CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS AND RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS
Relative atomic mass of an element , Ar = The average mass of an atom of the element 1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Example: Ar of C=12 Ar of O=16 Ar of Mg=24 1. The Relative atomic mass of an element is ..

when compare with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12. 2. Carbon-12 is chosen because it is a . and can be easily handled.

3.

Find the relative atomic masses of these elements. Element Calcium, Ca Sodium, Na Iron, Fe Copper, Cu Carbon, C Hydrogen, H Potassium, K Lithium, Li Bromine, Br Relative Atomic Mass Element Argon, Ar Silver, Ag Caesium, Cs Lead, Pb Chlorine, Cl Flourine, F Aluminium, Al Zinc, Zn Helium, He Relative Atomic Mass

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

Relative molecular mass of a substance, Mr = The Average mass of a molecule of the substance 1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Calculating Relative molecular mass,Mr Mr= The sum of Ar of all atoms present in one molecule Example: Molecular formula 2 Hydrogen atoms

Mr of Water, H2O = 2(1) + 16 = 18 Relative atomic mass for Oxygen

Relative atomic mass for Hydrogen

Mr of Carbon dioxide, CO2 = 12 + 2(16) = 44 For ionic substance , Relative formula mass , Fr = The sum of Ar of all atoms present in the formula Example: Fr of Magnesium oxide, MgO = 24 + 16 = 40 Fr of Sodium chloride, NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

All Ar, Mr and Fr have no unit

1. The relative molecular mass of a molecule is . when compared with 1/12 of the mass of one atom of 2. Calculate the relative molecular masses of the substances in the table below. Substance Hydrogen gas Propane Ethanol Bromine gas Methane Glucose Molecular formula H2 C3H8 C2H5OH Br2 CH4 C6H12O6 Relative molecular mass, Mr 2(1) = 2

Ammonia NH3 [Relative atomic mass : H,1; C,12; O,16; Br,80 ; N,14 ]

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CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

3. Calculate the relative formula masses of the following ionic compounds in the table. Substance Compound formula Relative formula mass, Fr 2(39) + 16 = 94

Potassium oxide

K2O Al2(SO4)3

Aluminium sulphate

2(27)+3[32+4(16)]=342

Zinc nitrate

Zn(NO3)2 Al(NO3)3 CaCO3

Aluminium nitrate

Calcium carbonate

Calcium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2 CuSO4.5H2O 64 + 32 + 4(16) + 5[2(1) + 16]=250

Hydrated copper(II) sulphate

Hydrated sodium carbonate

Na2CO3.10H2O

Sodium hydrogen sulphate

NaHSO4

Aluminium chloride

AlCl3 CuSO4 ZnCO3

Copper(II) sulphate

Zinc carbonate

Potassium carbonate

K2CO3

[Relative atomic mass: O,16; C,12; H,1; K,39 ; Cu,64 ; Zn, 65; Cl, 35.5 ; Al, 27 S,32 ; Ca, 40; Na,23; N, 14]

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

THE MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES

1. To describe the amount of atoms, ions or molecules , mole is used. 2. A mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the .. .. in exactly 12g of carbon-12. 3. A mole is an amount of substance which contains a constant number of particles atoms, ions, molecules which is 6.02 x 1023 4. The number 6.02 x 1023 is called (NA) 5. In other words: 1 mol of atomic substance contains . atoms 1 mol of molecular substance contains . molecules 1 mol of ionic substance contains .. formula units

6. Relationship between number of moles and number of particles (atom/ion/molecules):

x Avogadro Constant number of moles number of particles

A vogadro Constant

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Number of moles 0.5 mol of carbon atoms

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

Number of particles atoms of carbon (i) (ii) ..molecules of hydrogen gas .Atoms of hydrogen

0.2 moles of hydrogen gas ( H2)

2 mol of carbon dioxide molecules

x 10 23 molecules of carbon dioxide gas contains : . atoms of C and . atoms of O

0.007 mol of calcium ions

calcium ions 6.02 x 10 25 molecules of water .x 10 23 molecules of ozone, contains : atoms of O

. mol of water

0.4 mol of ozone gas ( O3)

7. Complete these sentences . a) 1 mol of calcium contains .. atoms b) 2 mol of iron contains .. atoms

c) 2 mol of magnesium oxide, (MgO) contains .. ions d) 2 mol of sodium carbonate, (Na2CO3) contains . e) 3 mol of carbon dioxide, (CO2) contains .. molecules f) 0.5 mol Copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 contains .. Cu2+ ions and . NO3- ions

