SPEEDAM 2010 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion

Three-Dimensional Space Vector Modulation for Four-Leg Voltage-Source Converter used as an active compensator
Mohamed AISSANI1, Kamel ALIOUANE2 Email: Mohamed.aissani@gmail.com 2 Email: kal.ali@lycos.fr
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Abstract__ In three-phase four-wire systems and unbalanced mode, the four-leg inverters have been considered as one of the adapted topologies of the power converters for the application which require a very strict and precise control of the neutral current, caused by the unbalanced and/or nonlinear load or unbalanced source. In this paper, we present a theoretical study of the control technique for this inverter used as an active filter; this method is called a three dimensional space vector modulation (3DSVM). Simulation results are presented and discussed to verify the performance of this control method

II. Four legs converters structure The four-leg inverter shown in figure 1 is used as a parallel active filter with eight IGBTs switches; the fourth leg is connected to the neutral of the electrical supply network [5]
isa isb isc isN i fN i fc i fb i fa ica icb icc icN

No- linear load

Keys words 3D Space Vector Modulation, The Four-Leg Active Filter Unbalanced and/or nonlinear load, control of the neutral current, I. Introduction

Vg

lectric powers consumers require a quality product,

characterized by sinusoidal and balanced currents. However, the diversity of the no-linear loads such as the static converters (rectifier, inverter...), electric machines, and the unbalanced linear loads contribute considerably to the degradation of this energy's quality [1]. These no-linear loads inject no-sinusoidal and unbalanced currents (harmonics current) in the distribution network; the currents circulation through the network to the users generates harmonic tensions which are superposed on the fundamental wave. In order to cure this problem, and to improve the energy's quality, the field's engineers did not save their efforts to find the effective solutions which make it possible to decrease the propagation of the undesirable harmonic currents in the network The three-phase voltage active filter structure (three-leg inverter ordered while running) was retained for its excellent performances in terms of harmonics compensations and power-factors correction [2] . However, the majority of the installations (systems with four wires) which feeds from the single-phase nonlinear loads or the linear loads unbalanced are thus provided with a wire of neutral. To cure it, several topologies of the active filter were used but we are interested that in those provided with a four-leg inverter [3] [4] which the additional leg is used to control and compensate the homopolar component. A new control technique, called the three-dimensional space vector modulation is used to control this inverter

Fig.1: Four Legs Active Filter

The switching combinations can be represented by the ordered sets[Sa,Sb,Sc,Sf], The 16 th differents switching states are represented in Fig.2

Fig.2 Sixteen Possible Switching Combinations

978-1-4244-4987-3/10/$25.00 2010 IEEE

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where Sa=p denotes that the upper switch in phase A, Sap is closed, and Sa=n denotes that the bottom switch in phase A, San is closed. The same notation applies to phase legs B and C and to the fourth neutral leg Table I shows the line-to-neutral voltages for all sixteen switching combinations. The orthogonal coordinate transformation and the inverse trans-formation are expressed as

[X a , X b , X c ] = T 1 .[X , X , X ]
Where the transformation matrices T and as

[X

, X , X = T .[X a , X b , X c ]

(1) (2)

T 1 are expressed
TABLE II Switching combinations and inverter Voltages In the , , Coordinate

1 3 T= 0 2 1 / 2 1 1 T = 1 / 2 1 / 2

1/ 2 1/ 2 3 / 2 3 / 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 3 / 2 1 3 / 2 1 0

(3)

(4)

By applying (4) the ac terminal voltages listed in Table I can be transformed into in the ( , , ) orthogonal coordinate ( Fig.3 ). The results of the transformation are shown in Table II

Fig.3 Switching vectors in ( , , ) coordinate

III. Converters control An appropriate reference which is the harmonic or reactive currents will be generated optimising the swiching states using the vectoriel tridimensionel control which will be detailled [6] [7] [8] III.I Selection of Switching Vectors: In order to minimize the circulating energy and to reduce the current ripple switching vectors adjacent to the reference vector should be selected since the adjacent switching vectors produce non conflicting voltage pulses (same voltage polarity). Identification of the adjacent switching vectors is straightforward for 2-D SVM; however, for 3-D SVM it takes two steps, namely prism identification and tetrahedron identification III.1.1 Prism identification The prism identification is very similar to the sector identification for 2-D SVM. Based on the projections of the reference vector on the , planeV and V , six prisms in the 3-D space can be identified and numbered as Prisms I through VI therefore the space will be divided in six prisms as shown in Fig.4 ; each one contains six nonzero (NZSV) switching vectors and two zero switching vectors (ZSV)
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TABLE I Switching combinations and the Four-leg switching network ac terminal voltages

they will act

V af V bf V cf

0 0 0

(5)

