Piof. KANE u. S. TRPC LECT0RE N0TESCIvIL ENuu. BEPT. BATTA NEuBE C0E.N0NBAI 0NI.

2. WORKING STRESS METHOD

Working stress method is based on the behavior of a section under the loads expected to be encountered by it
during its service period. The strength of concrete in the tension zone of the member is neglected although the
concrete does have some strength for direct tension and flexural tension.
The materials, both concrete and steel, are assumed to behave perfectly elastically, that is, stress is assumed to
be linear. The sections that are plane before bending remain plane after bending. Thus the strain, hence the
stress at any point is proportional to the distance of the point from the neutral axis. With this, a triangular stress
distribution in concrete is obtained, ranging from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the compressive face
of the section. It is further assumed in this method that there is perfect bond between the steel and the
surrounding concrete. Since no slipping is to take place at any point between steel and the surrounding concrete,
the strains in both materials at that point are same and hence the ratio of elastic moduli of steel and concrete.
This ratio being known as modular ratio, the method is also called modular ratio method.
In this method, external forces and moments are assumed to be resisted by the internal compressive forces
developed in concrete and tensile resistive forces in steel and the internal resistive couple due to the above two
forces, in concrete acting through the centroid of triangular distribution of the compressive stresses and in steel
acting at the centroid of the tensile reinforcement. The distance between the lines of action of resultant resistive
forces is known as lever arm.
Moments and forces acting on the structure are computed from the service loads. The section of the component
member is proportioned to resist these moments and forces such that the maximum stresses developed in
materials are restricted to a fraction of their true strengths. The factors of safety used in getting maximum
permissible stresses are as follows:
Material Factor of safety
For concrete 3
For steel 1.78
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM ANALYSIS
Assumptions:
The analysis and design of a reinforced concrete member are based on the following assumptions.
i. Concrete is assumed to be homogeneous.
ii. At any cross-section, plane sections before bending remain plane after bending.
iii. The stress-strain relationship for steel is a straight line, under working loads.
iv. Concrete area on tension side is assumed to be ineffective.
v. All tensile stresses are taken up by reinforcement and none by concrete. Except when specially
permitted.
vi. The steel area is assumed to be concentrated at the centroid of the steel.
vii. The modular ratio has the value
280
3c
cbc
where o
cbc
is permissible stress in compression due to bending
in concrete in N/mm
2
as specified in table.


Piof. KANE u. S. TRPC LECT0RE N0TESCIvIL ENuu. BEPT. BATTA NEuBE C0E.N0NBAI 0NI. 2

Permissible stresses in concrete

The stress-strain curve for concrete is shown in fig. The permissible stresses for various grades of concrete
shall be taken as those specified in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1. Permissible stresses in concrete
Grade of
concrete
Permissible stress in Permissible stress in bond (average)for
plain bars in tension compression tension
Bending(o
cbc
)
N/mm
2

Direct(o
cc
)
N/mm
2

o
ct

N/mm
2

bd

N/mm
2

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
M10 3.0 2.5 1.2 -
M15 5.0 4.0 2.0 0.6
M20 7.0 5.0 2.8 0.8
M25 8.5 6.0 3.2 0.9
M30 10.0 8.0 3.6 1.0
M35 11.5 9.0 4.0 1.1
M40 13.0 10.0 4.4 1.2

Fig. 2.1 Stress Strain Curve for Concrete

Table 2.2. Permissible shear stress in concrete
Permissible shear stress in concrete,
c
,
N/mm
2

100A
s
Grade of concrete
b.d
(1)
M15
(2)
M20
(3)
M25
(4)
M30
(5)
M35
(6)
M40
(7)
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 And above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.63
Bond stress for deformed bars:
In the case of deformed bars conforming to IS: 1139-1966 (specifications for hot-rolled mild steel, medium
tensile steel and high strength steel deformed bars for concrete reinforcement) and IS: 1786-1979(specifications
for cold worked steel, high strength deformed bars for concrete reinforcement), the bond stresses given in table
may be increased by 60%.
Permissible stresses in steel reinforcement
The typical stress strain curve for mild steel and high strength deformed bars, i.e., tor steel, is shown in fig.
permissible stresses in steel reinforcement shall not exceed the values specified in table.
Piof. KANE u. S. TRPC LECT0RE N0TESCIvIL ENuu. BEPT. BATTA NEuBE C0E.N0NBAI 0NI. 3