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

NUMBER OF MOLES AND MASS OF SUBSTANCES

1. The molar mass of a substance = The molar mass of _________________ mole of the substance. = = The mass of (NA) number of particles The mass of ____________________ particles

x Molar mass

Number Of moles
Molar mass 2. Calculating the Mass from a number of Moles

Mass in g

Number of moles Therefore : Mass of substance Example 1 :

mass of the substance . Mass of 1 mole of the substance

Number of moles x Mass of 1 mole

What is the mass of 2 moles of carbon ? Mass = = 2 x 24g 12

Example 2 : What is the mass of 2 moles of H2O ? Mass = = 2 36g x [ 2(1) + 16 ]

3. Calculate the masses of these substances a) 2 moles of aluminium atoms Mass = b) 10 moles of iodine atoms Mass =

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
c) 3 moles of lithium atoms Mass =

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

d) 0.5 moles of oxygen gas (O2) Mass =

e) 0.1 moles of sodium Mass =

f)

2 moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2) Mass =

g) 1 mole of carbon dioxide ( CO2) Mass =

h) 3 moles of nitric acid, ( HNO3 ) Mass =

i)

2 moles of calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) Mass =

j)

0.25 moles of calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) Mass =

k) 0.25 moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Mass =

l)

0.25 moles of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) Mass =

m) 0.5 moles of potassium manganate (VII) (KMnO4) Mass =

n) 0.25 moles of hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O) Mass =

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

4. Calculate the Number of Moles from a given Mass Example : How many moles are there in 88g of CO2 Number of moles = 88 44 a) 2g of helium atoms Number of moles = = 2 moles

b) 6g of carbon atoms Number of moles =

c) 16g of helium atoms Number of moles =

d) 4g of sulphur atoms Number of moles =

e) 4g of oxygen molecules (O2) Number of moles =

f) 213g of chlorine molecules (Cl2) Number of moles =

g) 0.56g of nitrogen molecules (N2) Number of moles =

h) 254g of iodine molecules (I2) Number of moles =

i) 88g of carbon dioxide (CO2) Number of moles =

j) 3.1g of sulphur dioxide (SO2) Number of moles =

k) 560g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) Number of moles =

l) 392g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Number of moles =

m) 170g of ammonia (NH3) Number of moles =

n) 120g of magnesium oxide (MgO) Number of moles =

o) 4g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

p) 73g of hydrogen choride (HCl)

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Number of moles =

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

Number of moles =

q) 15.8g of potassium manganate (VII) KMnO4 Number of moles =

r) 8g of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) Number of moles =

s) 0.78g of aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)3 Number of moles =

t) 0.92g of ethanol (C2H5OH) Number of moles =

5. Complete the following table. Chemical formulae Cu

Element/compound Copper

Molar mass RAM= 64

Calculate (a)Mass of 1 mol = g (b) Mass of 2 mol = . g (c)Mass of mol = .g (d)Mass of 3.01x1023 Cu atoms =

Sodium hydroxide

NaOH

RFM= 40

(a) Mass of 3 mol of sodium hydroxide =

(b) Number of moles of sodium hydroxide in 20 g =

Zinc nitrate

Zn(NO3)2

RFM =

a) Number of moles in 37.8 g of zinc nitrate :

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

NUMBER OF MOLES AND VOLUME OF GAS

1. The molar volume of a gas is defined as the . . 2. One mole of any gas always has the under the same temperature and pressure. 3. The molar volume of any gas is 24 dm3 at 22.4 dm3 at . or

Example : 1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol of ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas and 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupies the same volume of 24 dm3 at room condition

x 22.4/24 dm3

Number of moles of gas

22.4/24 dm3

Volume of gas

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

4. Calculate the volume of gas in the following numbers of moles at STP Example : Find the volume of 1 mole of CO2 gas Volume = = = number of moles x 1 x 22.4 dm3 22.4 dm3 22.4 dm3

a) 3 moles of oxygen Volume =

b) 2 moles of CH4 Volume =

c) 0.3 moles of Argon Volume =

d) 0.2 moles of SO3 Volume =

e) 0.1 moles of N2 Volume =

f) 1.5 mol of N2 Volume =

5. Complete the diagram below . (Refer to Page 33,34 & 38-Chemistry textbook)

Volume of gas (dm3)

Mass in gram

Number of moles

No of particles

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Solve these numerical problems 1.

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

What is the volume of 0.3 mole of sulphur dioxide gas at STP? [Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]

(Ans: 6.72 dm3) 2. Find the number of moles of oxygen gas contained in a sample of 120 cm 3 of the gas at room conditions. [Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]

(ans: 0.005 mol)

3.

Calculate the number of water molecules in 90 g of water, H2O. [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; O, 16. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

(Ans; 3.01x 10

24

molecules)

4.

What is the volume of 24 g methane ,CH4 at STP? [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12. Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]

(Ans: 33.6 dm )

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5.

