CUWSS v1.0 Student Guide - Vol1

www.CareerCert.
info
CUWSS
Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey

Volume 1
Version 1.0
Student Guide
Text Part Number: 97-2788-01
www.CareerCert.info
DISCLAIMER WARRANTY: THIS CONTENT IS BEING PROVIDED AS IS. CISCO MAKES AND YOU RECEIVE NO WARRANTIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE CONTENT PROVIDED HEREUNDER, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR IN ANY OTHER PROVISION OF THIS CONTENT OR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CISCO AND YOU. CISCO SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE OR TRADE PRACTICE. This learning product may contain early release content, and while Cisco believes it to be accurate, it falls subject to the disclaimer above.
Student Guide
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
www.CareerCert.info
Students, this letter describes important course evaluation access information!
Welcome to Cisco Systems Learning. Through the Cisco Learning Partner Program, Cisco Systems is committed to bringing you the highest-quality training in the industry. Cisco learning products are designed to advance your professional goals and give you the expertise you need to build and maintain strategic networks. Cisco relies on customer feedback to guide business decisions; therefore, your valuable input will help shape future Cisco course curricula, products, and training offerings. We would appreciate a few minutes of your time to complete a brief Cisco online course evaluation of your instructor and the course materials in this student kit. On the final day of class, your instructor will provide you with a URL directing you to a short post-course evaluation. If there is no Internet access in the classroom, please complete the evaluation within the next 48 hours or as soon as you can access the web. On behalf of Cisco, thank you for choosing Cisco Learning Partners for your Internet technology training. Sincerely, Cisco Systems Learning
www.CareerCert.info
www.CareerCert.info
Table of Contents
Volume 1 Course Introduction
Overview Learner Skills and Knowledge Course Goal and Objectives Course Flow Additional References Cisco Glossary of Terms Your Training Curriculum
1
1 1 2 3 4 4 5
Prepare for the Site Survey

Overview Module Objectives
1-1
1-1 1-1
Identifying Site Survey Requirements for Different Vertical Industries

Overview Objectives Determining RF Application Requirements The Enterprise Office Vertical Markets Summary References
1-3
1-3 1-3 1-4 1-12 1-14 1-39 1-39
Identifying Customer Requirements

Overview Objectives The Customer Questionnaire RF Applications and Client Devices The Customer Facility The Current Network Infrastructure Summary
1-41
1-41 1-41 1-42 1-48 1-58 1-60 1-66
Identifying Regulatory Issues

Overview Objectives RF Regulations 15.203 Antenna Requirement Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Summary References
1-67
1-67 1-67 1-68 1-71 1-77 1-88 1-88
Identifying Safety and Aesthetic Requirements

Overview Objectives Safety Issues Government Safety Regulations FCC Safety Rules Enterprise Requirements Summary References
1-89
1-89 1-89 1-90 1-95 1-98 1-104 1-108 1-108
www.CareerCert.info
Understanding Logistical Considerations
Overview Objectives Resource Planning Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) Planning Mode Tool Facility Access Deployment Considerations Summary Module Summary Module Self-Check Module Self-Check Answer Key
1-109
1-109 1-109 1-110 1-110 1-114 1-118 1-124 1-125 1-127 1-129
Plan for the Site Survey

Overview Module Objectives
2-1
2-1 2-1
Selecting the Proper Survey Model

Overview Objectives Selecting a Data Model Client Density and Throughput Requirements Selecting a Voice Model Selecting a Location-Based Services Model Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Deployment Selecting a Bridging Model Grounding and Lightning Protection Summary
2-3
2-3 2-3 2-4 2-6 2-13 2-29 2-34 2-37 2-46 2-49
Determining the Proper Deployment Characteristics

Overview Objectives Highly Mobile Deployments Indoor Enterprise Wireless Mesh Networks Comparing Predictive and Physical Site Surveys Summary
2-51
2-51 2-51 2-52 2-58 2-65 2-75
Specifying the Tools Necessary to Complete a Site Survey

Overview Objectives Site Survey Software Tools Cisco WCS Planning Tool Cisco Spectrum Expert AirMagnet Survey Software Tools A Site Survey Kit 2.4-GHz Antennas 5-GHz Antennas Summary
2-77
2-77 2-77 2-78 2-79 2-80 2-83 2-88 2-91 2-91 2-101
Defining Site Survey Documentation

Overview Objectives Preassessment Form Site Survey Report Project Contact List Document Acceptance Summary Module Summary Module Self-Check Module Self-Check Answer Key
2-103
2-103 2-103 2-104 2-114 2-114 2-115 2-130 2-131 2-133 2-135
ii
Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS) v1.0
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.
www.CareerCert.info
CUWSS
Course Introduction
Overview
Welcome to Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS) v1.0, an instructor-led course. This five-day course is design to help you prepare for the Cisco CCNP Wireless certification, a professional level certification specializing in the wireless field. The course is a component of the proposed CCNP Wireless curriculum. It is designed to give you a firm understanding of how to conduct a site survey and explores WLAN topologies for voice and data as well as location appliance services.
Learner Skills and Knowledge

This subtopic lists the skills and knowledge that learners must possess to benefit fully from the course. The subtopic also includes recommended Cisco learning offerings that learners should first complete to benefit fully from this course.
2009 Cisco S yst ems, Inc . Al l rights reserved.
CUWS S v1. 0-1
www.CareerCert.info
Course Goal and Objectives

This topic describes the course goal and objectives.
Course Goal To provide learners with information and practice activities to prepare them to technically plan and conduct a wireless site survey
CUWS S v1. 0-4
Upon completing this course, you will be able to meet these objectives: Describe the requirements for preparing for a site survey Describe the requirements for planning a site survey Perform a site survey for data, voice, and location applications Determine the placement of the access points for data, voice, and location applications Assess the deployment of the WLAN
www.CareerCert.info
Course Flow
This topic presents the suggested flow of the course materials.
Course Flow
Day 1 Course Introduction A M Prepare for the Site Survey Day 2 Plan for the Site Survey Day 3 Conduct the Site Survey Day 4 Conduct the Site Survey Day 5 AP and Controller Density and Licensing Assessing the Deployment Lunch Prepare for the Site Survey Plan for the Site Survey
2009 Cisco S yst ems, Inc . Al l rights reserved. CUWS S v1. 0-6
P M
Conduct the Site Survey
Assessing the Deployment
The schedule reflects the recommended structure for this course. This structure allows enough time for the instructor to present the course information and for you to work through the lab activities. The exact timing of the subject materials and labs depends on the pace of your specific class.
Course Introduction
www.CareerCert.info
Additional References
This topic presents the Cisco icons and symbols that are used in this course, as well as information on where to find additional technical references.
Cisco Icons and Symbols

Router Lightweight Single-Radio Access Point
Access Point
Wireless Bridge
Lightweight Double-Radio Access Point
Fax
Workgroup Switch Dual-Mode Access Point Terminal Server Mobile Access Router Network Cloud Wireless Connectivity Laptop
WLAN Controller Secure Server PC
Broadband Fixed Wireless Media
Mesh Access Point Route/Switch Processor
Printer
Mobile Access Phone
Web Server
CUWS S v1. 0-7
Cisco Glossary of Terms

For additional information on Cisco terminology, see the Cisco Internetworking Terms and Acronyms glossary of terms at http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ita/index.htm.
www.CareerCert.info
Your Training Curriculum

This topic presents the training curriculum for this course.
Cisco Career Certifications

Cisco Certifications
www.cisco.com/go/certifications
2009 Cisco S yst ems, Inc . Al l rights reserved. CUWS S v1. 0-8
You are encouraged to join the Cisco Certification Community, a discussion forum open to anyone holding a valid Cisco Career Certification (such as Cisco CCIE, CCNA, CCDA, CCNP, CCDP, CCIP, CCVP, or CCSP). It provides a gathering place for Cisco certified professionals to share questions, suggestions, and information about Cisco Career Certification programs and other certification-related topics. For more information, see www.cisco.com/go/certifications.
Course Introduction
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco Career Certifications

Expand Your Professional Options, Advance Your Career
Cisco Certified Network Professional Wireless Expert
CCIE
CCNP Wireless Recommended Training Through Cisco Learning Partners Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey Implementing Advanced Cisco Unified Wireless Security Implementing Cisco Unified Wireless Mobility Services Implementing Cisco Unified Wireless Voice Networks
Professional
CCNA Wireless
CCNA
Associate
www.cisco.com/go/certifications
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. CUWSS v1.0-9
Cisco CCNP Wireless certification validates professional-level knowledge and skills to configure, implement and support WLANs, specifically those networks using Cisco equipment. With a CCNP Wireless certification, network professionals can technically plan and conduct a wireless site survey, design the RF network, and conduct a postinstallation assessment to ensure regulatory compliance. They will be able to secure the wireless network from security threats using appropriate security policies and best practices, ensure the proper implementation of security standards, ensure the proper configuration of security components, integrate Voice over WLAN (VoWLAN) services into the WLAN, and be able to implement VoWLAN, quality of service (QoS), and high-bandwidth applications into the wireless network. They will also be able to integrate mobility services into the network, tune and troubleshoot the WLAN, and implement indoor enterprise mesh networks. The CCNP Wireless curriculum includes information and practice activities to prepare candidates for configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting a Cisco WLAN in small and medium-size business (SMB) and enterprise networks.
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco Learning Network

Developing a world of talent through collaboration Social learning, online assessments, mentoring
www.cisco.com/go/learnnetspace
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
CUWSS v1.0-10
Find current information and answers to your questions about Cisco certifications and training at the Cisco Learning Network, a career-oriented site that helps current and future networkers master the language that connects the world of networking. The first of its kind, it is a social learning resource where networkers learn from Cisco and from each other, and where Cisco also learns from professionals in the field. To take a look, go to http://cisco.com/go/learnnetspace.
Course Introduction
www.CareerCert.info
Learner Introductions
Your name Your company Job responsibilities Skills and knowledge Brief history Objective
CUWSS v1.0-11
Prepare to share the following information with the other participants in the course: Your name and work location Your job responsibilities A profile of your internetworking experience What you would like to learn from this course
www.CareerCert.info
Module 1

Overview
This module discusses how to prepare to conduct an RF site survey to supply enough information to determine the number and placement of access points that will provide adequate coverage throughout the facility. This module also addresses potential situations and obstacles that a site survey engineer might encounter.
Module Objectives
Upon completing this module, you will be able to describe the requirements for preparing for a site survey. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Identify site survey requirements for different vertical industries Identify customer requirements Identify various regulatory issues affecting a site survey Identify safety and aesthetic requirements of which a person performing a site survey should be aware Define various logistical requirements necessary to conduct a site survey
www.CareerCert.info
1-2
www.CareerCert.info
Lesson 1
Identifying Site Survey Requirements for Different Vertical Industries

Overview
Before starting the planning process, some preparation is necessary to identify user needs and determine the challenges and requirements of the specific site where the WLAN will be deployed. This lesson explores the various types of WLAN sites that site survey engineers need to survey to optimize coverage, and the special considerations that each site type presents.
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to identify site survey requirements for different vertical industries. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Identify the criteria for determining the requirements of the RF application Describe the RF environment common to an enterprise office Describe the RF environment common to vertical markets
www.CareerCert.info
Determining RF Application Requirements

This topic identifies the criteria for determining the requirements of the RF application. A radio frequency site survey is the first step in the deployment of a wireless network, and it is the most important step to ensure desired operation. A site survey is a task-by-task process in which the surveyor studies the facility to understand the RF behavior, discovers RF coverage areas, checks for RF interference, and determines the appropriate placement of wireless devices.
WLAN Applications
2009 Cisco S ystem s, Inc . Al l rights reserved.
CUWSS v1. 01-2
As wireless technology continues to evolve, data rates and interference immunity are improving. These improvements make wireless a viable technology for use in most applications. As the acceptance of wireless technologies continues to grow, the advantages of a mobile workforce and a flexible network become more apparent to network managers.
1-4
www.CareerCert.info
RF Yesterday and Today: Old School and New School

Early adopters of RF technology: Vertical markets Mobility, bar coding Today: Vertical and horizontal markets Mobility Standards and throughput Intrusion detection services Location-based services VoWLAN
CUWSS v1. 01-3
Early adopters of wireless technology were in vertical markets such as education and logistics, where users were more concerned with mobility than with standards or data throughput. Users today are moving into more horizontal markets, where mobility might be less of a concern than interoperability and throughput. With Cisco Aironet products, you do not need to sacrifice mobility and roaming to gain throughput and interoperability. Today, applications, such as Voice over WLAN (VoWLAN) and location-based services require a more stringent survey than that required for a data-only WLAN.
1-5
www.CareerCert.info
5 GHz vs. 2.4 GHz

Both technologies will work in these markets.
Popular Choices
802.11a Hospitality Manufacturing Health Care Higher Education Enterprise Office Financial Institutions Retail Transportation Warehousing
802.11b/g 802.11n
X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
CUWSS v1. 01-4
The figure shows popular application choices for various technologies. Depending on the application, all three technologies function very well in vertical markets. For example, warehousing generally involves record transaction updating, and therefore the data rate is not the highest concern; instead, range is of great interest. On the other hand, the patient areas of a hospital might require higher data rates for file transfers of X-ray images. Current wireless solutions operate in the 2.4-GHz radio band (IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11b) or the 5-GHz radio band (IEEE 802.11a). Solutions based on the IEEE 802.11n standard will operate in the 2.4-GHz, the 5-GHz radio band, or both bands. The 802.11n standard was not a ratified standard at the time of this writing.
1-6
www.CareerCert.info
WLAN Design Concerns

Client type and mobility Cards CardBus, PCI Repeaters and workgroup bridges Third-party 802.11 devices Bar code scanners, telephony, Wi-Fi devices
CUWSS v1. 01-5
Several factors are important in a WLAN design. One factor that can affect WLAN design is particular type of client that customers will be using. PC cards or embedded radios in laptops provide mobility to internal staff and easy connectivity for remote users when they are in the facility. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) cards give you the freedom to occasionally move desktop PCs without needing to worry about installing cable. A repeater or a workgroup bridge provides connectivity to remote users without standard leased lines or the need to run fiber. Some customers might want to use data collection terminals, and others will want 802.11 phones. Most sites use a combination of these options. A review of the specifications and compatibility information is needed for all devices to ensure functionality. You should examine and standardize on the latest client drivers and client types.
1-7
www.CareerCert.info
Customer Applications
Know what the customer needs from the WLAN:
Email and web users have different needs from those of a CAD developer. Client-server. Thin client.
CUWSS v1. 01-6
The site survey engineer must be aware of the applications that will be used in the wireless network. Someone who performs the occasional file transfer and checks email has very different needs from someone using a computer-aided design (CAD) application across the network. In many offices today, frequently used applications such as email and internal ordering software are loaded on each terminal. Other companies are moving to thin clients. Thin clients, or thin client software, rely on servers for processing information; little is done locally on the PC. Thin clients can have much greater bandwidth requirements. This type of setup requires a very reliable connection to the network, because an interruption of network service leaves the user helpless.
1-8
www.CareerCert.info
Mobile Users
Wireless data collection means mobility. Coverage must be seamless.
CUWSS v1. 01-7
Data collection users are also highly mobile users, which is an advantage of the wireless data collection device. It enables the end user to freely roam throughout the facility and scan items instead of needing to carry the items to a scanner that is attached to a fixed terminal. Coverage must not have holes and must have enough overlap between access points to offer truly transparent roaming. If the application stops working, so does the user. Voice devices, unlike data collection devices, do not tolerate uneven or spotty coverage; the voice user demands uninterrupted and clear conversations; otherwise, customers complain, and the system is not used.
1-9
www.CareerCert.info
Wireless LAN Design

Pools of higher data rate coverage Stationary vs. mobile
CUWSS v1.01-8
In an environment in which the PCs remain stationary most of the time, providing wireless connectivity is an easy task. For installations of this type, users typically need pools of coverage and are not overly concerned with their link speed while moving. Many customers do not fully understand the equipment that will be installed or what to expect. Some people believe that it will be a full 11- or 54-Mb/s link for every user. Some people question the reliability of the RF link and intend to use the wireless link on a limited basis. The truth is that most users fall somewhere between those two.
1-10
www.CareerCert.info
Copper vs. Wireless LAN

Lower pricing on WLAN equipment. Moving a terminal once makes RF the better solution. Popularity increasing. Consider future WLAN expansion while surveying. Consider the future addition of services such as VoWLAN or location-based. Are these applications or services on the roadmap future?
CUWSS v1. 01-9
Copper installations can still provide higher data rates, but price is no longer a factor. A WLAN can be installed for roughly the same price as a copper-based network, and provides many benefits in comparison to a wired network. As prices continue to come down on wireless products and throughput speeds continue to increase, wireless will continue to increase in popularity. The Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification program adds to this popularity. Future expandability is another possible reason for the popularity of wireless. If the customer wants to start by using a few wireless clients, and then increase the number when there is confidence about the reliability, it is possible to design a WLAN to accommodate this future expansion. Ensure that you know if VoWLAN or location-based services are planned for the future. If they are, design the WLAN to support these services.
1-11
www.CareerCert.info
The Enterprise Office

This topic describes the RF environment common to an enterprise office. The enterprise office is often rich with wireless applications, such as VoWLAN, and multiple sales force and supply chain management automation applications. The WLAN for the enterprise office needs to be designed around the applications that are intended to run on the wireless network.
The Enterprise Office

Normally rich in applications and features such as: VoWLAN Security Location aware Email Calendar Enterprise databases Supply chain management Sales force automation Customer relationship management Design should support the most critical applications, such as VoWLAN or location-based services, if they are to be implemented.
2009 Cisco S ystem s, Inc . Al l rights reserved. CUWSS v1.01-10
Mobile users require the same accessibility, security, quality of service (QoS), and high availability currently enjoyed by wired users. Whether you are at work, at home, or on the road locally or internationally, you need to connect. The technological challenges are apparent, but to this end, mobility plays a role for everyone. Companies are deriving business value from mobile and wireless solutions. What was once a vertical market technology is now mainstream and is an essential tool in getting access to voice, real-time information, and critical applications such as email and calendar, enterprise databases, supply chain management, sales force automation, and customer relationship management.
1-12
www.CareerCert.info
Small Office
Quickly emerging market New solutions being developed Wireless is more cost-effective Enterprise security available through: Local RADIUS in autonomous access point Controller-based local RADIUS H-REAP
CUWSS v1.01-11
The wireless small office, home office (SOHO) markets are among the most quickly emerging markets. Many vendors are racing to put out RF products for the home. In the meantime, many customers are trying to find creative ways to use industrial products in the SOHO environment. Many small offices might not require a site survey; but some customers might want a site survey anyway, looking ahead to future growth and expansion. In such instances, a single access point that might be moved or connected via a wireless repeater can be set up. Small offices are often located near retail properties that have other small offices. Those offices might also be using WLAN solutions, so there is the potential for overlapping cells between different businesses. Channels should be selected either with low use or with a signal strength that is adequate but that does not send the signal far outside the required coverage area. Part of securing a network is making it less visible. Lowering the transmit (Tx) power to just what is needed to provide coverage inside the office area makes the network more secure against interference from outside the office. Local RADIUS servers are built into Cisco autonomous access points providing enterpriseclass security for support of up to 50 users in the SOHO environment. Local RADIUS servers are also supported in controllers, as well as Hybrid Remote-Edge Access Points (H-REAPs,) another option that supports enterprise security. H-REAP local RADIUS servers can support up to 100 users in the SOHO environment. A remote wireless office can also be monitored by a centralized management system like the Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) using the controller-based solution.
1-13
www.CareerCert.info
Vertical Markets
This topic describes the RF environment common to vertical markets. Early adopters of wireless technology were in vertical markets. Even though wireless has become a part of the infrastructure in the enterprise office, vertical markets still use wireless, and each vertical market has certain common characteristics that help the person performing the site survey to assess the RF environment.
Wireless in Retail
Early users of wireless technology Wireless use for real-time applications Use of wireless technology for special events Use of WLANs for voice and paging Hotspots in retail stores
CUWSS v1.01-12
Data collection devices are extremely valuable tools for checking stock, receiving, and pointof-sale information. Wireless data collection devices offer the retail industry real-time updates to their databases and the ability to place registers and printers throughout the store for special events (such as a sidewalk or tent sale) without having to worry about cabling. Recently, new kinds of wireless devices and services have been placed in retail stores. The most popular are the following: Wireless 802.11 phones Wireless kiosks: Help customers to scan and validate prices Wireless multimedia stations or carts: Provide marketing and advertising information to retail customers Wi-Fi hotspots: Provide Wi-Fi access to the Internet in certain locations in the stores These wireless services and devices are additional overhead to the WLAN in the retail industry. They can be difficult to plan for, because the wireless use is coming from the retail customers and not from the retail employees. Additional customer services can require higher throughput RF technology such as 802.11a or 802.11g. In this case, a site survey would need to be performed to accommodate data collection devices using 802.11g devices.
1-14 Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS) v1.0 2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.
www.CareerCert.info
Wireless in Retail (Cont.)

Uneven use of wireless during retail open and off hours Different wireless applications during different retail hours Heavy WLAN: Usage during inventory hours Overhead by 802.11 voice devices Special coverage requirements for loading docs, back rooms, trailers, and hotspot usage
CUWSS v1.01-13
Retail implementations often involve a large number of users sending data frequently. These same stores are likely to conduct their inventory at night. This situation can mean that there will be uneven WLAN usage during normal store hours and night hours. During normal business hours, the WLAN might be taxed more with voice devices that place huge overhead on the access points, because most voice devices operate in the 2.4-GHz range. Cisco Unified Wireless IP Phone 7921G is the first dual-band product available from Cisco that takes advantage of 802.11a and 802.11g speeds. If data collection terminals need to operate at the same time and in the same locations, the design and survey should be performed accordingly. When the inventory crew comes in at night, the customer expects that the WLAN will be able to handle the demand. The design needs to take into account several factors: how often inventory is conducted, how many data collection devices are used, the specific locations, and what the requirements are for their particular applications. It is also important to know if wireless phones will be used at the same time that the inventory is being conducted. It is also important to know if coverage on the loading docks or inside the trucks at the loading docks is required. Depending on the WLAN design, there might be enough RF coverage extending to the outside of the buildings to accommodate this need, but it should be factored into the design.
1-15
www.CareerCert.info

Most data collection devices do not support 802.11a. Older devices require only 2 to 11 Mb/s. Newer devices use 802.11g and can automatically rate-shift up to 54 Mb/s. Will data collection devices be the only clients using the WLAN? Investigate device rate capabilities.
CUWSS v1.01-14
If the customer intends to use data collection devices exclusively, this situation will change how the survey is performed. Currently, most data collection devices do not support 802.11a or 802.11n. Newer data collection devices have the ability to rate shift from 54 to 48 to 36 to 24 to 18 to 11 to 5.5 to 2 to 1 Mb/s for 802.11g. It is important to know which devices the customer plans to deploy, what abilities these devices have, and how the devices are to be used. Different data rates provide different coverage areas; the lower the data rate, the larger the coverage area will become, and the adjacent access point overlap can increase significantly.
1-16
www.CareerCert.info

Multiple workers sending large amounts of information Needs of the application Evaluate the application
CUWSS v1.01-15
Retail sites might have areas, such as receiving areas, that have large numbers of very busy users. When equipment is unloaded from trailers, it is unboxed, and bar codes are scanned in rapid succession, sending packets containing a large amount of data. If there are 20 to 30 users scanning bar codes and entering keystrokes in rapid succession, a single access point might not be enough. For example, if all the data collection devices are communicating at 11 Mb/s, then realistically, the access point is operating at only 11 Mb/s. This is not to say that the access point is limited to 11 Mb/s, but that there are no communications occurring at data rates above 11 Mb/s. Although the 11 to 54 Mb/s connections might be sufficient to handle 20 to 30 users, the single 11 Mb/s access point might be a bottleneck. The packet size of the application, the number of users, and the frequency with which the users will be transmitting data need to be assessed to determine if extra access points are needed in the area. If extra access points are needed, then access points must be configured on nonadjacent channels.
1-17
www.CareerCert.info

Source of interference in retail: Inventory items 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz equipment Colocated: Stores using WLANs Hotspots Locate access points away from these items on the showroom floor Consider different approaches to lower interference
CUWSS v1.01-16
Another concern within the retail industry is the close proximity of the store to other RF devices. Some stores might stock and demonstrate RF devices in their store, such as satellite systems, baby monitors, and cordless phones. Many of these might operate in the 2.4-GHz range and some might operate in the 5-GHz range. Access points should not be installed next to this type of equipment because they typically have a higher transmitter power. Some retail stores use internal cordless phone systems. Ideally, they should use a system that operates in a different RF spectrum. There are phones that operate at 900 MHz, 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5 GHz. It is far less expensive to replace a few cordless phones than to try to design a WLAN around an existing phone system so that the phone system does not interfere with the WLAN. Retail stores might also be located in malls or strip malls where other users might be operating 2.4 GHz equipment, or a hotspot service provider might be operating on the same RF spectrum. The systems integrators and surrounding store managers can provide information about their systems or hotspot services. Site surveys should not be performed without this information. Optimally, the stores can separate their signals by channel, Service Set Identifier (SSID), and so on.
1-18
www.CareerCert.info
Warehousing
Multiple users Large coverage areas Transaction-oriented applications Highly mobile users Varied wireless devices
CUWSS v1.01-17
Warehouse implementations present many of the same problems as the retail market. There might be a limited number of users during the day, but when a shipment comes in, or if multiple shipments come in at the same time, many or all users might be operating at the same time. Coverage areas are generally large, subject to a lot of multipath distortion or RF interference because of concrete floors, metal roofing, and metal shelving. Cell size is more important than data rates because warehouse applications are generally transaction driven, with small packet sizes. Cell coverage overlap needs to be from 10 to 15 percent. The usage is not very high, but the users are highly mobile and must roam often. With 802.11g in the 2.4-GHz band, this is usually the choice. Diversity antennas are often useful in areas with higher multipath distortion interference and utilization, and medium-gain antennas are generally the best solution. There is no way of determining the distance of a signal without knowing the type of inventory. Different types of stock either reflect or absorb the radio frequency. Inventory that reflects an RF signal includes metal and lead-based paint. Inventory that absorbs an RF signal includes water, wood, plants, trees, paper, boxes, non-lead-based paint, pet food, and cat litter.
1-19
www.CareerCert.info
Warehousing (Cont.)
Talk with warehouse personnel about inventory levels Consult more than one individual
CUWSS v1.01-18
It is important to talk with and get buy-in from all stakeholders; that is, all levels of users and those impacted by the WLAN. Listening to all possible stakeholders gives you invaluable information. Making inquiries of numerous people provides more accurate details about stock levels. The site survey engineer should talk with as many people as possible throughout the warehouse, inquiring about stock levels and periods of high usage. A forklift driver, for example, can have an accurate opinion of current stock levels. These levels can vary on a monthly, weekly, or daily basis depending upon the time of year and the business. A warehouse at 50 percent stocking level has a much better RF footprint than the same warehouse has at 100 percent. If widespread information gathering is not possible, the plan should compensate for the potential increase in stock. Otherwise, there should be a statement in the documentation that indemnifies the engineer if the physical layout of the site changes, to include stock levels.
1-20
www.CareerCert.info
Warehousing (Cont.)
Keep in mind while performing the survey:
Exposure to the elements Freezers Weatherproof enclosures Shelving Antenna mounting Forklift paths
CUWSS v1.01-19
Warehouses and distribution centers are typically dirty and have maximum exposure to the elements. Here are a few questions to keep in mind while performing the survey: Will the access points need to be mounted in sealed boxes for protection? The environment will help determine if a sealed box is needed. Are there freezer areas (which are difficult to cover and hard on electrical equipment)? If the environment exceeds the limitations of the access point, will you need heated enclosures? How much clearance exists above the shelving? Will it be sufficient to mount an antenna? Will a forklift, or the inventory that a forklift is loading onto a top shelf, crush the antenna? It is important to consider the performance of the various wireless devices. Warehouses often have wireless devices from several vendors or for different applications. The access point must be able to interface with the various devices and provide coverage for all.
1-21
www.CareerCert.info
New Warehouse
Facilities will not have product. Wireless systems must be installed before inventory delivery. Best to survey and install after racking or shelving has been installed. No guarantee that coverage and overlap will be perfect. WLAN might need adjustments after inventory is received.
CUWSS v1.01-20
For a new warehouse facility, you need to have a WLAN installed before the inventory is received. When the inventory is received, products are scanned in and out of the facility, so a WLAN bar code system must exist to scan inventory into the facility. For a new warehouse, it is best to have the inventory storage racks and shelving installed before scheduling the survey. This will allow placing the access points out of the way of storage vehicles (such as forklifts) so that they are not in jeopardy of being struck. There is no way to guarantee the coverage area or overlap, due to the lack of inventory storage at the time of the initial survey. It is best to perform the survey again after the inventory has been added, to determine what changes, if any, are required to ensure optimum coverage and performance.
1-22
www.CareerCert.info
Manufacturing
The applications are generally transaction-oriented. Throughput could be the primary concern. Surveying should be done considering the same concerns as with warehousing.
CUWSS v1.01-21
Manufacturing embraces WLAN solutions because they integrate well into its just-in-time environment. WLAN devices are used for assembly line inventory accounting, RF-controlled robots, quality control, network connectivity, and warehouse management. Forklifts can be equipped with wireless data collection devices, and handheld devices can be given to mobile workers. Manufacturing presents some issues that the site survey engineer must consider: High ceilings: Caution should be used when omnidirectional antennas are installed higher than 40 feet (12.2 meters). This height causes data collection devices underneath the antennas to lose the signal. Forklift paths: Forklifts can knock down equipment when they are moving stock. Machines: Conflicting frequencies can be generated by machines. Chain-link fence: This kind of fence blocks and grounds RF signals (such as in the tool room). Conveyor belts: The metal in the belts causes multipath distortion. Robots: Unmanned robots follow tracks in the floor to deliver products throughout the plant. Racking: Racking can affect WLAN devices, depending on how the racks are oriented and what the racking holds. Union regulations: It is important to respectfully find out what can and cannot be done by the site survey engineer. System redundancy: Lightweight access points deployed at half power are excellent for system redundancy. Antenna or AP mounting: Access point placement can be difficult, depending on how the manufacturing plant is built.
1-23
www.CareerCert.info
Transportation
Rail yards
Rail cars: Made of wood and metal Transport a variety of cargo Large Narrow pathways between tracks
CUWSS v1.01-22
Transportation surveys for sites such as rail yards and airports present a variety of situations and obstacles that site survey engineers must take into consideration. Rail yards are difficult to survey and are difficult places to perform installations, for many reasons. The cars themselves are very large and constructed of wood or metal. Cars can be filled with a variety of materials that can limit the signal, such as livestock, wood, metals, or perishable materials in wooden or cardboard boxes. Inside the yard, tall rail cars that are located on parallel tracks form narrow pathways for the signal. Yagi antennas mounted on poles above the cars at both ends of the yard are often the best solution to this situation, allowing the RF signal to shoot down the narrow pathways.
1-24
www.CareerCert.info
Transportation (Cont.)
Airports: Multidimensional coverage: Typically open area Long open pathways High traffic areas. Equipment can be damaged or stolen if left unattended. Security restrictions: Rules and regulations Baggage ramp area
CUWSS v1.01-23
Airports are usually very wide, with long, open pathways between terminals. This type of coverage makes the survey simpler for the engineer because the survey becomes multidimensional. However, surveying an airport can be difficult. Although people are certainly used to seeing work crews roaming throughout an airport, it does not mean that they will be cautious around an engineer during a site survey. Proper care of the site survey materials is important to prevent theft or injury. A misplaced cable that a traveler trips over could result in a lawsuit. In addition, today more than ever, airports are concerned with security. Access points and battery packs, with their flashing lights and wires wrapped around them, can easily be mistaken for some sort of destructive device. It is important for site survey engineers to meet with all necessary security and facilities personnel before starting the survey. One difficulty in covering airports arises when coverage is needed outside the facility; for example, in the outdoor baggage areas. Much like warehouse installations, these access points can be subject to extreme weather conditions and might require weatherproof enclosures. Another situation that the site survey engineer might encounter is that there could already be wireless gear installed throughout the airport, making channel selection difficult. WLAN products are used in many airports today by the airlines, as well as by service providers that are enabling business travelers to connect to the Internet wirelessly while waiting for flights. The projected wireless application must be in accordance with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations as well as other governing guidelines for the specific airport.
1-25
www.CareerCert.info
Health Care Three-Dimensional Site Survey

Watch out for the twodimensional trap. Expect lots of access points. Make use of nonoverlapping channels. Look for trauma or X-ray rooms with lead-lined walls. Elevators represent potential dead zones.
CUWSS v1.01-24
Health care site surveys are some of the most restrictive, time-consuming, and difficult site surveys to perform. The primary reason for this difficulty is that almost every hospital is a multistory building with numerous small rooms. Because of the multifloor configuration of many sites, the survey must be thought of as a three-dimensional survey. While they are marking site maps (which are two-dimensional), many engineers start to think of the survey as 2-D. The RF signal needs to be thought of as 3-D, covering not only the floor on which the access points are mounted but also the floors above and below. A hospital is a good example of a multifloor site survey. The need to think of a site survey as 3D is especially true in hospitals, because hospitals typically require a large number of access points. Take advantage of the nonoverlapping channels when possible. For example, if one access point is on channel 6, then the adjacent access point can be assigned channel 1 or 11. Logically this is a better choice (due to utilization) than staying on a channel that is totally unusable due to an interfering access point. Watch out for trauma and X-ray areas where the walls might be lead-lined. Also locate elevator shafts, which are usually colocated in hospitals and can be detrimental to the RF signal.
1-26
www.CareerCert.info
Health Care
Multiple floors Numerous rooms Numerous and quite diverse applications Multiple vendors of WLAN equipment
CUWSS v1.01-25
Certain applications such as portable X-ray and ultrasound devices can require a lot of bandwidth. These applications would require 802.11a or 802.11g data rates and are generally used in the areas of the hospital that are the least friendly to RF signal propagation. Most of these areas of the hospital have an overlay of RF networks. Those networks might be on different frequency bands but are generally using one of the three industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. Beyond this, there are a number of concerns that the RF devices might interfere with the wireless equipment, or vice versa, and hospital administrators want assurance that there will not be interference. It is important to remember that portable hospital monitoring equipment might have embedded WLAN radios.
1-27
www.CareerCert.info
Health Care (Cont.)

