NPB 168 Exam 1

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Using a doseresponse curve, we can see that non-competitive antagonists alter both the _______

and _______ of the agonist while competitive antagonists alter only the _______. c. depot binding; metabolism; a. bioavailability; metabolism; bioavailability metabolism d. efficacy; potency; efficacy b. potency; efficacy; potency
____ 2. Experiencing a good sickfrom opiate use a. refers to the fact that one of the effects of opiates is to boost your immune system b. refers to the fact that a user continues to take opiates over time because s/he wants to become sick. c. occurs because nausea is consistently paired with a pleasant high d. means that opiates cause you to suffer fewer colds 3. Saftey Margin or Therapeutic Index a. is better the larger the value b. is calculated by the ratio of LD50/ED50 c. is important so that we can administer drugs safely without inducing an overdose d. all of the above 4. Drug metabolism includes all of the following EXCEPT: a. occurs primarily in the liver b. makes drug molecularly smaller c. makes drug less ionized d. makes drug less lipid soluble e. makes drug less biologically active 5. An effect of depot binding is to: a. produce quick termination of the drug effect b. slow the onset of the drug c. prevent activity of drug d. prolong activity of drug e. all of the above 6. The area postrema is a region of the brain where the _______ is not complete c. phospholipid membrane a. choroid plexus d. cerebrospinal fluid b. bloodbrain barrier 7. Venous sclerosis a. is typically seen with use of black tar heroin b. often causes users to switch to subcutaneous administration c. describes a condition where the veins become clogged and rigid d. all of the above 8. If taking a drug one time inhibits the hepatic enzyme that breaks down that drug, then repeating the same dose a short time later will have a(n) __________ effect. a. increased c. different kind of b. reduced d. better

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

9. The minimum dose needed for the first measurable response is called a. threshold dose b. LD50 c. potent dose d. ED50 e. AD50 10. With an overdose of opiates the factor that initiates the downward decline to death is a. a loss of consciousness c. suppression of the respiratory drive b. a drop in heart rate d. none of the above 11. Pharmacokinetics refers to ________________, while pharmacodynamics refers to ________________. a. first pass metabolism; the binding of drugs to their receptors. b. the movement of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood plasma; the relationship between neurotransmitter release and receptor activation. c. the movement of drugs through the body; the interaction of drugs with their receptors d. the interaction of drugs with agonists and antagonists at the target; the metabolism of drugs by hepatic enzymes and enzymes in cells lining the walls of the GI tract. 12. Examples of long-term effects of activating G-protein initiated second messenger cascades might include: a. synthesis of channels or receptors b. synaptogenesis c. activation or inhibition of ion channels d. a and b are true e. all of the above 13. Naloxone is a competitive antagonist at opiate receptors. If you compared two dose response curves for morphine, 1) for morphine alone and 2) for morphine when youve pretreated with naloxone how would the second curve compare to the first? a. the curve would be shifted to the left on the x axis b. both potency and efficacy would be reduced c. It would have a different shape and slope d. the maximum effect would be reduced 14. Which of the following is not an example of perenteral drug administration? a. oral ingestion b. inhalation c. subcutaneous injection d. intravenous injection e. sublingual 15. The reasons that drugs ingested orally are primarily absorbed through the small intestine are a. the large surface area of this structure b. ingested material spends a lot of time in this structure c. the pH of this structure is more conducive to absorption for all drugs d. a and b are true e. all of the above 16. The time course of drug clearance from the body follows an exponential decline dictated by a. a much slower decline of blood plasma due to the elimination phase b. rate of urination after drug administration c. a very fast decline in blood plasma concentration due to the distribution phase d. a and c are true

____ 17. Release of the second messenger IP3 leads to an increase in which protein kinase? a. Ca2+-calmodulin protein kinase system b. Phospholipase C c. PKC d. cAMP-dependent protein kinase e. none of the above ____ 18. For most rapid absorption, the best way to administer a drug would be c. orally a. intravenously d. intramuscularly b. subcutaneously ____ 19. Nitrous oxide causes vasodilation which leads to a drop in blood pressure while cocaine increases heart rate which drives an increase in blood pressure. What sort of drug interaction would be seen if a user administered both drugs together? a. additive effects c. physiological potentiation b. physiological antagonism d. none of the above ____ 20. If we consider just pH and pKa, a weak acid will be more likely to move from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood stream from a. the liver c. the large intestine b. the stomach d. the small intestine ____ 21. The most widely distributed opiate receptor in the brain is the a. delta receptor c. gamma receptor b. mu receptor d. kappa receptor ____ 22. Without metabolism, the renal system would not be a good mechanism for eliminating drugs from our bodies because a. most drugs are lipophilic and will pass back into the blood stream before being eliminated b. the drugs cannot get into the nephron to begin with unless they are metabolized c. most drugs are eliminated through the gastrointestinal system d. the liver must make the drug molecules bigger and more lipophilic before they can be eliminated ____ 23. Which of the following correctly lists the stages of pharmacokinetics? a. distribution, metabolism, absorption, elimination b. absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination c. absorption, metabolism, distribution, elimination d. distribution, absorption, metabolism, elimination e. none of the above ____ 24. Heroin differs from morphine in that a. it is often used in cough suppressants b. it has two additional acetyl groups c. it is more lipophilic d. b and c are due e. none of the above ____ 25. If the normal activity of a dopamine autoreceptor is to reduce the amount of calcium influx into the presynaptic terminal, then how would blockade of that autoreceptor affect neurotransmitter release? a. It would block neurotransmitter release. b. It would increase neurotransmitter release. c. It would decrease neurotransmitter release. d. None of the above.

____ 26. The absorption of a drug depends on c. the concentration a. ionization d. All of the above b. lipid solubility ____ 27. Assuming that a neuron receives both excitatory and inhibitory inputs, the likelihood that it will be depolarized adequately to fire action potentials will depend on. a. the sum of all excitatory inputs b. the difference between the excitatory and inhibitory inputs c. the sum of all inhibitory inputs d. the sum of both excitatory and inhibitory inputs ____ 28. A drugs half-life a. helps us choose between two similar drugs based on our needs b. tells us the time required for the plasma concentration of the drug to be reduced by 50% c. tells us when we are essentially free of the drub d. all of the above e. none of the above ____ 29. Ionization of a drug depends upon the _______ of the solution and the _______ of the drug c. concentration; lipid solubility a. pH; concentration d. pKa; pH b. pH; pKa ____ 30. If drugs A and B are both metabolized by the same hepatic enzyme and someone takes drug A followed by drug B only to discover that the effect of drug B is much lower than what theyre accustomed to, this could be an example of a. cross-tolerance c. the Henderson-Hasselbach equation b. metabolic inhibition d. first pass metabolism ____ 31. Opiates are classified as a. stimulants c. barbiturates b. anesthetics d. narcotic analgesics ____ 32. The pig ileum is a bioassay used to assess a. the degree of muscular excitation caused by opiates b. the ability for opiate antagonists to block acetylcholine induced muscular contractions c. the pain relieving effectiveness of opiates d. none of the above ____ 33. Binding of a drug to its receptor is usually _______________ and __________________. a. specific; permanent b. binding; reversible c. high affinity; competitive d. brief; antagonistic e. all of the above ____ 34. Opiates are present in the placental blood supply a. at a level equal to that of the mother c. at a level higher than that of the mother b. at a level lower than that of the mother d. none of the above ____ 35. Metabolic Induction: a. is due to an interaction of the drug with its receptor at its target site b. decreases future pharmacological effects of the drug c. decreases hepatic enzymatic activity d. can lead to drug dependency