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If the temperature of a hot object increases from 5000 to 10,000 K, then A) max decreases 2 times B) max increases 2 times C) max increases 4 times D) The luminosity increases 4 times E) The luminosity increases 8 times The luminosity of a star is A) Directly proportional to its surface area B) Inversely proportional to its temperature C) Directly proportional to its temperature D) Directly proportional to its distance E) Inversely proportional to the square of its distance The wavelength max emitted most strongly by the human body lies in the _____ range of wavelengths of EM radiation. A) Ultraviolet B) Visible light C) X-rays D) Radio E) Infrared What properties of a star must be known in order to determine its temperature? A) Distance and mass B) Temperature and luminosity C) Luminosity and distance D) Luminosity and most intensely emitted wavelength max E) Most intensely emitted wavelength max only Consider two stars having the same temperature. One star has twice the surface area of the other. How many times more luminous is the larger star? A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16 E) 32 If the temperature of a hot object increases, then A) max becomes longer B) max becomes shorter C) max remains the same D) The luminosity declines E) The brightness declines

Different stars in the sky have different colors. These color differences are a direct result of different _____ of the stars. A) Temperatures B) Masses C) Diameters D) Ages E) Luminosities According to the Doppler Effect, the _____ of an EM wave will be _____ if you are approaching the object emitting the wave. A) Wavelength, longer B) Wave speed, higher C) Wave speed, lower D) Frequency, lower E) Wavelength, shorter Suppose an object is receding from you at 10% (i.e. 0.1 times) the speed of light. If the rest wavelength is 1 meter, what wavelength will you observe? A) 0.1 m B) 0.9 m C) 1.0 m D) 1.1 m E) 10 m

10 The Doppler Effect is used by astronomers to directly measure the _____ of stars and other luminous objects in the universe. A) Masses B) Luminosities C) Motions D) Diameters E) Temperatures 11 What statement below is true regarding distant galaxies? A) They are approaching us at various speeds. B) Their light displays a blueshift. C) They are receding from us at various speeds. D) The speed of their light is greater than if they were at rest. E) The speed of their light is less than if they were at rest. 12 The method of parallax is used by astronomers to determine distances to stars A) In the Local Group B) In the Local Supercluster C) Throughout the Milky Way Galaxy D) In the Solar Neighborhood E) In the center of the Milky Way Galaxy

13 If the baseline of measurement for parallax is doubled, how does the parallax angle of a foreground object change? A) It doubles B) It becomes 4 times as large C) It becomes one half as large D) It becomes one quarter as large E) It becomes one eighth as large 14 If the distance to a foreground object increases 4 times, how does the parallax angle of the object change? A) It doubles B) It becomes 4 times as large C) It becomes one half as large D) It becomes one quarter as large E) It becomes one eighth as large 15 What baseline is used by astronomers to measure parallax angles of stars? A) The radius of the Earth B) The diameter of the Earth C) The diameter of the Sun D) The diameter of the Earths orbit E) The average distance between the Earth and the Moon 16 From which planet (of those listed below) might hypothetical astronomers be able to make parallax measurements for the most distant stars? (Neglect the question of whether or not a given planet has a clear enough atmosphere for ground-based observations.) A) Mercury B) Venus C) Earth D) Jupiter E) Neptune 17 Suppose a star is very luminous; however, its temperature is relatively low. From this information, one can infer that the star is very A) Large in diameter B) Massive C) Low in mass D) Small in diameter E) Bright 18 Astronomers on Earth can infer the mass of the Sun by A) Observing the motion of the Moon around the Earth B) Observing the rotation of the Sun C) Measuring the diameter of the Sun D) Observing the motion of a planet about the Sun E) Measuring the temperature of the Sun

19 For what type of star (other than the Sun) can the mass of the star be estimated directly? A) Red giant star B) Binary star C) Very young star D) Very nearby star (e.g. in Solar Neighborhood) E) Neutron star 20 The Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram is a plot in which each point represents the _____ and the _____ of a single star. A) Temperature, mass B) Luminosity, temperature C) Diameter, mass D) Diameter, distance E) Luminosity, mass 21 Consider a star having a low luminosity and a high temperature. Where on the H-R Diagram does the point for that star lie? A) Upper left B) Upper right C) Lower left D) Lower right E) Close to the center 22 Consider a star whose point on the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram is located in the upper right. What can you conclude about such a star? A) It is very high in mass. B) It is very low in mass. C) It is very large in diameter. D) It is very bright in the sky. E) It is very faint in the sky. 23 On the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram, the points for most stars (including the Sun) lie close to a diagonal line from upper left to lower right. Stars of this type are called _____ stars. A) Red giant B) White dwarf C) Main sequence D) Binary E) Proplyd 24 The most common type of stars are _____ stars. A) Red giant B) White dwarf C) Neutron D) High mass E) Main sequence