Testing performed by biomedical department Cisco access points: ISM FCC compliant FCC safety Hospital equipment should be built to a standard to avoid RF interference
CUWSS v1.01-26
Before any hospital floor space is surveyed, it is imperative for the site survey engineer to determine that deploying 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz equipment will not interfere with life support equipment. You obtain this information by having the hospital biomedical department certify that the equipment will not cause life-threatening problems. The 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz radios are FCC-compliant and are part of the ISM unlicensed band.
1-28
www.CareerCert.info
Health Care (Cont.)

Hospitals house sick people; be prepared to deal with the situation. Be sensitive to areas where you might not be wanted or allowed. Hospital IT department escort is needed for access to restricted areas. Do not abuse privileges.
CUWSS v1.01-27
Hospital surveys also require engineers with a certain amount of mettle. It is not unheard of to need to survey the intensive care unit, infant intensive care unit, birthing unit, surgery unit, burn victim unit, morgue, emergency room, or trauma unit. The sight of patients in a condition that requires them to be in one of those units sometimes has a very profound effect on individuals. The engineer needs to be able to handle all this with grace. More than one engineer has been caught in the trauma unit when a critically injured patient is being wheeled in. When surveying hospitals it is a good idea to have an escort who is part of the IT department and is known throughout the hospital. This clears access in many departments that are not open to the public. In the surgery area of the hospital, the engineer might be required to wear a gown to survey the area. Usually, engineers are not allowed in the psychiatric ward or the criminal ward without a security escort.
1-29
www.CareerCert.info
Hotels and Hospitality

Multifloor construction Numerous rooms Throughput Fewer users per access point Multiple building materials
CUWSS v1.01-28
Hotels are much like hospitals in their building construction and configuration (multifloor with many rooms). Hotels have started using WLANs to support data collection devices for taking inventory of things such as minibars. However, with the popularity of the Internet and the demand for Internet connectivity, WLANs are being installed into more and more hotels to provide Internet connectivity for hotel guests. Beyond requiring the engineer to look at the survey three-dimensionally, hotels present such concerns as data rates and throughput, and security. The high number of walls separating guest rooms decreases the range of access points and thus increases the need for more access points. Hotels want to offer their guests fast, reliable Internet access, which means fewer users per access point. In addition, hotels historically have a lower density because rooms geographically distribute users well, which helps with the placement of access points.
1-30
www.CareerCert.info
Hotels and Hospitality (Cont.)

Security: Physical Network Billing Aesthetics: Older hotel buildings: Hard-cap ceiling Poured concrete walls Newer hotels have drop-tile ceilings.
CUWSS v1.01-29
Hotels often have restaurants and retail and convention areas, which makes them public places and thus susceptible to theft and vandalism. A good practice is to properly secure access points to ceilings or walls, or hide them above the ceiling. Hotels also have many of the same concerns as hospitals regarding aesthetics. Depending on the age of the hotel, building construction might become a factor. Newer hotels have drop-tile ceilings in hallways but rarely in guest rooms. Older hotels often have hard-cap ceilings. These ceilings are poured concrete. There is no real, effective way to run cable across a hard-cap ceiling. Keep this fact in mind when you are deciding where to mount access points. Older hotels can also have walls of poured concrete instead of drywall. This situation presents the same problems as hard-cap ceilings. A solution is to use Cisco Long-Reach Ethernet (LRE) over the existing phone lines; Cisco LRE makes use of the phone lines for high-speed Ethernet.
1-31
www.CareerCert.info

Possible interference with hotel infrastructure wireless: Cleaning services Maintenance Security Possible multiple providers in separate locations of hotel: Rooms Convention center Retail areas
CUWSS v1.01-30
Wireless has become increasingly popular as a means of streamlining hotel operations for everything from guest services (check-in, concierge) to house cleaning and maintenance. Handheld devices and IP phones require their own infrastructure. If the public access provider is willing, the use of VLANs can allow single access points to support both public and private usage. Otherwise, overlay networks are required. Hotels are no longer simply places for travelers to spend the night. Increasingly, they have everything that travelers need during their stay: convention and conference services, retail shops, and, of course, restaurants. These locations might have their own contracts and providers, causing possible interference between networks.
1-32
www.CareerCert.info

Hotel conference centers:
Sporadic usage High density for key shows Differing security requirements for individual shows
CUWSS v1.01-31
Convention and conference centers do not have continual usage and often provide fewer access points. When a convention or conference is taking place, however, there might be a huge number of users in a small area, a situation that requires a high number of access points providing high throughput per user. The convention center network usually needs to be isolated and available for numerous changes and additions. Each incoming convention requires different types of security (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 [WPA2], IEEE 802.1X, open, and so on), as well as front-end servers and other services available to attendees. This location should not be connected to the hotel network because it could provide a source for viruses and bring instability to the hotel network.
1-33
www.CareerCert.info
Hotspots
Hotspot provider: Subscribers Survey might not be necessary Effective range 300 to 500 feet Generic network Public areas: Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels Airports, convention centers Marinas, parks Camp grounds, RV parks
CUWSS v1.01-32
The buzzword hotspot refers to a type of 802.11 wireless access points that is booming in public areas. These hotspots are targeted at the business community and people on the go who see the value in staying connected. Hotspot providers need to offer high-speed throughput and transparent use of Internet subscriptions to satisfy the paying public. Some of these locations can be easily covered by one access point (300 to 500 feet, or 91.44 to 152.4 meters). Coffee shops, airports, and other locations require a more elaborate configuration. According to research estimates for 2007, 40 million people were using hotspot locations worldwide, with the popular use of handheld devices and laptops being shipped with embedded wireless network cards.
1-34
www.CareerCert.info
Hotspots (Cont.)
New and emerging technologies and standards. 802.11n to complement 802.11a/g. Appropriately plan for users to have different types of technology cards. Increased number of hotspots means increased interference, possible overlap.
CUWSS v1.01-33
Hotspots are designed to cater to anyone who wants to obtain access to the Internet. With the emergence of 802.11a, 802.11g combined with 802.11b, and 802.11n, providers must offer additional capabilities. Cisco access points provide for all three technologies via a single access point using multiple radios per access point; however, each radio has a different range, and therefore, site surveys must be performed for each technology. With the increasing demand for public access, a large number of locations are offering hotspot services. These areas might be located in close geographic proximity to one another, which increases the potential for interference. Pay close attention to who is in close proximity and their possible interference.
1-35
www.CareerCert.info
Education
Children can be: Curious Destructive Antennas and access points should be hidden or enclosed to avoid damage.
CUWSS v1.01-34
The primary concern when you are implementing a WLAN in an educational facility is the students. More and more WLANs are being installed in grade schools, middle schools, and high schools. Students at this age have a tendency to be curious and sometimes destructive. An antenna mounted to the ceiling in a hallway is not likely to stay mounted for long. Access points have flashing lights that seem to attract the curiosity of children. Educational facilities, more so than any other implementation, must have the equipment installed in the most inconspicuous manner possible. This level of precaution is the only way to ensure that the equipment is safe. However, other security mechanisms can help with the situation. Using National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) enclosures with enclosed locks can help prevent tampering or theft. You can use these enclosures in locations where access points cannot be hidden easily, or in a truly high-risk area. Another approach that has become common is to have one dual-radio access point per classroom, which fits a class size of 25 to 30 students.
1-36
www.CareerCert.info
Education (Cont.)
New technologies requiring schools to plan for new surveys New applications (IP telephony and surveillance) requiring increased access point density
CUWSS v1.01-35
Wireless technology provides more than just data access for laptops; it can also be used for IP telephony or surveillance cameras. These technologies use additional bandwidth that requires increased density of access points or use of newer technologies (802.11g and 802.11n). New site surveys might need to be conducted on locations that have already deployed wireless technology that was designed exclusively for limited data access. Many campuses are converting from autonomous to controller-based solutions.
1-37
www.CareerCert.info
Government
Secure facilities Variety of facilities Security clearance Equipment checklists
CUWSS v1.01-36
Government facilities, like airports, are at a heightened level of security, and care should be taken that the site survey equipment is not mistaken for something other than site survey equipment. There are facilities of every type at government locations, particularly military facilities. Security clearances or escorts are likely to be required as part of a government site survey. The vehicle of the site survey engineer might be subject to a search upon entering or leaving the facility. An equipment list might be required, and the equipment might be checked on a daily basis. Equipment lists and proper documentation are required when entering foreign countries to perform site surveys. Each country might have different standards and require different documentation for entering the country with site survey equipment. The site survey engineer must be prepared and have the proper paperwork to save time, trouble, and potentially the expense of having the equipment bonded or retained by the customs department.
Note United States government facilities are all Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) compliant. Cisco access points that support Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption have passed the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) FIPS 140-2 level two validation. Other governments can have similar requirements.
1-38
www.CareerCert.info
Summary
This topic summarizes the key points that were discussed in this lesson.
Summary
An RF site survey is the first step in the deployment of a wireless network, and it is the most important step to ensure desired operation. The WLAN for the enterprise office needs to be designed around the applications that are intended to run on the wireless network. Each vertical market has characteristics that help the person performing the site survey to assess the RF environment.
CUWSS v1.01-37
References
For additional information, refer to these resources: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm
1-39
www.CareerCert.info
1-40
www.CareerCert.info
Lesson 2
Identifying Customer Requirements

Overview
Asking the right questions is the key to any successful WLAN deployment. Each company and location has unique needs that must be taken into account. This lesson describes pre-site survey customer questionnaire contents, the pros and cons of the wireless protocols and applications, and device association. This lesson will also help you understand the challenges associated with the customers facility. In addition, you will be able to assess the current network infrastructure for access point deployment.
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to identify customer requirements. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Describe the contents and importance of the pre-site survey customer questionnaire Describe RF applications and the client devices associated with them Describe the customer facility and the impact it has on the site survey Describe the customers current network infrastructure and the impact it has on the site survey
www.CareerCert.info
The Customer Questionnaire

This topic describes the contents and importance of the pre-site survey customer questionnaire. Having your customers fill out a pre-site survey form helps you design a WLAN that meets their needs and requirements.
Site Survey Preassessment

Assists in assessing the following: Type of survey that is needed How long it will take Equipment that is needed Introduction to the customer facility General fact-gathering form
CUWSS v1. 01-2
When the decision has been made to conduct a site survey, the customer should complete a presite survey questionnaire form to help determine the length and type of survey, what equipment will be needed, and what questions the engineer will need to ask during a walkabout. The completed questionnaire maximizes the effectiveness and efficiency of the engineer when conducting the site survey and serves as an introduction to the customer facility. The customer should make sure that all the information that is needed is mentioned in the form. Because the questionnaire is completed before the survey visit, the engineer receives important information in advance, which might otherwise take hours to extract on-site.
1-42
www.CareerCert.info
Pre-Site Survey Questionnaire

Suggestions as to what, at a minimum, the questionnaire should contain: Customer contact information Total number of sites Number of buildings per site Hours of operation Hours during which the site survey can be performed Approximate square footage of facility Total number of users, minimum and maximum Packet size, average and maximum
CUWSS v1. 01-3
The questionnaire should contain contact information such as customer name, address, phone number, and email address; number of sites to be surveyed; square footage; hours of operation; and the hours that the survey can be conducted. It is not uncommon in retail environments for the survey to be conducted when the store is closed, such as during the late evening or early morning. What is the intended number of users for the WLAN? This helps to determine access point density. If known, what is the application and its average packet size? If you do not fill out the form yourself and plan on giving the questionnaire to the customer, do not be surprised if many of the more technical questions go unanswered.
1-43
www.CareerCert.info
Pre-Site Survey Questionnaire (Cont.)

RF coverage information: RF coverage inside and outside Complete or selective RF coverage Encryption to be utilized Utilizing rate shifting Network infrastructure: Existing network topology Network speed 10/100/1000BASE-TX Copper or fiber network media If copper, Category 5 or 6 cabling
CUWSS v1. 01-4
The questionnaire should be specific as to where the RF coverage is needed. Defining where coverage is provided is critical to setting expectations for end users. It is not uncommon for customers to request 54 Mb/s coverage in all areas inside and outside the building, but after you talk to them and they find out how many access points are required to provide that coverage, the customers then decide that 11 Mb/s or 5.5 Mb/s is sufficient for several of the areas. The questionnaire should contain information on the type of encryption to be used and whether or not rate shifting will be used. Remember, your customers are not likely to know what a WLAN is, what packet size refers to, or even what rate shifting means, so it will be difficult for them to know if they have or need one of those. You will need to explain some of the technical questions to the customer. The questionnaire should make you aware of the environment you are going to survey; for example, what type of infrastructure devices and media are used in the facility, and if there is an existing network. You need to know the media types that could encompass the network. Most networks likely use some type of copper cabling or even fiber optic cabling. The most frequently used types of cabling are Category 5 and unshielded twisted-pair (UTP). Which types of switches and routers are currently being used? Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Points require 10/100/1000BASE-TX switch ports. During the survey a tour of all wiring closets should be taken to document existing network infrastructure.
1-44
www.CareerCert.info

Site information: Ceiling heights Racking or shelving? If yes, describe construction Clearance above storage level Any hazardous areas? Is there a lift available? Special safety requirements such as steel-toe boots, hard hat, safety glasses
CUWSS v1. 01-5
During an installation, you will need to gain access to ceilings or roofs of a building. In most buildings a ladder is all that you will need to get to the ceiling. However, in warehouses where the ceilings are typically very high you will need some type of powered equipment, such as a forklift or a man lift, to access the ceiling. In such cases the questionnaire should mention this equipment; will it need to be rented, or does this type of equipment already exist at the facility? The questionnaire should include questions about racking and clearance above storage levels. Warehouses generally contain stock and rows of shelving. Be sure to ask questions about the current stock levels. If the stock levels are high, you will get a much better picture of the RF coverage. This would be a good indication if an omnidirectional antenna or directional antennas will need to be used during the survey. Another extremely important question in the questionnaire should pertain to safety requirements. It can be frustrating to arrive at the location ready to perform the survey and find out that you need steel-toe boots. Find out what safety equipment is needed before the day of the survey.
1-45
www.CareerCert.info

Is this a union facility? Is there other non-WLAN RF equipment installed at the facility? If so, what frequencies are they using?
CUWSS v1. 01-6
The questionnaire should include questions about escorts, badges, and general access to the facility. If you do not have this information you might need to wait to start the survey of a particular area because the security guard does not know who you are and will not let you into the facility. At union facilities, regulations can include requirements such as having one of the employees drive the man lift, or your being accompanied by a union escort during the survey. Is there any other wireless gear installed at the facility? This could be anything that runs in the 2.4-GHz or 5-GHz unlicensed bands, such as cordless phones, wireless cameras, and so on. The pre-site survey questionnaire is an invaluable tool for preparing for your site survey. For a smooth survey, ensure that you have most or all of your questions answered before you arrive on site.
1-46
www.CareerCert.info
Obtain Floor Plans Prior to Survey

AirMagnet and Cisco WCS require floor plans.
CUWSS v1. 01-7
Part of the site survey report should include a floor plan with coverage and noncoverage areas. This floor plan, or site map, provides the customer, the installer, and a troubleshooter with some indication of what coverage each access point should be providing. Before starting the survey you should obtain floor plans of the facility you plan to survey. Normally for large facilities these are available in computer-aided design (CAD) form. This drawing format works well with Microsoft Visio, allowing you to import your final placement and coverage into a Microsoft Word document. Other programs such as Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) and AirMagnet Survey PRO require floor plans to be imported to use certain tools. Verify the file format accepted by Cisco WCS and AirMagnet Survey PRO and see if you can obtain the floor plan in an accepted file type. The following file formats can be used with Cisco WCS: PNG, JPG, JPEG, GIF, and related CAD files The following file formats can be used with AirMagnet Survey PRO: BMP, DIB, DWG, DXF, EMF, GIF, JPG, VSD, and WMF
1-47
www.CareerCert.info
RF Applications and Client Devices

This topic describes RF applications and the client devices associated with them. A look at the IEEE 802.11b/g, IEEE 802.11a, and IEEE 802.11n RF applications and RF client devices will provide guidelines to the person performing the site survey.
Customer Requirements
Protocol requirements: 802.11b/g 2.4 GHz 802.11a 5 GHz 802.11n 2.4 or 5 GHz Client devices: Wireless NIC PDA Wireless phone, QoS RFID tags Client density: Typical Peak
2009 Cisco S yst ems, Inc . Al l rights reserved. CUWSS v1. 01-8
These are some of the questions that need to be addressed: What is the customer requirement? Does the customer have an existing network application that requires 802.11b/g, 802.11a, or 802.11n? Will the customer need to install wireless network interface cards (NICs) for all the desktop PCs? Do employees have company-issued personal digital assistant (PDA) devices or 802.11 phones that need to be supported on the WLAN? What are the quality of service (QoS) requirements? Are any form of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags used to track company assets? What is the density of users during a typical day and during peak hours that cause an instantaneous load, such as during inventory?
1-48
www.CareerCert.info
Customer Requirements (Cont.)

Expected throughput: 802.11b is typically 5.5 Mb/s. 802.11g is typically 20 Mb/s: 802.11g is typically 6 Mb/s with 802.11b clients present. 802.11a is typically 22 Mb/s. 802.11n expected (>100 Mb/s).
CUWSS v1. 01-9
What is the expected throughput? 802.11b is typically 5.5 Mb/s. 802.11g is typically 20 Mb/s: 802.11g is typically 6 Mb/s with 802.11b clients present. 802.11a is typically 22 Mb/s. 802.11n expected (>100 Mb/s).
Note 802.11n speeds can vary due to the environment and depending on whether channel bonding is enabled or not enabled.
1-49
www.CareerCert.info
Protocol Evaluation
The standards that must be supported by an enterprise W LAN are usually dictated by the devices that require support. What is the right answer for your enterprise W LAN solution? IEEE 802.11a? IEEE 802.11g? IEEE802.11n?
CUWSS v1.01-10
One of the critical decisions in deploying a WLAN is what protocols and bands it will support. The standards are usually dictated by the devices that require support. Is this a new WLAN, or it is an upgrade that still supports legacy clients (802.11b)?
1-50
www.CareerCert.info
802.11g Pros and Cons

Pro: Higher throughput up to 54 Mb/s. Pro: OFDM technology reduces multipath issues. Con: More interference and noise might be found in the 2.4-GHz band. Con: Provides only three nonoverlapping channels. Con: Throughput degraded in the presence of 802.11b clients.
CUWSS v1.01-11
Pros and cons for IEEE 802.11g include the following: Pros: Cons: More interference and noise might be found in the 2.4-GHz band. Only provides three nonoverlapping channels. Throughput is degraded in the presence of 802.11b clients. Higher throughput up to 54 Mb/s. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) technology reduces multipath issues.
1-51
www.CareerCert.info
802.11a Pros and Cons

Pro: Higher throughput up to 54 Mb/s. Pro: OFDM technology reduces multipath issues. Pro: Provides FCC 23 nonoverlapping channels. Pro: Recommended for VoWLAN due to the 23 nonoverlapping channels. Con: Lower market penetration.
CUWSS v1.01-12
Pros and cons for IEEE 802.11a include the following: Pros: Con: Lower market penetration Higher throughput up to 54 Mb/s. OFDM technology reduces multipath issues. Provides FCC 23 nonoverlapping channels. Recommended for Voice over WLAN (VoWLAN) due to the 23 nonoverlapping channels
1-52
www.CareerCert.info
802.11n Pros and Cons

802.11n on 5 GHZ: Pro: Provides 23 nonoverlapping channels Pro: 40-MHz wide channels with channel bonding: 11 nonoverlapping channels possible with 40-MHz wide channels Con: RFID not supported; tags use 2.4-GHz radios 802.11n on 2.4 GHz: Pro: RFID supported. Pro: Increased speed. Con: Only three nonoverlapping channels. Con: More interference and noise might be found in the 2.4-GHz band. Con: 40-MHz wide channel bonding not recommended due to only three nonoverlapping channels available.
CUWSS v1.01-13
Pros and cons for IEEE 802.11n on 5 GHz include the following: Pros: Con: RFID not supported; tags use 2.4-GHz radios. Provides 23 nonoverlapping channels 40-MHz wide channels with channel bonding: 11 nonoverlapping channels possible with 40-MHz wide channels
Pros and cons for IEEE 802.11n on 2.4 GHz include the following: Pros: Cons: Only three nonoverlapping channels. More interference and noise might be found in the 2.4-GHz band. 40-MHz wide channel bonding not recommended due to only three nonoverlapping channels available. RFID supported Increased speed
1-53
www.CareerCert.info
Wireless Applications
Supported wireless applications: Wireless data networks VoWLAN networks Location-based services Different services require different deployment types: Latency sensitive Non-latency sensitive
CUWSS v1.01-14
How much overlap between cells needs to be designed into your wireless network depends on the usage, although all designs (with limited exceptions) should be deployed to minimize retransmission and data rate shifting at a cell boundary for a given client. Wireless networks can be deployed for data-only, voice, and location-based services, or a combination of all three. The difference between the services lies in the pattern in which the access points are laid out and the amount of RF overlap in the coverage area. When planning a WLAN deployment, you should consider the future uses of the WLAN deployment. Converting a WLAN deployment to support additional services beyond a dataonly deployment is not simply a matter of adding access points; it can require an additional site survey and the possible relocation of existing access points.
1-54
www.CareerCert.info
Data-Only Deployment
Required overlap is determined by data rate requirement: Normally 10 to 15 percent Network access point separation is affected by environment and obstructions such as wall, machinery, elevator banks, and so on.
CUWSS v1.01-15
Data-only deployments do not require a large amount of overlap. This is because 802.11 clients can respond to a lower signal from a nearby access point by stepping down their data rate and taking a longer time to transmit. The required overlap is determined by the WLAN data rate requirement. For data-only networks, the rule of thumb for separation of access points is typically 120 to 130 feet (37 to 40 meters). However, when estimating access point separation, remember to factor in objects that affect RF coverage, such as wall densities, machinery, elevators, and even wide-open space with steel cages, because your results can vary depending on the RF environment. Radio Resource Management (RRM) was developed for this type of deployment and is very useful for controlling the RF coverage. RRM is real-time RF management and is the key to controller-based solutions. The Cisco Wireless LAN Controller uses dynamic algorithms to create an environment that is completely self-configuring, self-optimizing, and self-healing.
1-55
www.CareerCert.info
Voice Deployment
Access points are grouped closer together than in data-only installations. Access points should have 20 percent overlap for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz VoWLANs. Cell edges should have an RSSI of 67 dBm or better. Access point and client power level: AP cell size is related to transmit power. AP power level should match the client power level. Survey should be done at lower power to account for coverage holes.
CUWSS v1.01-16
In a voice deployment, the access points are grouped more closely together and have more overlap than in a data-only installation, because voice clients should roam to a better access point before dropping packets. In addition, you should run smaller cells than in the past, and ensure that the overlapping cell edges are at or above 67 dBm. This accomplishes a number of things including greater homogeneity across a single cell and reducing processor load in the handheld phone, which increases link stability and reduces latency. The overlap is a percentage, which means that it is related to the size of the cell. Therefore, you need to determine what the optimal size of the cell should be. This size in turn depends on two factors: The expected signal level at the edge of the cell The required speed at the edge of the cell The expected signal level at the edge of the cell depends mainly on the power level. An important factor to keep in mind is that the access point power level should match the client power level. The Cisco Unified Wireless Network solution can use a feature called Auto-RF, by which an access point can detect if WLAN clients are experiencing poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values and increase the power of the access point as needed to rectify the SNR issue. If the VoWLAN handset has a maximum power of, for example, 40 mW, and the access point planning was based on an AP power of 40 mW, increasing the AP power to 100 mW to cover an RF hole does not help the VoWLAN phone in that hole. The client will clearly receive the signal from the access point, but the SNR of the client answering to the access point will not necessarily be symmetrically improved. In this scenario of a client maximum power of 40 mW, the wireless network should probably be designed at 20 mW, accounting for a possible power increase for holes coverage of up to 40 mW.
1-56
www.CareerCert.info
Location-Based Services Deployments

Most complex access point installation. Excellent cell coverage is required, and access point placement is critical. Access points are deployed in a staggered pattern.
CUWSS v1.01-17
The third type of deployment is the location-based services deployment, which might be the most complex of current applications because it relies not only on excellent cell coverage, but also on optimal location of access points. Location-based management deployments can simultaneously track thousands of devices by using the WLAN infrastructure. Examples include Wi-Fi tag type deployments or asset tracking deployments used to locate equipment or devices via the wireless network, or simply to indicate where wireless clients are throughout the network in relation to a drawing or diagram. This can make the wireless infrastructure more secure by providing the location of a rogue client or access point and can greatly improve client troubleshooting capabilities.
1-57
www.CareerCert.info
The Customer Facility

This topic describes the customer facility and the effect it will have on the site survey. Each different surface in an indoor site will have a different effect on signal reflections or signal absorption. Each device that is running with a 2.4-GHz or 5-GHz frequency will affect the SNR.
Evaluate Possible Problem Areas
Other wireless systems in use? Cordless phones? Wireless devices?

2009 Cisco S yst ems, Inc . Al l rights reserved. CUWSS v1.01-18
Elevator shafts block signals, supply rooms absorb signals, interior offices absorb signals, break rooms can produce 2.4-GHz interference, test labs can produce 2.4-GHz or 5-GHz interference and create multipath distortion and shadows, cubicles absorb and block signals, and conference rooms have high-utilization requirements. Expect that 5-GHz equipment will not radiate through walls as well as 2.4-GHz equipment. Tools such as Cisco WCS take into account, by default, the RF environment and automatically adjust the channel and power of the access points. The number of access points that are required to provide coverage varies based on the radio band used, the transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) characteristics of the clients, the Tx and Rx configurations of the access points, and the types of cable and antennas used with the access points. Before performing a site survey, the facility should be swept for possible interferers using Cisco Spectrum Expert. This will evaluate the existing 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz radio spectrum to ensure that it is not already being used by other devices.
1-58
www.CareerCert.info
Signal Attenuation
Object in Signal Path Plasterboard wall Glass wall with metal frame Cinder block wall Office window Metal door Metal door in brick wall Phone and head position Signal Attenuation Through Object 3 dB 6 dB 4 dB 3 dB 6 dB 12 dB 36 dB
CUWSS v1.01-19
Signal attenuation or signal loss occurs even as the signal passes through air. The loss of signal strength is more pronounced as the signal passes through different objects. A transmit power of 20 mW is equivalent to 13 dBm. Therefore, if the transmitted power at the entry point of a plasterboard wall is at 13 dBm, the signal strength is reduced to 10 dBm when exiting that wall. This figure shows the likely loss in signal strength caused by various types of objects. Each site surveyed will have different levels of multipath distortion, signal loss, and signal noise. Hospitals are typically the most challenging environments to survey due to high multipath distortion, signal loss, and signal noise. Hospitals take longer to survey, require a denser population of access points, and require higher performance standards. Manufacturing and shop floors are the next hardest to survey. These sites generally have metal siding and many metal objects on the floor, resulting in reflected signals that create multipath distortion. Office buildings and hospitality sites generally have high signal attenuation but a lesser degree of multipath distortion.
1-59
www.CareerCert.info
The Current Network Infrastructure

This topic describes the customers current network infrastructure and the impact it will have on the site survey. As a part of evaluating the facility for a site survey, an examination of the existing wired infrastructure will help the person designing the WLAN to determine the availability.
Current Network Infrastructure

Tour the current network infrastructure At a minimum, look for: Location of wiring closet Switch port availability and capabilities (PoE): 10/100BASE-TX on Cisco Aironet 1130 and 1240 Series Access Points 10/100/1000BASE-TX on Cisco Aironet 1140 and 1250 Series Access Points 1000BASE-TX on Cisco 4400 Series WLAN Controllers Power availability if midspan PoE is to be used Power availability for controllers Network backbone speed and redundancy
CUWSS v1.01-20
To properly perform a site survey, you should become highly aware of the facility you are surveying. You need to know where the wiring closets are to ensure that cable runs to access points will not exceed 328 feet (100 meters). Check the port and power requirements for the access points and controllers to be installed. Will the existing network support the proposed wireless equipment, or will additional infrastructure equipment such as Cisco switches need to be added? If you are adding Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Points to the network, the distribution layer to the access layer backbone should be at least 10 Gb. A Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point can easily exceed 200 Mb/s supporting dual-band radios with 802.11n clients associated. It is important to study the existing wired network to verify that the wired infrastructure can support the desired wireless services.
1-60
www.CareerCert.info
802.11n Effect on Existing Network

Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Points might force a network infrastructure upgrade, because: Gigabit Ethernet ports. AP can generate over 200 Mb/s when both radios are in use. Primary controller choices when higher throughput is desired: Cisco 4400 Series WLAN Controller Cisco Catalyst 3750G Series Integrated Wireless LAN Controller Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Wireless Services Module
CUWSS v1.01-21
Data closets will probably need to be upgraded if you want to install Cisco 802.11n series access points, for a number of reasons. To realize the full benefit of 802.11n speeds, you need to pay attention to the speed of the Ethernet ports to which the Cisco 802.11n series access points connect. The access point has a 10/100/1000BASE-TX Ethernet port, and although it can still pass traffic while connected to slower ports, it makes the most sense to go with gigabit Ethernet for optimal performance.
Note Performance can vary from installation to installation, but the 802.11n series access points can easily go above 200 Mb/s throughput speed (in effective client throughput) when both radios are being used.
The speed of the link to the access point is not the only consideration. Be mindful of the access points links back to their controller. Also, make sure that you adjust your throughput expectations according to which controller you deploy. The Cisco 4400 Series WLAN Controller, the Cisco Catalyst 3750G Series Integrated Wireless LAN Controller, and the Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Wireless Services Module (WiSM) are likely to be the primary choices for Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point deployments when higher throughputs are desired.
1-61
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point Power Options

Requires more than standard 802.3af PoE Standard 802.3af PoE: Less than full performance with two radio modules Cisco Enhanced PoE: Full performance Power Injector: Full performance Local AC power: Full performance
CUWSS v1.01-22
Your options for getting proper power to your access points have not changed. You can still power your Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Points via AC wall jack, midspan Power over Ethernet (PoE), or end-span PoE. But the PoE requirements have changed due to the multiple radio design of 802.11n. The PoE standard of today, IEEE 802.3af, peaks at getting 15.4 watts to the devices it powers. Unfortunately, the 802.11n requires some more power to realize the full potential of the new standard. As a result, the Aironet 1250 Series Access Point requires 20 watts in full operational mode. How can you still use PoE functionality for a device that requires more wattage than the current standard delivers? Midspan PoE, in which an injector powers the access point, is the simple answer. Just make sure to purchase an injector that can support the additional power requirements. These can be ordered along with the Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point or separately. End-span PoE, in which the access point pulls power from the switch to which it is connected, requires more planning. In 2005, the IEEE came together to address the issue of increasing power requirements and formed the 802.3at Working Group to work on a higher power standard for PoE. This standard has not yet been ratified. Most current 802.11 access points can be operated using PoE or 802.3af. This provides up to 15 watts of DC power over the standard Category 5 Ethernet cable. Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point, with its multiple radios, requires more power than 802.3af can deliver. Fortunately, the IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) Working Group has a solution for this. The 802.3at standard provides double the power of the original 802.3af standard. At 30 watts, 802.3at provides sufficient power to operate an 802.11n access point. Cisco developed Cisco Enhanced PoE, the Cisco extension to the IEEE 802.3af standard for devices that support Cisco Discovery Protocol. If you decide that powering a Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point via 802.3af is so important that you are willing to forgo supporting either 2.4 GHz (802.11b/g/n) or 5 GHz (802.11a/n), you can use just one RF band.
www.CareerCert.info
In such cases, plan to support a 2.4-GHz environment (due to the overwhelming majority of clients that support this spectrum) and upgrade to support 5 GHz when budgetary, infrastructure, and user needs align.
Note By contrast, in such power-limited cases, it might be prudent to roll out a 5-GHz-only Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point installation and either move to that band all at once or rely on existing legacy access points for 2.4-GHz access.
1-63
www.CareerCert.info
Maximum Data Link Speed for Three PoE Modes

