Conceito de Telemetria

18/07/22, 09:05 Telemetria - Wikipedia, a enciclopédia livre
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Telemetria
Telemetria é a coleta in situ de medições ou outros dados em
pontos remotos e sua transmissão automática para
equipamentos receptores ( telecomunicações ) para
monitoramento. [1] A palavra é derivada das raízes gregas tele ,
"remoto", e metron , "medida". Sistemas que precisam de
instruções e dados externos para operar requerem a
contrapartida da telemetria, telecomando . [2]
Embora o termo geralmente se refira a mecanismos de

transferência de dados sem fio (por exemplo, usando sistemas
de rádio , ultrassônicos ou infravermelhos ), também abrange
dados transferidos por outras mídias, como telefone ou rede de
computadores , link óptico ou outras comunicações com fio,
como operadoras de linha de energia. Muitos sistemas de Um dropson descartável usado para
telemetria modernos aproveitam o baixo custo e a onipresença capturar dados meteorológicos. A
das redes GSM usando SMS para receber e transmitir dados de telemetria consiste em sensores de
telemetria. pressão, temperatura e umidade e
um transmissor sem fio para
Um telêmetro é um dispositivo físico usado em telemetria. retornar os dados capturados a uma
Consiste em um sensor , um caminho de transmissão e um aeronave.
dispositivo de exibição, gravação ou controle. Dispositivos
eletrônicos são amplamente utilizados em
telemetria e podem ser sem fio ou cabeados,
analógicos ou digitais . Outras tecnologias também
são possíveis, como mecânica, hidráulica e óptica.
[3]
A telemetria pode ser comutada para permitir a