25 What two characteristics of stars are fundamental (in the sense that they determine the other properties of stars)? A) Mass and luminosity B) Diameter and luminosity C) Chemical composition and mass D) Chemical composition and temperature E) Temperature and luminosity 26 What fundamental property of stars makes red giants and white dwarfs so different from main sequence stars? A) Mass B) Diameter C) Chemical composition D) Luminosity E) Temperature 27 Consider a main sequence star with high mass. The point representing that star on the H-R Diagram would be located A) Near the center of the diagram B) In the upper right of the diagram C) In the lower left of the diagram D) In the upper left of the diagram E) In the lower right of the diagram 28 What type of proportional relationship exists between energy and mass, according to Einsteins famous equation? A) Inverse proportion B) Inverse squared proportion C) Direct proportion D) Direct proportion to mass squared E) Direct proportion to mass times itself 4 times (m4) 29 Chemical reactions cannot change one chemical element into another because such reactions A) Do not affect the electrons in atoms B) Do not affect the nuclei of atoms C) Do not generate enough energy D) Generate too much energy E) Would take too long to change one element into another 30 The breakup of uranium nuclei (e.g. 235U) is a source of power in nuclear energy plants on Earth. This reaction is an example of a(n) _____ reaction. A) Chemical B) Atomic C) Molecular fission D) Nuclear fission E) Nuclear fusion

31 Nuclear energy can be generated in a star by the conversion of _____ into one 4He nucleus. A) Two 2He nuclei B) Two protons C) Four protons D) One 12C nucleus E) Two 12C nuclei 32 Suppose one kilogram (1000 grams) of hydrogen is converted to helium inside a star. Approximately how much mass is lost in the process? A) Less than 10 grams B) 50-100 grams C) 140 grams D) 400 grams E) 900 grams 33 What fundamental force of nature impedes the fusion of two atomic nuclei into one? A) Weak B) Strong C) Centrifugal D) Gravitational E) Electromagnetic 34 The amount of energy released when 1 kg of He is fused into C is _____ as much as when 1 kg of H is fused into He. A) 1/100th B) 1/10th C) 5 times D) 10 times E) 100 times 35 Fusion of He C requires _____ temperature than fusion of H He because He nuclei _____ than H nuclei. A) Lower, are more massive B) Lower, have more electric charge C) Lower, have more protons D) Higher, are more massive E) Higher, have more protons 36 Nuclear fusion reactions involving heavier nuclei generate _____ energy per kilogram of material fused, and they require _____ temperatures for the reactions to proceed. A) Approximately the same, higher B) Less, lower C) Less, higher D) More, higher E) More, lower

37 Why does the fusion of H He sustain a star for most of its lifetime? A) This reaction generates the most energy per kg. B) This reaction involves an element with very few baryons in the nucleus. C) This reaction requires the highest temperature. D) This reaction decreases the mass of the star. E) This reaction increases the mass of the star. 38 Why does hydrogen fusion occur in main sequence stars but not helium fusion? A) Main sequence stars are not massive enough for helium fusion. B) Main sequence stars are too massive for helium fusion. C) There is rather little helium in main sequence stars. D) Main sequence stars are too old for helium fusion. E) Temperatures are not high enough in main sequence stars for helium fusion. 39 More massive main sequence stars are much more luminous than less massive main sequence stars because more massive main sequence stars A) Have more fuel with which to generate energy B) Are hotter inside, so fusion reactions occur more rapidly C) Have much larger surface areas D) Generate energy via hydrogen fusion and, also, by helium fusion E) Are, on the average, younger 40 Why are most stars main sequence stars? A) Nature forms more main sequence stars than any other type of star. B) Other types of stars often become unstable and destroy themselves via supernova explosions. C) Main sequence stars are among the most luminous of stars, therefore, they are more easily identified by astronomers. D) Stars remain as main sequence stars for most of their lifetimes. E) Other types of stars (e.g. red giants) cannot undergo nuclear fusion reactions. 41 What prevents the hot gasses of the Sun from escaping into interplanetary space? A) Gravitational force of the Sun B) Gravitational force of the planets acting on the Sun C) Electromagnetic forces in the Sun D) The strong force E) Nuclear fusion deep within the Sun 42 Gas pressure is determined by the _____ of the gas. A) Temperature & chemical composition B) Temperature only C) Temperature & density D) Temperature, density & chemical composition E) Mass and temperature