Enhanced and optimized power mode deliver the same performance: 5 GHz because it uses two spatial streams 2.4 GHz for dense deployments: The difference is optimized maximum Tx drops from 20 dBm with EPoE to 14 dBm with optimized.
2.4 GHz Mb/s Enhanced (18.5 Watts) Optimized (16.8 Watts) 802.3af (15.4 Watts) 144 5 GHz Mb/s 300 Spatial Streams 2
144
300
Reduced Output Power Reduced Performance
72
150
CUWSS v1.01-23
The Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point can support the following three different types of PoE: Enhanced Power over Ethernet (EPoE) Optimized PoE 802.3af standardized PoE Enhanced and optimized power mode deliver the same performance in 5 GHz because it uses two spatial streams. Enhanced and optimized power mode deliver the same performance in 2.4 GHz for dense deployments. The difference is that the optimized maximum transmitter power drops from 20 dBm (100 mW) to 14 dBm (25 mW). The 802.3af power reduces power and degrades performance when both radios are present in the Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point.
1-64
www.CareerCert.info
Three PoE Modes Supported with Cisco Aironet 1250 Series AP

Enhanced mode use ~18.5 watts configure port for 20 watt: Cisco Catalyst 3560-E Series Switches with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(46)SE Cisco Catalyst 3750-E Series Switches with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(46)SE Cisco Catalyst 4500-E Series, X4648-E, X4648+E Switches with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(46)SG Cisco Aironet Power Injector (AIR-PWRINJ4) Optimized mode 16.8 watts: Cisco Catalyst 6500X6148, X6148A , X6548 with Cisco IOS Version 12.2(33)SXH2 PoE daughter cards: WS-F6K-48-AF, WS-F6K-GE48-AF 802.3af mode 15.4 watts: Any Cisco 802.3af switch with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(46)SE
Cisco IOS versions are the minimum recommended to support power requirements to support enhanced PoE.
Cisco EPoE is supported on the following switches: Cisco Catalyst 3560-E Series Switches with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(46)SE Cisco Catalyst 3750-E Series Switches with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(46)SE Cisco Catalyst 4500-E Series Switches with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(46)SG The Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point can also be powered using a Cisco Aironet Power Injector (AIR-PWRINJ4), which supports EPoE. The current switches that support the optimized mode 16.8 watts include: Cisco Catalyst 6500-X6148, X6148A, and X6548 Switches with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(33) SXH2 PoE daughter cards include: WS-F6K-48-AF, WS-F6K-GE48-AF When, for example, the Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point is connected to a Cisco Catalyst switch supporting Cisco EPoE, the access point can use Cisco Discovery Protocol to request a power level from the switch that is higher than the 15.4 watts described in the 802.3af standard. After the Cisco Catalyst switch receives the Cisco Discovery Protocol message for higher power, it grants the increased wattage to the Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point.
Note Cisco IOS versions are the minimum recommended to support power requirements to support EPoE.
1-65
www.CareerCert.info
Summary
Summary
Having your customers fill out a pre-site survey form helps you design a W LAN that meets their needs and requirements. Also, you should obtain floor plans of the facility before starting the survey. Different RF applications and client devices require different deployment designs. Different facility layouts can cause different RF problem areas. Network infrastructures might need equipment upgrades for access point deployments.
CUWSS v1.01-25
1-66
www.CareerCert.info
Lesson 3
Identifying Regulatory Issues

Overview
Devices that operate in unlicensed bands do not require any formal licensing process, but when operating in these bands, you are obligated to follow the government regulations for that region. The regulatory domains in different parts of the world monitor these bands according to different criteria, and the WLAN devices used in these domains must comply with the specifications of the relevant governing regulatory domain. In the United States, the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band and the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) are used.
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to identify various regulatory issues affecting a site survey. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Describe the RF regulations for 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz bandwidths for North America, Europe, and Japan Describe how to calculate EIRP
www.CareerCert.info
RF Regulations
This topic describes the RF regulations for 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz bandwidths for North America, Europe, and Japan. While each country has its own regulatory agency that sets the RF regulations, the three most commonly used are North America; Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA); and Japan.
Regulatory Bodies
Each country or region defines its rules about the use of the RF spectrum and regulates:
Who can use which frequency for what Maximum transmitter power and antenna gain Which modulation and encoding methods are allowed
CUWSS v1.0 1-2
Each country has its own regulations governing the RF spectrum. It is common for several countries to use the same regulatory rules, also known as a regulatory domain. In the United States and several other countries, such as Puerto Rico, the FCC determines what frequencies and transmission power levels can be used. Europe and some other countries such as Israel and Mexico follow the specifications of the Europe Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Rules for Japan are defined by the Ministry of Communication, and their applications are managed by Telec. Before implementing a wireless network, make sure that the power of the transmission and antenna gain comply with local regulations. To ensure that installations comply with the rules, some local authorities use accredited companies to randomly check new networks, mainly outdoor wireless. If a noncompliant network is found, the fine can be severe, and if the installation has been made by a professional installer, this can even result in a prison sentence. Some other local authorities adopt a trust by default attitude, and inquire only if a neighbor has complained about undue interference problems.
1-68
www.CareerCert.info
Unlicensed Frequency Bands
CUWSS v1.0 1-3
In the United States, the 900-MHz, 2.4-GHz, and 5.8-GHz bands are referred to as the ISM bands. In addition, the 5-GHz band is also divided into several UNII bands in the United States and European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) bands in Europe. Japan has its own set of bands in both 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz.
Japan Europe FCC Band 900 MHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 5.15 to 5.25 CEPT A CEPT A CEPT B CEPT C UNII-1 UNII-2 UNII-2 Extended UNII-3 ISM 5.0 GHz 4.9 GHz 2.4 GHz ISM 2.0 to 2.4835 GHz 2.0 to 2.495 GHz 5.15 to 5.25 GHz 5.25 to 5.35 GHz 5.47 to 5.7253 GHz 5.725 to 5.825 GHz 5.725 to 5.850 GHz 5.038 to 5.091 GHz 4.9 to 5.0 GHz Frequency
1-69
www.CareerCert.info
Channels IEEE 802.11b/g (2.4-GHz Band)

Center Channel Frequency Identifier (MHz)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 2412 2417 2422 2427 2432 2437 2442 2447 2452 2457 2462 2467 2472 2484
Regulatory Domains Americas (-A)

X X X X X X X X X X X
EMEA (-E)
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Japan (-J)
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Rest of the World

X X X X X X X X X X X X X
CUWSS v1.0 1-4
The channel identifiers, channel center frequencies, and regulatory domains of each IEEE 802.11g 22-MHz wide channel are shown in the table.
Note Mexico is included in the Rest of the World regulatory domain; however, channels 1 through 8 are for indoor use only, while channels 9 through 11 can be used indoors and outdoors. Users are responsible for ensuring that the channel set configuration is in compliance with the regulatory standards of Mexico.
Note
In Japan, channel 14 is not supported for 802.11g mode.
1-70
www.CareerCert.info
FCC Part 15 Antenna Requirements

Antennas: Antennas must use a unique or proprietary connector . Cisco Aironet products typically use RP-TNC connectors. Some Cisco products designed for professional installation can use nonproprietary connectors such as a Type N connector. FCC Part 15 Standards: Approved antennas might exceed the regulations of other countries. Exceeding the regulations might lead to interference problems. Penalties could result in fines. FCC standards apply to Part 15 users in the United States. Different countries will have similar standards.
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. CUWSS v1.0 1-5
The United States FCC and Industry, Science and Technology Canada (ISTC) added rules about spread spectrum products in 1994. These rules require that an antenna sold with a product must be tested and approved with that product. To keep users from installing any antenna they want, the FCC also implemented a rule stating that any removable antenna had to use a unique, nonstandard connector that is not available through general distribution channels. Cisco uses a reverse-polarity threaded Neill-Concelman connector (RP-TNC). This connector looks like a threaded Neill-Concelman (TNC), but the center contacts have been reversed. This design prevents a standard off-the-shelf antenna from being attached to a Cisco RF product. The FCC does permit a professional installer to use different antennas or connectors. A professional installer is defined as someone who has been trained in the applicable rules and regulations, is receiving compensation for the work, has knowledge of radio emissions, and can verify that a site that deviates from the standard product set requirements meets the limitations of the FCC rules. The following is an excerpt from FCC Title 47, Section 15.203:
15.203 Antenna Requirement

An intentional radiator shall be designed to ensure that no antenna other than that furnished by the responsible party shall be used with the device. The use of a permanently attached antenna or of an antenna that uses a unique coupling to the intentional radiator shall be considered sufficient to comply with the provisions of this section. The manufacturer may design the unit so that the user can replace a broken antenna, but the use of a standard antenna jack or electrical connector is prohibited. This requirement does not apply to carrier current devices or to devices operated under the provisions of 15.211, 15.213, 15.217, 15.219, or 15.221.
1-71
www.CareerCert.info
Further, this requirement does not apply to intentional radiators that must be professionally installed, such as perimeter protection systems, some field disturbance sensors, or to other intentional radiators. Any other intentional radiators must be measured at the installation site in accordance with 15.31(d). However, the installer shall be responsible for ensuring that the proper antenna is employed so that the limits in this part are not exceeded.
1-72
www.CareerCert.info
Amplifiers
FCC Part 15.204 prohibits the use of amplifiers in systems with which they have not been certified.
CUWSS v1.0 1-6
Some regulatory domains do not allow the use of the amplifier. The following is an excerpt from FCC, Part 15.204: 15.204 External radio frequency power amplifiers and antenna modifications (a) Except as otherwise described in paragraph (b) of this section, no person shall use, manufacture, sell or lease, offer for sale or lease (including advertising for sale or lease), or import, ship, or distribute for the purpose of selling or leasing, any external frequency power amplifier or amplifier kit intended for use with a Part 15 intentional radiator. (b) A transmission system consisting of an intentional radiator, an external radio frequency power amplifier, and an antenna, may be authorized, marketed and used under this part. However, when a transmission system is authorized as a system, it must always be marketed as a complete system and must always be used in the configuration in which it was authorized. An external radio frequency power amplifier shall be marketed only in the system configuration with which the amplifier is authorized and shall not be market as a separate product. (c) Only the antenna with which an intentional radiator is authorized may be used with the intentional radiator.
Note In 2004, the FCC released a revision to its general amplifier rule. The Commission has not changed its general amplifier rules, except that certain amplifiers can now be sold separately if authorized with specific systems.
1-73
www.CareerCert.info
Elevators
CUWSS v1.0 1-7
The following is an excerpt from ASME A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators & Escalators section 2.8.1: Only machinery and equipment used directly in connection with the elevator shall be permitted in elevator hoistways, machinery spaces, machine rooms, control spaces, and control rooms. Furthermore sections 2.8.2.1 states that, Installation of electrical equipment and wiring shall conform to NFPA 70 or CSA-C22.1. Section 2.8.2.2 states, Only such electrical wiring, raceways, cables, coaxial wiring, and antennas used directly in connection with the elevator, including wiring for signals, for communication with the car, for lighting, heating, air conditioning, and ventilating the car, for fire detecting systems, for pit sump pumps, and for heating and lighting the hoistway and/or the machinery space, machine room, control space, or control room shall be permitted to be installed inside the hoistway, machinery space, machine room, control space, or control room. The ASME 17.1 code clearly states that devices that do not comply with the regulations cannot be placed either in the elevator or hoistway (elevator shaft). As such, the RF engineer must ensure coverage in these spaces. Coverage is not only a matter of signal strength and quality, but roaming across subnets and possibly Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers (WLCs), and is common as the car moves vertically between floors.
1-74
www.CareerCert.info
FCC Regulations for Towers

If a tower erected exceeds 200 feet, it must be registered with the FCC. CFR, Title 47, Chapter 1, Part 17.
CUWSS v1.0 1-8
In accordance with Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 47, Chapter 1, Part 17, if the overall height of the tower is less than 200 feet (60.96 meters), the FCC does not require the tower to be registered. Since the late 1950s, the FCC has worked with the FAA to promote air safety through the antenna structure clearance process. As part of its ongoing efforts to promote air safety, the FCC requires owners to register certain antenna structures (generally those more than 200 feet in height or located near an airport) with the FCC.
1-75
www.CareerCert.info
FAA: Considerations
Be aware that radio towers operating near an airport might require approval from the FAA. CFR, Title 47, Chapter 1, Part 1, Section 17.7.
CUWSS v1.0 1-9
If your tower is near an airport you might require a ruling from the FAA to operate it legally. The following is an excerpt from CFR, Title 47, Chapter 1, Part 1, Section 17.7: A notification to the Federal Aviation Administration is required, except as set forth in Sec. 17.14, for any of the following construction or alteration: (a) Any construction or alteration of more than 60.96 meters (200 feet) in height above ground level at its site. (b) Any construction or alteration of greater height than an imaginary surface extending outward and upward at one of the following slopes: (1) 100 to 1 for a horizontal distance of 6.10 kilometers (20,000 feet) from the nearest point of the nearest runway of each airport specified in paragraph (d) of this section with at least one runway more than 0.98 kilometers (3,200 feet) in actual length, excluding heliports. (2) 50 to 1 for a horizontal distance of 3.05 kilometers (10,000 feet) from the nearest point of the nearest runway of each airport specified in paragraph (d) of this section with its longest runway no more than 0.98 kilometers (3,200 feet) in actual length, excluding heliports. (3) 25 to 1 for a horizontal distance of 1.52 kilometers (5,000 feet) from the nearest point of the nearest landing and takeoff area of each heliport specified in paragraph (d) of this section. (c) When requested by the FAA, any construction or alteration that would be in an instrument approach area (defined in the FAA standards governing instrument approach procedures) and available information indicates it might exceed an obstruction standard of the FAA. (d) Any construction or alteration on any of the following airports (including heliports): (1) An airport that is available for public use and is listed in the Airport Directory of the current Airmans Information Manual or in either the Alaska or Pacific Airmans Guide and Chart Supplement. (2) An airport under construction, that is the subject of a notice or proposal on file with the Federal Aviation Administration, and except for military airports, it is clearly indicated that the airport will be available for public use. (3) An airport that is operated by an armed force of the United States. Note: Consideration to aeronautical facilities not in existence at the time of the filing of the application for radio facilities will be given only when proposed airport construction or improvement plans are on file with the Federal Aviation Administration as of the filing date of the application for such radio facilities. [39 FR 7581, Feb. 27, 1974, as amended at 39 FR 26157, July 17, 1974; 42 FR 54823, Oct. 11, 1977; 42 FR 57127, Nov. 1, 1977]
www.CareerCert.info
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

This topic describes how to calculate effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). EIRP is used by the various regulatory agencies and the IEEE 802.11 committee to determine the maximum RF output that an RF transmitter is allowed to transmit.
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
CUWSS v1. 01-10
Although transmitted power based on the radio setting is rated in either decibel milliwatt (dBm) or mW (milliwatts), the maximum energy density coming from an antenna from a complete system is measured as EIRP, which is a summation of the decibel values of the various components. EIRP is the value that regulatory agencies, such as the FCC and ETSI, use to determine and measure power limits, expressed in terms of maximum energy density within the first Fresnel zone of the radiating antenna. EIRP is calculated by adding the transmitter power (in dBm) to antenna gain in isotropic antenna or decibel referenced to isotropic antenna (dBi) and subtracting any cable losses (in decibels).
1-77
www.CareerCert.info
2.4-GHz EIRP Output Rules: FCC Example

Point-to-multipoint: Maximum of 36 dBm EIRP. 30-dBm maximum transmitter power with 6-dBi maximum gain of antenna and cable combination. A 1:1 ratio exists between the maximum power and maximum gain. Reduce transmit power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase maximum antenna and cable system gain by 1 dBi. Point-to-point: Maximum of 36 dBm EIRP. 30-dBm maximum transmitter power with 6-dBi in gain of antenna and cable combination. FCC allows exceeding the 36 dBm EIRP in point-to-point installations using the 3:1 ratio rule. Reduce transmit power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase maximum antenna and cable system gain by 3 dBi.
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. CUWSS v1. 01-11
The figure shows the FCC standards to which Cisco products adhere. The following is an excerpt from FCC Title 47, Section 15.247: (b) The maximum peak output power of the intentional radiator shall not exceed the following: (1) (1) For frequency hopping systems operating in the 24002483.5 MHz or 5725 5850 MHz band and for all direct sequence systems: 1 watt. (3) if transmitting antennas of directional gain greater than 6 dBi are used, the peak output power from the intentional radiator shall be reduced below the stated values in paragraphs (b)(1) or (b)(2) of this section, as appropriate, by the amount in dB that the directional gain of the antenna exceeds 6 dBi. Systems operating in the 24002483.5 MHz band that are used exclusively for fixed, point-to-point operations may employ transmitting antennas with directional gain greater than 6 dBi provided the maximum peak output power of the intentional radiator is reduced by 1 dB for every 3 dB that the directional gain of the antenna exceeds 6 dBi.
1-78
www.CareerCert.info
2.4-GHz EIRP Output Rules: FCC Example (Cont.)

Point-to-Multipoint
Transmitter Power - dBm FCC Maximum Cisco Maximum
30 dBm 20 dBm
Maximum Gain
6 dBi 16 dBi
EIRP
36 dBm 36 dBm
These values reflect the 1:1 rule.
Point-to-Point
Transmitter Power - dBm FCC Maximum Cisco Maximum
30 dBm 20 dBm
Maximum Gain
6 dBi 16 dBi
EIRP
36 dBm 56 dBm

The EIRP of a transmitter is the power it would have if it were an isotropic radiator (if the antenna radiated equally in all directions). By virtue of the gain of a radio antenna (or dish), a beam is formed that preferentially transmits the energy in one direction. The EIRP is estimated by adding the gain (of the antenna) and the transmitter power (of the radio) shown in this equation: EIRP = Tx power (dBm) + antenna gain (dBi) cable loss (dB) System output is limited when you use radio equipment. These limits are given as EIRP, and must not be exceeded. Different countries have different standards. Check with authorities in the country of installation to determine maximum EIRP. The output of the radio is measured in dBm. The figure lists the dBm ratings for the various output levels that are available with the Cisco wireless equipment and the EIRP results when a 6-dBi patch antenna is used. The maximum EIRP allowed by the FCC for a Part 15 2.4-GHz device in the United States is 36 dBm. The standards are different for specific point-to-point systems. However, this course is focused on WLANs that would be considered point-to-multipoint solutions. As a result, the maximum EIRP allowed must not exceed 36 dBm, and the maximum gain on an antenna must not exceed 16 dBi (for the United States) unless installed by a professional installer.
Note
The highest-gain antenna approved by Cisco for 2.4 GHz is the 21-dBi parabolic antenna.
1-79
www.CareerCert.info
2.4-GHz EIRP Output Rules: Non-FCC Example

Currently ETSI stipulates: Maximum of 20 dBm EIRP on point-to-multipoint and point-topoint installations 17 dBm maximum transmitter power with 3 dBi in gain attributed to antenna and cable combination Professional installers are allowed to increase the gain of an antenna or cable system if the transmitter power is reduced below 17 dBm in a 1:1 ratio: Reduce transmit power below maximum of 17 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna or cable system gain by 1 dBi
CUWSS v1. 01-13
The figure illustrates ETSI standards to which Cisco products adhere. The following is an excerpt from the document ETSI EN 300 328-1 V1.2.2 (2000-07): 5.2 Transmitter parameter limits 5.2.1 Effective radiated power The effective radiated power is defined as the total power of the transmitter and is calculated according to the procedure given in sub clause 7.2.1. The effective radiated power shall be equal to or less than 10 dBw (100 mW) EIRP. This limit shall apply for any combination of power level and intended antenna assembly. 5.2.2 Peak Power Density The peak power density is defined as the highest instantaneous level of power in Watts per Hertz generated by the transmitter within the power envelope. For equipment using FHSS modulation, the power density shall be limited to 10 dBw (100 mW) per 100 kHz EIRP. For equipment using other types of modulation, the peak power shall be limited to 20 dBw (10 mW) per MHz EIRP.
1-80
www.CareerCert.info
2.4-GHz EIRP Output Rules: Non-FCC Example (Cont.)

Governing bodies with 20 dBm ceiling on EIRP: France, Singapore, Israel, Mexico and other ETSI countries.
Point-to-Multipoint and Point-to-Point
Transmitter Power - dBm Maximum Gain Gov. Body Maximum Cisco Integrated Antennas Reduced Tx Power Reduced Tx Power Reduced Tx Power Reduced Tx Power
17 dBm 17 dBm 15 dBm 13 dBm 7 dBm 0 dBm These values reflect the 1:1 rule.
EIRP
20 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm
3 dBi 3 dBi 5 dBi 7 dBi 13 dBi 20 dBi
The output of the radio is measured in dBm (decibels per milliwatt). The figure lists the dBm ratings for the various output levels available with the Cisco wireless equipment and the EIRP that results when various antennae are used. The maximum EIRP allowed for a 2.4-GHz device in France, Singapore, Israel, Mexico, and other ETSI countries is 20 dBm. The standards are different for specific point-to-point systems. However, this class is focused on WLANs that would be considered point-to-multipoint solutions, so the maximum EIRP allowed must not exceed 20 dBm and the maximum gain on an antenna must not exceed 20 dBi.
1-81
www.CareerCert.info
802.11g Maximum Power Levels per Antenna Gain

Regulatory Domain Antenna Gain (dBi)
5.2 (Omni) 9 (Patch) 10 (Yagi)
Maximum Power Level (mW) CCK OFDM

100 100 100 100 100 100 50 20 20 10 10 5 5 5 1 1 30 30 30 30 30 30 20 10 10 5 5 1 1 1 1
Americas (-A) (4 W EIRP maximum)
11 (Omni) 12 (Omni) 13 (Integrat ed patch) 13.5 (Yagi) 14 (Sect or) 21 (Dish) 5.2 (Omni) 9 (Patch) 10 (Yagi) 11 (Omni) 12 (Omni) 13 (Integrat ed patch) 13.5 (Yagi) 14 (Sect or) 21 (Dish)
EMEA (-E) (100 mW EIRP maximum)
CUWSS v1. 01-15
An improper combination of power level and antenna gain can result in equivalent EIRP above the amount allowed for each regulatory domain. The table lists the maximum power levels and antenna gains allowed for each 802.11g regulatory domain. The Cisco Aironet 1300 Series Wireless Bridge must be installed by a professional installer.
Note
To meet regulatory restrictions, the external antenna BR1300 configuration and the external must be professionally installed. The network administrator or other IT professional for installing and configuring the unit is a suitable professional installer. Following installation, access to the unit should be password protected by the network administrator to maintain regulatory compliance.
1-82
www.CareerCert.info
802.11g Maximum Power Levels per Antenna Gain (Cont.)

Regulatory Domain Antenna Gain (dBi)
5.2 (Omni ) 9 (Patch) 10 (Yagi) Jap an (-J) (1 0 mW/MHz EIRP maximum) 11 (Omni) 12 (Omni) 13 (Integrated patch) 13.5 (Yagi) 14 (Sector) 21 (Dish)
Maximum Power Level (mW) CCK OFDM

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
A maximum of 2 dBi cable loss must be used for this configuration.
CUWSS v1. 01-16
The table lists the maximum power levels and antenna gains allowed for each 802.11g regulatory domain (continued).
1-83
www.CareerCert.info
Current State of 5-GHz 802.11a Spectrum
CUWSS v1. 01-17
The EIRP is the radio energy radiated from an antenna. To enable fair sharing of the unlicensed band, regulatory domains impose maximum EIRP levels. Directional antennas, such as Yagi and parabolic dishes, can shape the signal from the transmitter so that it appears stronger in a particular direction (similar to adjusting the focus of a flashlight to concentrate the beam of light). This is known as antenna gain. The UNII-2 band is intended for wireless bridging for both indoor and short-range outdoor applications. The UNII-3 band, with far greater transmission power and antenna gain allowances, is preferable for long-range outdoor wireless bridging. To facilitate outdoor wireless bridging, the regulations allow connectors, cables, and auxiliary antennas for both of these bands. The EIRP allowed in the UNII-3 band is 4 watts (36 dBm), which is much more than the radiated power of 1 watt (30 dBm) allowed in the UNII-2 band. Conducted and radiated power levels for the different bands include the following: UNII-3 EIRP point-to-multipoint hub 36 dBm UNII-3 EIRP point-to-point and nonroot point-to-multipoint 53 dBm Cisco Aironet 1400 Wireless Bridge, which uses a maximum peak power of 24 dBm or 250 mW The Cisco Aironet 1500 Series Lightweight Outdoor Mesh AP, which uses a maximum peak power of 26 dBm or 398 mW
1-84
www.CareerCert.info
The power rules outlined by the FCC are listed in the table.
US Japan Europe Frequency
UNII-1 Max Power UNII-1 EIRP UNII-2 Max Power UNII-2 EIRP HiperLAN Max Power HiperLAN EIRP UNII-3 Max Power
50 mW 22 dBm 250 mW 29 dBm
50 mW 22 dBm
200 mW 23 dBm
5.15 to 5.25
5.25 to 5.35
200 mW 22 dBm 1W
5.25 to 5.35
5.725 to 5.825
1-85
www.CareerCert.info
5-GHz EIRP Output Rules: FCC Example

Point-to-Multipoint
FCC Maximum Transmitter Power 30 dBm 29 dBm 28 dBm 27 dBm 20 dBm Antenna 6 dBi 7 dBi 8 dBi 9 dBi 16 dBi EIRP 36 dBm 36 dBm 36 dBm 36 dBm 36 dBm
Cisco Maximum
Point-to-Point
Transmitter Power FCC Maximum Cisco Maximum FCC Approved 30 dBm 29 dBm 28 dBm 27 dBm 21 dBm Antenna 23 dBi 24 dBi 25 dBi 26 dBi 28 dBi EIRP 53 dBm 53 dBm 53 dBm 53 dBm 49 dBm

The highest approved antenna for Cisco antennas in the 5-GHz band is 28 dBi. When using a Cisco Aironet 1400 Wireless Bridge, the antenna cannot be installed at full power; it must be reduced to 155 mW. In the United States, the rules include a clause for point-to-point systems. For a multipoint transmitter, the EIRP is 36 dBm; for a point-to-point transmitter the EIRP is 53 dBm. This means that the power must be backed off to handle the high peaks.
1-86
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco Aironet 1400 Wireless Bridge Maximum Power Levels for 5.8-GHz Band
Maximum Power Settings Regulatory Domains Orientation
P 2P
9-dBi Omnidirec tional Antenna

24 dB m 24 dB m
22.5-dBi Integrated Antenna

24 dB m 1 2 dBm 4
28-dBi Dish Antenna

22 dBm na
Americas (-A)
P2MP
1 2 3 4
Point-to-point Point-to-multipoint A maximum of 13 dBm is allowed, but that setting is not supported by the bridge. On point-to-multipoint links, the remote bridges communicating with the central bridge are allowed to use the maximum power settings of 24 dBm. The central bridge is limited to a maximum power setting of 12 dBm.
CUWSS v1. 01-19
An improper combination of power level and antenna configurations can result in EIRP above the amount allowed per regulatory domain. The Cisco Aironet 1400 Wireless Bridge must be installed by a professional installer.
1-87
www.CareerCert.info
Summary
Summary
Regulatory domains determine what radio frequencies are allowed for use by commercial operators and the general public. EIRP rules differ by regulatory domain.
CUWSS v1. 01-20
References
For additional information, refer to these resources: http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Wireless/Orders/1995/fcc95473.txt.
1-88
www.CareerCert.info
Lesson 4
Identifying Safety and Aesthetic Requirements

Overview
This lesson identifies safety issues, precautions, regulations, and requirements of different types of survey environments.
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to identify the safety and aesthetic requirements of which a person performing a site survey should be aware. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Describe safety issues of which a person performing a site survey should be aware Identify various governmental safety regulations that can affect a site survey Identify the various enterprise requirements that can affect a site survey
www.CareerCert.info
Safety Issues
This topic describes safety issues of which a person performing a site survey should be aware. Site surveys are performed in a variety of environments that require an awareness of the safety rules and equipment required for that environment.
Ladder Safety
Access points generally go high up on the wall or in ceilings, requiring the use of a ladder. OSHA standard for ladder safety includes: Loads Angle Rungs Slipping
Other requirements
CUWSS v1. 01-2
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard for portable ladders contains specific requirements designed to ensure worker safety. These include the following: Loads: Self-supporting (foldout) and portable ladders that are not self-supporting (leaning) must be able to support at least four times the maximum intended load, except extra heavyduty metal or plastic ladders, which must be able to sustain three and one third-times the maximum intended load. Angle: Ladders that are not self-supporting, which must lean against a wall or other support, are to be positioned at such an angle that the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is about one fourth the working length of the ladder. Rungs Ladder rungs, cleats, or steps must be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced when the ladder is in position for use. Rungs must be spaced between 10 and 14 inches apart. For extension trestle ladders, the spacing must be eight to eighteen inches for the base, and six to twelve inches on the extension section. Rungs must be shaped that the foot of an employee cannot slide off, and must be skid-resistant. Ladders are to be kept free of oil, grease, wet paint, and other slipping hazards. Wood ladders must not be coated with any opaque covering, except identification or warning labels on one face only of a side rail.
Slipping
1-90
www.CareerCert.info
Other Requirements Foldout or stepladders must have a metal spreader or locking device to hold the front and back sections in an open position when in use. When two or more ladders are used to reach a work area, they must be offset with a landing or platform between the ladders. The area around the top and bottom of ladders must be kept clear. Ladders must not be tied or fastened together to provide longer sections, unless they are specifically designed for such use. Never use a ladder for any purpose other than the one for which it was designed.
1-91
www.CareerCert.info
Aerial Lift Safety

Access points go in ceilings. Lifts might be required to access the ceiling in: Warehouses Manufacturing plants Ensure that workers: Are properly trained in the safe use of the equipment Follow OSHA safety tips when using aerial lifts for site surveys
CUWSS v1. 01-3
Aerial lifts include boom-supported aerial platforms, such as cherry pickers or bucket trucks and high lifts. The major causes of fatalities are falls, electrocutions, collapses, or the unit overturns. The most common safety precautions when operating an aerial lift device include the following: Ensure that workers who operate aerial lifts are properly trained in the safe use of the equipment. Maintain and operate elevating work platforms in accordance with the instructions from the manufacturer. Never override hydraulic, mechanical, or electrical safety devices. Never move the equipment with workers in an elevated platform unless this is permitted by the manufacturer. Do not allow workers to position themselves between overhead hazards, such as joists and beams, and the rails of the basket. Movement of the lift could crush the worker. Maintain a minimum clearance of at least ten feet (three meters) away from the nearest overhead lines. Always treat power lines, wires, and other conductors as energized, even if they are down or appear to be insulated. Use a body harness or restraining belt with a lanyard attached to the boom or basket to prevent the worker from being ejected or pulled from the basket. Set the brakes, and use wheel chocks when on an incline. Use outriggers, if provided. Do not exceed the load limits of the equipment. Allow for the combined weight of the worker, tools, and materials.
www.CareerCert.info
Manufacturing
When performing a site survey in a manufacturing environment, one or more of the following might be required: Site-specific safety training. Safety glasses. Protection: Hearing Head Hand Foot Protective clothing. If you arrive without the proper safety gear, you will probably not be able to perform a site survey.
CUWSS v1. 01-4
Different manufacturing plants have different safety requirements that depend on the type of manufacture. Before visiting the manufacturing facility, make sure you have asked about special instructions for safety equipment, such as the following: Site-specific safety training: Some companies require you to attend an overall safety briefing including relative site-specific safety information where applicable. Safety glasses: Thousands of people are blinded each year from work-related injuries. These injuries could have been prevented if people had used eye protection. Hearing protection: Noise is a common problem found in many workplaces. Research has shown that high levels of noise can damage your hearing. Earplugs and earmuffs are the primary types of hearing protectors. Head protection: Injuries to the head are very serious. For this reason, head protection is important. Wear a protective hard hat when working in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling objects. Hand protection: It has been estimated that almost 20 percent of all disabling accidents on the job involve the hands. Wear appropriate hand protection when your hands are exposed to hazards such as skin absorption of harmful substances; severe cuts; chemical burns; and harmful temperature extremes. Foot protection: Use protective footwear when working in areas where there is a danger of foot injuries due to falling or rolling objects, or objects piercing the sole, and where your feet are exposed to electrical hazards. Steel-toe boots are the primary type of foot protection. Protective clothing: The purpose of protective clothing and equipment is to shield or isolate individuals from the chemical, physical, and biological hazards that can be encountered during hazardous materials operations. During chemical operations, it is not always apparent when exposure occurs. Many chemicals pose invisible hazards and offer no warning properties.
1-93
www.CareerCert.info
Warehousing and Distribution

