and 12.Environmentalconservation.
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In general, the choice of biofuels feed stocks in a given country depends on: Nationaleconopoliticalinterests; Levelofappreciationofthesignificanceofbiofuels industryinnationaleconomy; Agronomicandclimaticconditions;and Knowledge/technologybasetoeconomically producebiofuels fromidentifiedfeedstocks.

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Thebestfeedstockshouldgenerallybeonethat NETempowers(includingfoodsecurity)all playersacrosstheboard,fromsmalltolarge. MONOPOLISTICfeedstocksareapossible breedinggroundforUNSUSTAINABLEbiofuels industry. Atsomepoint,developmentofanexclusive biofuelsindustrymayleadtofuelflow disruptionssimilartothoseexperiencedin somefossilfuelproducingcountries.
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IMPLEMENTINGASUSTAINABLEFOODANDFUEL SYSTEMINTHEEXPANSIONOFBIOFUELS
JatrophaasanExample

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SequenceofeventsinJatropha basedbiofuelsindustry

Weed Management

Pollination

Pest/Disease Management

Harvest
Fertilizer Supply

& Process

Product

+$

Atpresent,productionofJatrophaoilisexpensive,thus makingbiodieselmorecostlycomparedtofossildiesel.

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Majorsourcesofcosts
COSTCENTRE Weeding Pollination SOURCESOFCOSTS Chemicals,pooryields,lossofcrop,labour Pooryields

Pests/diseasemanagement Chemicals,lossofcrop,pooryields,labour Fertilization Harvesting Fertilisers,pooryields,labour Labour,lossofseeds

Toreducecosts,innovativeJatrophaplantation managementmethodsarerequired.

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APPROACHBYTHOMROBIOFUELSTO IMPROVEPROFITABILITY

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WeedManagement

Food

Goats

and Income

Seealso
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXP1uVg8QmM
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FeedforGoats&ChickensinDrySeason Examples

Sweet Sorghum

Bioethanol

Mealie Meal
Maize

Livestock/PoultryFeed

SoyBeans

Biodiesel) Biodiesel

CookingOil
Ground Nuts

Etc
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Pollination

Septic flies

Honey Bees

FoodandIncome
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Termite/InsectsManagement
Chickens,guineafowl,etc,arenaturalpredatorsandwilleatalargenumberofinsectsavailable.
http://www.smallstock.info/info/health/tickpoultry.htm

Food and Income

Termites

UsePoultry

Savescosts and Environment

Goldenfleabeetles

UseTephrosia Vogelii

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ManagementofOtherDiseases/Pests
Tephrosia canbeusedwithgarden vegetables,fruitsandfieldcrops,to controltermites,ants,beetles,aphids, redspidermites,cutworms,various bugsandweevils,stalkborers,flies, etc. Tephrosia Vogelii Chickens,alongwithother poultrysuchasguineafowl,are naturalpredatorsandwilleata largenumberofinsects.
http://www.smallstock.info/info/health/tick poultry.htm

Savescosts and Environment

Food and Income

Poultry
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FertilizerSupply
Droppingsfrom poultryand livestock

Jatropha leaves

Tephrosia Vogelii
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Approximatelevelsofcommonlivestock/poultrymanures
www.plantea.com/manure.htm
MANURE N-P-K Chicken 1.1, 0.80, 0.50 Dairy cow 0.25, 0.15, 0.25 Horse 0.70, 0.30, 0.60 Steer 0.70, 0.30, 0.40 Sheep 0.70, 0.30, 0.90

Nutrientaccumulationduringthesixmonthfallowperiod
Treatments T. vogelii T. diversifolia Natural fallow Maize stover + cobs Total Biomass (t/ha)* 9.5 11.8 3.8 3.1 N 154 191 54 34 Nutrients (kg/ha) P K Ca 5.7 100 75 8.1 271 70 2.6 52 10 2.1 37 8 Mg 17 32 7 8

*Total biomass = above ground, litter and root biomass.