So if we are situated in the 1st prism and we have the previous reference polarities we will choose the 1st tetrahedron III.2 Time Applications Calculating Of The Reference Vector The time duration of the selected switching vectors can be easily computed by projecting the reference vector onto the adjacent NZSVs (Fig.6) The corresponding duty ratios of the switching vectors are given by

Fig.4 The Six Prisms

III.1.2 Tetrahedon identification Each prism is made of 4 tetrahedrons where every one has three NZSVs and two ZSVs as shown below Fig.5

d z = 1 d1 d 2 d 3 Vref = d1v1 + d 2 v2 + d 3v3 + d z v z

A projection of the reference vector on the control ones is needed Fig.6

Fig.6 Referenc Vector Projection

Fig .5 Tetrahedron identification example for the reference vector located in prism I.

This projection is given by the presented equation where A is the specified projection matrix for each reference vector position (The matrix A is given in TABLE.III )

a. Tetrahedron Detections method Each tetrahedron has three NZSVs and two ZSVs. The lineto-neutral voltage polarities produced by each NZSV are indicated as + or - or 0 as shown in Fig. 5 The tetrahedron identification in the ( , , ) coordinate seems difficult since there is no simple mathematical expression available to define in which tetrahedron the reference vector resides. Fortunately, a simple criterion is found in the (a, b, c) coordinate based on the voltage polarities of the NZSVs. The voltage polarities of the reference vector in the (a, b, c) coordinate (Va_ref, Vb_ref, Vc_ref ) are compared with those of the NZSVs of each tetrahedron b. Example of tetrahedron choice We choose the 1st prism and tetrahedron, in this case the vectors taken will be pnnn, pnnp, ppnp and

d1 d 2 d 3

= 1 .[ A Vg

V _ ref ]. V _ ref V _ ref

(6)

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Tetraedron

1
Prisme

3
3 / 2 3 / 2 0 3 0 0 1 / 2 3 / 2 1 3/ 2 3 / 2 0 3/ 2 3 / 2 0 1 / 2 3 / 2 1
0 3 0 3 / 2 3 / 2 0 1 0 1
3 / 2 0 1

4
3/2 3 0 0 0 1

0 1 3/2 3 / 2 0 1 1 / 2 3 / 2 1 1 / 2 3/2 1 3 / 2 1 3 0 1/ 2 0 1 1/ 2 3 / 2 0 1 3 / 2 1 3/2 0

3/ 2 1 / 2 1 3/2 3/2 0 0 1 1

II

3/ 2 3/2 0 3/ 2 3/2 0 1 / 2 3 / 2 1
0 3 / 2 1/ 2 3 0 3 / 2 0 3 / 2 1

III

1/ 2 3 0 3/2 1 0 3 / 2 1 1 / 2 3 / 2 1 1/ 2 0 1 3 / 2 3 / 2 0 1

IV

1 / 2 1 0

3/2 0 3

1 1 0

3 / 2 3/2 0 1/ 2 3 / 2 1 1 / 2 3 / 2 1

3 / 2 0 1

3 / 2 0 3 0 0 1

3 / 2 0 1/ 2

0 3 0 3 / 2 1 3/2

1/ 2 3 / 2 1 3 / 2 3 / 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 3 / 2 3 / 2 0 1/ 2 3 / 2 1
1 / 2 3 / 2 1 0 1 / 2 3 / 2 1 1 3/ 2 3/2 0 1 / 2

3/ 2 3 / 2 0 3/ 2 3 / 2 0 1/ 2 3 / 2 1
0 3/ 2 1 / 2

3/ 2 3 / 2 0 3/ 2 3 / 2 0 1/ 2 3 / 2 1
3 3/2 0 0 0 1

3 0 3/2

VI

0 1 1

3 0 0 3 / 2 0 3 / 2 3 / 2 1 1

TABLE.III The matrixe A in each Prisme and each Tetraedron

IV. Harmonics currents identification IV.1 Real, imaginary and homopolar instantaneous powers Method This method introduced by Mr AKAGI [9], exploits the Concordias transformation of the simple voltage and the lines currents in order to calculate the real, imaginary and homopolar instantaneous powers; It also makes it possible to transform the fundamental component into a continuous component and the harmonic components in alternative components. This transformation is necessary if we want to eliminate the component easily continues

1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 VS1 V0 1/ 2 1/ 2 .VS 2 V = 2 / 3 1 0 V 3 / 2 3 / 2 VS 3

(7)

1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 I C1 I 0 1 / 2 1 / 2 .I C 2 I = 2 / 3 1 0 I 3 / 2 3 / 2 I C3

(8)

(Vs1 , Vs2 , Vs3 ,Ic1, Ic2, Ic3) are respectivly the simple voltage and the lines currents The Concordias transformation makes it possible to bring back this three-phase system of the axes abc to the axes , , as shows it the two following relations:

By neglecting the voltage's harmonics, the real power p, the imaginary power Q and the homopolar power Po are expressed by the following matrix

P V Q = V P0 0

V V 0

0 I 0 I V0 I 0

(9)

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these power components can be expressed as the sum of a continuous and an alternative component

V. Simulation Results In order to validate the 3D-SVM control algorithm of a four leg converter used as an actif filter,a digital simulation on matlab has been done.