High volume of forklift activity. Forklifts can kill! When performing a site survey in a warehouse, watch for forklift activity. Look out for blind spots. If you need access to the ceiling for access point placement do not use a forklift; use an aerial lift with a safety harness. Access points and antennas placed in the ceiling should be placed so that working forklifts will not come in contact with them.
CUWSS v1. 01-5
Each year, tens of thousands of injuries related to forklifts occur in the United States. Many employees are injured when forklifts are inadvertently driven off loading docks; forklifts fall between loading docks; employees are struck by a forklift; or when they fall while on elevated pallets. Do not stand on pallets and have a forklift operator raise you to the ceiling for access point placement. Use an aerial lift and safety harness when mounting access points in a high ceiling. While surveying, listen carefully and look both ways before you step out from an aisle, around a corner, or across a pathway. Avoid crossing in front of a moving forklift and do not try to beat one to a crossing. Forklifts have limited visibility. The forks and lifting mechanism block the line of sight for the driver. If there is a load on the lift, visibility is even more limited. So, it is up to you to watch for and avoid forklifts. If at all possible, try to survey the facility when activity is low.
1-94
www.CareerCert.info
Government Safety Regulations

This topic identifies various governmental safety regulations that can affect a site survey. Many governmental safety regulations can impact a site survey. The person performing a site survey should be aware of the existence of these regulations. Because these regulations vary widely, the person planning or performing the site survey should ask which regulations are involved and how they will impact the site survey. Certain industries, such as oil, gas, and mining operations, as well as transportation industries such as rail, usually have special government safety requirements with which site survey personnel must comply.
Refineries
Refineries are hazardous industrial areas. They require: Safety course with passing score on exam to enter plant Fire-retardant clothing Hard hat Eye protection Hearing protection Steel-toe shoes In some areas, special breathing apparatus
CUWSS v1. 01-6
In the refining industry, enabling members of the workforce to stay in constant contact with one another is a difficult challenge. However, in recent years it has become apparent that wireless is steadily replacing other means of communication signal transmission. Refining crude oil and the processes related to this operation create an extremely hazardous situation. Above all, of course, is the inherent danger of fire. Considerable steps are taken to prevent accidents. Refineries require all employees and subcontractors to attend a safety training before entering the refinery. The safety training class is to identify safety warnings, safe areas in case of an accident, and site evacuation routes. The mandatory training is normally three to four hours long, and tests are administered. To enter the refinery, you must pass your tests with a minimum score of 80 percent. The certification of training received is normally good for one year. If the facility has hazardous areas, brush up on your material safety data sheets (MSDSs) regarding the hazardous materials. Also have other safety equipment prepared for physical hazards, such as electrical shock or falling objects. You might need additional safety equipment, such as electrical insulators, safety harnesses, and even biological suits with respirators. Before working in a hazardous environment, be sure to take the time to understand the hazards and preventive measures as well as the emergency response conditions.
1-95
www.CareerCert.info
To enter the facility, you must have the following safety items: Hard hat Hearing and eye protection Fire-retardant clothing Steel-toe shoes
1-96
www.CareerCert.info
Rail Yards
Can be dangerous. Safety is a prime concern for railways. Orientation and safety awareness training must take place before a site survey can be performed. Railway photo ID required.
CUWSS v1. 01-7
Contractors that work for railroads are required to take a contractor safety orientation class. You must be registered and have completed the specific course and exercise for the specific railroad before working on its property. The orientation and safety classes must be completed annually. Upon completion of your registration and orientation courses you will receive a course completion card verifying all the courses that you have taken. Because of the added security required on railway property, contractors must have an additional photo ID badge.
1-97
www.CareerCert.info
RF Hazard Awareness
You might need access to: Restricted areas on rooftops Areas near wireless transmission sites and towers Completion of a satisfactory training program for RF safety is required by OSHA and the FCC.
CUWSS v1. 01-8
FCC Safety Rules

OSHA 1910.97 has listed RF as a hazardous environment. Computer-based training and certification in RF safety is offered at http://www.sitesafe.com. After training is complete, a test can be taken online, and can be taken as many times as needed to pass. Upon successful completion of the test you will receive a badge and certificate from Sitesafe, which is recognized by the FCC and OSHA for maximum permissible exposure (MPE) awareness training. The badge and certificate are good for one year. The FCCs Office of Engineering and Technology (OET) Bulletin 65 Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields provides assistance in determining whether proposed or existing transmitting facilities, operations, or devices comply with limits for human exposure to RF fields adopted by the FCC. The bulletin offers guidelines and suggestions for evaluating compliance and establishes MPE limits. OSHA CFR 1910.268 (c) states in part: Where training is required, it shall consist of on-thejob training or classroom-type training or a combination of both. The employer shall certify the employees have been trained by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person that conducted the training, and the date the training was completed.
1-98
www.CareerCert.info
Hazardous Areas Are Posted

Posting is required by the FCC. All hazardous areas should be posted. This sign reads: Beyond this point: Radio frequency fields at this site might exceed FCC rules for human exposure. For your safety, obey all posted signs and site guidelines for working in radio frequency environments.
Restricting access is usually the simplest means of controlling exposure to areas where high RF levels might be present. Methods of doing this include fencing and posting such areas or locking out unauthorized persons in areas, such as rooftop locations, where this is practical. If the area of concern is properly marked by appropriate warning signs, fencing or the erection of other permanent barriers might not be necessary. As required by the FCC, all hazardous areas should be posted. The figure shows an actual sign used at a site where exposure to RF levels is present. For your safety, obey all posted signs and site guidelines for working in RF environments.
Note This sign is not required when installing Cisco equipment. Other non-Wi-Fi radio services might require this sign. However, if such a sign is posted at the entry point, FCC and OSHA require site safety training. The sign indicates that RF emissions might exceed the FCC MPE limits.
1-99
www.CareerCert.info
Personal RF Monitors
Safety first Alarms at 50 percent of the MPE levels as defined by OET Bulletin 65
CUWSS v1.01-10
Personal monitors provide a method for easy and accurate alerting of potential RF exposures. These monitors are meant to be worn on the body and respond with an audio alarm when the MPE level reaches 50 percent of the allowable FCC value. This warning tells you that you should leave the area immediately. They accurately detect all types of electric fields, from 300 KHz to 3 GHz or from 300 KHz to 45 GHz. The microwave band sensor uses thermocouple detectors. Thermocouple arrays function primarily as dipole antennas up to about 10 GHz. Thermocouple detectors are always true root mean square (RMS) values, while the patented diode design used for the lower frequencies provides RMS detectors and gives accurate results even with extremely narrow radar pulses. These monitors detect all polarizations equally, which is critical in an unknown environment.
Note Some people refer to these devices as RF dosimeters, but that appellation is erroneous because the exposure rate is not determined by a dose measurement.
OET Bulletin 65 provides assistance in determining whether proposed or existing transmitting facilities, operations or devices comply with limits for human exposure to RF fields adopted by the FCC. The bulletin offers guidelines and suggestions for evaluating compliance. However, it is not intended to establish mandatory procedures, and other methods and procedures can be acceptable if based on sound engineering practice.
1-100
www.CareerCert.info
Safety Agencies
OSHA is the national agency in the United States responsible for enforcement of safety in the workplace. A list of other safety agencies worldwide is provided. Contact your local agency for guidance on safety in the workplace.
CUWSS v1.01-11
The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. It was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, signed by President Richard M. Nixon, on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by issuing and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health. Public safety agencies are concerned about the safety of individuals. The following is a list of public safety agencies in several countries. BelgiumInstitute for Prevention, Protection and Welfare at Work: This agency is a nongovernmental, nonprofit institution engaged in the dissemination of safety and health information, the promotion of safety and health in workplaces, and the provision of advice in the field to enterprises and workers. DenmarkNational Institute of Occupational Health: This agency is an advisory and research organization devoted to the furthering of healthy workplaces. EuropeanAgency for Safety and Health at Work: This agency works with governments, employers, and workers representatives to collect and publish scientific research. FinlandFinnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH): This government institute is engaged in research and advisory services, training, and the dissemination of information. FranceNational Research and Safety Institute: This agency is a national agency engaged in research, education, and workplace assistance in the field of occupational safety and health. GermanyFederal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (FIOSH): This agency is a federal agency charged with research, the finding of practical solutions, and information in the field of occupational safety and health, as well as with workplace health promotion in Germany.
1-101
www.CareerCert.info
GermanyGerman Federation of Institutions for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention: This agency is a Federation of 35 sector-based institutions charged with workers compensation and associated preventive activities in the workplace in Germany. GreeceHellenic Institute for Occupational Health and Safety: This agency is a Greek national institute for research into occupational safety and health matters. IrelandHealth and Safety Authority (HSA): The HSA has overall responsibility for the administration and enforcement of health and safety at work in Ireland. It monitors compliance with legislation at the workplace and can take enforcement action. It provides information and advice to employers, employees, and the self-employed. ItalyNational Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention: This agency is a public institution devoted to research, information, training ,and advice on legislation in the area of occupational safety and health. LatviaInstitute of Occupational and Environmental Health (IOEH): The main purpose of this government institute is the generation and dissemination of information on the interaction of working and general environment and human health. It also provides training in the field of occupational and environmental health. MaltaOccupational Health and Safety Authority: This website contains information training and advice in the area of occupational safety and health. NetherlandsTNO Work and Employment: This quasi-governmental institute offers research, consultancy, training, and information services in labor-related fields, including occupational safety and health. NorwayArbeidstilsynet/Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority: This agency is a national occupational safety and health agency. NorwayNational Institute of Occupational Health: This agency is a research institute contributing to increased knowledge on and practical applications of occupational health based on the biomedical and natural sciences. PolandCentral Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Pastwowy Instytut Badawczy [CIOP - PIB]): This institute is a leading scientific and research institution in Poland dealing with occupational safety and health and labor condition issues. Its principal activities include research, certification, training, information collection and dissemination, and consultancy. PolandInstytut Medycyny Pracy (Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine): This agency is an institute of research into occupational medicine and public health. RussiaCentre for Industrial Labour Safety and Social Partnership and Occupational Training: This agency is a government institution based in Saint Petersburg. Its tasks include occupational safety training; providing advice for the development of regulation of social and labor relations; providing information for employers on safety and health matters; policy development for other OSH centers. United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive (HSE): This agency is responsible for ensuring that risks to peoples health and safety from work activities are properly controlled. AustraliaSafe Work Australia: National agency for the advancement of occupational health and safety. KoreaOccupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA): Maintains and improves the safety and health conditions of workplaces.
1-102
www.CareerCert.info
CanadaCanadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS): National agency in Canada for the advancement of safe and healthy workplaces and preventing work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths. JapanNational Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (JNIOSH): Conducts research to contribute to administration of the government and for workers in industry, by eliminating industrial accidents and diseases, promoting workers health, and creating a safe and comfortable working environment.
1-103
www.CareerCert.info
Enterprise Requirements
This topic identifies the various enterprise requirements that can affect a site survey. In addition to governmental regulations, many enterprises have their own policies that can affect the site survey. These policies can cover safety, security, and aesthetics. Safety policies can affect who can perform what tasks and whether or not special gear and training is necessary before a site survey can begin. Security policies can affect access and equipment. Aesthetic requirements can affect placement of access points and antennae.
Enterprise Safety
Safety and security requirements differ from one enterprise to another. Examples or rules and requirements: High lift must be operated by an employee in the facility for insurance reasons. An escort is required by an employee of the facility due to insurance reasons or secured areas. Hazardous environment safety training required: Transportation such as rail yards Oil, gas, and mining operations
CUWSS v1.01-12
Depending on the business, and also for insurance reasons, you might not be allowed to operate a high lift at the facility where you are planning to perform a site survey. The company has a responsibility to ensure that every operator is competent to operate a high lift safely. The operator must be certified to operate the machinery at that facility. If you are not certified with the employer, you must arrange for someone to operate the high lift for you. This should be done before the start of the survey. At times an escort or security badges might be required to enter the facility. Get the required identification and badges before you arrive. It can be very frustrating to need to wait to start the survey of a particular area because the security guard does not know who you are and will not let you into the facility. Hospitals have many secured areas that require an escort. Hazardous facilities such as refineries and mining areas require safety training before you perform the site survey.
1-104
www.CareerCert.info
Enterprise Security
FIPS 140-2 publication . Security requirements for cryptographic modules. FIPS 140-2 required in government facilities. Cisco access points must run WPA2 encryption to be FIPS 140-2 compliant in government facilities.
Enterprise Mode (Business, Government, Education) Personal Mode (SOHO, Home/Personal)
WPA Authentication: IEEE 802.1X/EAP Encryption: TKIP/MIC Authentication: PSK Encryption: TKIP/MIC
WPA2 Authentication: IEEE 802.1X/EAP Encryption: AES-CCMP Authentication: PSK Encryption: AES-CCMP
CUWSS v1.01-13
Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) WPA2 is the next generation of Wi-Fi security. It is the WiFi Alliance interoperable implementation of the ratified IEEE 802.11i standard. It implements the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommended Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm using Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP). WPA2 facilitates government Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 140-2 compliance.
1-105
www.CareerCert.info
Aesthetics
Common concern in health care and education. Customer does not want to see the equipment (radio and antenna). Ceiling tile enclosures or above-ceiling-tile access point mounting solutions are available. These are better solutions than hiding the access point in a closet.
CUWSS v1.01-14
Many facilities are extremely concerned about building aesthetics. To maintain the look and feel of the surroundings, the installer needs to be creative. Much of the aesthetics are directly related to the access point itself, and to the antennas. Some access points are cleaner looking and can fit well into the environment, whereas others do not blend well into the surroundings. In most cases, however, the access point can be placed on the backside of the wall or above the ceiling and the cable can be run down through the center of the wall. In some cases, antennas cannot be hidden easily, and the installer will need help to keep the aesthetics clean. Theme parks, for example, are extremely sensitive about the looks of their environment. In one scenario a Yagi antenna was mounted to a mast and then covered with an artificial windsock to blend into the environment. Health care locations also want to maintain a clean aesthetic. In many cases, you can paint the antennas to help the access points blend into the environment. In one example, the installer cut the drywall so that the patch antenna could be mounted into the hallway walls and then covered the antennas with vinyl wallpaper that matched the wall color used in the hallway. Where access points will be located and how they will be mounted in a facility should be decided before starting the survey. Warehousing, manufacturing, and distribution centers prefer the equipment to be mounted where it is visible from the floor.
1-106
www.CareerCert.info
Aesthetics (Cont.)
Cisco Aironet 1130 AP with internal antennas. Created for a cleaner fit in: Open office Health care Hospitality Center LED can be turned off at command line to draw less attention to the access point.
CUWSS v1.01-15
The Cisco Aironet 1130AG Series AP offers high-capacity, high-security, and enterprise-class features delivering WLAN access for a low total cost of ownership. Designed for WLAN coverage in offices and similar RF environments, this unobtrusive access point features integrated antennas and dual IEEE 802.11a/g radios for robust and predictable coverage, delivering a combined capacity of 108 Mb/s. The competitively priced Cisco Aironet 1130AG Series AP is ready to install and easy to manage, reducing the cost of deployment and ongoing maintenance.
1-107
www.CareerCert.info
Summary
Summary
Site surveys are performed in a variety of environments that require an awareness of the safety rules and equipment required for that environment. Many governmental safety regulations can impact a site survey. Ask which regulations are involved and how they will impact the site survey. In addition to governmental regulations, many enterprises have their own policies that can affect the site survey. These policies can cover safety, security, and aesthetics.
CUWSS v1.01-16
References
For additional information, refer to these resources: www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Documents/bulletins/oet65/oet65.pdf www.contractororientation.com.
1-108
www.CareerCert.info
Lesson 5
Understanding Logistical Considerations

Overview
Before you begin a site survey, resource planning is essential. You need to project how much time the survey will take to conduct. You need to determine if any special equipment is needed to conduct the survey, what human resources will be scheduled for the survey, and if any special safety training or special access is needed to enter the site survey facility. If the survey is not in a local area, you will need to make travel and lodging arrangements.
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to define logistical requirements necessary to conduct a site survey. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Describe criteria necessary to determine resources needed for a site survey Identify the information to be gathered about facility access Describe deployment criteria that will affect the site survey
www.CareerCert.info
Resource Planning
This topic describes the criteria that are necessary to determine resources needed for a site survey. After a site survey has been approved, the resources required to perform the site survey need to be scheduled.
Projected Time for Survey

How many days will the survey take? Plan on one day for every eight to ten access points to be surveyed per site survey engineer. Allow approximately one hour per access point. Use the planning mode feature in Cisco WCS to predict access point density.
CUWSS v1.0 1-2
Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) Planning Mode Tool

Many considerations in RF design are interdependent or implementation-dependent. As a result, there is no universal template for the majority of requirements and environments. Cisco WCS provides integrated RF prediction tools that you can use to create a detailed WLAN design, including access point placement, configuration, and performance and coverage estimates. IT staff can import real floor plans into Cisco WCS and assign RF characteristics to various building components to increase design accuracy. Graphical heat maps help the IT staff visualize anticipated WLAN behavior for easier planning and faster rollout. Cisco WCS also supports irregular-shape buildings by offering drawing tools to help organizations easily design and support WLAN deployments in such buildings.
1-110
www.CareerCert.info
Travel Involved?
Schedule
Airfare Hotel accommodations Rental car Site survey equipment shipment
CUWSS v1.0 1-3
Airfare that is not scheduled at least two weeks in advance can be very expensive. Hotel accommodations should be as close as possible to the facility being surveyed for short commute time. The rental car should be large enough to accommodate personnel and survey equipment. Airfare, hotel accommodations, meals, and rental car expenses add up. These should be added to the cost of the survey, or receipts should be included in billing for reimbursement.
1-111
www.CareerCert.info
Scissor Lift Needed?

Schedule lift usage time or rental. Licensed operator required? If so, schedule lift operator for survey Pricing in 2008 for a 40-foot electric lift was quoted at: $194.00 per day $679.00 per week
CUWSS v1.0 1-4
Scissor lifts come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are normally used to work on equipment and electrical lighting that is elevated. If a lift is not on site for high-ceiling work, you must rent one before the survey date to ensure its on-time delivery. The person using the lift should be trained with the type of lift that you rent and should use the appropriate safety equipment. Before you rent the lift, you need to know the height of the ceiling and the width of the aisles. At the time this course was written, rental cost for a 40-foot scissor lift was US$194.00 per day and US$679.00 per week.
1-112
www.CareerCert.info
Who Will Do the Survey?

Are human resources available? Schedule the engineer for the survey. What site survey equipment is needed? Is the equipment available?
CUWSS v1.0 1-5
Human resources can be scarce depending on current workload. Ensure that human resources are available when scheduling the survey. Also ensure that the proper site survey equipment, such as access points, antennas, and AirMagnet site survey software, will be available for you to use during the survey.
1-113
www.CareerCert.info
Facility Access
This topic identifies the information to be gathered about facility access. Site surveys can be performed at any time of day, and a customer might have specific requirements for access to the facility.
Special Requirements
Any orientation or safety training required? How long? Schedule orientation or safety training prior to survey for site access. Site access might be denied if orientation or safety training has not been completed.
SAFETY FIRST
CUWSS v1.0 1-6
Railroad companies and refineries are two examples where additional training is required to gain site access. Schedule the training before the survey if training is required for site access. Training could take as little as two hours or as much as two days, depending on the requirements of the company.
1-114
www.CareerCert.info
Security Clearance
Government facilities might require a security clearance. Security clearances can take up to two years to be granted. Only the government can grant a security clearance to a subcontractor. Normally, companies that do contract work for the government have employees with security clearances on staff.
CUWSS v1.0 1-7
Government facilities might require a security clearance just to enter the facility. Many people think that they can go to a company or agency and apply for their own security clearance, but this is not true. Only the federal government can grant someone a security clearance. A security clearance is used to confirm the trustworthiness and reliability of an applicant before providing access to national security information. There are three basic levels of security classification: Confidential: This clearance refers to material which, if improperly disclosed, could be reasonably expected to cause some measurable damage to national security. The vast majority of military personnel are given this very basic level of clearance. This level must be reinvestigated every 15 years. Secret: Unauthorized disclosure of the information this clearance covers could be expected to cause grave damage to national security. This level is reinvestigated every 10 years. Top Secret: Individuals with this clearance have access to information or material that could be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to national security if it was released without authorization. This level is reinvestigated every five years. People whose job requires access to classified government documents, or who work in a government-secured facility, must hold a security clearance. The process of obtaining a security clearance can take up to two years due to the high number of background checks already in progress. The process varies by federal agency and is constantly being adjusted based on current threats. Here is how it generally works: 1. Applicants must go through the application phase, which involves verification of U.S. citizenship, fingerprinting, and completion of the Personnel Security Questionnaire (SF86). 2. The Defense Security Service conducts thorough background checks.
1-115
www.CareerCert.info
3. Last is the adjudication phase, during which findings from the investigation are reviewed and evaluated based on 13 factors determined by the Department of Defense. Examples of these factors include criminal and personal conduct, substance abuse, and any mental disorders. 4. Clearance is granted or denied when the adjudication phase has been completed. Getting a security clearance can be very intrusive. The procedure can include interviews in which very personal questions are asked, polygraphs, and discussions with family and friends.
1-116
www.CareerCert.info
Badge Access
Company security badges: Allow access into: Facility Rooms Deny access if the badge does not have clearance. Cisco campus and offices require badge access. Escort: Know who your escort is or make arrangements for an escort. Make sure the escort has access to all the locations required to perform the survey.
CUWSS v1.0 1-8
Most enterprise offices and hospitals maintain strict control over entrance to the premises and access to specific work locations and require their employees to have security badges. These identification cards provide the company a way of identifying its employees. While visiting the facility, know who your escort is or make arrangements for an escort. Make sure that the escort has access to all the locations that are required to perform the survey.
1-117
www.CareerCert.info
Deployment Considerations
This topic describes deployment criteria that will affect the site survey. A site survey relies on the deployment criteria to determine the placement of the access points.
Cisco WCS Planning Mode

Different deployment types: Data Voice Location Combination of some or all of the above Use planning tool for access point density.
CUWSS v1.0 1-9
How much overlapping WLAN coverage you set in your wireless network depends on the usage, although all designs (with limited exceptions) should be deployed to minimize retransmission and data rate shifting. Wireless networks can be deployed for location management, voice, or data-only networks, or a combination of all three. The difference between the services lies in the pattern in which the access points are laid out and the amount of RF overlap in the coverage area. When planning a WLAN deployment, you should consider future uses of the WLAN deployment. Converting a WLAN deployment to support additional services beyond a dataonly deployment is not simply a matter of adding access points; it can require an additional site survey and the possible relocation of existing access points.
1-118
www.CareerCert.info
WLAN Data Requirements

Lower data rates: Take more time to transmit. Clients in cell affect higher-datarate clients. Actual diameter is dependent on the environment.
CUWSS v1. 01-10
Different data rates are achieved by the access points using different encoding techniques on the wireless link, allowing data to be more easily recovered from noise; this can be seen in the different receiver sensitivities for the different data rates. The number of symbols, or chips, sent out for a packet at the 1 Mb/s data rate is greater than the number of symbols used for the same packet at 11 Mb/s. This means that sending data at the lower bit rates takes more time than sending the equivalent data at a higher bit rate. And when there is more than one client associated to the radio, the lower-rate client affects the higher-rate clients maximum data throughput by taking longer to transmit a packet of the same length. Data rates affect the access point coverage areas. Lower data rates (such as 1 Mb/s) can extend the coverage area farther from the access point than higher data rates (such as 54 Mb/s), as shown in the figure. The actual diameter of the coverage, as shown, depends on factors such as environment, power level, and antenna gain.
1-119
www.CareerCert.info
Improving Client Density
CUWSS v1. 01-11
The minimum required reliable data rate has a direct effect on the number of access points needed in the design, along with power setting, antenna gain, and location. The figure shows coverage comparison and access point density for different data rates. Although six access points with a minimum data rate of 11 Mb/s might adequately service an area, it might take twice as many access points to support a minimum data rate of 24 Mb/s, and more again to support a minimum data rate of 48 Mb/s for the same coverage area. The data rate you choose depends on the type of application to be supported, but the data rate should not be greater than the typical requirements because there is a trade-off in coverage. In a typical WLAN environment, the higher data rates give maximum throughput and should minimize performance-related support issues. The physical facility, and whether the network is client-centric, generally dictates range requirements; some clients might not support the higher data rates, the longer ranges, or the delay and jitter rates of an infrastructure element such as an access point. It might seem logical to choose the default configuration of access points and clients, thereby allowing all data rates. However, there are three key reasons for limiting the data rate to the highest rate at which full coverage is obtained: Broadcast and multicast (if enabled) are sent at the lowest associated data rate (to ensure that all clients can receive the packets). This reduces the throughput of the WLAN because traffic must wait until frames are processed at the slower rate. Clients that are farther away, and therefore accessing the network at a lower data rate, decrease the overall throughput by causing delays while the lower bit rates are being serviced. It might be better to force the clients to roam to closer access points so as not to impact the performance of the rest of the network. For example, if a 54 Mb/s service is specified and provisioned with access points to support all data rates, clients at lower rates can associate with the access points that can create a coverage area greater than planned, thereby increasing the security exposure (by allowing association from outside the building) and potentially interfering with other WLANs.
www.CareerCert.info
Client Density and Throughput Requirements
CUWSS v1. 01-12
Different enterprises have different coverage requirements. Some need a WLAN to cover specific common areas, while others need WLANs to cover each floor of a building or to cover the entire building including stairwells and elevators, or to cover the entire campus including parked cars and roads. Besides affecting the number of access points required, the coverage requirements can introduce other requirements, such as specialized antennas, outdoor enclosures, and lightning protection.
Note
Client power should be adjusted to match the AP power settings. Maintaining a higher setting on the client does not result in higher performance, and it can cause interference in nearby cells.
1-121
www.CareerCert.info
Voice Deployments
The radius of the cell should be: 67 dBm for 802.11b/g/n 67 dBm for 802.11a/n Lower power 20 to 25 mW
CUWSS v1. 01-13
In a voice deployment, the access points are grouped more closely together and have more overlap than in a data-only installation, because voice clients should roam to a better access point before dropping packets. You generally also want to run smaller cells than in the past, and ensure the overlapping cell edges at or above 67 dBm. This accomplishes a number of things including greater homogeneity across a single cell and reducing processor load in the handheld phone, which increases link stability and reduces latency.
1-122
www.CareerCert.info
Location-Based Services Deployment
Example of a single-floor location management deployment

The third type of deployment is the location-based services deployment, which might be the most complex of current applications because it relies not only on excellent cell coverage, but also on optimal location of access points. Location-based management deployments can simultaneously track thousands of devices by using the WLAN infrastructure. Examples include Wi-Fi tag type deployments or asset tracking deployments to locate equipment or devices via the wireless network, or simply to indicate where wireless clients are throughout the network in relation to a drawing or diagram. This can make the wireless infrastructure more secure by providing the location of a rogue client or access point and can greatly improve client troubleshooting capabilities. For a location management deployment, the access points are laid out in a staggered pattern. The staggered pattern allows for more accurate estimation of the location of a device.
1-123
www.CareerCert.info
Summary
Summary
After a site survey has been approved, the resources required to perform the site survey need to be scheduled. A customer might have specific requirements for access to the facility. If training is required for site access, schedule the training before the survey. Wireless networks can be deployed for location management, voice, or data-only networks, or a combination of all three. Deployment types need to be determined for access point density.
CUWSS v1. 01-15
1-124
www.CareerCert.info
Module Summary
This topic summarizes the key points that were discussed in this module.
Module Summary
Before starting the planning process, preparation is necessary to identify user needs and determine the challenges and requirements of the specific site where the WLAN will be deployed. Having your customers fill out a pre-site survey questionnaire helps you design a WLAN that meets their needs and requirements. Various regulatory issues affect a site survey. Each country has its own regulations governing the RF spectrum. Safety issues, precautions, and regulations, as well as aesthetic requirements, affect a site survey. Resource planning is essential. You need to determine the time, special equipment, and human resources needed for the survey, as well as training, access, and travel and lodging requirements.
CUWSS v1. 01-1
Wireless today is installed in nearly every facility you can think of. Different types of facilities offer unique characteristics that require different survey methodologies. The survey model type (voice, data, or location-based services) for the facility dictate access point arrangement and density. Pre-site survey information should be collected to determine unique characteristics of the facility. Floor plans should be obtained to determine access point density using Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) planning tools. Different facilities have different access requirements. When you perform a site survey, safety should be the number one priority, especially when working around heavy machinery or in the gas and oil industry. When performing a site survey, follow the regulatory rules to ensure that the access points or bridges do not exceed the maximum effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) for the regulatory domain in which they are being installed. Gather the resources needed and make sure that you have access to the facility before the survey. If applicable, make sure that your training is complete.
1-125
www.CareerCert.info
1-126
www.CareerCert.info
Module Self-Check
Use the questions here to review what you learned in this module. The correct answers and solutions are found in the Module Self-Check Answer Key. Q1) CAD developers are a good fit for the WLAN. (Source: Identifying Site Survey Requirements for Different Vertical Industries) A) B) Q2) true false
When designing a WLAN for data collection devices, which is the most important? (Source: Identifying Site Survey Requirements for Different Vertical Industries) A) B) C) D) throughput data rate mobility security
Q3)
When designing a WLAN for laptop users in cubicles, which two are the most important? (Choose two.) (Source: Identifying Site Survey Requirements for Different Vertical Industries) A) B) C) D) throughput mobility data rate security
Q4)
A site survey questionnaire should determine if there are any special safety requirements. (Source: Identifying Customer Requirements) A) B) true false
Q5)
Which technology offers the most nonoverlapping channels? (Source: Identifying Customer Requirements) A) B) C) D) 802.11b 802.11g 802.11a 802.11n / 40 MHz
Q6)
Which application requires a higher access point density? (Source: Identifying Customer Requirements) A) B) C) D) voice video data location-based services
Q7)
Which frequency band is not a license-free band? (Source: Identifying Regulatory Issues) A) B) C) D) 900 MHz 2.4 GHz 4.9 GHz 5 GHz
1-127
www.CareerCert.info
Q8) Amplifiers are generally not allowed to be used with access points. (Source: Identifying Regulatory Issues) A) B) Q9) true false
Which must be installed by a professional installer? (Source: Identifying Regulatory Issues) A) B) C) D) Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point Cisco Aironet 1240 Series Access Point Cisco Aironet 1130 Series Access Point Cisco Aironet 1400 Series Bridge
Q10)
Some facilities require safety training before allowing you on the site property. (Source: Identifying Safety and Aesthetic Requirements) A) B) true false
Q11)
According to the FCC, how often must MPE training occur? (Source: Identifying Safety and Aesthetic Requirements) A) B) C) D) annually semiannually one time only every four years
Q12)
What is the maximum height to which a tower can be erected without an FCC permit? (Source: Identifying Safety and Aesthetic Requirements) A) B) C) D) 50 feet 100 feet 150 feet 200 feet
Q13)
To use Cisco WCS planning mode, floor plans are required. (Source: Understanding Logistical Considerations) A) B) true false
Q14)
On average, how many access points a day are surveyed? (Source: Understanding Logistical Considerations) A) B) C) D) 15 to 20 10 to 12 8 to 10 6 to 8
Q15)
What is the recommended cell edge signal level when deploying VoWLAN? (Source: Understanding Logistical Considerations) A) B) C) D) 65 67 69 70
1-128
www.CareerCert.info
Module Self-Check Answer Key

Q1) Q2) Q3) Q4) Q5) Q6) Q7) Q8) Q9) Q10) Q11) Q12) Q13) Q14) Q15) B C A, D A C D C A D A A D A C B
1-129
www.CareerCert.info
1-130
www.CareerCert.info
Module 2