transmissão de múltiplos fluxos de dados em um
quadro fixo .
Conteúdo
Um crocodilo de água salgada com um
História transmissor de satélite baseado em GPS
Tipos de telêmetro conectado à sua cabeça para rastreamento
Formulários
Meteorologia
Indústria de petróleo e gás
Corrida de motos
Transporte
Agricultura
Gerência de água
Defesa, espaço e exploração de recursos
Ciência espacial
F t
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry 1/12
Foguetes
Teste de voo
Inteligência militar
Monitoramento de energia
Distribuição de recursos
Produtos secos
Fluidos
Sólidos a granel
Medicina/saúde
Pesquisa e gestão de pesca e vida selvagem
Retalho
Aplicação da lei
Fornecedores de energia
Falcoaria
Teste
Comunicações
Mineração
Programas
Padrões internacionais
Veja também
Referências
links externos
História
O início da telemetria industrial está na era do vapor , embora o sensor não fosse chamado de
telêmetro naquela época. [4] Exemplos são as adições de James Watt (1736-1819) a seus motores a
vapor para monitoramento de uma distância (próxima), como o medidor de pressão de mercúrio e
o regulador de bola voadora . [4]
Although the original telemeter referred to a ranging device (the rangefinding telemeter), by the
late 19th century the same term had been in wide use by electrical engineers applying it refer to
electrically operated devices measuring many other quantities besides distance (for instance, in
the patent of an "Electric Telemeter Transmitter"[5]). General telemeters included such sensors as
the thermocouple (from the work of Thomas Johann Seebeck), the resistance thermometer (by
William Siemens based on the work of Humphry Davy), and the electrical strain gauge (based on
Lord Kelvin's discovery that conductors under mechanical strain change their resistance) and
output devices such as Samuel Morse's telegraph sounder and the relay. In 1889 this led an author
in the Institution of Civil Engineers proceedings to suggest that the term for the rangefinder
telemeter might be replaced with tacheometer.[6]
In the 1930s use of electrical telemeters grew rapidly. The electrical strain gauge was widely used
in rocket and aviation research and the radiosonde was invented for meteorological
measurements. The advent of World War II gave an impetus to industrial development and
henceforth many of these telemeters became commercially viable.[7]
Carrying on from rocket research, radio telemetry was used routinely as space exploration got
underway. Spacecraft are in a place where a physical connection is not possible, leaving radio or
other electromagnetic waves (such as infrared lasers) as the only viable option for telemetry.
During crewed space missions it is used to monitor not only parameters of the vehicle but also the
During crewed space missions it is used to monitor not only parameters of the vehicle, but also the
health and lifeTraduzido
supportpara:
of the astronauts.
Português [8] During
Mostrar the Cold War telemetry found
o original uses in
Opções ▼
espionage. US intelligence found that they could monitor the telemetry from Soviet missile tests by
building a telemeter of their own to intercept the radio signals and hence learn a great deal about
Soviet capabilities.[9]
Types of telemeter
Telemeters are the physical devices used in telemetry. It consists of a sensor, a transmission path,
and a display, recording, or control device. Electronic devices are widely used in telemetry and can
be wireless or hard-wired, analog or digital. Other technologies are also possible, such as
mechanical, hydraulic and optical.[10]
Telemetering information over wire had its origins in the 19th century. One of the first data-
transmission circuits was developed in 1845 between the Russian Tsar's Winter Palace and army
headquarters. In 1874, French engineers built a system of weather and snow-depth sensors on
Mont Blanc that transmitted real-time information to Paris. In 1901 the American inventor
C. Michalke patented the selsyn, a circuit for sending synchronized rotation information over a