~ P + P P ~ Q = Q + Q ~ P0 + P0 P0
Whith:

(10)

P , Q , P0 : are the continuous components

No linear Or Unbalance d load

~ ~ ~ P , Q, P0 : are the alternative components

From Equation (9), we can deduce the corresponding components of current as:(11)
I V V 0 I = V V 0 I0 0 0 V0
1

V V V0V 0 P P 0 1 Q = V V V0V 0 Q 2 2 0 2 P V0(V +V ) 0 0 V2 +V P 0 0

Reference Currents determination

Then we can right that (12)

p I 1 V V P 1 V V 0 1 V V ~ = q . + V . + V ~ I V V 0 V q V
5 4 3

3D Space vector modulation

Fig. 7 General diagram of simulation

Active currents reactive curents harmonics currents V + V suuposed constant on the assumption of a balanced and sinusoidal voltage Thus it is noted that current's nature identified depend of the power nature The following table (TABLE.IV)summarizes the possible modes of compensations.
2 2

Ia,b,c (A)

2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 0.94

0.96

0.98

1.02

1.04

1.06

1.08

Fig.8 : Current waveforms before and after the control application

400

Time (s)

300

Va

30 * Ia

200

Control of current Type de compensation

100

-100

Pref
Harmonics currents compensation

Qref

-200

-300

~ P
0

~ Q

-400 0.9

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.02

1.04

1.06

1.08

1.1

Fig.9 : Current and voltage waveforms before and after the control application P (watt)

Reactive currents compensation

Q
~ Q+Q

2000

1500

1000

Harmonics and reactive currents compensation

~ P

500

-500

-1000 0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

TABLE IV. Powers associated to the diferent compensation's

mode

Fig.10 Network active power

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1000

Q (var)

500

[6]. Richard Zhang Three-Dimensional Space Vector Modulation for Four-Leg Voltage Source Converters IEEE Transactions on power electronics, VOL. 17, NO. 3, MAY 2002

-500 0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

Fig.11 Network reactive power

[7] : Hou ZhenYi,Sun Jin, Study on control strategy for three-phase four-leg inverter power supply, article IEEE, 2004. [8] R. Zhang, D. Boroyevich, H. Prasad, H. Mao, F. C. Lee, and S. Dubovsky, A three-phase inverter with a neutral leg with space vector modulation, in Proc. IEEE-APEC97 Conf., 1997, pp. 857863 [9] H. Akagi, A. Nabae and S. Atoh, Control strategy of active power filters using multiple voltage-source PWM converters , IEEE Trans. on Industry applications, vol. IA-22, pp. 460-465, 1986.

V.I

Interpretation

The simulation results shows that the network curent become perfectly sinusoidal after the control application and in phase with the voltage Fig.8 and Fig.9 In fig.10 and fig.11 the actif power is an constant after the control application and the reactive one turn on zero which explain that the network provide only the active current without reactive consumption VII. Conclusion In this paper we have presented a four leg converter structure used as an actif filtre in order to obtain a balanced power source with having a control of the harmonique current circulating in the neutral,then we have seen the uses of the 3D-SVM control technique where the digital simulations results of a lineair unbalanced source were swhown and discussed .finally we could conclude that the 3D-SVM is an effectiveness method and could lead to an encouraging result for any pratical inplementation.

VIII.

References

[1] W. J. Lee and C. H. Lin, Utility deregulation and its impact on industrial power systems, IEEE Ind. Applicat. Mag., vol. 4, pp. 4046, May/June 1998 [2] H. Akagi, A. Nabae and S. Atoh, Control strategy of active power filters using multiple voltage-source PWM converters , IEEE Trans. on Industry applications, vol. IA-22, pp. 460-465, 1986 [3] Cheng-che. Chen, yuan-yih. HsuNovel approach to the design of a shunt active filter for an unbalanced three-phase four-wire systems under non sinusoidal conditions. IEEE transactions on power delivery.vol.15.no.4.october2000 [4] Jaques .L. Williems, Josef A. Ghijselem Apparent power and power factor concepts in unbalanced and non sinusoidal situations. IEEE Bologna power tech conference, June 23-26/2003, Bologna, Italy [5] R. Zhang, H. Prasad, D. Boroyevich, and F. C. Lee, Analysis and design of a three-phase inverter with a neutral leg, in Proc. EPE97 Conf., 1997, pp. 1.1701.175

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