Fig 2.2 Stress-strain curve for steel

Table 2.3 Permissible stress in N/mm
2

Sl.
no
Types of stress in steel
reinforcement
Permissible stress in N/mm
2
HYSD
Fe 415
Mild steel bar Medium tensile steel
1 Tension (
st
or
sv
) Upto 20 mm
Above 20mm
140
130
190
190
230
230
2 Compression in column (
sc
) 130 130 190
3 Compression in beam or slab (
sc
)
Comp resi.of conc taken in account
The calculated comp. stress in the surrounding conc. multip-
lied by 1.5 times the modular ratio or
sc
whichever is lower
4 Compression in beam or slab (
sc
)
Comp resi.of conc not taken in account
Upto 20 mm
Above 20mm


140
130


190
190


190
190
Position of neutral axis
Neutral axis is the axis at which the stresses are zero in the section. The areas above and below it are subjected
to compressive and tensile stresses respectively in the case of simply supported beams with vertical loads acting
downwards while reverse in the case when the beam is a cantilever. Locating the position of neutral axis is of
great importance to the structural engineer. This helps in knowing the amount of strains both in concrete and
steel. The position of neutral axis in a section can be found by either of the following two ways depending upon
the situation.
1. Position of neutral axis when stresses developed in the section are known:
Consider a beam section with overall dimensions as b, the width, and d, the overall depth of the section. Let the
effective depth be d as shown in Fig.2.2 X is the distance of neutral axis (N.A.) from farthest compression
fiber.
Let e
c
= maximum strain in concrete.
e
s
= maximum strain at the centroid of the steel.
o
cbc
= maximum compressive stress in concrete, in bending
o
st
= stress in steel
Piof. KANE u. S. TRPC LECT0RE N0TESCIvIL ENuu. BEPT. BATTA NEuBE C0E.N0NBAI 0NI. 4

Fig.2.2
Sincethestraininconcreteandsteelareproportionaltotheirdistancesfromtheneutralaxis,
e
c
e
s
=
x
J -x

J -x
x
=
e
s
e
c

J
x
-1 =
o
st
E
s
.
E
c
o
cbc

(
d
x
-1) =
c
st
c
cbc
.
1
m
Where
L
s
L
c
= m(moJulor rotio)
J
x
= 1 +
o
st
m. o
cbc

x =
1
1 + o
st
m. o
cbc
. J
x
c
= k . J
Wherek = ncutrol oxis constont
=
1
1+ o
st
m.o
cbc

2. Position of neutral axis when section are known:

The maximum moments developed in a section are resisted by the compression in concrete and tension in steel.
The amount of tension taken by concrete is neglected.
Neutral axis will be centre of gravity of composite section consisting of concrete area in compression and area
of tensile steel.
Let, b = width of section be
D = overall depth of section
A
s
= area of tensile steel
Piof. KANE u. S. TRPC LECT0RE N0TESCIvIL ENuu. BEPT. BATTA NEuBE C0E.N0NBAI 0NI. 5

Total compressive force in concrete = Total tensile force in steel.

Average stress above N.A Area of concrete = Stress in steel Area of steel
o
cbc
2
. b. x = o
st
. A
s

= m. o
cbc
J -x
x
. A
s

b. x
2
= 2. m. (J -x). A
s

Or
(b). x
2
+(2. m. A
s
). x -(2. m. A
s
. J) = u
This is the quadratic equation the roots of equation are,
x =
m. A
s
.((m. A
s
)
2
+2m. A
s
. b. J)
b

Note: x cannot be negative.
m. A
s
is called equivalant concrete area.
Equivalent area of section : The area of concrete plus modular ratio times of steel whether in tension or
compression, is called Equivalent area of Section.
Because b. x.
x
2
=moment of concrete area and m. A
s
. (J -x) is the moment of m times steel area about neutral
axis,therefore the neutral axis is the centre of gravity of concrete area in compression and m times steel area
concentrated at the centroid of steel.
3. Moment of resistance
(a) For balanced section:
When the maximum stresses in steel and concrete simultaneously reach their allowable values, the section is
said to be a balanced section. The moment of resistance shall be provided by the couple developed by
compressive force acting at the centroid of stress diagram on the area of concrete in compression and tensile
force acting at the centroid of reinforcement multiplied by the distance between these forces.
This distance is termed as lever arm.
Total compressive force =
h.x.o
chc
2

Total tensile force = o
xt
. A
x

Lvr arm = z = J -
x
3

= J -
k.d
3

= J(1 -
k
3
)
= ]. J
Piof. KANE u. S. TRPC LECT0RE N0TESCIvIL ENuu. BEPT. BATTA NEuBE C0E.N0NBAI 0NI. 6

Where j is called lever arm constant

Moment of resistance = MR =
h.x
2
o
chc
. jd
=
kJ. ]
2
o
cbc
. b. J
=
1
2
k. ]. o
cbc
. b. J
2