distance. In 1906 a set of seismic stations were built with telemetering to the Pulkovo Observatory
in Russia. In 1912, Commonwealth Edison developed a system of telemetry to monitor electrical
loads on its power grid. The Panama Canal (completed 1913–1914) used extensive telemetry
systems to monitor locks and water levels.[11]
Wireless telemetry made early appearances in the radiosonde, developed concurrently in 1930 by
Robert Bureau in France and Pavel Molchanov in Russia. Molchanov's system modulated
temperature and pressure measurements by converting them to wireless Morse code. The German
V-2 rocket used a system of primitive multiplexed radio signals called "Messina" to report four
rocket parameters, but it was so unreliable that Wernher von Braun once claimed it was more
useful to watch the rocket through binoculars.
In the US and the USSR, the Messina system was quickly replaced with better systems; in both
cases, based on pulse-position modulation (PPM).[12]
Early Soviet missile and space telemetry
systems which were developed in the late 1940s used either PPM (e.g., the Tral telemetry system
developed by OKB-MEI) or pulse-duration modulation (e.g., the RTS-5 system developed by NII-
885). In the United States, early work employed similar systems, but were later replaced by pulse-
code modulation (PCM) (for example, in the Mars probe Mariner 4). Later Soviet interplanetary
probes used redundant radio systems, transmitting telemetry by PCM on a decimeter band and
PPM on a centimeter band.[13]
Applications
Meteorology
Telemetry has been used by weather balloons for transmitting meteorological data since 1920.
Oil and gas industry
Telemetry is used to transmit drilling mechanics and formation evaluation information uphole, in
real time, as a well is drilled. These services are known as Measurement while drilling and Logging
while drilling. Information acquired thousands of feet below ground, while drilling, is sent through
the drilling hole to the surface sensors and the demodulation software. The pressure wave (sana) is
translated into useful information after DSP and noise filters This information is used for
translated into useful information after DSP and noise filters. This information is used for
Formation evaluation,
TraduzidoDrilling Optimization,
para: Português and Geosteering.
Mostrar o original Opções ▼
Motor racing
Telemetry is a key factor in modern motor racing, allowing race engineers to interpret data
collected during a test or race and use it to properly tune the car for optimum performance.
Systems used in series such as Formula One have become advanced to the point where the
potential lap time of the car can be calculated, and this time is what the driver is expected to meet.
Examples of measurements on a race car include accelerations (G forces) in three axes,
temperature readings, wheel speed, and suspension displacement. In Formula One, driver input is
also recorded so the team can assess driver performance and (in case of an accident) the FIA can
determine or rule out driver error as a possible cause.
Later developments include two-way telemetry which allows engineers to update calibrations on
the car in real time (even while it is out on the track). In Formula One, two-way telemetry surfaced
in the early 1990s and consisted of a message display on the dashboard which the team could
update. Its development continued until May 2001, when it was first allowed on the cars. By 2002,
teams were able to change engine mapping and deactivate engine sensors from the pit while the
car was on the track. For the 2003 season, the FIA banned two-way telemetry from Formula One;
however, the technology may be used in other types of racing or on road cars.
One way telemetry system has also been applied in R/C racing car to get information by car's
sensors like: engine RPM, voltage, temperatures, throttle.
Transportation
In the transportation industry, telemetry provides meaningful information about a vehicle or