43 Imagine a tire on a bicycle that has been sitting in a garage overnight. The gas pressure inside the tire is higher than the pressure outside the tire. (Otherwise, the tire would not be well inflated!) Why is the pressure higher inside the tire? A) The temperature of the gas inside the tire is higher than that outside the tire. B) The temperature of the gas inside the tire is lower than that outside the tire. C) The density of gas particles inside the tire is higher than the density outside the tire. D) The density of gas particles inside the tire is lower than the density outside the tire. E) The chemical composition of the gas inside the tire is different from the chemical composition of the air outside the tire. 44 Which two effects must balance at every layer inside a stable star? A) Gas pressure and centrifugal force B) Gravity and gas pressure C) Gravity and temperature D) Temperature and centrifugal force E) Mass and gas pressure 45 A necessary outcome of the existence of hydrostatic equilibrium in a star is that A) The star generates energy via nuclear fusion reactions B) The star generates energy via nuclear fission reactions C) Gas pressure increases as one goes deeper into the star D) Temperature decreases as one goes deeper into the star E) The chemical composition of the star is different in different layers of the star 46 Interstellar material is of interest to astronomers primarily because it A) Contains most of the mass of the Milky Way Galaxy B) Is the raw material from which new stars form C) Is considered the oldest material in the Galaxy D) Is the hottest material in the Galaxy E) Is the coldest material in the Galaxy 47 What is the principal component of interstellar material? A) Hydrogen gas B) Helium gas C) Carbon gas D) Dust E) Cosmic rays 48 Clouds of interstellar material are sometimes seen as dark silhouettes against a background of stars. This effect occurs because A) Hydrogen gas in the clouds absorbs light of background stars B) Dust particles in the clouds absorb the light of background stars C) The force of gravity in the clouds bends the light of background stars, causing the light to travel in directions other than the direction to the observer D) Stars, formed within the clouds, absorb the light of stars behind them E) Black holes within the clouds absorb the light of background stars

49 What fundamental force of nature draws together clouds of interstellar material (ISM) to form new stars? A) Electromagnetic B) Pressure C) Centrifugal D) Gravitational E) Strong 50 What effect can stop gravitational contraction of a cloud of ISM once gravitational contraction has begun? A) Higher temperatures B) Higher densities C) Higher luminosities D) Electromagnetic force E) The onset of nuclear fusion 51 What resists gravitational force in trying to bring together clouds of ISM to form new stars? A) Electromagnetic force B) Strong force C) Gas pressure D) Luminosity E) Mass 52 A protostar is different from a main sequence star in that a protostar A) Is smaller than the main sequence star B) Is denser than the main sequence star C) Is not as hot as the main sequence star D) Is hotter than the main sequence star E) Has not yet begun nuclear fusion reactions 53 What event marked the beginning of the life of the Sun as a main sequence star? A) Gravitational contraction of the solar protostar B) Increasing spin of the solar protostar C) Decreasing spin of the solar protostar D) The beginning of H fusion in the core of the solar protostar E) The beginning of H fusion throughout the solar protostar 54 Immediately after the end of its main sequence phase, what event will occur inside the Sun? A) The core of the Sun will begin to cool off. B) The fusion of helium will slowly begin in the core. C) Gravitational contraction will begin in the core. D) Fusion of hydrogen will begin in the outer layers of the Sun. E) Gravitational contraction will begin in the envelope.

55 At the end of the main sequence phase of the Suns lifetime, the core will be mostly composed of _____, and the envelope will be mostly composed of _____. A) H, H B) H, He C) He, H D) He, He E) C, He 56 What nuclear reaction will occur in the core of the Sun immediately after its main sequence lifetime is over? A) H He B) He C C) C Mg D) C O E) None

Key
1 A 2 A 3 E 4 E 5 A 6 B 7 A 8 E 9 D 10 C 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 C D A D D E A D B B 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 C C C E C C D C B D 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 C A E B E C A, B E B D 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A C C B C B A B D E 51 52 53 54 55 56 C E D C C E