1.

Definition Of Operation Involved Extracapsular cataract extraction is a method for surgically removing a cataract, which is a clouding of the eye's naturally clear lens. A cloudy lens interferes with light passing through to the retina, the light-sensing layer of cells at the back of the eye. Having a cataract can be compared to looking at the world through a foggy window. In extracapsular extraction, an incision is made in the side of the cornea at the point where the cornea and sclera, the white part of the eye, meet. Carefully entering the eye through the incision, the surgeon gently opens the front of the lens capsule and removes the hard center, or nucleus, of the lens. The soft lens cortex is then suctioned out leaving the back of the capsule in place. An incision requiring sutures is necessary because the lens is removed in one piece. A plastic implant called an intraocular lens, or IOL, is substituted for the original lens. The implanted IOL allows light to be focused on the retina. It may be up to six weeks before the sutures are removed and best-corrected vision is achieved. During recovery, it may be necessary to avoid bending over or lifting heavy objects

2. Discussion Of Anatomy Involved LENS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

LENS Is an avascular, transparent, biconvex disc located behind the pupil Biconvex means that each side of the lens bulges outward The lens is a flexible structure, and changing the shape of the lens is involved with adjusting the focus of light

LENS EPITHELIUM ocated in the anterior portion of the lens between the lens capsule and the lens fibers, is a simple cuboidal epithelium. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current.

LENS FIBERS The lens consists of a layer of cuboidal epithelial cells on its anterior surface and a posterior region of very long, columnar epithelial cells Cells from the anterior epithelial proliferate and give rise to the lens fibers The lens fibers lose their nuclei and other cellular organelles and accumulate a set of proteins called crystallines

LENS CAPSULE A highly elastic, transparent lens capsule surrounds the lens Through the lens capsule and the suspensory ligaments, the ciliary body can change the shape of the lens It is synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The capsule is very elastic and so causes the lens to assume a more globular shape when not under the tension of the zonular fibers, which connect the lens capsule to the ciliary body. The capsule varies from 2-28 micrometres in thickness, being thickest near the equator and thinnest near the posterior pole.

The lens capsule may be involved with the higher anterior curvature than posterior of the lens.

Functions Of Organs/ Body Arts Involved The lens is part of the focusing system of the eye and light passing through the lens is focused on the retina

Clinical Manifestations of Cataract: Blurred vision Sometimes monocular diplopia (double vision) Photophobia (light sensitivity) Glare occur because the opacity of the lens obstructs the reception of light and images by the retina Client usually see better in low light, when the pupil is dilated, which allows for vision around a central opacity No complaint of pain Cloudy lens can be observed Should be suspected when the red reflex seen with the direct opthalmoscope is distorted at absent Although cataracts can usually be easily identified with the direct opthalmoscope, an accurate determination of the type and extent change requires a slit-lamp examination

Intra And Post Op Risk Factors