driver's performance by collecting data from sensors within the vehicle. This is undertaken for
various reasons ranging from staff compliance monitoring, insurance rating to predictive
maintenance.
Telemetry is also used to link traffic counter devices to data recorders to measure traffic flows and
vehicle lengths and weights.[14]
Agriculture
Most activities related to healthy crops and good yields depend on timely availability of weather
and soil data. Therefore, wireless weather stations play a major role in disease prevention and
precision irrigation. These stations transmit parameters necessary for decision-making to a base
station: air temperature and relative humidity, precipitation and leaf wetness (for disease
prediction models), solar radiation and wind speed (to calculate evapotranspiration), water deficit
stress (WDS) leaf sensors and soil moisture (crucial to irrigation decisions).
Because local micro-climates can vary significantly, such data needs to come from within the crop.
Monitoring stations usually transmit data back by terrestrial radio, although occasionally satellite
systems are used. Solar power is often employed to make the station independent of the power
grid.
Water management
Telemetry is important in water management, including water quality and stream gauging
functions. Major applications include AMR (automatic meter reading), groundwater monitoring,
leak detection in distribution pipelines and equipment surveillance Having data available in
leak detection in distribution pipelines and equipment surveillance. Having data available in
almost real timeTraduzido
allows quick reactions to events
para: Português Mostrarino the field. Telemetry control allowsOpções ▼
original engineers to
intervene with assets such as pumps and by remotely switching pumps on or off depending on the
circumstances. Watershed telemetry is an excellent strategy of how to implement a water
management system.
[15]
Defense, space and resource exploration
Telemetry is used in complex systems such as missiles, RPVs, spacecraft, oil rigs, and chemical
plants since it allows the automatic monitoring, alerting, and record-keeping necessary for
efficient and safe operation. Space agencies such as NASA, ISRO, the European Space Agency
(ESA), and other agencies use telemetry and/or telecommand systems to collect data from
spacecraft and satellites.
Telemetry is vital in the development of missiles, satellites and aircraft because the system might
be destroyed during or after the test. Engineers need critical system parameters to analyze (and
improve) the performance of the system. In the absence of telemetry, this data would often be
unavailable.
Space science
Telemetry is used by crewed or uncrewed spacecraft for data transmission. Distances of more than
10 billion kilometres have been covered, e.g., by Voyager 1.
Rocketry
In rocketry, telemetry equipment forms an integral part of the rocket range assets used to monitor
the position and health of a launch vehicle to determine range safety flight termination criteria
(Range purpose is for public safety). Problems include the extreme environment (temperature,
acceleration and vibration), the energy supply, antenna alignment and (at long distances, e.g., in
spaceflight) signal travel time.
Flight testing
Today nearly every type of aircraft, missiles, or spacecraft carries a wireless telemetry system as it
is tested.[16] Aeronautical mobile telemetry is used for the safety of the pilots and persons on the
ground during flight tests. Telemetry from an on-board flight test instrumentation system is the
primary source of real-time measurement and status information transmitted during the testing of
crewed and uncrewed aircraft.[17]
Military intelligence
Intercepted telemetry was an important source of intelligence for the United States and UK when
Soviet missiles were tested; for this purpose, the United States operated a listening post in Iran.
Eventually, the Russians discovered the United States intelligence-gathering network and
encrypted their missile-test telemetry signals. Telemetry was also a source for the Soviets, who
operated listening ships in Cardigan Bay to eavesdrop on UK missile tests performed in the area.
Energy monitoring
In factories, buildings and houses, energy consumption of systems such as HVAC are monitored at
multiple locations; related parameters (e.g., temperature) are sent via wireless telemetry to a
central location. The information is collected and processed, enabling the most efficient use of
energy. Such systems also facilitate predictive maintenance.
Resource distribution
Many resources need to be distributed over wide areas. Telemetry is useful in these cases, since it
allows the logistics system to channel resources where they are needed, as well as provide security
for those assets; principal examples of this are dry goods, fluids, and granular bulk solids.
Dry goods
Dry goods, such as packaged merchandise, may be tracked and remotely monitored, tracked and
inventoried by RFID sensing systems, barcode reader, optical character recognition (OCR) reader,
or other sensing devices—coupled to telemetry devices, to detect RFID tags, barcode labels or
other identifying markers affixed to the item, its package, or (for large items and bulk shipments)
affixed to its shipping container or vehicle. This facilitates knowledge of their location, and can
record their status and disposition, as when merchandise with barcode labels is scanned through a
checkout scanner at point-of-sale systems in a retail store. Stationary or hand-held barcode
scanners or RFID scanners, with remote communications, can be used to expedite inventory
tracking and counting in stores, warehouses, shipping terminals, transportation carriers and
factories.[18][19][20]
Fluids
Fluids stored in tanks are a principal object of constant commercial telemetry. This typically
includes monitoring of tank farms in gasoline refineries and chemical plants—and distributed or
remote tanks, which must be replenished when empty (as with gas station storage tanks, home
heating oil tanks, or ag-chemical tanks at farms), or emptied when full (as with production from
oil wells, accumulated waste products, and newly produced fluids).[21] Telemetry is used to
communicate the variable measurements of flow and tank level sensors detecting fluid movements
and/or volumes by pneumatic, hydrostatic, or differential pressure; tank-confined ultrasonic,
radar or Doppler effect echoes; or mechanical or magnetic sensors.[21][22][23]
Bulk solids
Telemetry of bulk solids is common for tracking and reporting the volume status and condition of
grain and livestock feed bins, powdered or granular food, powders and pellets for manufacturing,
sand and gravel, and other granular bulk solids. While technology associated with fluid tank
monitoring also applies, in part, to granular bulk solids, reporting of overall container weight, or
other gross characteristics and conditions, are sometimes required, owing to bulk solids' more
complex and variable physical characteristics.[24][25]
Medicine/healthcare
Telemetry is used for patients (biotelemetry) who are at risk of abnormal heart activity, generally
in a coronary care unit. Telemetry specialists are sometimes used to monitor many patients within
a hospital.[26] Such patients are outfitted with measuring, recording and transmitting devices. A
data log can be useful in diagnosis of the patient's condition by doctors. An alerting function can
alert nurses if the patient is suffering from an acute (or dangerous) condition.
Systems are available in medical-surgical nursing for monitoring to rule out a heart condition, or
to monitor a response to antiarrhythmic medications such as amiodarone.
A new and emerging application for telemetry is in the field of neurophysiology, or