NutrientcompositionofJatrophacurcas leaves
Nutrient Source Leaves N 6.40 4.70 Nutrients (kg/ha) P K Ca 0.34 2.45 1.40 0.15 3.77 0.61 Mg 0.53 0.49
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www.pri.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/...47D5.../JatrophaWorld2008Claims.pdf

FertilizerSupply
1.0tonne ofdryseedofJatrophaperharemoves
14.334.3kgofN,0.77.0kgofP,and14.331.6kgofK
http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1219e/i1219e.pdf

MACRONUTRIENTCONTENTOFJATROPHASEEDCAKE N% P% K% 0.9 1.7 Ca% 0.6 0.7 Mg% 1.3 1.4 SOURCE Achten et al. (2008) Patolia et al. (2007) 0.31 0.68 Wani et al. (2006)

4.4 6.5 2.1 3.0

3.0 4.5 0.65 1.2 0.8 1.4 4.91 0.9 1.75

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ExamplesofCropsGrownUsingManure FromChickens,GoatsandJatrophaCake

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NaturalFoods

Mushrooms in Jatropha plantation

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SeedYield

Six-year old (March 2011) Jatropha observation plants in Lusaka, Zambia.

Corresponding yield is about 10 Kg/plant

(Seeds in the above photo are PER PLANT).

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TheThomroplantationmanagement isthereforeawinwinapproach

Weed Management

Pollination

Pest/Disease Management

Harvest
Fertilizer Supply

& Process

Product

+$

+$

+$

+$

+$

ThismakesJatrophaproductssignificantlycompetitive
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OBSERVATIONS

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WecanseethatintryingtoaddressJatropha managementissuestomakeitsproductscompetitive, weconsequently endupwithoutputssuchas:

Bioenergy(bioethanol,biodiesel,biogas,bioelectricity); Food(mealie meal,meat,milk,cookingoil,honey,etc); MoremoneyearnedfromJatrophamanagementproducts thanfromJatrophaproductsthemselves; MoneymadewaybeforestartingtoreapfromJatropha. OtherthanaddingJatrophatothefamiliarfoodcrops,and processingofbiofuels,thetradeofkeepinggoats,chickens andbeesiswellknown.
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GLOBAL FUEL MIX IN 2030

FUEL TYPE Petroleumfuels Biofuels Electricity Naturalgas PERCENTAGE USE 80.2% 12.0% 6.2% 1.6%

SOURCE: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/docs/weo2009/climate_change_excerpt.pdf

Biofuels projected share is 27% by 2050

OECD/IEA.2011. TechnologyRoadmap:biofuelsfortransport.InternationalEnergyAgency.www.iea.org.

CONCLUSIONS

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Withoutenergy,therecanbeno significantdevelopment!

Source:NASA(2000),availablein<nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/image/earth_night.jpg>.

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 Theabovewinwinexampleshowsthatbiofuelsand agriculturalindustriescanbedevelopedtobesupportiveof eachother. Forbiofuelstoexpand,Governmentsneedtoputinplace conducivepoliciesandstrategiesthatpromotelocaluptakes /participationinbiofuelsindustry. Droughtresistantfeedstocks/varietiesshouldbe promoted/developedtominimizewaterdemandandwiden thescopeofparticipationinthebiofuelsindustry. Theglobalbiofuelsmarketisenormous,andprojected demandwillnotbemetforalongtimetocome.
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OutcomesofInvestmentinBiofuelsIndustry Ruraldevelopmentandjobssincebiofuels feedstocksaretobegrownincountryside; Povertyreductioninbothruralandurbanareas; Enhancedfoodandenergysecurity; NETreductioninenvironmentaldegradation; Improvedruralelectrificationandinfrastructure; and AWinWininvestmentresultforparticipants.

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The Biofuels Journey has Begun!!

Sourcesofthesephotosunknown

Play your part to sustainably develop it.

Thank you for your attention
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