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Fall 2000
9-1
x(n) X ( z)
then
and
y (n) Y ( z)
x (n) + y (n) X ( z ) + Y ( z )
Shifting:
x(n m) z X ( z)
x ( n ) * y ( n ) X ( z )Y ( z ) a x (n) X ( z / a )
n
Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias
9-2
Convolution:
Scaling:
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(n) 1
Sinusoids:
Sampled Unit-Step:
Exponential Signals:
Fall 2000
z 1
...
b1
z 1
. .. .
bL
+ + ++
..
-. - a1 .
z 1
z 1 ...
a2
z 1
b0
...
aM
y(n) =
b x (n i ) a y ( n i)
i=0 i i =1 i
To write the transfer function put the difference equation in the z-domain
x( n ) X ( z )
and
i
y(n) Y (z )
Y (z) =
Fall 2000
b
i =0
X (z) z
ai Y ( z) z
i =1
9-4
X ( z ) ( bi z
i=0
) = Y ( z ) (1 + a i z
i =1
Y ( z ) b0 + b1 z + ... + bL z H ( z) = = 1 M X ( z ) 1 + a1 z + ... + a M z
H (z) = bi z i 1+
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i =0 M
a
i =1
y (n ) = x (n) * h(n ) Y ( z ) = X ( z ) H ( z )
It can be shown that a transfer function H(z) is related to the impulse response sequence h(n) by:
H (z) =
or
h (n) z n
n=0
h(n ) H ( z )
Fall 2000 Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias
9-6
0.2
z 1
0.8
Step 1: Write the Difference Equation
y ( n ) = 0 . 2 x ( n ) + 0 . 8 y ( n 1)
Step 2: Transform all signals to the z domain
y(n) Y ( z)
x(n) X ( z )
1
y ( n 1) z Y ( z )
Fall 2000 Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias
9-7
Y ( z ) = 0 .2 X ( z ) + 0 .8 z
Y (z)
H ( z ) = b0 + b1 z + ... + bL z
this is also in agreement with
= bi z
i =0
H (z) =
Note that for FIR filters
h (n ) z
n=0
{h ( 0 ),
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h (1 ),..., h ( L ) } = {b 0 , b 1 ,...., b L }
Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias
9-9
z -1
z -1
Direct Form 1
z -1
z -1
3 0.4
x(n) 1
+ +
y(n)
z
1.3
-1
+ 2
Direct Form 2
z
0.4
-1
Fall 2000
9-10