Overview
Achieving the greatest return on the wireless investment requires a well-considered, long-term strategic deployment plan. An IT department must plan its wireless infrastructure to support present and future usage models and devices. For example, although an organization may initially be interested only in providing data connectivity to laptops or to personal digital assistant (PDA) devices, the organization should plan its wireless infrastructure to support future uses, such as voice and video traffic over wireless. The IT department should begin by planning its wireless infrastructure to support all the types of devices identified during the preparation phase, such as tablet PCs, PDAs, and VoIP handsets. Each device has different RF characteristics and requirements. Some devices have stronger signal transmission strength or more sensitive reception than other devices.
Module Objectives
Upon completing this module, you will be able to describe the requirements for planning a site survey. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Select the proper survey model Determine the proper deployment characteristics for a site survey Specify the tools necessary to complete a site survey Define the contents of a site survey document
www.CareerCert.info
2-2
www.CareerCert.info
Lesson 1
Selecting the Proper Survey Model

Overview
Different services running across wireless networks have different requirements. These different approaches are often referred to as WLAN models. Surveying and designing WLANs for support of data, voice, or location-based services calls for an understanding of the different attributes required to make these designs successful. Taking wireless outdoors for point-topoint and point-to-multipoint bridging requires an understanding of line of sight, lightning protection, proper grounding, and weatherproofing techniques.
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to select the proper survey model. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Describe the criteria for planning a site survey for data applications Describe client density and throughput requirements Describe the criteria for planning a site survey for voice applications Describe the criteria for planning a site survey for location-based services Describe Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point deployments and access point placement Describe the criteria for planning a site survey for outdoor bridging Describe grounding and lightning protection considerations for an outdoor WLAN deployment
www.CareerCert.info
Selecting a Data Model

This topic describes the criteria for planning a site survey for data applications. Wireless networks can be deployed for location management, voice, or data-only networks, or a combination of all three. The difference lies in the pattern in which the access points are laid out and the amount of RF overlap in the coverage area. Data-only deployments do not require a large amount of overlap.
Data-Only Deployment
Does not require a large amount of overlap due to rate shifting; generally 5 to 10 percent, with 10 to 15 percent generally recommended. Cell edges dependent on lowest data supported. Separation of access points is typically 120 to 130 feet. This does not factor in: Wall density Machinery Elevators Other obstructions
CUWSS v1.0 2-2
Data-only deployments do not require a large amount of overlap because IEEE 802.11 clients respond to a lower signal from a nearby access point by stepping down their data rate and taking a longer time to transmit the data. The required overlap is determined by the WLAN data rate requirement. For data-only networks, the rule of thumb for separation of access points is typically 120 to 130 feet (37 to 40 meters), but when you are estimating access point separation, remember to factor in objects that affect RF coverage, such as wall densities, machinery, elevators, and even wide-open spaces with steel cages, because your results can vary depending on the RF environment. Radio Resource Management (RRM) has been developed for this type of deployment and is very useful for controlling the RF coverage.
2-4
www.CareerCert.info
Data Rate Requirements

Data rates affect access point coverage area. The lower the data rate, the larger the coverage area. Coverage area is affected by: Environment Tx power Antenna gain Data rate
CUWSS v1.0 2-3
Different data rates are achieved by the access points using different encoding techniques on the wireless link, allowing data to be more easily recovered from noise; this can be seen in the different receiver sensitivities for the different data rates. The number of symbols, or chips, sent out for a packet at the 1 Mb/s data rate is greater than the number of symbols used for the same packet at 11 Mb/s. This means that sending data at the lower bit rates takes more time than sending the equivalent data at a higher bit rate. And when there is more than one client associated to the radio, the lower rate client affects the higher-rate clients maximum data throughput by taking longer to transmit a packet of the same length. The actual diameter of the coverage area depends on factors such as environment, power level, and antenna gain. For example, indoors using the standard antennas on the network interface card (NIC) and access points the diameter of the 1 Mb/s circle is approximately 700 feet (210 meters), and the diameter of the 11 Mb/s circle is about 200 feet (60 meters). This does depend upon the type of indoor environment. An open office plan building is different from one with offices and solid walls. Increasing the gain of the antenna can increase the distance and change the shape of the radiation pattern to be focused in specific directions rather than being radiated evenly.
2-5
www.CareerCert.info

This topic describes client density and throughput requirements. Wireless access points have two characteristics that make actual client data throughput slower than the data rate. The first characteristic is that access points have an aggregate throughput that is less than the data rate because IEEE 802.11 provides a reliable transport mechanism that acknowledges all packets, thereby halving the throughput on the channel. The second characteristic is that access points are similar to shared hubs. That is, the channel is shared by all the clients associated to that access point on that channel; thus collisions slow data throughput.
AP Density for Different Data Rates

Minimum data rate required Direct impact on access point count Broadcast and multicast sent at lowest associated data rate Lower data rates decrease overall throughput Turn off lower data rates if not used, to avoid cochannel interference
CUWSS v1.0 2-4
The minimum required reliable data rate has a direct effect on the number of access points needed in the design, along with power setting, antenna gain, and location. Although six access points with a minimum data rate of 11 Mb/s might adequately service an area, it might take twice as many access points to support a minimum data rate of 24 Mb/s, and more again to support a minimum data rate of 48 Mb/s for the same coverage area. The data rate you choose depends on the type of application to be supported, but should not be greater than the typical requirements, because there is a trade-off in coverage. In a typical WLAN environment, the higher data rate gives the maximum throughput and should minimize performance-related support issues. The physical facility, or whether the network is clientcentric, generally dictates the range requirements; some clients might not support the higher data rates, the longer ranges, or the delay and jitter rates of an infrastructure element such as an access point. It might seem logical to choose the default configuration of access points and clients, thereby allowing all data rates. However, there are three key reasons for limiting the data rate to the highest rate at which full coverage is obtained: Broadcast and multicast (if enabled) are sent at the lowest associated data rate, to ensure that all clients can receive the packets. This reduces the throughput of the WLAN because traffic must wait until frames are processed at the slower rate.
www.CareerCert.info
Clients that are farther away, and therefore accessing the network at a lower data rate, decrease the overall throughput by causing delays while the lower bit rates are being serviced. It might be better to force the clients to roam to a closer access point so as not to impact the performance of the rest of the network. For example, if a 54 Mb/s service is specified and provisioned with access points to support all data rates, clients at lower rates can associate with the access points that can create a coverage area greater than planned, thereby increasing the security exposure by allowing association from outside the building and potentially interfering with other WLANs.
2-7
www.CareerCert.info
CUWSS v1.0 2-5
Wireless access points have the following two characteristics that make actual client data throughput slower than the data rate: Access points have an aggregate throughput less than the data rate because 802.11 provides a reliable transport mechanism that acknowledges (ACKs) all packets, thereby halving the throughput on the channel. Access points are similar to shared hubs. That is, the channel is shared by all the clients associated to that access point on that channel, and thus collisions slow data throughput. With this in mind, you must have an estimate of the maximum number of active associations (active clients). This can be adjusted to be more or less according to the particular application. Each cell provides an aggregate amount of throughput that is shared by all the client devices that are within the cell and associated to a given access point. This basically defines a cell as a collision domain. After deciding on the minimum data rate, be sure to consider how much throughput should, on average, be provided to each user of the WLAN. For example, consider a simple bar code scanning application; 25 Kb/s might be more than sufficient bandwidth for such an application because using an IEEE 802.11g access point at 11 Mb/s of data rate results in an aggregate throughput of 5 Mb/s to 6 Mb/s. A simple division results in a maximum number of 200 users that can theoretically be supported. This number cannot be achieved because of the 802.11 management overhead associated with the large number of clients and packet collisions. For a 1-Mb/s system, 20 users can use the same access point for similar bandwidth results. You can increase the potential per-user throughput by decreasing the number of users that are contending for the aggregate throughput provided by a single access point. This can be done by decreasing the size of the coverage area, or by adding a second access point on a nonoverlapping channel in the same coverage area. To reduce the coverage area, the access point power or antenna gain can be reduced, resulting in fewer clients in that coverage area. Disabling the lower data rates also reduces the coverage area.
www.CareerCert.info
Knowledge of the data rate requirements of the clients in the WLAN is crucial to deciding which can be removed from the access point or controller configuration. This means that you need more access points for the same overall area, increasing the cost of deployment.
Note
Client power should be adjusted to match the access point power settings. Maintaining a higher setting on the client does not result in higher performance, and it can cause interference in nearby cells.
2-9
www.CareerCert.info
Channel Allocation: Single Floor

Overlapping cells should use nonoverlapping channels. Reusable channels should have minimum overlap. Adjacent channels should be avoided.
CUWSS v1.0 2-6
A site survey should be conducted using the same frequency plan as intended for the actual deployment. Some sites have high noise backgrounds, which might prohibit the use of one or more channels. This provides a better estimate of how a particular channel at a particular location will react to the interference and the multipath. Channel selection also helps in planning for co-channel and adjacent channel interference, and provides information about where you can reuse a frequency.
2-10
www.CareerCert.info
Channel Allocation: Multiple Floors

802.11b/g propagates through floors. Not as critical with 802.11a. Do not stack access points on the same channel.
CUWSS v1.0 2-7
In multistory buildings, check the cell overlap between floors, especially where windows might be located. Careful preplanning and selection of access point location might be required in approximately 10 percent of the cases. Multistory structures such as office towers, hospitals, and university classroom buildings introduce a third dimension to coverage planning. The 2.4GHz waveform of IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g can pass through many walls. The 5-GHz waveform of 802.11a has approximately half the tendency for a given power to transmit suitable amounts of energy through walls because of its higher frequency. With 2.4-GHz Wi-Fi LANs in particular, you must not only avoid overlapping cells on the same floor, but also on adjacent floors when coverage models include cells that cover windows on both floors. With only three channels, this can be achieved through careful three-dimensional (3-D) planning. As a final step, after setting up the WLAN network, you should always retest the site using the selected channels and check for any interference. Keep in mind that the RRM algorithms are logical and are subject to the physical topology of the network, and therefore take into account the 3-D placement of access points and provide the optimal channel and power setting for the sampling interval.
2-11
www.CareerCert.info
Channel Reuse for 802.11a/g
CUWSS v1.0 2-8
It is also possible to implement a dual-band deployment scheme. The top left portion of the figure shows the IEEE 802.11b/g-only deployment, which uses the three nonoverlapping channels (channels 1, 6, and 11) to map out a pattern that has the least co-channel interference. That is, interference from a nearby access point that is on the same channel that is operating at sufficient power levels with its coverage pattern overlapping with that of another access point. The figure also shows an IEEE 802.11a deployment, which uses eight nonoverlapping channels. Today there are 21 nonoverlapping channels to choose from in the 802.11a deployments. The right side of the figure illustrates how the channels would be mapped in a dual-band deployment. There are 23 channels in the North American channel that are supported on the newer Cisco Aironet access points. All the client devices using 5 GHz must have the hardware support for all 23 channels before RRM should be allowed to configure all 23 channels. The controller has configuration options to block 5-GHz channels from being assigned by RRM.
2-12
www.CareerCert.info
Selecting a Voice Model

This topic describes the criteria for planning a site survey for voice applications. In a voice deployment, the access points are grouped more closely together and have more channel overlap than in a data-only installation, because voice clients should roam to a better access point before dropping packets.
Voice over Wireless LAN

The optimal VoWLAN network requires:
20 percent overlap between cells is recommended. Cell boundary recommendation: 67 dBm Vocera Communications Badges 65 dBm 19 dBm of separation for access points on the same channel. Cisco Unified Wireless IP Phone 7921G: 40 mW maximum power 25 mW or less recommended for access point cell power Ensures that RRM works properly
CUWSS v1.0 2-9
The packet loss and jitter requirements of VoIP, and the increased mobility of Voice over WLAN (VoWLAN) handset users, place demands on connection quality, coverage, and user expectations that are beyond that a of a typical WLAN data deployment. While later generations of WLAN equipment and software might provide further VoWLAN improvements, RF planning, design, and implementation is the foundation of a successful VoWLAN deployment. A VoWLAN deployment without a solid RF foundation is the proverbial house built on sand. Correctly designing, planning, implementing, operating, and maintaining the WLAN RF environment is critical for a successful VoWLAN deployment. The processes, guides, heuristics, and tools used for a WLAN data deployment are unlikely to deliver a successful VoWLAN deployment. The general guidelines for deploying VoWLAN using the Cisco Unified Wireless IP Phone 7921G include the following: The recommended access point cell overlap for VoWLAN networks at 2.4 and 5 GHz is approximately 20 percent, where a WLAN data design might use an access point cell overlap of 5 to 10 percent. The optimal VoWLAN cell boundary recommendation is 67 dBm. A general recommendation for Cisco Wireless IP phones is to set the edge at the cell at a signal level of 67 dBm. In other words, you should design the cells so that when a client gets to the area where the RSSI is 67 dBm, it is leaving the cell area. Prior to this point, this client should already have heard the signal from another access point in order to roam smoothly.
2-13
www.CareerCert.info
The optimal VoWLAN cell boundary recommendation for Vocera Communications Badges is 65 dBm: The Vocera Communications Badge is a small wireless device that provides a voicecontrolled user interface to the Vocera Communication System. The Vocera Communications Badge enables instant, hands-free conversations among people throughout the workplace.
In systems planning to rely on the coverage hole algorithm, the planning needs to consider that if an access point is going to increase its power level to adjust for a hole, clients also need to increase their power to adjust for a hole. Therefore, the maximum power of the VoWLAN handset, which can be lower than the maximum power of an access point, needs to be considered in the access point power level used in the initial planning of the deployment. For example, if the VoWLAN handset has a maximum power of 40 mW, and the access point planning was based on an access point power of 40 mW, increasing the access point power to cover an RF hole does not help a VoWLAN client in that hole. For the hole coverage to be effective, the RF planning needs to be based on an access point of 25 mW or less.
Note
2-14
www.CareerCert.info
High Availability
VoW LAN requires high availability Components of RF high availability: Not dependent on a single WLAN radio. 20 percent overlap means 80 percent of the cells in the interior of the coverage area are covered by other access points. Coverage hole algorithm increases power if clients are experiencing SNR issues.
CUWSS v1. 02-10
One of the requirements of many systems, including VoWLAN, is for high availability. In a VoWLAN deployment, the same high-availability strategies used in wired networks can be applied to the wired components of the VoWLAN solution. One area that is unique to the VoWLAN availability is RF coverage high availability, providing RF coverage that is not dependent on a single WLAN radio. The primary mechanism for providing RF high availability is cell boundary overlap. An overlap of 20 percent is recommended between cells. The purpose of the 20 percent overlap is to ensure that a VoWLAN handset can detect and connect to alternative access points when it is close to the cell boundary. This should allow a VoWLAN client to change access point associations with a minimum of interruption to a call, by minimizing the amount of data rate shifting, retransmissions, and scanning needs at a cell boundary. This 20 percent overlap means that 80 percent of a given access point cell is also covered by other access points at the recommended signal levels, while in the other 20 percent of the cell VoWLAN calls might have degraded quality, but would still be available. The Cisco Unified Wireless Network solution can use a feature called Auto-RF, by which an access point can detect if WLAN clients are experiencing poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values and increase the power of the access point as needed to rectify SNR issues. Higher levels of overlap can be applied as required to increase the RF high availability; however, increasing overlap requires you to consider the potential changes to your network operation due to the resulting increase in co-channel interference and the tuning of Auto-RF algorithms.
2-15
www.CareerCert.info
VoWLAN Call Capacity

Call capacity stated is: 2.4-GHz WLAN 14 simultaneous voice streams. 5-GHz WLAN 20 simultaneous voice streams. Value can vary depending on RF environment. Assumptions are: No competing high-level WLAN traffic Normal background noise
CUWSS v1. 02-11
An important parameter in VoWLAN planning is call capacity, the number of simultaneous VoWLAN calls that can be supported in an area. This value can vary depending on the RF environment, the VoWLAN handset features, and the WLAN system features. For example, the VoWLAN maximum capacity for a Cisco Unified IP Phone 7921G using a WLAN that provides optimized WLAN services (such as the Cisco Unified Wireless Network) is expected to be 14 simultaneous conversations per 2.4-GHz channel and 20 simultaneous conversations per 5-GHz channel. These capacity values are based on assuming that there is normal background noise and no competing high-priority WLAN traffic. Note that because the 5-GHz spectrum generally features less noise and interference, there can be greater capacity with the higher carrier frequency implementation. The additional nonoverlapping channels available in the 5-GHz spectrum also provide much more call capacity for a given area.
Note
The call capacities are quoted per nonoverlapping channel because the channel capacity is the limiting factor. These maximum call capacity figures are provided for general planning purposes.
2-16
www.CareerCert.info
2.4 Network Design for VoWLAN
802.11b 1, 2, 5, and 11 Mb/s 802.11g 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mb/s
CUWSS v1. 02-12
A total of 14 channels are defined in the 802.11b/g channel set. Each channel is 22-MHz wide, but the channel separation is only 5 MHz. This leads to channel overlap such that signals from neighboring channels can interfere with each other. In a 14-channel DS system, there are only three nonoverlapping channels; for example, 1, 6, and 11, each with 25 MHz of separation. This channel spacing governs the use and allocation of channels in a multi-access-point environment, such as an office or a campus. Access points are usually deployed in a cellular fashion within an enterprise, where adjacent access points are allocated nonoverlapping channels. The 802.11b/g protocol also defines that channel separation should be 30 dB. Some countries, being allowed 13 of the 14 possible channels, determined that given the power levels in use in their regulatory domain, to use four channels instead of three was possible, thus using 1, 5, 9, and 13. The consequence is a slightly higher noise floor in each channel. Although this noise level is perfectly acceptable for data, noise is one of the critical issues for voice deployment. Therefore, it is recommended to use only the three nonoverlapping channel design in VoWLANs.
2-17
www.CareerCert.info
Co-Channel Interference
The separation of same-channel cells should be 19 dBm. 86 minus 67 equals 19 dBm.
CUWSS v1. 02-13
The guidelines for the Cisco Unified IP Phone 7921G VoWLAN handset are stricter. The signal strength at the edge of the cell should be at least 67 dBm at an 11-Mb/s data rate, and should have the recommended same-channel separation of 19 dBm at an 11-Mb/s data rate. The top and bottom cells in the figure have a cell edge of 67 dBm. The signal strength at the edge of Cell A needs to be 19 dB weaker than the signal from Cell B on the same channel. That means that at the 67 dBm edge of the cell, the next cell on the same channel should measure 86 dBm. The measured overlap of a channel should not exceed 86 dBm (from the center of the measured cell to the edge of the neighboring cell of the same channel). Keeping the separation at 19 dBm between same-channel cells produces a cell with minimal throughput degradation because of media contention. Using a standard antenna gain of 2 dB and an access point output power of 16 dBm (40 mW), the RF environment would give an access point a client radius of 43 feet (13 m) as well as a co-channel interference radius of 150 feet (46 meters). Different RF environments, access point powers, and antennas will result in different client and co-channel interference radii, but the principles discussed will generally be true.
2-18
www.CareerCert.info
Bit Rate Impact on Co-Channel Interference

Bit rate recommendations for the Cisco Unified Wireless IP Phone 7921G: 24 Mb/s or greater depending on noise. Lowering bit rate increases co-channel interference. Lower bit rates reduce cell capacity. VoWLAN call quality is sensitive to rate shifting.
CUWSS v1. 02-14
The access point client radius in the figure results in a nominal bit rate for the Cisco Unified IP Wireless IP Phone 7921G of approximately 24 Mb/s or greater, depending on noise. The access point client radius can be extended farther by supporting lower bit rates. This is not recommended for the following reasons: Lowering the bit rate extends the access point client radius and therefore also increases the client co-channel interference radius, increasing the area that only has the VoWLAN call capacity of a single access point. The lower bit rates reduce the overall call cell capacity, because lower-bit-rate packets consume more time and transmit fewer packets. VoWLAN call quality is sensitive to data rate shifting. The decision to data rate shift is normally the result of being unable to send at the data rate previously used, which is determined by sending multiple times without receiving an acknowledgment for that frame. This increases the delay and jitter experienced by a VoWLAN call.
2-19
www.CareerCert.info
Co-Channel Interference and 20 Percent AP Cell Overlap
CUWSS v1. 02-15
The co-channel interference boundary for one of the access points using channel 1 (shown in the figure as a red dashed line) overlaps with an access point using the same channel. In this situation, co-channel interference will occur in a 2.4-GHz VoWLAN deployment. It should be noted that the combined effect of the 20 percent overlap requirement for reliable roaming between access point cells and the impact of co-channel interference is a reduced perVoWLAN call capacity over a given area. The 20 percent overlap requirement means that access points are spaced more closely together than the two-times-the-radius distance suggested by the cell boundary. The area of overlap between two circles of radius equaling 1 is given by: X=d2 / 2d In this equation, X is the distance between the centers of each circle. Solving for an area of 20 percent gives an X value of 1.374 for a standard radius of 1. This means that if the edge of the cell is set to be 70 feet (21 meters) from the access point, the next access point should be 96 feet (29 meters) away from the first access point. Other common values are 10 percent (1.611), 15 percent (1.486), 25 percent (1.269), and 30 percent (1.198).
Note
It is not an effective strategy to reduce the overlap in order to reduce co-channel interference. The satisfaction of the user can be greatly affected by poor roaming performance. In contrast, call capacity can be addressed in planning and design.
Existing WLAN data deployments (initially using lower power cell boundaries and less overlap) that are changed to match the recommended power boundaries and overlap for VoWLAN or location might experience application issues for time-sensitive applications.
2-20
www.CareerCert.info
It is difficult to predict which applications might be affected by the WLAN changes, because the actual effect depends on the application implementation. Generally, custom applications (requiring keepalive timeouts) are most likely to be affected and should be validated in the new environment to ensure that their timers require no adjustment.
2-21
www.CareerCert.info
Dynamic Transmit Power Control

Prevents one-way audio 25 mW cell recommended
CUWSS v1. 02-16
To successfully exchange packets between the wireless IP phone and the access point, you need to configure Dynamic Transmit Power Control (DTPC). Appropriate access point power levels are essential to maintaining a coverage area, not only to ensure correct (not maximum) amount of power covering an area, but also to ensure that excessive power is not used, which would add unnecessary interference to the radiating area. When DTPC is enabled, the access points add channel and transmit power information to beacons. Client devices using DTPC receive the information and adjust their settings automatically. If the access point does not support DTPC, then manually set the transmit power on the phone to match the highest transmit power of an access point in the WLAN. This setting prevents one-way audio when RF traffic is heard in only one direction.
2-22
www.CareerCert.info
5-GHz Design for VoWLAN

Recommended for voice due to higher channel capacity, 23 in all.
For the United States-based IEEE 802.11a standard, the 5-GHz unlicensed band covers 300 MHz of spectrum and supports 23 channels. As a result, the 5-GHz band is actually a conglomeration of three bands in the United States: 5.150 to 5.250 GHz (UNII-1), 5.250 to 5.350 GHz (UNII-2), and 5.725 to 5.875 GHz (UNII-3).
Operating in the unlicensed portion of the 5-GHz radio band, 802.11a is immune to interference from devices that operate in the 2.4-GHz band, such as microwave ovens, many cordless phones, and Bluetooth (a short-range, low-speed, point-to-point, personal area network [PAN] wireless standard). Because the 802.11a standard operates in a different frequency range, it is not compatible with existing 802.11b-compliant or 802.11g-compliant wireless devices. It does mean that 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz equipment can operate in the same physical environment without interference. 802.11a provides data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48, with a maximum data rate of 54 Mb/s, though generally at shorter ranges compared to 2.4-GHz network, for a given power and gain. However, the increased number of nonoverlapping frequency channels, up to 23, compared to the 3 nonoverlapping channels for the 2.4-GHz band, results in increased network, improved scalability, and the ability to create microcellular deployments without interference from adjacent cells. This difference is sufficient for the 5-GHz band to be recommended for VoWLAN deployments. The 5-GHz radio band in which IEEE 802.11a operates is divided into several sub-bands. Each of the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) bands were originally intended for different uses, but all can now be used for indoor 802.11a deployments with the applicable power restrictions. Initially, the FCC defined what is known as the UNII-1, UNII-2, and UNII-3 bands, each of which had four channels. The channels are spaced 20 MHz apart with a RF spectrum bandwidth of 20 MHz, thereby providing nonoverlapping channels.
2-23
www.CareerCert.info
Operating Frequency Range for 802.11a
Band Channel ID Center Frequency (MHz)
UNII-1
36 40 44 48
5180 5200 5220 5240 5260 5280 5300 5320 5500 5520 5540 5560 5580 5600 5620 5640 5660 5680 5700 5745 5765 5785 5805
UNIII-2
52 56 60 64 100 104 108 112 116 120 124 128 132 136 140
UNII-3
149 153 157 161
2-24
www.CareerCert.info
IEEE 802.11a VoWLAN Deployments

23 nonoverlapping channels Eight channels not affected by: DFS TPC Optimum signal levels for 5-GHz VoWLAN: 20-mW access point cells recommended for Cisco Unified Wireless 7921G phone 67 dBm cell edges 20 percent cell overlap 19 dBm of separation for access points operating on the same channel
CUWSS v1. 02-18
There are differing limitations on these UNII bands. Restrictions vary between UNII bands for transmit power, antenna gain, antenna styles, and usage. The UNII-1 band is designated for indoor operations, and initially had a restriction of permanently attached antennas. The UNII-2 band was designated for indoor or outdoor operations, and permitted external antennas. The UNII-3 band, originally intended for outdoor bridge products that use external antennas, can now also be used for indoor or outdoor 802.11a WLANs. The four nonoverlapping channels in UNII-1 (5.150 to 5.250 GHz) are 36, 40, 44, and 48. The channels in UNII-2 (5.250 to 5.350 GHz) are 52, 56, 60, 64 and require Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power Control (TPC). The new eleven channels in the UNII-2 extended frequency range (5.47 to 5.725 GHz) are 100, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136, and 140. The channels in UNII-3 are 149, 153, 157, and 161 (5.725 to 5.875) and do not require DFS and TPC. However, the channels available in any one regulatory domain will vary. An extra channel, 165, is part of the ISM band but is not part of the UNII band and cannot be used for 802.11 deployments. In February 2004 the FCC released a revision to the regulations covering the 5-GHz 802.11a channel usage. This revision added 11 additional channels, bringing the available channels capacity to 23 channels. To use the 11 new channels, however, radios must comply with two features that are part of the 802.11h specification: TPC and DFS. DFS is required to avoid radar that operates in this frequency range, but it can also be used for other purposes, such as dynamic frequency planning. Although there are 23 nonoverlapping channels in the 5-GHz radio band, it is generally recommended to use the lower 4 channels and upper 4 channels of the 5-GHz spectrum as the base for VoWLAN, because they do not have DFS and TPC requirements. Then add to the base of eight channels by determining which other channels are unlikely to be affected by DFS and TPC. The timing requirements of DFS and TPC can adversely affect VoWLAN call quality. If your region or location is such that you are certain DFS and TPC will not be triggered, then the use of specific channels should not be an issue.
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. Plan for the Site Survey 2-25
www.CareerCert.info
If you are not certain, you should investigate. The Cisco Spectrum Expert analyzer is a good tool for starting this assessment to determine whether there are any 5-GHz signals in the area that would trigger DFS and TCP. Note that these channels must also be supported by the WLAN clients (data and VoWLAN). It is simpler to stay with the eight non-DFS channels, but every additional channel that can be safely deployed increases the capacity of the design. In addition to avoiding the DFS and TPC channels, it is also recommended that adjacent channels be avoided in the access point channel layout. This will avoid interference from the sidebands in each channel. The channel spacing and channel mask characteristics are such that the sidebands produced by an 802.11a client might interfere with the adjacent channels. It is best to avoid this potential issue in the access point layout. The general power levels and access point separation recommendations in the 5GHz implementation are the same as the 2.4-GHz implementation: a power level boundary of 67 dBm and a separation between adjacent access point channels of 86 dBm. A 20 percent overlap should be used. This provides a higher-availability design and takes into account that the use of the 5-GHz spectrum is increasing; therefore, the noise floor can be expected to rise. The range in the 5-GHz band is different from the range in the 2.4-GHz band. However, when using the recommended power levels and typical antennas you obtain distances similar to those used in the 2.4-GHz band. Therefore, the same access point locations and overlap have been used for both the 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz bands. The primary difference between the two deployments is the additional capacity available due to the additional nonoverlapping channels. This difference is sufficient for the 5-GHz band to be recommended for VoWLAN deployments.
2-26
www.CareerCert.info
Single Floor Example

Co-channel interference still exists because:
Only 8 of the 23 available channels are being used. Call capacity would be eight times the call capacity of a single access point. The more nonoverlapping channels that can be deployed, the better the systems call capacity.
CUWSS v1. 02-19
The figure shows an access point layout using the eight channels in the UNII-1 and UNII-2 bands that are designed to maximize the distance between reused channels. However, in most cases, more channels should be available, because the 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz access point client radius and co-channel interference radii are fundamentally the same as shown in the figure. The major difference between the two bands is the increase in capacity that is made available by the added channels associated with the 5-GHz band. The more channels that can be found for use in the 5-GHz band, the closer the capacity of the system can correlate to the number of access points deployed.
2-27
www.CareerCert.info
5-GHz Vertical Channel Separation

5 GHz has minimum bleed-through of floors and ceilings. It is still good practice to ensure that nonoverlapping channels are used above-floor and belowfloor in multifloor deployments.
CUWSS v1. 02-20
In a multifloor building, the issue is worsened by the fact that RF energy can travel between floors. As part of site survey planning, the channels are staggered from floor to floor to minimize the co-channel interference between floors. Because the signal path between the floors is different from the path on the same floor (there is often a piece of reinforced concrete in the between-floor path), this must be taken into account when considering the co-channel interference radius of an access point. The loss from one floor to the other must be measured before deciding how many floors are affected by the signal coming from a given access point. It can impact just a floor above and below, or several floors.
2-28
www.CareerCert.info
Selecting a Location-Based Services Model

This topic describes the criteria for planning a site survey for location-based services. Locationbased services deployments might be the most complex of current applications because they rely not only on excellent cell coverage, but also on optimal location of access points.
Location-Aware WLAN Design

Survey voice or data WLAN first. Add access points for locationaware services. Access point placement: Proper placement is crucial to a location-aware network. Place access points not only in the interior, but also on the perimeter of the floor. Chokepoints should be identified before the survey for placement of access points.
CUWSS v1. 02-21
Proper placement of access points is one of several best practices that should be adhered to in order to unleash the full performance potential of the location-aware Cisco Unified Wireless Network. In many existing office WLANs, access points are distributed mainly throughout interior spaces, providing service to the surrounding work areas. In a location-ready design, it is important to ensure that access points are not solely clustered in the interior and toward the center of floors. Rather, perimeter access points should complement access points located within the floor interior areas. In addition, access points should be placed in each of the four corners of the floor, and at any other corners that are encountered along the floor perimeter. These perimeter access points play a vital role in ensuring good location fidelity within the areas they encircle, and in some cases can participate in the provisioning of general voice or data coverage as well. If using chokepoint locations, verify that all areas planned for chokepoint trigger installation are clearly within the range of your access points.
2-29
www.CareerCert.info
Access Point Placement

Convex hull concept. All devices within interior have high potential for good location accuracy. 10 meters at 90 percent accuracy within hull. Devices leaving the convex hull can see their location accuracy deteriorate as much as to 18 meters at 90 percent in 20 feet.
CUWSS v1. 02-22
The access points that form the perimeter and corners of the floor can be thought of as outlining the convex hull or set of possible device locations where the best potential for high accuracy and precision exists. By definition, the convex hull of a set S of points, denoted hull (S), can be regarded as the smallest polygon (P) for which each point of S is located either on the boundary or within the interior of P. Assume the set of access point locations is denoted by the black dots, which we refer to as set S. The convex hull of set S, or Hull (S), is figuratively represented as an elastic band (shown by the exterior line) that is stretched and allowed to snap over the outermost members of the set (which in this case are perimeter and corner access points). The interior area encompassed by this band can be considered as possessing high potential for good location accuracy. As tracked devices stray into the area outside the convex hull, accuracy can begin to deteriorate. Although it can vary according to the number of access points deployed and their inter-access point spacing, generally speaking, the rate of this accuracy degradation has been seen to be almost linear as the tracked device moves further and further outside the convex hull. For example, a device that experiences less than or equal to 32 feet (10 meters) at 90 percent accuracy within the convex hull might deteriorate to 59 feet (18 meters) at 90 percent by the time the device moves to a point 20 feet (6 meters) outside it. In order to assure proper convex hull establishment around the set of location data points possessing high potential for good accuracy, access points should be placed in each corner of the floor, as well as along the floor perimeter between corners. Inter-access point separation along the perimeter should be in accordance with the general access point separation guidelines. The designer can reduce this spacing if necessary, for these access points to participate in the provisioning of voice or data service to the floor.
2-30
www.CareerCert.info
Basic Example of Location-Aware Access Point Placement
CUWSS v1. 02-23
The figure shows simple illustrations summarizing the access point placement. Designs that use only clustered or straight-line access point placement should be redesigned in favor of those that combine center access point placement with perimeter and corner placement.
2-31
www.CareerCert.info
Access Point Placement (Cont.)

