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BASIC CONCEPTS I
The phenomenon of deixis ('pointing/indicating' via language) constitutes the singlemost obvious way in which the relationship between language and context is reflected in the structure of languages themselves any linguistic form used to accomplish this pointing is called a deictic expression (or indexical sign)
- among the first forms to be used by very young children - used in face-to-face spoken interaction, to be easily understood by the people present (but difficult for someone not right there and then or in darkness). I'll put this here. Meet me here a week from now with a stick about this big Listen, Im not disagreeing with you but with you, and not about this, but about this
Hauptseminar
Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
How should indexicals be accomodated so that the notion of logical consequence can be applied to them?
a. John Henry McTavitty is six feet tall and weighs 200 pounds b. John Henry McTavitty is six feet tall c. I am six feet tall and weigh 200 pounds d. I am six feet tall
while b. can be inferred from a., the only way for d. to be a valid inference from c. is if they were uttered by the same speaker (need for pragmatic indices or reference points)
Hauptseminar
Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
the structural distinctions between direct and indirect (reported) speech are reflected in the switch from proximal to distal forms other languages may have more distinctions than English:
e.g., in Japanese demonstrative pronouns (this / that) will distinguish between 'that near the addressee' (<sore>) and 'that distant from both speaker and addressee' (<are>) with a third term being used for the proximal 'this near the speaker' (<kore>)
Hauptseminar Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
symbolic: symbolic usages of deictic terms require for their interpretation only knowledge of the basic spatio-temporal parameters of the speech event (and occasionally participant role, discourse and social parameters)
This city is really beautiful You can all come with me if you like We cant afford a holiday this year (general location is sufficient) (set of potential addressees) (general time)
Hauptseminar
Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
Hauptseminar
Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
basic three-part division speaker, addressee, others (1., 2., 3. person) markers of relative social status, so-called honorifics, may be used (see also social deixis)
T/V distinction: familiar vs. non-familiar addressees (tu - vous, du - sie, tu- usted) higher status, older, more powerful speakers tends to use the familiar form toward a lower status, younger, less powerful addressee. on-familiar forms express distance, are often of 3rd person origin Would his highness like some coffee? Somebody didn't clean up after himself.
Hauptseminar
Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
'we'
'keimami' 'keda'
we excl. we incl.
Vocatives (special address forms for names, titles, kinship terms) are noun phrases that refer to an addressee, but are not syntactically or semantically incorporated as the arguments of a predicate (they are also set apart prosodically)
call/summons: address: Hey you, you just scratched my car with your frisbee! The truth is, Madam, nothing is as good nowadays
summons: utterance/conversation-initial, independent speech acts (gestural) address: parentheticals that can occur anywhere in an utterance (symbolic)
Hauptseminar Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
locations can be deictically specified relative to the location of participants at the time of speaking
Its 200 yards away Kabul is 400 miles west of here
other languages:
Tlingit has demonstratives for this one right here, this one nearby, that one over there, that one way over there Malagasy even has a six-way contrast for this dimension
Hauptseminar
Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
Hauptseminar
Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
non-deictic temporal reference like calendar and clock time islearned later than deictic references such as tomorrow, today, tonight, this week all deictic expressions depend on knowing the relevant utterance time (Fillmore 1971).
time the utterance was made = coding time (CT) time the utterance is heard/read = receiving time (RT)
Hauptseminar
Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
Hauptseminar
Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
Token Reflexivity
Also included in disccourse deixis are expressions which signal an utterances relation to surrounding text (e.g., utterance-initial anyway) CAUTION: a discourse-deictic expression refers to a linguistic expression or chunk of discourse itself, but not to the same entity as a prior linguistic expression (see anaphor)
A: Thats a rhinoceros B: Spell it for me A: Thats a rhinoceros B: I like it
Hauptseminar
Honorifics: describing a relation concerninh relative rank or respect (Comrie 1976) - other grammaticalized relationships: kinship relations, totemic relations, clan membership
Referent honorifics: Addressee honorifics: respect conveyed by referring to the target of respect - T/V distinction (tu vous etc.) respect conveyed without (necessarily) referring to the target - Japanese/Korean: the soup is hot with choice of linguistic alternates, e.g., for soup to express respect for the addressee complex speech levels (anything one says is sociolinguistic) respect conveyed for participants in audience role or non-participating overhearers - Dyirbal alternative vocabulary in the presence of taboo relatives different language use in particular formal settings - Japanese/Tamil: different style (vocabulary, syntax) / diglossic variant (differences across phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon)
Introduction to Pragmatics
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/index.html
Hauptseminar
Introduction to Pragmatics