= 0. b. J
2

Where Q is called moment of resistance constant,
and is equal to
1
2
k. ]. o
cbc
.
The quantities k,j and Q are constant for a particular grade of concrete.
For M15 concrete and mild steel For M20 concrete and Fe415
1) m =
280
3. c
cbc
.
(Repeat these caln)
Where o
cbc
= SNmm
2
, o
st
= 14uNmm
2
,
=
28u
1S
= 18.667(somctimcs tokcn os 18)

2) k =
1
1+
c
st
m. c
cbc
]
= u.4
3) Lever arm constant (]) = 1 -
k
3
= u.87
4) Moment of resistance constant
(0) =
1
2
k. ]. o
cbc
=
1
2
u.4 u.87 S
= u.87
HR = 0. b. J
2
= u.87 b. J
2
for M15 concrete and mild steel
Alternatively,
Moment of resistance = Total tension x Lever arm
Moment of resistance = o
st
. A
s
. ]. J
5) Percentage of steel (p)
o
st
. A
s
. ]J = 0. b. J
2

Piof. KANE u. S. TRPC LECT0RE N0TESCIvIL ENuu. BEPT. BATTA NEuBE C0E.N0NBAI 0NI. 7

A
s
b. J
=
0
o
st
. ]
=
1
2
. o
cbc
. k. ]
o
st
. ]
=
1
2
.
o
cbc
o
st
. k
If p is the percentage of steel area =
A
s
100
b.d

A balanced section has definite percentage of steel.
For M15 concrete and mild steel
p =
1
2
.
o
cbc
o
st
. k. 1uu
=
1
2
50.4100
140

= u.714S
The constants m,k,j,Q and p for different grades of concrete and different types of steels are presented in table.
Table 2.4 Constants for critical or balanced section:
Grades of concrete Permissible stress in concrete
Mild steel with o
st
=140 N/mm
2


Tor steel with
o
st
=230N/mm
2


(1)
N/mm
2

(2)
m
(3)
K
(4)
J
(5)
Q
(6)
P
(7)
K
(8)
J
(9)
Q
(10)
P
(11)
M 15 5 18 0.4 0.87 0.87 0.714 0.29 0.9 0.65 0.315
M 20 7 13 0.4 0.87 1.21 0.99 0.29 0.9 0.91 0.440
M 25 8.5 11 0.4 0.87 1.47 1.21 0.29 0.9 1.11 0.535
M30 10 9 0.4 0.87 1.70 1.40 0.29 0.9 1.30 0.630
(b) under reinforced section:
When the percentage of steel in a section is less than that required for a balanced section, the section
is called under-reinforced section. In this case concrete stress does not reach its maximum
allowable value while the stress in steel reaches its maximum permissible value. The position of the
neutral axis will shift upwards,i.e.,the neutral axis depth will be smaller than that in the balanced
section as shown in (Fig.) The moment of resistance of such a section will be calculated using
allowable tensile stress in steel.
Moment of resistance
H

= o
st
. A
s
. (J -
x
S
)






(Fig)

Piof. KANE u. S. TRPC LECT0RE N0TESCIvIL ENuu. BEPT. BATTA NEuBE C0E.N0NBAI 0NI. 8

Over-reinforced section:
When the percentage of steel in a section is more than that required for a balanced section, the
section is called over-reinforced section. In this case the stress in concrete reaches its maximum
allowable value earlier than that in steel. As the percentage steel is more, the position of the neutral
axis will shift towards steel from the critical or balanced neutral axis position. Thus the neutral axis
depth will be greater than that in case of balanced section as shown in (Fig.)
Moment of resistance of such a section will be calculated using compressive stress in concrete.
Moment of resistance
H

= b. x o
cbc
.
1
2
. (J -
x
S
)






(Fig)
In the under-reinforced and over-reinforced sections,there is wastage of one of the two materials. In under-
reinforced section, stress in a steel reaches its permissible value earlier, thus some concrete remains un-
utilised. Whereas in the over-reinforced section, stress in concrete reaches its permissible value earlier, thus
some steel remains un-utilised.
In case of over reinforced sections failure in concrete occurs earlier. Concrete being brittle, this happens
suddenly and explosively without any warning.
But in case of under-reinforced sections, stress in steel reaches its ultimate stress earlier. Steel being
ductile, it takes some time to break. This gives sufficient warning before the final collapse of the
structure.

Hence it is always desirable to design under-reinforced sections.
---x---