neurotelemetry. Neurophysiology is the study of the central and peripheral nervous systems
through the recording of bioelectrical activity, whether spontaneous or stimulated. In
neurotelemetry (NT) the electroencephalogram (EEG) of a patient is monitored remotely by a
registered EEG technologist using advanced communication software. The goal of neurotelemetry
is to recognize a decline in a patient's condition before physical signs and symptoms are present.
Neurotelemetry is synonymous with real-time continuous video EEG monitoring and has
application in the epilepsy monitoring unit, neuro ICU, pediatric ICU and newborn ICU. Due to
the labor-intensive nature of continuous EEG monitoring NT is typically done in the larger
academic teaching hospitals using in-house programs that include R.EEG Technologists, IT
support staff, neurologist and neurophysiologist and monitoring support personnel.
Modern microprocessor speeds, software algorithms and video data compression allow hospitals
to centrally record and monitor continuous digital EEGs of multiple critically ill patients
simultaneously.
Neurotelemetry and continuous EEG monitoring provides dynamic information about brain
function that permits early detection of changes in neurologic status, which is especially useful
when the clinical examination is limited.
Fishery and wildlife research and management
Telemetry is used to study wildlife,[27] and has been useful for

monitoring threatened species at the individual level. Animals
under study can be outfitted with instrumentation tags, which
include sensors that measure temperature, diving depth and
duration (for marine animals), speed and location (using GPS
or Argos packages). Telemetry tags can give researchers
information about animal behavior, functions, and their
environment. This information is then either stored (with A bumblebee worker with a
archival tags) or the tags can send (or transmit) their transponder attached to its back,
information to a satellite or handheld receiving device.[28] visiting an oilseed rape flower
Capturing and marking wild animals can put them at some
risk, so it is important to minimize these impacts.[29]
Retail
At a 2005 workshop in Las Vegas, a seminar noted the introduction of telemetry equipment which
would allow vending machines to communicate sales and inventory data to a route truck or to a
headquarters. This data could be used for a variety of purposes, such as eliminating the need for
drivers to make a first trip to see which items needed to be restocked before delivering the
inventory.
Retailers also use RFID tags to track inventory and prevent shoplifting. Most of these tags
passively respond to RFID readers (e.g., at the cashier), but active RFID tags are available which
periodically transmit location information to a base station.
Law enforcement
Telemetry hardware is useful for tracking persons and property in law enforcement. An ankle
collar worn by convicts on probation can warn authorities if a person violates the terms of his or
her parole, such as by straying from authorized boundaries or visiting an unauthorized location.
Telemetry has also enabled bait cars, where law enforcement can rig a car with cameras and
tracking equipment and leave it somewhere they expect it to be stolen. When stolen the telemetry
equipment reports the location of the vehicle, enabling law enforcement to deactivate the engine
and lock the doors when it is stopped by responding officers.
Energy providers
In some countries, telemetry is used to measure the amount of electrical energy consumed. The
electricity meter communicates with a concentrator, and the latter sends the information through
GPRS or GSM to the energy provider's server. Telemetry is also used for the remote monitoring of
substations and their equipment. For data transmission, phase line carrier systems operating on
frequencies between 30 and 400 kHz are sometimes used.
Falconry
In falconry, "telemetry" means a small radio transmitter carried by a bird of prey that will allow
the bird's owner to track it when it is out of sight.
Testing
Telemetry is used in testing hostile environments which are dangerous to humans. Examples
include munitions storage facilities, radioactive sites, volcanoes, deep sea, and outer space.
Communications
Telemetry is used in many battery operated wireless systems to inform monitoring personnel when
the battery power is reaching a low point and the end item needs fresh batteries.
Mining
In the mining industry, telemetry serves two main purposes: the measurement of key parameters
from mining equipment and the monitoring of safety practices.[30] The information provided by
the collection and analysis of key parameters allows for root-cause identification of inefficient
operations, unsafe practices and incorrect equipment usage for maximizing productivity and
safety.[31] Further applications of the technology allow for sharing knowledge and best practices
across the organization.[31]
Software
In software, telemetry is used to gather data on the use and performance of applications and
application components, e.g. how often certain features are used, measurements of start-up time
and processing time, hardware, application crashes, and general usage statistics and/or user
behavior. In some cases, very detailed data is reported like individual window metrics, counts of
used features, and individual function timings.
This kind of telemetry can be essential to software developers to receive data from a wide variety of
endpoints that can't possibly all be tested in-house, as well as getting data on the popularity of
certain features and whether they should be given priority or be considered for removal. Due to
concerns about privacy since software telemetry can easily be used to profile users, telemetry in
user software is often user choice, commonly presented as an opt-in feature (requiring explicit
user action to enable it) or user choice during the software installation process.
International standards
As in other telecommunications fields, international standards exist for telemetry equipment and
software. International standards producing bodies include Consultative Committee for Space
Data Systems (CCSDS) for space agencies, Inter-Range Instrumentation Group (IRIG) for missile
ranges, and Telemetering Standards Coordination Committee (TSCC), an organisation of the
International Foundation for Telemetering.
See also
Instrumentation
Machine to Machine (M2M)
MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT)
Portable telemetry
Reconnaissance satellite, tapping of communications routing or switching centers (e.g.,
Echelon)
Remote monitoring and control
Remote sensing
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
SBMV Protocol
SCADA
Telecommand
Telematics
Wireless sensor network
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External links
Fundação Internacional para Telemedição (http://www.telemetry.org/)
IRIG 106 — Padrão de telemetria digital (http://www.irig106.org)
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Embora o termo geralmente se refira a mecanismos de

A telemetria pode ser comutada para permitir a

Oil and gas industry

In the transportation industry, telemetry provides meaningful information about a vehicle or

Defense, space and resource exploration

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A new and emerging application for telemetry is in the field of neurophysiology, or

Fishery and wildlife research and management

Telemetry is used to study wildlife,[27] and has been useful for

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