Floor plan with interior corridor Access point placement in: Corners Exterior walls Interior as needed for desired coverage
CUWSS v1. 02-24
In the figure, the desired area to locate tracked assets is the entire floor. Note that the access points located toward the center of the floor are complemented by those that have been placed along the perimeter. As is the case in most proper location-aware designs, the set of location data points possessing the highest potential for good location accuracy is contained within the convex hull, which is represented by the outside perimeter of the floor. In some cases, customer preferences or deployment restrictions can factor into the access point placement decision, and the placement of access points at the floor perimeter might be restricted in one way or another. While this still might result in acceptable placement from the perspective of providing basic RF coverage, because there might be significant areas where asset tracking is required outside the access point perimeter (and thus outside the convex hull), such placement can lead to reduced location fidelity in those areas.
2-32
www.CareerCert.info
Access Point Mounting and Positioning

Do not mount access points to obstructions. Mount access points when possible with an unobstructed 360-degree view. Access points indoors should be mounted no higher than 20 feet; 10 to 15 feet is recommended. Access points should be mounted, in general, between 40 and 70 feet from each other. Access points must have a neighbor access point within 70 feet in three directions to be considered location-ready.
Not Recomme nded
CUWSS v1. 02-25
If possible, mount antennas so that they have an unobstructed 360 degree view of all areas around them, without being blocked at close range by large objects. For example, if possible, avoid placing access point antennas directly against large objects such as steel columns, as shown in the figure. One option is to mount the access point along with its antennas to a ceiling location (provided that this allows an acceptable mounting height). Another option is to use short, low-loss cable extension to allow separation between antennas and such obstructions. In most indoor location applications the mounted antenna height is ideally between 10 and 15 feet (three and four meters) above the tracked surface, but the preferred mounted height is 20 feet (six meters). A point is defined as being location-ready if the following are all determined to be true: At least four access points are deployed on the floor. At least one access point is found to be resident in each quadrant surrounding the point in question. At least one access point residing in each of at least three of the surrounding quadrants is located within 70 feet (21 meters) of the point in question.
2-33
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Deployment

This topic describes Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point deployments and access point placement. A Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point supports IEEE 802.11n technology, which offers data rates as much as five times as fast as 802.11a or 802.11g. More and more 802.11n clients are becoming available, and the technology is completely backwards-compliant with 802.11a and 802.11g technologies.
Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point Placement

No different from application models already covered Better throughput with 802.11n technology Better coverage Coverage area nearly identical to that of Cisco Aironet 1242 AP 802.11a and 802.11g cells nearly identical
B C A A C B
CUWSS v1. 02-26
When you have decided on your 802.11n capacity strategy (data, voice, or location-aware), you are ready to characterize the coverage pattern of the Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Points in your environment and then decide where they need to be placed for proper coverage. The shift in RF from 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g to 802.11n has been relatively easy. The RF coverage of the Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point is nearly identical to that of the Cisco Aironet 1242 Access Point, although it achieves a much higher throughput at each location. Deploying with the Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point is eased further by the fact that 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz coverage characteristics are nearly identical, which makes it easier to plan for both bands.
Note
At each power level, the Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point offers about a 10 to 15 percent increase in linear distance from the access point over the Cisco Aironet 1242 Access Point, when measuring usable coverage. Be aware that the Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point can sustain much higher data rates over its coverage area.
There are many ways to determine placement of your Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Points. It might be best to do a formal site survey, relying on the advanced services of Cisco or a certified reseller when rolling out your WLAN. Use the Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) network planning tool to get started in the right direction. Then, let RRM determine optimal
2-34
www.CareerCert.info
channel planning, transmit power settings, and adjust dynamically around interference and client coverage issues.
2-35
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Antennas

Primary port is labeled A-Tx/Rx. If diversity antenna use is supported, use B-Tx/Rx. C-Rx is a receive-only port and should be used last. The use of three antennas is strongly recommended for full 802.11n MIMO operations.
C A A C B
CUWSS v1. 02-27
When using any of the approved antennas with the Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point, attach the antenna to the primary antenna port labeled A-Tx (transmit) /Rx (receive). If the selected antenna supports diversity, use the B-Tx/Rx antenna port also. Because the C-Rx is a receiver-only port, it should be used last.
Note
The use of three antennas is strongly recommended for full 802.11n or multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) operations.
2-36
www.CareerCert.info
Selecting a Bridging Model

This topic describes the criteria for planning a site survey for outdoor bridging. Deploying WLAN systems outdoors requires a skill set that is different from the skill set required for indoor wireless deployments. Considerations such as weather extremes, lightning, physical security, and local regulations need to be taken into account. When deploying the Cisco wireless routing network, similar guidance to that used in outdoor bridging can be applied, and experience in deploying outdoor wireless bridging solutions is an advantage.
Point-to-Point Wireless Bridging

Cisco Aironet 1500 Series Access Point in point-to-point bridge mode. Ethernet bridging is enabled. Might or might not support additional wireless clients depending on height of building.
CUWSS v1. 02-28
In a point-to-point bridging scenario, Cisco Aironet 1500 Series Access Point can be used to extend a Layer 2 network by using the backhaul radio to bridge two segments of a switched network. Fundamentally, this is a wireless mesh network with one mesh access point (MAP) and no WLAN clients. Just as in point-to-multipoint networks, wireless client access can be provided with Ethernet bridging enabled, although if there is bridging between buildings, MAP coverage from a high rooftop might not be suitable for client access.
2-37
www.CareerCert.info
Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Bridging

Cisco Aironet 1500 Series Access Point in point-to-multipoint bridge mode. Ethernet bridging is enabled. Might or might not support additional wireless clients depending on height of building. Cisco 1500 Mesh Access Point Range Calculation Utility available to determine: Link feasibility Fresnel zone Distance Antenna type
CUWSS v1. 02-29
In the point-to-multipoint bridging scenario, a root access point (RAP) acting as a root bridge connects multiple mesh MAPs as nonroot bridges with their associated wired LANs. By default, this feature is disabled for all MAPs. To support Ethernet bridging, enable bridging on the controller for the respective MAP and RAP. This configuration is fundamentally a wireless mesh with no WLAN clients. Wireless client access can be provided over the bridge link; however, when bridging between buildings, the MAP coverage area from a high rooftop might not be suitable for client access.
2-38
www.CareerCert.info
Outdoor Site Surveys

Outdoor site surveys for wireless bridging or mesh installations require the following: Determine line of sight Determine elevation of structures available for link Determine distance requirements Using the Cisco 1500 Mesh Access Point Range Calculation Utility: Determine Fresnel clearance Determine power and antenna requirements
CUWSS v1. 02-30
In the planning stages, before initiating a bridge link, determine the following using the Cisco Aironet 1522 Lightweight Outdoor Mesh Access Point: Determine line of sight: Is the line of sight visual? Can you see the other side clearly? Determine elevation available for link: How tall are the poles, towers, or buildings that the equipment will be installed on? Determine distance between sites: Using a global positioning system (GPS) or map software, determine the distance between the two points. Using the Cisco 1500 Mesh Access Point Range Calculation Utility, determine the following: The Fresnel zone The radio power and antenna requirements to make the link work
2-39
www.CareerCert.info
Determine Elevation Available for Link

Radio line of sight: Not the same as visual line of sight Fresnel zone
CUWSS v1. 02-31
In many instances, line of sight is not seen as a problem, particularly for WLAN devices that communicate over short distances. Due to the nature of radio wave propagation, devices with antennas often communicate successfully from room to room. The density of the materials used in the construction of the building determine the number of walls the RF signal can pass through and still maintain adequate coverage. When connecting two points together (such as an Ethernet bridge), the distance, obstructions, and antenna location must be considered. For long distances, .5 mile (.80 km) or more, directional high-gain antenna is recommended. The radio path should have ample clearance above ground obstructions, such as trees and buildings. If directional antennas are used, they must be aligned so that their main radiated power lobes are directed at each other. Using a 17-dBi sector antenna with the Cisco Aironet 1522 Lightweight Outdoor Mesh Access Point, a distance of up to 9 miles (14 km) can be achieved.
2-40
www.CareerCert.info
Fresnel Zone
First Fresnel zone should be at least 60 percent clear of obstructions.
CUWSS v1. 02-32
A Fresnel zone is an imaginary ellipse around the visual line of sight between the transmitter and receiver. As radio signals travel through free space to their intended target, they could encounter an obstruction in the Fresnel area, degrading the signal. Best performance and range is attained when there is no obstruction of the Fresnel area. Fresnel zone, free space loss, antenna gain, cable loss, data rate, link distance, transmitter power, receiver sensitivity, and other variables play a role in determining how far your mesh link goes. Links can still occur if 60 to 70 percent of the Fresnel area is unobstructed. It is possible to calculate the radius of the Fresnel zone (in feet) at any particular distance along the path using this equation: F1 equals 72.6 times square root of (D (miles) / 4f (GHz) Where F1: The first Fresnel zone radius in feet D: The total path length in miles f: The frequency transmitted in gigahertz Normally, 60 percent of the first Fresnel zone clearance is recommended. The above formula for 60 percent Fresnel zone clearance can be expressed as: 0.60 F1 = 43.3 x square root of (distance / 4 x frequency in gigahertz). These calculations are based on a flat terrain.
2-41
www.CareerCert.info
Improving Fresnel Effect

Raise the antenna mounting point on the existing structure. Build a new structure. Cut down problem trees, if possible. Find an alternative antenna location to get around the obstruction.
CUWSS v1. 02-33
To remove a Fresnel zone obstruction, you need to get above the obstruction. Try one of the following: Raise the antenna mounting point on the existing structure. Build a new structure; for example, a radio tower that is tall enough to mount the antenna. Cut down problem trees, if possible. Find an alternative antenna location to get around the obstruction.
2-42
www.CareerCert.info
Asymmetrical Antenna Heights
CUWSS v1. 02-34
Typical bridge links are higher on one side than the other. If you have additional footage on one side of the link and not enough on the other side, you can subtract the footage on your short side from the extra footage that you have on the high side. You can avoid connectivity problems by using the Cisco 1500 Mesh Access Point Range Calculation Utility, which helps you to predict the distance between devices. Without a tool like this in a wireless environment, you cannot predict the distance between the bridges, the antenna height for maximum throughput, and other variables. In this figure, site A (top) is a 150-foot building (46 m) and site Z (bottom) is a 30-foot building (9 m). When you enter all the variables from this example into the Cisco 1500 Mesh Access Point Range Calculation Utility, the utility calculates the distance you need on both sides of the link for the Fresnel zone not to be affected. That required distance is 45 feet on both sides of the link. Because site Z is 15 feet short, you can subtract 150 feet from site A. This will give site A the required distance of 150 feet and site Z will still have 135 feet remaining.
2-43
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco 1500 Mesh Access Point Range Calculation Utility
CUWSS v1. 02-35
The Cisco 1500 Mesh Access Point Range Calculation Utility is the best tool to calculate the Fresnel zone, the distance between bridges, cable loss, required antenna height, and the recommended fade margin. Cisco strongly advises you to use this utility as a part of the site survey to calculate the range parameters before you deploy the bridges. This ensures higher throughput and consistent bridge performance. The Excel spreadsheet shown in the figure can be downloaded from http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps458/products_tech_note09186a00800945 9b.shtml.
2-44
www.CareerCert.info
Pre-Site Survey Checklist

Before attempting a site survey, determine the following:
How long is your wireless link? Do you have a clear line of sight? What is the minimum acceptable data rate within which the link runs? Is this a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint link? Do you have the correct antenna? Can the access point installation area support the weight of the access point? Do you have access to both of the bridge site locations? Do you have the proper permits, if required? Do you have a partner? Never attempt to survey or work alone on a roof or tower.
Cisco recommends that you perform a radio site survey before installing the equipment. A site survey reveals problems such as interference and Fresnel zone or logistics issues. A proper site survey involves temporarily setting up bridge links and taking measurements to determine whether your antenna calculations are accurate. Determine the correct location and antenna before drilling holes, routing cables, and mounting equipment. Before attempting a site survey, determine the following: How long is your wireless link? Do you have a clear line of sight? What is the minimum acceptable data rate within which the link runs? Is this a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint link? Do you have the correct antenna? Can the access point installation area support the weight of the access point? Do you have access to both of the mesh site locations? Do you have the proper permits, if required? Do you have a partner? Never attempt to survey or work alone on a roof or tower.
2-45
www.CareerCert.info
Grounding and Lightning Protection

This topic describes grounding and lightning protection considerations for an outdoor WLAN deployment. The access point must be grounded prior to connecting power.
Lightning Protection and Grounding for the Cisco Aironet 1520 Series Outdoor Mesh AP
Each access point comes with: Three liquid tight adapters for weatherproof connections Grounding lugs with two screws and washers for grounding You supply: Optional ground rod, as required by local regulations 6-AWG copper ground wire Ethernet lightning protection device
CUWSS v1. 02-37
The Cisco Aironet 1520 Series Outdoor Mesh Access Point comes with three liquid tight connectors for waterproofing connector access. Also supplied are grounding lugs so that the unit can be grounded in accordance with National Electrical Code (NEC) and local guidelines. If a ground point is not available you might need to install a grounding rod for ground termination. Lightning protection is recommended on the Ethernet cable that is connecting to the network on point-to-point and point-to-multipoint bridge links.
2-46
www.CareerCert.info
Outdoor Environmental Options

The Cisco Aironet 1520 Series Outdoor Mesh Access Point supports options unique to outdoor operation: Lightning arrestor: Dissipates energy induced into the cable from a nearby lightning strike Does not protect against a direct strike Grounding lug Watertight cable entry and exit
RF devices operating outdoors are susceptible to environmental factors. High winds and snow buildup are examples of unusual environmental conditions that can result in buildup of static electricity or possible power outages. These issues are addressed by offering environmental products such as lightning arrestors and battery backup units. Lightning arrestors prevent energy surges from reaching the equipment through the shunting effect of the device. A lightning arrestor has two main purposes. One is to bleed off any highstatic charges that collect, which prevents attracting a lightning strike. The second is to dissipate any energy that gets induced into the connecting cable from a near-lightning strike. In an outdoor environment, the lightning arrestor must have a unique design. Devices like the Transtector ALPU-TSU allow low-voltage power, such as Power over Ethernet (PoE), to pass, while blocking high-voltage power from static electricity discharges. A lightning arrestor does not provide protection from a direct lightning strike.
2-47
www.CareerCert.info
Direct Strike Protection

One meter fiber optic cabling. Electricity will not travel over fiber. Transceivers require power.
CUWSS v1. 02-39
When an antenna is installed outside the building, there is a chance that it could be struck by lightning. Because of the extreme voltage associated with a lightning strike, the current could travel into the network, using the antenna, the extension cable, and the Category 5 cable as a path. When the current is on the Category 5 cable, it could travel throughout the entire network and damage any equipment connected. The best protection against a direct strike is fiber optic cabling. The Cisco Aironet lightning arrestor will not stop a direct strike. Because the conductor in fiber optic cabling is glass, the current cannot travel over the fiber, and the energy is dissipated as heat, melting the fiber optic cabling. To use this method, one meter of fiber optic cabling is needed, and two copper-fiber transceivers. The transceivers require power.
Note
Do not plug both transceivers into the same electrical outlet, because this can provide a path for the current to bypass the fiber optic cabling.
2-48
www.CareerCert.info
Summary
Summary
The actual area of coverage depends on factors such as environment, power level, and antenna gain. Best practices recommend no more than 25 users per access point for a data-only W LAN. Voice WLANs operating at 2.4 GHz should have 20 percent overlap. 20 percent overlap means that 80 percent of the cell is covered by other access points. The recommended cell edge for VoWLAN supporting Vocera Communications Badges is 65 dBm. Location-aware networks have access points that surround the perimeter of the coverage area. RAP and MAP mesh access points can perform point-to-point and point-to-multipoint bridging by enabling the Ethernet bridging option.
2-49
www.CareerCert.info
2-50
www.CareerCert.info
Lesson 2
Determining the Proper Deployment Characteristics

Overview
In many WLAN deployments, users are highly mobile. This requires that the WLAN support roaming and seamless coverage to ensure good handoffs of clients from access point to access point. Many WLANs have areas where coverage is required but for some reason there is no way to get data cable to the location for the access point. Indoor mesh access points solve this problem as long as power is available to power the access point. Predictive site surveys are excellent for calculating the number of access points needed for a WLAN based on the number of users, the throughput, and the wireless applications to be used (data, voice, and location). Predictive surveys cannot, however, determine interference and environmental aspects, such as how the signal is absorbed, blocked, or reflected. Only an actual site survey can determine this.
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to determine the proper deployment characteristics for a site survey. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Describe characteristics of a highly mobile deployment Describe characteristics of an indoor mesh network Compare a predictive site survey with a physical site survey
www.CareerCert.info
Highly Mobile Deployments

This topic describes characteristics of a highly mobile deployment. In a highly mobile deployment, coverage must not have holes and must have enough overlap between access points to offer truly transparent roaming. If the application stops working, so does the user.
Highly Mobile WLAN Deployments

Where mobility matters: Retail Warehousing and distribution centers Health care Manufacturing Enterprise office Anywhere the worker is mobile Roaming and good handoffs from access point to access point are key for mobile workers. If the network is designed with the appropriate cell overlap for the application supported, roaming should not be an issue.
To function as a primary access method, the WLAN needs to support all applications currently carried over the wired network. These applications should be supported as appropriate by each of the various clients that will be used. Some of these clients are highly mobile, requiring fast handoff to avoid disruption as users roam between cells. Roaming requirements vary according to the client and the usage or workflow characteristics, which include the following: Desktops generally do not need handoff or roaming support. Laptop users might roam while using applications, and laptops are sometimes mounted on carts for computer-on-wheels mobility, requiring roaming support. Tablets, personal digital assistant (PDA) devices, and other highly mobile devices need application continuity while on the move. Voice applications such as phones are the most demanding, with a preferred handoff time of about 50 ms or less. It is advisable to use Cisco Compatible Extensions devices with Cisco Centralized Key Management when secure voice is used for fast roaming.
2-52
www.CareerCert.info
Mobile Devices in Retail

Wireless handheld devices with multiple applications including: Inventory Price markup or markdown Checkout Wireless computer carts for inventory and order management Wireless phones for employees
CUWSS v1. 02-3
Wireless handheld scanners are common in retail stores. Handheld scanners are used throughout the store for purposes such as the following: Inventory Price markup or markdown with portable printers Checkout In addition, wireless computer carts are used for inventory and order management, and in-store wireless phone systems for store employees are also common. Because these items are used by workers who are mobile throughout the store, roaming needs to be seamless.
2-53
www.CareerCert.info
Mobile Devices in Warehouse and Distribution Centers

Wireless handhelds. Wireless ruggedized PCs on forklifts. Voice applications like Vocollect are extremely popular. Primarily used for: Stocking Order picking
CUWSS v1. 02-4
Warehousing and distribution centers have one purpose, which is to stock and distribute materials as requested to retail chains. Wireless systems in warehouse and distribution centers are vital to what is called real-time warehousing. Users are highly mobile, moving product between loading docks and stock areas. Good overlap of cell coverage is a must. These facilities can occupy hundreds of thousands of square feet that will require complete coverage, including loading docks. Common wireless devices used in warehousing and distribution centers include the following: Wireless handhelds Wireless ruggedized PCs on forklifts Voice-recognition applications such as Vocollect Voice are extremely popular in distribution centers. Vocollect software requires nothing more than a headset and a wireless link back to the network. Everything is done by voice. This technology is primarily used for stocking and order picking.
2-54
www.CareerCert.info
Mobile Devices in Health Care

Wireless handheld devices are used by respiratory care staff who are mobile throughout the hospital rendering respiratory medicine to patients. Wireless mobile PC carts are used by nursing staff for charting of patient care. Vocera Communications Badges. Wireless phones for employees.
CUWSS v1. 02-5
Health care facilities such as hospitals and clinics have embraced wireless, using numerous wireless applications. Many health care facilities require seamless coverage in all patient areas. If Vocera communications badges are deployed, seamless coverage is expected throughout the facility. Common wireless devices used in health care facilities include the following: Wireless handheld computers Mobile PC carts Vocera communications badges Wireless phones
Note Currently, Vocera communications badges are IEEE 802.11b/g only. The recommend cell boundary for the Vocera badge is a 65 dBm.
2-55
www.CareerCert.info
Mobile Devices in Manufacturing

Wireless handheld bar coding devices Used for: Moving inventory around Cycle counting Building shipping documents Pick lists Receiving operations Wireless phones
CUWSS v1. 02-6
As in warehousing and distribution centers, many workers are mobile in manufacturing. Mobile users in manufacturing move through the facility using wireless handheld scanners for purposes including the following: Moving inventory around Cycle counting Building shipping documents Pick lists Receiving operations Machines such as robots and other moving devices are also controlled wirelessly.
2-56
www.CareerCert.info
Mobile Devices in Transportation

Transportation: Airlines Rail Trucking Mobile devices are handheld computers
CUWSS v1. 02-7
Mobile devices are widely used in the airline industry. Baggage handling is done from plane to plane and on the tarmac with wireless handheld bar code scanners. This means that the entire tarmac must have seamless coverage. Baggage handlers are very mobile; multiple access points are required to cover all areas for baggage handling. In rail yards, maintenance personnel use handheld computers to record maintenance performed. In the trucking industry, gate readers and handheld scanners are used in the terminal yards to keep up with truck trailers. Extensive coverage is required for the mobile workers to perform their jobs in these environments.
2-57
www.CareerCert.info
Indoor Enterprise Wireless Mesh Networks

This topic describes characteristics of an indoor mesh network. Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh is ideal for extending connectivity to both wired and wireless devices in an indoor environment where coverage had not been possible due to wiring restrictions.
Indoor Mesh Networks

Originally developed for outdoor wireless backhaul Excellent for hard-to-wire environments such as: Historic buildings Warehouses Manufacturing clean rooms
CUWSS v1. 02-8
While wireless networks have become integral to many enterprises seeking to optimize productivity, providing full wireless coverage remains a challenge in a number of environments. To provide pervasive network connectivity, enterprises must be able to deploy wireless access points wherever necessary, often above ceilings or across millions of square feet. However, typical access points must connect to Ethernet cables that extend a mere 328 feet (100 meters) from the Ethernet port. Running Ethernet cable to every access point required to provide full coverage in hard-to-wire environments, such as warehouses with expansive spaces and historic buildings requiring special care, is often too difficult (owing to factors such as the presence of manufacturing clean rooms), aesthetically undesirable, or simply impossible. Mesh network technology is helping to advance the fourth generation of wireless mobility by using basic RF physics in a new way by overcoming inherent limitations to achieve unprecedented coverage, throughput, flexibility, and cost-efficiency. Leveraging mesh networking technology for indoor networks provides a simple, flexible way to extend wireless connectivity to every part of an enterprise facility or structure. Because mesh access points do not require Ethernet connections, they create the basis of the indoor mesh network, which brings mobile connectivity to all users regardless of their environments.
2-58
www.CareerCert.info
The Solution
Indoor mesh access points: Cisco Aironet 1130 Series Access Point Cisco Aironet 1240 Series Access Point Mesh enhanced code for the Cisco Aironet 1130 Series and 1240 Series AP Intelligent routing technology 2.4 GHz for clients 5 GHz for backhaul Managed and monitored by controllers
CUWSS v1. 02-9
By overcoming traditional wireless network limitations, mesh networking opens the door to remarkable wireless capabilities. The centerpiece of mesh network technology is the ability for Cisco Aironet 1240 and 1130 Series Access Points to automatically join and leave the network anytime. The signals are routed optimally, even as the network grows and evolves. Networks can be established anywhere, even in places with no fixed infrastructure, while backhauling traffic to traditional access points connected to Ethernet ports. Functioning as part of the Cisco Unified Wireless Network, the Cisco Aironet 1240 and 1130 Series Access Points are managed and monitored by controllers. The mesh capability is software that enhances the code base of the Aironet 1240 and 1130 Series Access Points, eliminating the need for enterprises to invest in additional equipment. In their dual-radio configuration, these mesh access points deliver network access to users over the 2.4-GHz frequency and use the 5-GHz band to backhaul traffic. Based on intelligent wireless routing technology and a powerful self-organizing, self-healing, and self-configuring architecture, Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh is simple to deploy and manage, while offering comprehensive coverage and optimal network performance to a wide variety of environments.
2-59
www.CareerCert.info
The Solution (Cont.)

AWPP to establish dynamic wireless connectivity to neighboring access points. Extends wireless coverage for clients located in hard-to-wire locations. Access points can act as wired bridges to extend the network wirelessly. Access points can connect to a wired switch and extend the wired clients to the network.
CUWSS v1.02-10
Access points operating in wireless mesh mode use the Adaptive Wireless Path Protocol (AWPP) to establish dynamic wireless connections to their neighboring access points. Using one radio, each access point can then provide wireless coverage for client devices within its area, while backhauling traffic through the second radio. Because it dynamically learns the best way to route traffic wirelessly across multiple hops back to the wired network, the AWPP ensures maximum network availability. Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh is ideal for extending connectivity to both wired and wireless client devices. Examples of extending the wireless coverage include these approaches: Extending wireless coverage: Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh provides network connectivity for wireless clients located in hard-to-wire areas and backhauls traffic to the wired network. Extending wired coverage to single clients: Access points can function as wireless bridges by connecting to wired devices and backhauling traffic to the wired network. Extending wired coverage to workgroups: To provide connectivity to multiple wired clients, access points can connect to a wired switch and backhaul workgroup traffic.
2-60
www.CareerCert.info
Benefits
Easy to extend the network to hard-to-wire areas, such as: Staircases Parking structures Retail areas lacking wiring crawl spaces Can bridge a wide range of wired devices with available Ethernet port, such as: Cash registers Medical equipment Printers Unified indoor-outdoor mesh allowing clients to roam from inside to outside and outside to inside.
CUWSS v1.02-11
Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh provides a number of benefits to enterprises with difficult networking environments: Flexible, comprehensive wireless coverage: Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh delivers wireless services to locations where coverage had not been possible due to wiring restrictions. By backhauling traffic to traditional access points, the mesh network overcomes the physical limitations of Ethernet cable and provides maximum flexibility in network design. Because Ethernet cabling no longer dictates where access points are to be located, the access points can be placed to maximize network performance and provide comprehensive coverage throughout entire facilities, including difficult areas such as staircases, parking structures, and retail areas lacking wiring crawl spaces. Fast, easy deployment: Reducing the need to run Ethernet cable to every access point facilitates and expedites wireless deployments. Enterprises no longer need to worry about drilling holes, digging up floors, or running unsightly cable throughout their facilities to reach dead spots. Thanks to AWPP from Cisco, mesh-enabled access points automatically find the nearest path to the core network, and the controller supports zero-configuration deployment, automatically detecting and configuring the access points when connected. This enables the nodes to join the network easily and securely, simplifying deployment and reducing costs. Simplified management: Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh runs on one unified architecture that centralizes the key functions of the WLAN to provide the same management, security, and mobility capabilities to both outdoor and indoor networks. A single management framework simplifies WLAN design, administration, and operation. Optimal network performance: The AWPP used in outdoor wireless mesh solutions is also employed by Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh. AWPP provides self-healing from and resiliency to interference and network outages, reducing management costs. Especially valuable to RF challenging environments, the protocol was designed to handle acute environmental interference and dynamically optimizes traffic routes between nodes to ensure high system capacity.
2-61
www.CareerCert.info
Connectivity for wired devices: Universal port capability enables enterprises to leverage the unused Ethernet port to configure access points within the mesh network to function as wireless bridges. With this capability, enterprises can bridge a wide range of wired devices, including cash registers, medical equipment, and printers, to the wireless network. The mesh access point attaches to the device via the unused Ethernet port and backhauls the traffic to the rest of the wireless network. To provide network connectivity to multiple devices, the access point connects to a wired switch and backhauls workgroup traffic. Unified indoor and outdoor mesh: An indoor and outdoor mesh network solution from Cisco leverages the same AWPP technology and is delivered as one unified platform with a single management solution. This enables clients to roam seamlessly between indoor and outdoor networks, making it possible for users to continue using services and applications while they move from the indoor areas of a facility to its outdoor areas.
2-62
www.CareerCert.info
Applications
Cisco enterprise wireless mesh brings value to a wide range of enterprise environments such as: Manufacturing, due to sheer size and heavy equipment Retail stores that are conscious of aesthetics, and warehouses that require coverage beyond 300 feet Hospitality and entertainment, to provide connectivity to guests in hard-to-wire areas Historic buildings and sites where the most important thing is the preservation of the building Solution components include: Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Cisco Aironet 1130 or 1240 Series Access Points Cisco Aironet 1500 Series Access Points Cisco WCS
Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh brings tremendous value to a wide range of enterprise environments that have struggled with providing widespread mobile coverage to facilities with areas too difficult or impossible to wire. These environments include: Manufacturing environments: With production floors that span millions of square feet, high ceilings, and large machinery that can block radio signals, manufacturing plants are challenged to provide wireless connectivity throughout their facilities. Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh now enables facilities to deploy access points wherever they are needed, ensuring maximum coverage without the need to run Ethernet cable to each one. Retail and warehousing: Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh offers fast, easy, and costeffective wireless deployment to the retail sector, including shopping malls and small retail stores that are conscious of aesthetics and large retail distribution centers and warehouses that are concerned with continuous coverage. The solution provides a way to extend mobile coverage beyond 300 feet (91 meters) without needing to make physical modifications, such as cutting through ceilings or drilling through walls. It also enables the quick creation of temporary networks that enable specialists to conduct inventory at client sites. Hospitality and entertainment: To provide wireless connectivity to guests, large hotels often face the challenge of running Ethernet cable throughout each floor while facing structural challenges such as atriums and elevator shafts that interfere with RF networks. In addition, massive theme parks want to provide connectivity within each individual attraction, which might not have a ready-made cable infrastructure. Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh facilitates these types of deployments. The ease and speed of deploying the mesh network also makes it ideal for conferences and events, where temporary networks are set up and torn down quickly. Historic buildings and sites: Historic properties often present unique challenges to wireless network deployments. Cylindrical buildings, concrete structures, and high domes are a few of the structural elements that can make it difficult to provide consistent coverage. Because the preservation of these buildings is of utmost importance, making the modifications that are often required to run Ethernet cable is not possible. Cisco Enterprise Wireless Mesh provides the connectivity required, while keeping historic sites intact.
www.CareerCert.info
Solution components include the following: Cisco Unified Wireless Network Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Cisco Aironet 1240 or 1130 Series Access Points Cisco Aironet 1500 Series Access Points Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS)
2-64
www.CareerCert.info
Comparing Predictive and Physical Site Surveys

This topic compares a predictive site survey with a physical site survey. Predictive site surveys can help estimate the number and placement of access points but do not take into account environmental factors that are not known or cannot be added to the predictive tool.
Predictive Site Surveys

Cisco WCS planning mode: Predictive surveys for: Data Voice Location Combination of all three Prediction based on the following criteria: Traffic type (data or voice) Location accuracy requirements Number of active users Number of users per square footage
The Cisco WCS planning mode enables you to calculate the number of access points required to cover an area. This is done by placing fictitious access points on a map and showing the coverage area. Based on the throughput specified for each protocol (IEEE 802.11a/n or IEEE 802.11b/g/n), the planning mode calculates the total number of access points required to provide optimum coverage in your network. You can calculate the recommended number and location of access points based on the following criteria: Traffic type active on the network (data or voice traffic, or both) Location accuracy requirements Number of active users Number of users per square footage
Note To use this tool, you must have obtained floor plans of the facility that is to be surveyed.
2-65
www.CareerCert.info
Calculate
Choose access point type Choose antenna types Choose protocol Choose throughput Choose advanced options Choose safety margin Choose the services: Data/coverage Voice Location Calculate
Before entering access point and wireless service data you must adjust the blue rectangle over the floor for the correct coverage area.
Note Adjust the size or placement of the rectangle by selecting the edge of the rectangle and holding down the Ctrl key. Move the cursor as necessary to outline the targeted location.
To calculate the recommended number and placement of access points for a given deployment, follow these steps:
Step 1 Step 2
Choose Automatic from the Add APs drop-down menu. Choose the access point type and the appropriate antenna and protocol for that access point. Select the target throughput for the access point. Check the boxes next to the services that will be used on the floor. Options are Data/Coverage (default), Voice, and Location. Click Calculate. The recommended number of access points appears. Click Apply.
Recommended calculations assume the need for consistently strong signals unless adjusted downward by the safety margin advanced option. In some cases, the recommended number of access points is higher than what is required.
Step 3 Step 4
Step 5 Step 6
Note
2-66
www.CareerCert.info
Definition of Service Options
Service Options Data/Coverage Band 802.11a/n 802.11a/n 802.11a/n 802.11a/n 802.11b/g/n 802.11b/g/n 802.11b/g/n 802.11b/g/n Description
Select if data traffic is transmitted on the WLAN. The following densities are used depending on the band and data rates: Path Loss Model (dBm) 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 Date Rate (Mb/s) 10 to 12 15 to 18 10 to 12 15 to 18 5 6 5 6 Area (Sq. ft.) 6000 4500 5000 3250 6500 4500 5500 3500
If you enable Advanced Options (check the check box), you can select the desired safety margin (aggressive, safe, or very safe) of the signal strength threshold for data. Aggressive = Minimum (3 dBm) Safe = Medium (0 dBm) Very Safe = Maximum (+3 dBm) Voice Select if voice traffic is transmitted on the WLAN. If you enable Advanced Options (check the check box), you can select the desired safety margin (aggressive, safe, very safe or 7920-enabled) of the signal strength threshold for voice. Aggressive = Minimum [78 dBm (802.11a/b/g/n)] Safe = Medium [75 dBm (802.11a/b/g/n)] Very Safe = Maximum [(67 dBm (802.11a/b/g/n)] 7920_enabled = [(67 dBm (802.11a/n); 67 dBm (802.11b/g/n)] Location Select to ensure that the recommended access point calculation provides the true location of an element within 32 feet (10 meters) at least 90 percent of the time. To meet the criteria, access points are colocated within 70 feet (21 meters) of each other in a hexagonal pattern employing staggered and perimeter placement. Each service option includes all services that are listed above it. For example, if you check the Location check box, the calculation considers data/coverage, voice, and location in determining the optimum number of access points required.
2-67
www.CareerCert.info
Definition of Advanced Options
Advanced Options Demand Override Coverage per AP Safety Margin Description Select if you want to use the total number of users or user ratio per access point as a basis for the access point calculation. Select if you want to specify square foot coverage as the basis for access point coverage. Select option to qualify relative signal strength requirements for data and voice service in the access point calculation. Options are: Aggressive, Safe, Very Safe, and 7920-enabled (voice only). Select Aggressive to require minimal signal strength requirements in the calculation and Very Safe to request the highest signal strength.
2-68
www.CareerCert.info
Access Points Are Applied to Floor

After the access points are added to the floor, you can: Reposition them Generate proposal The prediction does not account for walls
CUWSS v1.02-15
Step 7
Choose Generate Proposal to display a textual and graphical report of the recommended access point number and deployment based on the given input.
2-69
www.CareerCert.info
Generated Proposal
The generated proposal offers detailed information that includes: VoIP requirements Coverage area requirements Average client throughput requirements Building type Building homogeneity Assumptions RF prediction with optional site survey Auto placement criteria Proposed access point placement
When deploying 802.11 WLANs to support VoIP telephones, a few special considerations are needed in the deployment process. For example, seamless full coverage with an average user throughput of 5 Mb/s or more is ideal. Areas such as stairways, bathrooms, cafeterias, and outside areas might require special consideration and additional access points. These are areas that are not typically critical for data users but are critical coverage areas for voice users who require seamless coverage. Coverage holes are areas where clients cannot receive a signal from the wireless network. When deploying wireless networks, there is a tradeoff between the cost of the initial network deployment and the presence of coverage holes in the network. A reasonable coverage hole criterion is between two and ten percent. This means that between two and ten test locations out of 100 random test locations might receive marginal service. After deployment, controllers use Radio Resource Management (RRM) algorithms to identify these coverage areas and report them to the IT manager, allowing the IT manager to fill holes based on user demand. Average client throughput is related to 802.11 protocol, AP signal strength, and AP density. In terms of protocol, 802.11b can support an average user throughput of up to 6 Mb/s; 802.11a and 802.11g can support a typical average user throughput of up to 20 Mb/s; and 802.11n can support a typical average user throughput of up to 27 Mb/s (with reasonable radio densities). Generally, the stronger the signal, the higher is the client throughput. However, there is a point at which a stronger signal does not increase client throughput. For 802.11b networks, this point is typically 75 dBm, above which average client throughput is 5 to 6.5 Mb/s regardless of an increase in signal strength. For 802.11a networks, this point is typically between 50 dBm and 60 dBm, above which average client throughput is 24 to 30 Mb/s regardless of an increase in signal strength. For 802.11n, this point is typically the same, but the average client throughput is 27 to 33 Mb/s. Note that for 802.11a, pure 802.11g, and 802.11n, the range over which the average client throughput improves is between 80 dBm and 50 dBm. It is also important to note that the higher the density of access points deployed in a given area, the higher the likelihood is of access point-to-access point co-channel interference.
2-70
www.CareerCert.info
Identifying the building type and its RF characteristics is critical in determining how many radios will be needed in a WLAN deployment. If the building does not fall into one of these categories, some amount of professional service (RF Prediction with Optional Site Survey) might be needed to optimize WLAN configuration. The following three basic building types are common in enterprise networks: Open Office: No walls at all and short cubes only. Cubes and Walled Offices: Combination of cubes and some walled offices. Drywall Only: Mostly drywalled offices. If a building or floor does not have uniform RF characteristics (for example, similar wall types) throughout a coverage area, the coverage area should be divided into areas with similar characteristics, and the design process should be repeated for each area. Generally, an attempt is made not to stack access points directly above each other on adjacent floors. These guidelines are based on the following conditions and assumptions: Client Data Terminal Transmit (Tx) Power: >=15 dBm Client Data Terminal Antenna Gain: >=0 dBi Receiver Sensitivity: = 89 72 dBm @ 11 to 12 Mb/s with ten percent packet error rate Environmental Noise Floor: = -85 dBm Capacity: up to 15 data client terminals or up to 14 VoIP clients per AP Client Data Terminal Tx Power: >=15 dBm Handover Times: 37 milliseconds or less for Layer 2 (same controller) handovers, 48 milliseconds or less for Layer 3 (intercontroller and intersubnet) handovers. Quality of Service: Assigned on a per-WLAN basis. VoIP clients with Gold quality of service (QoS) take precedence (90+ percent of bandwidth) over clients with Silver or Bronze QoS. The report would also present a floor plan with proposed placement of access points.
2-71
www.CareerCert.info
Active Site Surveys

Initial Layer 1 sweep with Cisco Spectrum Expert Identify interferers: 2.4-GHz or 5-GHz cordless phones 2.4-GHz cameras Microwave ovens 2.4-GHz Bluetooth devices 2.4-GHz fusion lighting systems Other WLAN equipment
Before beginning a survey at a new facility, use Cisco Spectrum Expert to perform a Layer 1 sweep of the facility. This will help identify any existing interference that might need to be removed from the facility. It was also identify any neighboring WLAN systems that might be in or near the facility. These are some known interferers that are quite common: 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz cordless phones 2.4-GHz wireless cameras Microwave ovens 2.4-GHz Bluetooth devices 2.4-GHz fusion lighting systems Other WLAN equipment
2-72
www.CareerCert.info
Active Site Surveys Identify Problem Areas

Identify possible problem areas such as: Elevator banks Walls fabricated from wire mesh and stucco Filing cabinets and equipment racks Firewalls and fire doors Refrigerators Air conditioning ductwork Large transient elements such as forklifts or metal fabrications
CUWSS v1.02-18
A site survey might need to ensure that the required data rates are supported in all the required areas. This is often driven by environmental variables, although a controller is an excellent resource for site preplanning and initial identification of RF challenges as well as channel and power settings. Possible problem areas include the following: Elevator banks Walls fabricated from wire mesh and stucco Filing cabinets and equipment racks Firewalls and fire doors Refrigerators Air conditioning ductwork Large, transient elements such as forklifts or metal fabrications
2-73
www.CareerCert.info
Active Site Surveys Show Actual Signal Levels

Active site surveys show real results for: Cell signal level in dBm SNR Data packet retries Data packets lost Cell overlap Co-channel interference Cisco recommends that you perform an actual site survey.
CUWSS v1.02-19
Some design considerations can be addressed by general best-practice guidelines. The following applies to most situations: The access point data rates should be limited to those designed and for which the site survey was performed. Enabling lower data rates can cause an increase in co-channel interference and greater throughput variations for clients. The number of access points depends on coverage and throughput requirements, which can vary. For example, Cisco Systems internal information systems group currently uses six access points per 38,000 square feet of floor space for data-only operation. Active surveys show real results for the following: Cell signal level in dBm Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Data packet retries Data packets lost Cell overlap Co-channel interference
Note Based on the variability in environments, Cisco recommends that a site survey be performed to determine the number of access points required and their optimal placement.
2-74
www.CareerCert.info
Summary
Summary
Highly mobile deployments require coverage to be seamless. Indoor mesh network solutions are used when running cable for data is not possible. Actual site surveys capture all the information needed for installation, such as interference issues and actual signal analysis of a facility.
CUWSS v1.02-20
2-75
www.CareerCert.info
2-76
www.CareerCert.info
Lesson 3
Specifying the Tools Necessary to Complete a Site Survey

Overview
RF spectrum analyzers allow the technician to see the non-WLAN items in the RF environment in detail. This allows for the easy identification and isolation of interference sources for the WLAN. RF site survey tools allow the technician to define access point placement before installation and verify coverage after the installation. Site survey tools can also be used for ongoing troubleshooting efforts and for monitoring environments as changes are being made. Protocol analyzers allow users to observe, analyze, and diagnose the behavior of installed networks. The technician can actually see in detail what is occurring within frame exchanges. Often an onsite technician might be asked to provide a protocol trace to help the IT organization solve a problem, and a protocol analyzer is ideal for this task.
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to specify the tools necessary to complete a site survey. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Describe software tools used to perform a site survey Describe the Cisco WCS planning tool Describe Cisco Spectrum Expert Describe site survey tools that are available to perform a site survey Describe the components in a site survey kit
www.CareerCert.info
Site Survey Software Tools

This topic describes software tools to perform a site survey. WLANs are everywhere, and the installation can be tricky. With a wired network you can visualize the network, unlike with wireless. Performing a RF site survey using the right site survey tools helps you plan access point location for adequate coverage.
Recommended Site Survey Software Tools

Cisco WCS planning tool Cisco Spectrum Expert AirMagnet Survey PRO AirMagnet Wi-Fi Analyzer
CUWSS v1. 02-2
These are the recommended site survey software tools for Cisco site surveys: Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) planning tool Cisco Spectrum Expert AirMagnet Survey PRO AirMagnet Wi-Fi Analyzer These tools, used properly, can greatly enhance your site survey capabilities to complete a professional site survey.
2-78
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco WCS Planning Tool

This topic describes the Cisco WCS planning tool. The Cisco WCS planning tool can be used to provide an estimate of the number and placement of access points before conducting a site survey.
Predictive Site Survey Software Tools

Cisco WCS planning tool Predict access point count and placement based on criteria: Traffic type active on the network: Data Voice Location-based services Combination of application services
CUWSS v1. 02-3
Integrated RF prediction tools are available to create detailed WLAN designs, including controller-based access point placement, configuration, and performance and coverage estimates. Floor plans can be imported into Cisco WCS and RF characteristics can be assigned to building components to increase design accuracy. Graphical heat maps help with the visualization of anticipated WLAN behavior, facilitating planning and deployment. You can calculate the recommended number of access points as well as their location based on the following criteria: Traffic type active on the network; data or voice traffic or both Location accuracy requirements Number of active users Number of users per square footage This tool should be used for planning purposes and does not replace the need for a site survey.
2-79
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco Spectrum Expert

This topic describes Cisco Spectrum Expert. Cisco Spectrum Expert monitors the RF spectrum used by a variety of wireless network and communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) WLANS, and RF identification reader and tag systems.
RF Spectrum Analysis Tools

Cisco Spectrum Expert is part of the Cisco Spectrum Intelligence solution. The solution includes the following components: Cisco Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi Cisco WCS (Release 4.2 or later) Cisco WCS Spectrum Intelligence license Primary use for site survey is to conduct a Layer 1 sweep to identify any interferers.
CUWSS v1. 02-4
Cisco Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi is part of the Cisco Spectrum Intelligence solution and integrates with the Cisco Unified Wireless Network. The solution includes the following components: Cisco Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi Cisco WCS Software Release 4.2 and later Cisco WCS Spectrum Intelligence license Cisco Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi is the industry-leading spectrum intelligence product for Wi-Fi networks. Cisco WCS works in conjunction with Cisco Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi to provide visibility into non-Wi-Fi interference sources that might cause wireless performance degradation. Cisco Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi includes the following components: Cisco Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi sensor Cisco Spectrum Expert software Cisco Spectrum Expert antenna The Cisco Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi sensor is a sensor in CardBus form for notebooks. It is supported on Microsoft Windows-based laptops and delivers comprehensive spectrum intelligence.
2-80
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi Features
Feature Active Devices Description The Active Device tree shows all access points, ad hoc networks, and interferer devices (for example, microwave ovens, cordless phones, wireless security cameras, Bluetooth devices, and RF jammers) detected by Cisco Spectrum Expert Software. Shows RF activity such as power levels, and presence of 802.11 and interferer devices on a channel-by-channel basis. Shows a granular data on each device and its impact to the wireless network, including power level, channel coverage, and other data. Offers the most comprehensive classification of the RF devices, including the following categories:
Channel Summary Devices View Device Classifiers
Wi-Fi access points In-network devices
Known devices Unknown devices Ad hoc devices

Wi-Fi stations A wide variety of Bluetooth devices A wide variety of cordless phones Microwave ovens Generic fixed-frequency devices Generic frequency-hopped devices Generic continuous transmitters (for example, FM phones, NTSC video devices) RF jamming devices 802.11 frequency-hopping devices Analog video devices
Record Spectrum Capture Spectrum Views
Allows you to record, share, and archive captures of your enterprise for baseline spectrum audits or for collaborative troubleshooting. The Spectrum view shows plots and charts for a direct view into the RF spectrum, including measurements of RF power and network device activity. The plots are especially useful to trained RF engineers, and the charts are informative for both the expert RF engineer and the generalist network engineer. Configures enterprise-specific alerts and alarm triggers to notify you when a wireless network is at critical utilization points. Provides enterprise-ready spectrum management at remote locations centralized in the familiar Cisco WCS network management system.
Alarms Settings Integrated with Cisco WCS
The benefits of using the Cisco Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi include the following: Improved network performance and coverage because RF interference is quickly detected and mitigated via an increased spectrum visibility Increased network security through quick detection of RF-level denial of service (DoS) attacks and nonsecure clients such as Bluetooth data-bridging devices, and a more accurate rogue RF device identification
www.CareerCert.info
Lowered operational costs through centralized management of all wireless interference, faster problem resolution times, decreased support calls, and simplified support of remote end users More efficient RF troubleshooting that allows organizations to quickly determine whether RF interference is the cause of a wireless network problem Optimization of the WLAN by isolating interference from network or client problems and determining the root causes of interference problems Delivery of robust wireless network foundation for mobility services and applications
2-82
www.CareerCert.info
AirMagnet Survey Software Tools

This topic describes AirMagnet Survey site survey tools that are available to perform a site survey.
AirMagnet Survey
AirMagnet Survey comes in two versions: PRO Standard Product features for the Standard version include: Indoor site survey Single-floor data display 3-D graphical data display Data simulation
Standard Version 6.0
Calculator Sensor deployment Active tools
CUWSS v1. 02-5
AirMagnet Survey (Cont.)

Additional product features for PRO version include: Outdoor (GPS-aided) survey Multifloor data display and analysis Survey reports AirWISE Spectrum Analyzer MapPoint/Virtual Earth Integration 4.9 GHz support 802.11n heat maps Active and Iperf surveys
Pro Version 6.0
CUWSS v1. 02-6
2-83
www.CareerCert.info
AirMagnet Survey PRO contains additional features to include indoor multifloor surveying capabilities, IEEE 802.11n functionality, 802.11n capabilities, and outdoor survey capabilities with Global Positioning System (GPS) and map features. AirMagnet Survey PRO also includes the AirWISE feature for grading the site survey performance.
Product Features Indoor site survey Single-floor data display and analysis Three-dimensional graphical data display Data simulation Calculator Sensor deployment Active tools Outdoor (GPS-aided) survey Multifloor data display and analysis Survey reports AirWISE Spectrum analyzer MapPoint/Virtual Earth integration 4.9 GHz support 802.11n heat maps Active Iperf surveys Survey PRO yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Survey Standard yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no no no no no no no
Note
An AirMagnet Spectrum Analyzer Adapter is required to view spectrum data on AirMagnet Survey PRO. Those who want to use this feature must purchase an AirMagnet Spectrum Analyzer Adapter separately at their own expense from Cisco Systems (Cisco Spectrum Expert).
Note
Microsoft MapPoint 2004 or later is required for importing site maps from MapPoint to AirMagnet Survey. Those who want to use this feature must purchase and install Microsoft MapPoint at their own expense.
2-84
www.CareerCert.info
AirMagnet Wi-Fi Analyzer
CUWSS v1. 02-7
AirMagnet Wi-Fi Analyzer: New Features

AirMagnet Wi-Fi Analyzer version 8.0 and later support these additional features: Integration with Cisco Spectrum Expert v3.3.52 802.11n learning assistant 802.11n tools Easy view/view by 802.11n Support for AirMagnet 802.11a/b/g/n Wireless PC card How-To Guide Iperf Integration for throughput measurement Nine new 802.11n WLAN performance alarms Integration with Windows XP wireless configuration Interference screen Channel occupancy
2-85
www.CareerCert.info
The features of Wi-Fi Analyzer Release Notes 8.0 include the following: Integration with Cisco Spectrum Expert Version 3.3.52: Wi-Fi Analyzer now integrates with the latest version of the Cisco Spectrum Expert software. This integration includes support for the 110C or 210C Sensor Card from Cisco. With this integration, you can use the Wi-Fi Analyzer to quickly identify non-802.11 sources of interference for deeper Layer 1 data analysis. The Wi-Fi Analyzer is able to capture all sources of interference and displays them by channel on its Interference page. You can quickly visualize the impact of competing Wi-Fi devices, identify any hidden nodes affecting the channel, and track signal noise in the RF environment. As always, WiFi Analyzer also supports integration with the AirMagnet Spectrum Analyzer software. 802.11n Learning Assistant: Wi-Fi Analyzer 8.0 is equipped with a Learning Assistant that provides basic descriptions of some of the key technologies behind the 802.11n. The Learning Assistant is linked with the 802.11n tools such as efficiency and analysis and explains the technical concepts in plain, straightforward language. 802.11n tools: Wi-Fi Analyzer 8.0 comes with four 802.11n tools that allow you to analyze the performance of the 802.11n wireless network, the next generation of wireless networking technology that offers unprecedented network throughput, range, and stability. The tools are site survey software tools. Efficiency: The 802.11n wireless network protocol introduces substantial enhancements in WLAN efficiency at both the physical (PHY) and the MAC layers. The Efficiency tool is intended to provide the basic knowledge that you need in order to take full advantage of the benefits of the 802.11n network. When Efficiency is selected, the Wi-Fi Tools screen displays all issues grouped in these categories: PHY covers the issues related to improved data throughput at the physical layer. MAC covers issues related to protocol efficiency improvements at the MAC layer such as frame aggregation and block acknowledgements. Coexistence covers issues related to the 802.11n networks backward compatibility with legacy 802.11 networks; for example, 802.11a/b/g.
Analysis: This section provides a detailed explanation of the entry selected from the Efficiency page WLAN Throughput Simulator: The Simulator is a utility for calculating network, node, and media throughput, utilization, and overhead (as measured at the 802.11 link layer) under various network and node configurations. It allows you to add and configure up to 50 IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, and 802.11n nodes on a virtual channel. The engine of the Simulator applies additional network and node parameters based on the types and settings of the nodes present. The Simulator runs in a perfect environment, assuming that all nodes can hear one another (negating the possibility of packet collisions and frame retries) and that all nodes transmit as much (and as fast) as they possibly can (based upon their individual and overall network parameters). The result of such simulation provides a baseline measurement of the (somewhat theoretical) maximum link-layer throughput that can be achieved for a particular configuration. Device Throughput Calculator: The Calculator is a utility for calculating theoretical throughput on a device. You simply click to specify parameters such as bandwidth, maximum frame size, block acknowledgment (ACK), least capable device, and protection mechanism used, and Wi-Fi Analyzer calculates the maximum PHY rate, the maximum data rate, the percentage of overhead, the number of spatial frames, and the modulation coding rate in a split second.
www.CareerCert.info
Support for AirMagnet 802.11a/b/g/n Wireless PC Card: This Wi-Fi Analyzer 8.0 release supports the new AirMagnet 802.11n Wireless PC Card on Microsoft XP and Microsoft Vista operating systems, enabling you to capture and analyze 802.11n traffic, in addition to legacy 802.11a/b/g traffic. How-To Guide: Wi-Fi Analyzer 8.0 comes with a new Microsoft Office Assistant-like How-To Guide that helps you get up to speed quickly with the major functions of the application. Iperf integration: Wi-Fi Analyzer 8.0 integrates with Iperf, a free, open-source software tool for network performance analysis. The integration allows the user to analyze bandwidth and throughput (TCP and User Datagram Protocol [UDP]) as well as jitter and lost datagram from within the Wi-Fi Analyzer user interface. Nine new 802.11n WLAN network performance alarms: The Wi-Fi Analyzer 8.0 release comes with nine new alarms specifically designed for the 802.11n WLAN. It alerts network professionals to some of the common problems that affect the performance of an 802.11n WLAN, providing detailed description of each problem and recommendations for solving the problems. The following is a list of the alarms with brief descriptions: Overlapping Legacy BSS Condition (OLBC) exists on channel OLBC detected on channel not implementing protection mechanisms Nonrequired protection mechanism detected Access point operating in mixed mode Mixed-mode access point not implementing protection mechanisms Greenfield-capable Basic Service Set (BSS) operating in mixed mode Quality of service (QoS) disabled on 802.11n AP 40-MHz channel mode detected in 2.4-GHz spectrum Enabled access point ignoring legacy devices
Integration with Windows wireless configuration: This feature allows you to take advantage of the Windows wireless profiles that have been created in Windows and use them directly with Wi-Fi Analyzer active tools. This feature applies to Microsoft Windows XP and Microsoft Vista operating systems only in this release. The configuration and modification of the wireless profiles can only be done inside Windows operating systems. Integration of Wi-Fi Analyzer with Windows Wireless Configuration on Windows XP operating system requires an 802.11n wireless network adapter and the Microsoft Core XML Services (MSXML 6.0) and Microsoft Wireless LAN API (KB918997) installed on the system on which Wi-Fi Analyzer is used. Redesigned Interference screen: The redesigned Interference screen uses a new algorithm to calculate the interference scores based on 802.11 spectrum masks. In addition, the Interference screen can display data for 40-MHz channels. Channel Occupancy: This Wi-Fi Analyzer 8.0 release includes a new data display option on the Channel screen, Channel Occupancy, which shows in real time the state of occupancy of all available channels. It provides a simple and straightforward way for you to know which channels are in use and which channels you should choose if you want to select a channel for better signal quality.
2-87
www.CareerCert.info
A Site Survey Kit

This topic describes the components in a site survey kit. A site survey kit should contain all the equipment needed to perform a site survey.
Access Point Selection

2.4-GHz and 5-GHz access points:
Supporting remote antennas: RP-TNC Cisco Aironet 1240 Series AP Cisco Aironet 1250 Series AP Supporting only internal antennas: Cisco Aironet 1130 Series AP Cisco Aironet 1140 Series AP
CUWSS v1. 02-9
The site survey engineer should always carry more than one device of each model that is needed in the survey. Many engineers have had a mishap with their only device, resulting in downtime during the survey. An extra access point or client device allows the survey to continue without needing to wait for a spare to be shipped. Access points that have RF connectors give the site survey engineer the option of using a variety of antennas to overcome coverage problems or mounting issues. The 2.4-GHz and 5GHz antenna ports of the Cisco Aironet 1240 and 1250 Series Access Points have reversepolarity threaded Neill-Concelmans (RP-TNCs). The Cisco Aironet 1130AG and 1140AG Series Access Points do not have an RP-TNC, which limits the site survey engineer to the dBi of the internal antenna design for the specified access point.
2-88
www.CareerCert.info
Survey with Correct Equipment

If the customer is purchasing a Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Point, survey with that access point. Ensure that the access point is IOS autonomous, not lightweight. Lightweight access points do not currently support any survey capability. Analyze the client devices that are intended to be used at the facility: Many clients support lower transmit power levels than the Cisco WLAN cards. Power settings on the access point should be set at half or less than half of the maximum of the client. If the facility is to support multiple protocols (802.11a/g/n), a separate survey should be performed with the appropriate client for each protocol supported.
Before you begin surveying, it is important to understand what the customer applications will require for bandwidth and range. This information can make a difference in what technology will work best for the site. Use the access point that supports the required technology, 802.11a, 802.11g, or 802.11n. For Radio Resource Management (RRM) to work with the controller-based architecture, the power setting of the access point should be half or less than half of the maximum power setting of the client that is to be supported. If the facility is to support multiple protocols (802.11a, 802.11g, or 802.11n), a separate survey should be performed with the appropriate client for each protocol supported. Surveying once for multiple protocols is not recommended.
2-89
www.CareerCert.info
Client Devices
Client devices: PC cards Embedded laptop radios
CUWSS v1.02-11
A survey kit should contain at least one of each type of client device. This kit should include a laptop with an embedded radio (802.11a, 802.11g, or 802.11n), although the performance might be different from that of a CardBus card due to antenna variations. The device that represents the worst-case performance should be selected. In most cases, this device is either the laptop with an embedded radio or a device with a CardBus card.
Note At the time this course was written, there was limited support for AirMagnet Survey PRO 802.11n clients for the 802.11n site surveys. AirMagnet offered an 802.11a/g/n client that was supported by AirMagnet Survey PRO, and this client was used in the development of this course.
2-90
www.CareerCert.info
Antennas
Two of every antenna you might have to use. Use diversity antennas. Cisco offers a wide selection of antennas.
CUWSS v1.02-12
There is no single antenna that is perfect for all applications; therefore, a variety of antennas should be offered. The customer, in many cases, dictates antenna choice and placement. A customer might not want the antenna to be visible, or might want it to be located in a hightraffic area. By carrying a variety of antennas, the site survey engineer is prepared for any situation. The minimum collection of antennas should include (but is not limited to) the following:
2.4-GHz Antennas
2.0-dBi Ceiling Mount Diversity Antenna (AIR-ANT5959) 2.2-dBi Rubber Dipole Antenna (AIR-ANT4941) 2.2-dBi Diversity Omnidirectional Ceiling-Mounted Antenna (AIR-ANT3351) 5.2-dBi Mast-Mounted Antenna (AIR-ANT2506) 5.2-dBi Omnidirectional Ceiling-Mounted Antenna (AIR-ANT1728) 5.2-dBi Diversity Omnidirectional Pillar-Mounted Antenna (AIR-ANT3213) 6.0-dBi Wall Mount Indoor/Outdoor Directional Patch Antenna (AIR-ANT1729) 6.0-dBi Diversity Patch Wall-Mounted Antenna (AIR-ANT2012) 8.5-dBi Hemispherical Patch Antenna (AIR-ANT3549) 10.0-dBi Yagi Mast-Mounted Antenna (AIR-ANT2410Y-R) 13.5-dBi Yagi Mast-Mounted Antenna (AIR-ANT1949)
5-GHz Antennas
5-dBi/9-dBi Integrated RM21A Antenna Omnidirectional/Patch 3.5-dBi Omnidirectional Antenna (AIR-ANT5135D-R) 4.5-dBi Indoor Only Omnidirectional Mast or Ceiling Mountable (AIR-ANT5145V-R)
www.CareerCert.info
6.0-dBi Indoor/Outdoor Use Omnidirectional Mast or Ceiling Mountable (AIRANT5160V-R) 7.0-dBi Diversity Patch Indoor/Outdoor Wall Mountable (AIR-ANT5170P-R) 9.5-dBi Patch Indoor/Outdoor Wall or Articulating Mount Mountable (AIR-ANT5195P-R) An engineer who knows that a special antenna is required for a particular site survey should be certain to include that antenna in the kit for that specific site. Site survey engineers should always survey with the antenna that the client intends to use. If using diversity antennas, the engineer should carry two of every antenna unless the antenna is especially made to support diversity and contains two antennas. Do not use a different antenna and attempt to estimate the coverage. The site survey is being performed to take the guesswork out of the installation.
2-92
www.CareerCert.info
Battery Pack and Cables

Battery pack Charger Spare laptop battery and charger RJ-45 to DB-9 rollover cable
CUWSS v1.02-13
Access points require power to operate. There will not always be power available nearby when you are performing a site survey. A good battery pack lasts for at least eight hours, allowing the engineer to survey all day without having to recharge. Also recommended is a fast charger for the site survey tool. If a laptop is used, spare battery packs that can be charged separately from the laptop are always recommended. Wireless PC cards require a constant source of power while you are surveying and can reduce battery life to less than two hours.
2-93
www.CareerCert.info
Measuring Devices
Measuring wheel (for horizontal distances) Height measurement Rope marked in 10-foot or 3-meter increments (for vertical distances)
CUWSS v1.02-14
To provide the customer with the details that are needed to bid for the installation, the engineer must provide many measurements in the site survey report. These measurements need to be as accurate as possible. If the engineer guesses the Category 5 cable run to be 300 feet (91 meters), and it turns out to be 380 feet (116 meters), the customer will be very unsatisfied. The kit should include a measuring wheel for measuring cable distances. Many engineers include more-advanced equipment, such as laser measuring devices and range finders. These are viable options, but a measuring wheel is usually adequate. For measuring vertical distances, a rope marked in 10-foot (3-meter) increments allows the engineer to accurately judge distances from floor to ceiling. (Counting floor tiles or ceiling tiles is not a good measurement of distance.)
2-94
www.CareerCert.info
Digital Camera
Easiest way to document unusual situations Need to photograph antenna mounting locations and methods
CUWSS v1.02-15
It is always best to photograph any unusual situations that you find while performing site surveys. These situations could consist of moving or retractable walls, shelving locations, overhead cranes, and so on. All antenna mounting methods and locations should be photographed and incorporated into the site survey document because the surveyor might not do the actual installation work.
2-95
www.CareerCert.info
Mounting Tools
Mounting bracket Mounting solutions: Velcro Beam clamps Zip ties Secure the access point!
CUWSS v1.02-16
The site survey engineer should always carry an access point mounting bracket (when available). The kit should also contain various mounting solutions for the bracket, such as beam clamps and C-clamps, as well as mounting brackets for each antenna (when available). Zip ties, duct tape, bailing wire, electrical tape, two-sided tape, hook-and-loop tape (such as Velcro), and paper clips are common components in the kit of a good engineer. During a survey there is no bad mounting solution except the solution that does not properly secure the access point, battery pack, and antenna. A bad mount not only might damage the equipment but also risks injuring the engineer or others when the equipment comes crashing down.
2-96
www.CareerCert.info
Access Point Marking Locators

Mark access point and antenna locations. Bright colored survey tape works well where access points are going to be beam mounted in the ceiling. Bright colors. Durable but easily removed.
CUWSS v1.02-17
After the access point placement is determined, it is necessary to mark the location. Location markers should be very bright and should be resistant to dust, grease, and water. Surveyor tape works very well and comes in a variety of bright colors. Brightly colored signs allow the engineer not only to mark the location of an access point but also to give some detail about how the access point should be configured and mounted, as well as providing a point of reference to anyone reading the site survey report. Markers should be sturdy but temporary.
2-97
www.CareerCert.info
Travel Case
Portable travel case Sufficiently padded Checkable as luggage Quick deployment
CUWSS v1.02-18
The most important part of a site survey is the site survey kit. No matter how talented the engineer might be, it is impossible to perform a site survey without the proper tools. It is recommended that a site survey kit be a portable unit. For ease of use, a hard plastic case that rolls and can be checked as luggage is the best and most common package. Often site surveys are requested on very short notice. With the ability to carry the case in the trunk or backseat of a car, and to check it as luggage, the engineer can travel with the equipment. This ease of use solves the problem of the kit being lost or detained when shipped. It also allows for quick deployment by an engineer.
2-98
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco Wireless Site Survey Kit

Cisco Wireless In-Building Site Survey Kit: Airline-approved travel case Custom-cut foam inserts Inventory includes the following: Access points with RP-TNC connectors: 2.4 and 5 GHz Cisco 802.11a/b/g CardBus Adapter AirMagnet 802.11a/b/g/n card (optional) 2-dBi and 3-dBi dual-band rubber dipole antenna 2-dBi Diversity Omni2.4 GHz 4.5-dBi Diversity Omni5 GHz
TerraWave Solutions offers a Cisco Wireless In-Building Site Survey Kit. Designed to provide system engineers with cutting-edge survey capabilities, the In-Building Site Survey Kit is loaded with accessories crucial to performing professional site surveys. The airline-approved travel case has custom-cut foam inserts to protect and organize each individual item. The Cisco Wireless In-Building Site Survey Kit weighs less than 65 pounds (29.5 kilograms) and has wheels and a handle that make it easy to travel with to any customer site. The kit contains the following: Access point with two RP-TNC connectors 1230AG, 1240AG, or 1250AG Series Access Points 5-GHz radio module RM-22A (optional) with 1230AG Series Access Points Cisco 802.11a/b/g CardBus Adapter AirMagnet 802.11a/b/g/n CardBus Adapter (Optional) 2-dBi and 3-dBi Dual Band Rubber Dipole Antennas 2-dBi Diversity Omni 2.4 GHz 4.5-dBi Diversity Omni 5 GHz
2-99
www.CareerCert.info
Cisco Wireless Site Survey Kit (Cont.)

6-dBi omni antenna5 GHz 5.2-dBi omni mast mount2.4 GHz 6.5-dBi diversity patch2.4 GHz 8.5-dBi hemispherical patch antenna 2.4 GHz 13.5-dBi Yagi antenna2.4 GHz Site survey battery pack with PoE cables Variable attenuators Measuring wheel Access point location markers Accessory kit (duct tape, zip ties, Velcro, pens, colored tape rolls, and more) Optional AirMagnet Survey software
CUWSS v1.02-20
More Cisco Wireless In-Building Site Survey Kit contents are as follows: 6-dBi Omni Antenna 5 GHz 5.2-dBi Omni Mast Mount 2.4 GHz 6.5-dBi Diversity Patch 2.4 GHz 8.5-dBi Hemispherical Patch Antenna 2.4 GHz 13.5-dBi Yagi Antenna 2.4 GHz Site survey battery pack with Power over Ethernet (PoE) cables Variable attenuators Measuring wheel Access Point Location Marking Locators Accessory kit (duct tape, zip ties, hook-and-loop tape, pens, colored tape rolls, and more) Optional AirMagnet Survey software Contact your nearest Cisco representative for complete details.
2-100
www.CareerCert.info
Summary
Summary
A variety of software tools are available to perform a site survey. The Cisco WSC planning tool can predict access point count and placement for proposed Wi-Fi applications (data, voice and locationbased services). You should perform a Layer 1 sweep with Cisco Spectrum Expert before conducting a site survey, to identify any RF interferers. AirMagnet Site Survey PRO is an excellent survey tool for performing surveys for 802.11a/g/n. Site survey kits contain a variety of temporary fastening devices and antennas.
CUWSS v1.02-21
2-101
www.CareerCert.info
2-102
www.CareerCert.info
Lesson 4
Defining Site Survey Documentation

Overview
A reliable WLAN deployment begins with a site survey to assess the environment and determine the best placement and RF configuration of access points to meet specific requirements. Wireless site surveys are critical for designing proper coverage areas for a WLAN solution. The pre-site survey document contains questions used to gather customer network information for the WLAN. The purpose is to gather as much information as possible about the requirements of the customer to properly scope a WLAN survey project that meets the needs of the customer. The information is necessary for project planning and for putting together a best-fit services package for WLAN survey, design, planning, implementation, and support. A site survey report consists of the documented results of the RF site survey performed at the facility of the customer to determine access point and antenna placement as well as any additional requirements such as power.
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to define the contents of site survey documentation. This ability includes being able to meet these objectives: Describe the contents of a preassessment form Describe the contents of a site survey report
www.CareerCert.info
Preassessment Form
This topic describes the contents of a preassessment form. When the decision has been made to conduct a site survey, the customer should complete a site survey preassessment form to help determine the length and type of survey, what equipment will be needed, and what questions the engineer will need to ask during the walk through the facility.
Collect Pre-Site Survey Documentation

Customer contact information: Customer name and billing address Primary customer engineering contact Secondary customer engineering contact Name Title Desk phone Mobile phone Email
CUWSS v1. 02-2
Customer contact information should include company name, billing address, and at least two contacts, one primary and one secondary. Contact information should include name, title, desk phone, mobile phone, and email addresses. Customer Name and Billing Address
Name: Address:
Primary Customer Engineering Contact

Name: Title: Desk Phone: Mobile Phone: Email:
2-104
www.CareerCert.info
Secondary Customer Engineering Contact
Name: Title: Desk Phone: Mobile Phone: Email:
2-105
www.CareerCert.info
WLAN Objectives
What is the objective for this WLAN project? Data application Voice application Location application Is outdoor mesh wireless a requirement? Is indoor mesh wireless a requirement? Is 802.11n a requirement? Is rogue access point detection functionality a requirement? What is the expected business impact and enhancement? Briefly describe future plans and growth for the wired and wireless infrastructure that might affect the design. What is the customer engineers RF and Cisco Unified Wireless Network experience?
WLAN objective questions identify the WLAN project scope of the project. This covers the business goals and technical objectives and provides an understanding of the physical environment in preparation for an RF site survey. The WLAN objectives portion of the form should include the following information: What are the main objectives for this WLAN project? Data application? Voice application? Location application?
Is outdoor mesh wireless a requirement? Is indoor mesh wireless a requirement? Is IEEE 802.11n a requirement? Is rogue access point detection functionality a requirement? What is the expected business impact and enhancement? Briefly describe future plans and growth for the wired or wireless infrastructure that might affect the design. What is the customer engineers RF and Cisco Unified Wireless Network experience?
2-106
www.CareerCert.info
Physical Information and Building Size

Building floor plans are required in electronic format for the facility. Has an RF site survey ever been performed before? What are the building names? What are the building addresses? What is the approximate building size in square feet or meters? How many floors are there? What is the approximate square feet (or meters) per floor? What is the approximate number of users and users per floor? How are the external walls constructed? How are the internal walls constructed? What is the floor layout?
CUWSS v1. 02-4
The physical location and building size portion of the form should include the following information: Please provide an electronic version of the current building floor plans. Has a RF site survey ever been performed on this building? Is there a site survey report or other documentation available? What are the building names? What are the building addresses? What is the approximate building size in square feet or meters? How many floors are there? What is the approximate square feet (or meters) per floor? What is the approximate number of users and users per floor? How are the external walls constructed (glass, brick, stone, stucco)? How are the internal walls constructed (aluminum studs, drywall, brick)? What is the floor layout (cubicles, call center, offices, warehouse, mailroom, network room)?
2-107
www.CareerCert.info
Physical Location and Building Size (Cont.)

What is the ceiling type? (drop tile, other) What is the ceiling height? How many network closets per floor (how many, location, power available?) Will the access points be powered via AC power, injectors, or PoE? Are there any special construction or installation limitations? Are there any 2.4-GHz or 5-GHz cordless telephones in the building? Are there any known sources of RF interference?
CUWSS v1. 02-5
The physical location and building size portion of the form should include the following information (continued): What is the ceiling type (drop tile, other)? What is the ceiling height? How many network closets are there per floor? Will the access points be powered with AC power, injectors, or Power over Ethernet (PoE)? Are the any special construction or installation limitations? Are there any 2.4-GHz or 5-GHz cordless telephones in the building? Are there any known sources of RF interference?
2-108
www.CareerCert.info
Physical Location and Building Size (Cont.)

Who is the building access contact? Are there any restrictions for access point placement? Does the survey engineer need to be escorted? Are there any clothing attire considerations? Are there restrictions on work hours? Are there any special training requirements to work onsite? Orientation Safety training
CUWSS v1. 02-6
The physical location and building size portion of the form should include the following information (continued): Who is the building access contact? Are there any restrictions for access point placement? Does the survey engineer need to be escorted? Are there any clothing or attire considerations? Are there restrictions on work hours? Are there any special training requirements to work onsite?
2-109
www.CareerCert.info
Client Devices
What is the estimated number of concurrent enterprise wireless users? What type of WLAN cards will be used? External or internal laptop cards: What is the make and the model of the laptop? What operating system will be used in the laptop? What type of security is required?
CUWSS v1. 02-7
The client devices portion of the form should include the following information: What is the estimated number of concurrent enterprise wireless users? What type of WLAN cards will be used? External or internal laptop cards? What is the make and the model of the laptop? What operating system will be used in the laptop? What type of security is required?
2-110
www.CareerCert.info
Client Devices (Cont.)

What types of W LAN PCI cards (desktop) will be used? What is the make and model of the desktop? What operating system will be used by the desktop? What type of security is required? What types of W LAN-capable PDAs will be used? What is the make and model of the PDA? What operating system will be used by the PDA? What is the supplicant to be used? What type of security is required?
CUWSS v1. 02-8
The client devices portion of the form should include the following information (continued): What types of WLAN Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) cards (desktop) will be used? What is the make and model of the desktop? What operating system will be used by the desktop? What type of security is required? What is the make and model of the PDAs? What operating system will be used by the PDAs? What is the supplicant to be used? What type of security is required?
What types of WLAN-capable personal digital assistants (PDAs) will be used?
2-111
www.CareerCert.info
Client Devices (Cont.)

What types of W LAN RF bar code scanners will be used? What types of W LAN-capable phones will be used? What types of RFID-capable devices will be used? Will active or passive RFID tag scanning be used? What is the estimated number of wireless phones that will be used per floor? Will there be wireless guest users? What is the estimated number of concurrent wireless guest users? If the client supports 5-GHz channels, which channels is it capable of?
CUWSS v1. 02-9
The client devices portion of the form should include the following information (continued): What types of WLAN RF bar code scanners will be used? What types of WLAN-capable phones will be used? What types of radio frequency identification (RFID)-capable device will be used? Will active or passive RFID tag scanning be used? What is the estimated number of wireless phones that will be used per floor? Will there be wireless guest users? What is the estimated number of concurrent wireless guest users? If the client supports 5-GHz channels, which channels is it capable of?
2-112
www.CareerCert.info
Network Infrastructure
What is the general topology of the network? Obtain a topology overview diagram illustrating the full network, as well as a text description of the components of the architecture, if available. What type of switches are currently used or planned for the access layer? Model Inline PoE Quantity What models of access points are installed or planned (if known)? Are there configuration files for access points or controllers?
CUWSS v1.02-10
Knowing the network infrastructure and the access layer where access points will be located is important information required to design and to forecast any additional infrastructure requirements that might be needed to support the WLAN design. Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Points and controllers require gigabit ports to connect to the network. In addition, PoE for Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Points is currently Cisco proprietary. The network infrastructure portion of the form should include the following information:
Network Infrastructure What is the general topology of the network infrastructure? (Include a topology overview diagram illustrating the full network, as well as a text description of the components of the architecture, if available.)
What type of switches are currently used or planned for the access layer? Model Inline PoE [ ] Yes [ ] No Quantity
What models of APs are installed/planned (if known)?
Installed / Planned
Model
Firmware
Radio A B G X N
Quantity
Planned
Example: Cisco Aironet 1250 Series AP
12.2(13)JA3
10
Representative configuration files for access points and/or controller?
2-113
www.CareerCert.info
Site Survey Report

This topic describes the contents of a site survey report. The site survey report, created after the physical site survey has been completed, contains the information the customer needs to move forward in installing the WLAN.
Site Survey Report

Project contact list Customer name and address (Corporation): Name Title Telephone Email Your contact information: Name Title Telephone Email Document acceptance signoff page
Project Contact List

Listed in this section are the primary contacts involved in or contacted during the creation of this document.
<Customer Name> Corporation

<Customer Name> Contacts
Name Title Telephone Email
<Partner Name>
<Partner Name> Contacts Name Title Telephone Email
2-114
www.CareerCert.info
Document Acceptance
Name Title Company Name Title Company
Signature
Signature
Date
Date
2-115
www.CareerCert.info
Executive Summary
Key observations: Customer location description; building size in feet or meters Description of present network equipment; wireless or otherwise, number of access points, applications to be supported Describe potential sources of interference or factors that might affect the WLAN Describe RF systems installed at site if applicable (cordless phones, microwave ovens) and frequencies that might impact proposed deployment
CUWSS v1.02-12
A reliable WLAN deployment begins with a site survey to assess the environment and determine the best placement and RF configuration of access points to meet specific requirements. (Partner Name) has been engaged to perform WLAN site survey for a WLAN deployment for (Customer Name) at (Customer Location). This report presents the survey finding and a high-level design for the selected coverage areas. The key observations portion of the report should include the following information: Customer location description; for example, building size, area in square feet or meters, physical address, and so on). Description of present network equipment, wireless or otherwise; for example, the number of access points, wireless standard used, IEEE 802.11X, and so on. Indicate applications supported or to be supported. For example, data, voice, video, and location-based services. Description of potential sources of interference or factors that might affect WLAN performance; for example, rogue access points and ad hoc clients. Description of RF systems installed at the site, if applicable, and frequencies that might impact the proposed deployment.
2-116
www.CareerCert.info
Executive Summary (Cont.)

Key recommendations: Specify number of access points recommended to support applications such as voice, data, and location-based services. Specify existing WLAN devices, access points, and so on. Recommend integration into the new WLAN solution. Recommend wireless security solution, depending on client capabilities. The <Customer Name> information technology team should carefully evaluate this document and all referenced documents to validate that the design recommendations and assumptions meet <customer name> requirements and constraints.
CUWSS v1.02-13
The key recommendations portion of the report should include the following information: Specify number of access points recommended to support voice or data in the defined coverage area. Specify existing WLAN devices and access points, if applicable. Recommend either integration of existing WLAN into the new WLAN solution, if applicable, or how existing WLAN should be managed relative to the new WLAN solution. Recommend a wireless client security solution, with standards-based security; specific solution to be determined, depending on the capabilities of the client devices to be utilized. The (Customer Name) information technology team should carefully evaluate this document and all referenced documents to validate that the design recommendations and assumptions meet (Customer Name) requirements and constraints.
2-117
www.CareerCert.info
Business Profile and Site Description

Provide a description of the customers business and project site or sites. Indicate physical factors that might affect the scope of the proposed project. Indicate if there is an existing WLAN technology at the site and explain how it supports the customers objectives. Describe where and how the WLAN site survey was conducted. Describe any current WLAN deployment at the site, including access points and related equipment. Provide technical configurations of the present equipment and whether the customers goals are being met.
CUWSS v1.02-14
The business profile and site description portion of the report should include the following information: Provide a description of the customer, the business address of the customer, and the project site. Indicate physical factors such as the project site that might affect the proposed solution. Indicate if there is an existing WLAN technology operational at the site; explain how the present system supports the objectives and requirements of the customer; and identify any gaps (delta) related to the needs of the customer. Describe where and how the wireless site survey was conducted (customer location, building use by customer, organizations that occupy the site, and so on). Describe any current WLAN deployed at the site, including access points, related equipment, and design objectives. Provide technical configurations of the present equipment, and explain whether customer goals for performance are being met.
2-118
www.CareerCert.info
WLAN Requirements
Define WLAN requirements of the customer: Data Voice Location-based services Recommend proposed signal levels: Signal strength in dBm SNR Recommend percent of RF overlap per access point Indicate standards to be supported, such as 802.3af, 802.1X, and so on Explain how recommended coverage will meet customer expectations
CUWSS v1.02-15
The WLAN requirements portion of the report should include the following information: Define the WLAN requirements of the customer. Indicate what will be supported and how these requirements differ from the present network (WLAN or otherwise). Provide recommended signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Indicate recommended standards to be supported; for example, 802.11X. What are the gaps between the existing system and the proposed system? Explain how recommended coverage will meet customer requirements.
2-119
www.CareerCert.info
Site Survey Methodology

State the goals for the WLAN site survey Define coverage of facility Define capacity clients per access point and access point density The methodology used for the survey to reach these goals is based on: Detailed review of building and floor plans Identification of design targets, such as required signal strength and data rates Placement of test access points in proposed locations Determination of RF propagation Measurement of attenuation of walls and obstructions Recommendations for access point and antenna placement
CUWSS v1.02-16
State the goals of the WLAN site survey; for example, determine placement and RF configuration of wireless access points for sufficient coverage and capacity required for enduser applications. Define the coverage and the ability of wireless clients to connect to an access point with signal strength and quality sufficient to overcome effects of RF interference. Define the capacity of the clients for each access point, the cell size, and the implications of WLAN as a shared medium, as well as the number of access points. The methodology used for the site survey to reach these goals is based on a standard WLAN survey process that includes the following: Detailed review of building floor plans and identification of the coverage requirements for WLAN implementation. Identify design targets such as required signal strength and data rates. Identify potential interference sources in the designated band. Place test access points in proposed locations. Determine propagation characteristics and coverage. Measure attenuation of certain types of walls and obstructions. Recommend access point and antenna placement based on RF measurements, WLAN design requirements, and predictive analysis using advanced network modeling tools. Recommendations in this document reflect the environment as it existed at the time of the survey. Due to various internal and external factors, the RF environment can change over time. As a result, the recommendations provided in this document will need to be changed, if any changes to the environment occur.
2-120
www.CareerCert.info
RF Environment
Provide a list of common examples of RF noise and interference with an explanation of each: Co-channel and adjacent channel interference Microwave ovens Cordless telephones Medical equipment
CUWSS v1.02-17
The following information about RF environment, interference sources, and mitigation can be utilized as appropriate to the customer and the proposed solution. While unlicensed spectrum is very attractive (because there are no licensing fees to use it), organizations implementing this technology must factor in the potential performance degradation associated with ambient interference. In general, there are no restrictions on the types of devices that operate in unlicensed bands provided that they all conform to a common set of rules. Because the 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz bands are unlicensed, they are available for anyone to use. WLAN interference can come from a number of sources. Common examples of RF noise and interference are listed in the following table:
2-121
www.CareerCert.info
Source Co-channel and adjacent channel interference Description The most common source for this type of interference is misconfigured infrastructure access points, rogue access points, and ad hoc WLANs. Neighboring wireless devices might also be sources of interference. Mitigation Proper network planning can mitigate this type of interference. Only a single WLAN infrastructure should be installed at the site. Tenants occupying leased space should be prohibited from installing their own wireless LANs. Interference from rogue access points can be mitigated through a continuous process of identifying possible rogues and through a documented and enforced corporate policy prohibiting rogues. When possible, wireless access points should not be located near microwave ovens.
Microwave ovens
Microwave ovens might be present in break rooms and kitchens. Microwave ovens operate at high power levels and generate a constant RF carrier signal when on. As a result, wireless client devices operating in the vicinity of active microwave ovens can experience reduced throughput or loss of connectivity. This can be most noticeable in older microwave ovens leaking at the door. Over time, leaking can result as people slam the oven door closed. 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz cordless phones share the same operating frequency range as 802.11a/b/g WLANs. As a result, these can be a source of RF interference.
Cordless phones
If cordless telephones must coexist with your WLAN, you should require users to use 900-MHz cordless phones. If this is not possible, separate the AP from the phone base station as far as possible and perform some rudimentary degradation tests. The relative immunity of a medical device to radio interference can depend on when the device was manufactured. Newer devices tend to be designed for more radio immunity than older devices. If applicable to the solution of the customer, strongly recommend that biomedical engineering experts be directly involved, to identify all devices that might be susceptible to radio interference and to quantify the radio immunity of such devices.
Medical equipment
Interference can be caused by a medical device that is not properly hardened from the operating frequencies and power levels of the radio device.
Interference from these, and other sources, adds to the noise floor. The noise floor is a mixture of all the background RF radiation found in the environment surrounding the system in use. The noise floor for typical office environments is generally in the 95 to 90 dBm range, but can be much higher or much lower depending on the environment. RF signals must be higher than the noise floor to be detectible as a valid, useful signal by a receiver. RF noise measurements are usually performed as part of a site survey. The presence of an active WLAN at a site affects accurate measurement. Environments change over time, which influences the amount of RF interference. Noise floor reduction requires continuous identification and management of interference sources. Cisco Spectrum Expert should be used before performing the site survey to identify any interference problems that could impact the survey and the proposed WLAN.
2-122
www.CareerCert.info
Rogue Access Points

During the Layer 1 sweep with Cisco Spectrum Expert, identify any rogue access points List the rogue access points found in the site survey report Educate the customer as to why these rogue devices can cause problems such as: Opens up the network to unauthorized users Causes co-channel or adjacent-channel interference
CUWSS v1.02-18
The following information on rogue access points can be utilized in this site survey report as appropriate. Rogue access points are access points that have been installed on an enterprise network without the authorization of the enterprise information technology department. Most rogue access points are not installed securely and can be used by outsiders to gain access to an enterprise network. Some of the shortcomings of most rogue AP installations are: They often use well-known manufacturer default settings that provide little or no security. They do not have any encryption enabled. They are often not capable of deploying enterprise security (802.1X authentication and Advanced Encryption Standard [AES] encryption). The result of these security shortcomings is that outsiders have a method to connect to the enterprise network without the need to first bypass physical security mechanisms such as locked doors, security guards, and vigilant employees. Outsiders might want to gain WLAN access for the following purposes: To gain free access to the Internet (via the enterprise network connection). To gain access to the enterprise network, possibly to launch attacks on other enterprise resources such as servers containing confidential information or running mission-critical applications. To observe confidential enterprise WLAN traffic. In addition to the security risk posed by these devices, rogue access points are a source of cochannel and adjacent channel RF interference, which degrades the performance of the enterprise WLAN. The following RF scans are recommended for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) rogue access points operating in the 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz frequency ranges. The following possible rogue access points were detected at the time of the survey:
www.CareerCert.info
Rogue Access Point Example
Manufacturer Manufacturer 1 Manufacturer 2 Manufacturer 3 Radio 802.11g 802.11b 802.11a Channel 1 11 149 MAC Address MAC address 1 MAC address 2 MAC address 3 SSID Rogue 1 Rogue 2 Rogue 3 Security None None None Clients 3 0 1
If there is no business justification for these access points, they should be immediately disconnected from the network. Doing this will improve overall network security and reduce RF interference with nearby infrastructure access points. If, however, these access points do serve a required business function, you should investigate the possibility of integrating the application into the existing corporate WLAN infrastructure. If for any reason the application cannot be supported over the existing infrastructure, immediate steps should be take to secure these access points, including changing the default administrator access, changing the default Service Set Identifier (SSID), disabling broadcast SSID, enabling authentication and encryption (if enterprise authentication and encryption is available), and limiting access to the wired network via VLANs or access control lists (ACLs).
2-124
www.CareerCert.info
Access Point Recommendations

Visual output of AirMagnet for floor surveyed This should show: Signal level Data rate SNR Channel interference Data retries Data lost Access point location as surveyed
CUWSS v1.02-19
AirMagnet can generate multiple views of the floor plan to display: Signal level Data rate SNR Channel interference Data retries Data lost Access point location as surveyed At a minimum, the floor plan in the site survey report should show access point location and appropriate signal level that you surveyed for, for each floor surveyed.
2-125
www.CareerCert.info
Access Point Placement Description

Use objects in the facility and other identifiers to explain precisely where access points are to be located. Be very specific when describing access point locations. Do not use objects or markers that might be temporary.
CUWSS v1.02-20
When describing access point locations, you should be as specific as possible. You should use objects in the facility and other identifiers to explain exactly where each access point is to be located. If the access point is to be located in an aisle, you must specify which aisle, and where that area is located in the facility. You should also specify exactly how the access point is to be mounted. If the location is marked, you need to describe what was used to mark the location. This way the installer knows what to look for and does not have to guess. Even more important than specifying the access point location, you must specify with as much exactitude as possible where the antenna is to be located. On the wall above the doorway is not enough. On the wall above the doorway, two feet left of EXIT sign is a better explanation. You should not use objects that might be temporary as markers. If the object has moved before the installer arrives, the installer might not be able to find the location and might mount the antenna in the wrong location.
2-126
www.CareerCert.info
Access Point Antenna Orientation

Antenna orientation Not all installers are familiar with the different types of antennas. The more directional an antenna, the more important the orientation description. Take a picture of the access point and antenna orientation at the time of survey and include it in your report.
CUWSS v1.02-21
As site survey engineer, you need to describe antenna orientation. If the antenna is omnidirectional, you might mention that it is to be mounted vertically, with the cable at the top. Not all installers will be familiar with the equipment and how it is designed to be mounted. If the antenna is directional, describe the direction in which it should be oriented. A patch antenna might be described as facing north or directed at the nursing station at the end of the hall. The more directional the antenna, the more important is the level of detail of the description.
2-127
www.CareerCert.info
Other Access Point Information

The report should also include: Proper access point and antenna mounting How the access point will be powered Proposed cabling runs back to each wiring closet for each access point Any additional components required for installation
CUWSS v1.02-22
You should include sections in the report that discuss proper mounting of the access points and antennas, and detail the specifications for providing power to the access points. You should describe the proposed cabling runs (power and networking), including where and how they will attach to each system. The report should list the system components, the network media type, and the components that are recommended for connecting the access points to the network. You should also list any additional WLAN components proposed for that installation and discuss the network topology and the planned implementation of the WLAN topology.
2-128
www.CareerCert.info
Equipment List
The site survey report should contain an equipment list that includes: Number and type of access points required Number and type of antennas required Number and type of any special antenna mounts Any additional accessories or network components needed to connect access points and controllers to the network Total amount of feet or meters of network data cable needed to connect access points to the network
CUWSS v1.02-23
The site survey report should also contain a list of the parts that will be needed. This list should include the following: The total number of access points for the installation and a recommendation that spares be kept on hand in case of emergency. The total number and type of antennas and mounting solutions that are needed. Any additional network components (switches, power injectors, media converters, and so on) that have been proposed, if possible. Some site engineers go as far as to list the amount of network cabling that will be needed for the job and to make recommendations on the type of cabling to be used. This helps on the bid for the network cable installation because the amount of cable and drops are already known. Include diagrams showing the facility, access point locations, and proposed cable runs. Whenever possible, include photographs; a photograph of the access point location or proposed antenna installation makes it very clear how and where the equipment should be installed.
2-129
www.CareerCert.info
Summary
Summary
The type of WLAN and the type of wireless applications must be established prior to commencing an RF site survey. A site survey document includes all information needed to implement the new wireless network design.
CUWSS v1.02-24
2-130
www.CareerCert.info
Module Summary
This topic summarizes the key points that were discussed in this module.
Module Summary
Surveying and designing WLANs for support of data, voice, or location-based services requires an understanding of the different attributes required. Determining the proper WLAN deployment characteristics for a site requires an actual, physical survey of the site. Predictive surveys, though useful for many purposes, cannot determine the interference and environmental aspects of the site, nor can they describe how wireless devices are used by mobile workers. RF site survey tools allow you to define access point placement, to verify coverage after the installation, and to perform ongoing troubleshooting and monitor environments as changes are being made. A site survey kit also contains hardware tools necessary for performing the survey. The pre-site survey document contains questions used to gather customer network information for the WLAN. A site survey report consists of the documented results of the RF site survey.
Different WLAN models have different requirements. Client density drives access point density, which in turn drives controller density in a WLAN design. Location-aware network designs have a different access point layout from that of voice and data networks. Locationaware access point placement requires access points to surround the wireless clients. Highly mobile network designs are required for distribution centers and manufacturing and warehousing facilities. The workers in these environments move throughout the facilities constantly to perform their jobs. Indoor mesh networks are a solution for areas that are difficult or impractical to cable. Indoor mesh solutions can also be in the same network as outdoor mesh solutions, allowing the clients to roam from indoors to outdoors and back indoors. A variety of site survey tools are available that not only predict access point density and placement but also detect RF interference. Access point verification and a live site survey can be performed with AirMagnet Survey PRO, which offers a wealth of information about the RF propagation of an access point. The planning process takes into account all the different attributes of a WLAN and what it will support before the actual RF site survey and design phase. The pre-site survey document gathers customer network information for the WLAN, and then after the physical site survey has been performed, the site survey report documents the results of the RF site survey.
2-131
www.CareerCert.info
2-132
www.CareerCert.info
Module Self-Check
Use the questions here to review what you learned in this module. The correct answers and solutions are found in the Module Self-Check Answer Key. Q1) What is the typical access point separation in data-only WLANs? (Source: Selecting the Proper Survey Model) A) B) C) D) Q2) 90 to 100 feet or 27.5 to 30.5 meters 100 to 110 feet or 30.5 to 33.5 meters 120 to 130 feet or 36.5 to 39.6 meters 130 to 150 feet or 39.6 to 45/7 meters
What is the recommended cell overlap for VoWLAN networks? (Source: Selecting the Proper Survey Model) A) B) C) D) 10 percent 20 percent 30 percent 40 percent
Q3)
When supporting location-based services, access points should be placed in corners of the building. (Source: Selecting the Proper Survey Model) A) B) true false
Q4)
With Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Points, 5-GHz and 2.4-GHz cells are nearly identical in size. (Source: Selecting the Proper Survey Model) A) B) true false
Q5)
For Cisco Aironet 1500 Series Access Points to perform bridging from building to building, what must be enabled? (Source: Selecting the Proper Survey Model) A) B) C) D) point-to-point mode Ethernet bridging point-to-multipoint mode MAP Ethernet port
Q6)
For Cisco Aironet 1500 Series Access Points, where is the lightning protection recommended? (Source: Selecting the Proper Survey Model) A) B) C) D) between the antenna and the bridge on the ground wire lightning protection is not required on the Cisco Aironet 1500 Series APs between the Cisco Aironet 1500 Series APs Ethernet connection and the switch
Q7)
If supporting Vocera Communications Badges, what is the recommended cell edge? (Source: Determining the Proper Deployment Characteristics) A) B) C) D) 65 dBm 67 dBm 69 dBm 71 dBm
2-133
www.CareerCert.info
Q8) Indoor mesh networking requires Ethernet connections for all access points. (Source: Determining the Proper Deployment Characteristics) A) B) Q9) true false
What does the Cisco WCS planning tool not take into account? (Source: Determining the Proper Deployment Characteristics) A) B) C) D) client density throughput access point density unknown environmental factors
Q10)
Which of the following does the Cisco WCS planning tool not predict for? (Source: Specifying the Tools Necessary to Complete a Site Survey) A) B) C) D) data voice video location-based services
Q11)
Which Cisco WCS release supported Cisco Spectrum Expert? (Source: Specifying the Tools Necessary to Complete a Site Survey) A) B) C) D) Cisco WCS release 4.0 Cisco WCS release 4.2 Cisco WCS release 5.0 Cisco WSC release 5.1
Q12)
AirMagnet Survey Standard supports sensor deployment. (Source: Specifying the Tools Necessary to Complete a Site Survey) A) B) true false
Q13)
Which two access points have internal antennas? (Choose two.) (Source: Specifying the Tools Necessary to Complete a Site Survey) A) B) C) D) E) Cisco Aironet 1130 Series Access Points Cisco Aironet 1140 Series Access Points Cisco Aironet 1240 Series Access Points Cisco Aironet 1250 Series Access Points Cisco Aironet 1500 Series Access Points
Q14)
The preassessment form is a fact-gathering sheet required for the planning and design of a WLAN network for the customer. (Source: Defining Site Survey Documentation) A) B) true false
Q15)
The site survey report is part of the planning phase. (Source: Defining Site Survey Documentation) A) B) true false
2-134
www.CareerCert.info
Module Self-Check Answer Key

Q1) Q2) Q3) Q4) Q5) Q6) Q7) Q8) Q9) Q10) Q11) Q12) Q13) Q14) Q15) C B A A B D A B D C B A A, B A B
2-135
www.CareerCert.info
2-136

CUWSS v1.0 Student Guide - Vol1

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

CUWSS v1.0 Student Guide - Vol1

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

www.CareerCert.

Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Students, this letter describes important course evaluation access information!

Prepare for the Site Survey

Identifying Site Survey Requirements for Different Vertical Industries

Identifying Customer Requirements

Identifying Regulatory Issues

Identifying Safety and Aesthetic Requirements

Plan for the Site Survey

Selecting the Proper Survey Model

Determining the Proper Deployment Characteristics

Specifying the Tools Necessary to Complete a Site Survey

Defining Site Survey Documentation

Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Learner Skills and Knowledge

Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey

2009 Cisco S yst ems, Inc . Al l rights reserved.

CUWS S v1. 0-1

Course Goal and Objectives

2009 Cisco S yst ems, Inc . Al l rights reserved.

CUWS S v1. 0-4

Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Conduct the Site Survey

Conduct the Site Survey

Conduct the Site Survey

Assessing the Deployment

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Cisco Icons and Symbols

Lightweight Double-Radio Access Point

WLAN Controller Secure Server PC

Broadband Fixed Wireless Media

Mesh Access Point Route/Switch Processor

Mobile Access Phone

Cisco Glossary of Terms

Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Your Training Curriculum

Cisco Career Certifications

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Cisco Career Certifications

Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Cisco Learning Network

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Prepare for the Site Survey

Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Identifying Site Survey Requirements for Different Vertical Industries

Determining RF Application Requirements

2009 Cisco S ystem s, Inc . Al l rights reserved.

CUWSS v1. 01-2

Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

RF Yesterday and Today: Old School and New School

2009 Cisco S ystem s, Inc . Al l rights reserved.