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

How many aluminium ions are there in 20.4 g of aluminium oxide, Al2O3? [Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Al, 27. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-

(2 x 0.2 x 6.02 x10 )

23

6.

Calculate the number of hydrogen molecules contained in 6 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room conditions. [Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

(Ans: 1.505x10 molecules)

23

7.

Find the volume of nitrogen in cm3 at STP that consists of 2.408 x 1023 nitrogen molecules. [Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

(Ans: 8.96 dm )

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
CHEMICAL FORMULAE

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

1) A Chemical formula - A representation of a chemical substance using letters for and subscripts to show the numbers of each type of .. that are present in the substance. The letter H shows . .

H2

Subscript shows 2 hidrogen atoms in a molecule

2) Complete this table

Chemical subtance

Chemical formulae

Notes

Water

..

2 atoms of H combine with 1 atom of O

.. Propane

NH3

. atoms of H combine with 1 atom of N

C3H8 Magnesium oxide ..

.. atoms of C combine with . atoms of H

..

H2SO4

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

3). There are two types of chemical formulae. Complete the following: ** Empirical Formula ** Molecular Formula

The simplest in the compound.

.. ratio of atoms of each .

The actual of atoms of each that are present in a molecule of the compound

Remember:

Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n

Example: (i) Compound Ethene Molecular formula - C 2 H 4

(ii)

Compound Glucose Molecular formula - C6 H 12 O 6 Empirical formula - ....................

Empirical formula - ...................

1 Find the empirical formula of a compound Example of calculation: a) When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is produced. Find the empirical formula of metal X oxide [ RAM; X,207; O,16 ]

Element Mass of element(g) Number of moles of atoms

X 10.35 10.35207

O 11.95-10.35 (11.95-10.35)16

Ratio of moles Simplest ratio of moles

Empirical formula :

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CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

b) A certain compound contains the following composition: Na 15.23%, Br 52.98% , O 31.79%, [ RAM : O, 16; Na, 23; Br,80] (Assume that 100g of substance is used) Element Mass of element(g) Number of moles atoms Ratio of moles Simplest ratio of moles Na 15.23 15.23 23 Br 52.98 52.9880 O 31.79 31.7916

Empirical formula:: .

c)

Complete the table below. Compound Water Carbon Dioxide Sulphuric Acid Ethene Benzene Glucose Molecular Formula H2O CO2 H2SO4 C2H4 C6H6 C6H12O6 CH2 CO2 Empirical formula Value of n

d) 2.52g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 84. [RAM H,1; C,12] i. Find the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon

ii.

Find the molecular formula of the carbon.

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

Chemical Formula for ionic compounds: Complete the table below :

Cation Hydrogen ion Lithium ion Sodium ion Potassium ion Magnesium ion Calcium ion Barium ion Copper(II) ion Iron(II) ion Iron (III) ion Lead (II) ion Zinc ion Chromium (III) ion Aluminium ion Ammonium ion

Formula

Anion Flouride ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion

Formula

Ca 2 Ba 2

Nitrate ion Manganate(VII) ion Ethanoate ion

CH 3COO
O 2

Sulphate ion Sulphide ion Carbonate ion Dichromate (VI) ion

S 2
2

Cr2O7
PO4

Al 3
Chromate (VI) ion

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

a) Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions X m+ and Yn- is constructed by exchanging the charges of each element. The formula obtained will XnYm Example : Sodium oxide Na+ +1 O2-2 Cu2+ +2 Copper (II) nitrate NO3-1

= Na2O b) (i)

....................

Construct a chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds: Magnesium chloride (ii) Potassium carbonate

(iii)

Calcium sulphate

(iv)

Copper (II) oxide

(v)

Silver nitrate

(vi)

Zinc nitrate

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(vii) Aluminium oxide

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

(viii) Iron(II) hydroxide

(ix)

Lead(II) sulphide

(x)

Chromium(III) sulphate

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS C (s) + O2 (g) CO 2 (g) Reactant product

Example:

1) Qualitative aspect of chemical equation: a) Arrow in the equation the way the reaction is occurring b) Substances on the left-hand side .. c) Substances on the right-hand side d) State of each substance : (s), (l), gas .and aqueous solution . 2) Quantitative aspect of chemical equations Coefficients in a balanced equation the exact proportions of reactants and products in equation.

Example:

2 H 2 (g)

+ O2 (g)

2 H 2 O (l)

(Interpreting): 2 molecules (2 mol) of H 2 react with 1 molecule (1 mol) of O2 to produced 2 molecules(2 mol) of water

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

Complete the following word equations and write in chemical equation chlorine

a) Sodium b) Carbon .

.. NaCl Carbon dioxide ..

+ + + ..

c) Sulphur ..

+ +

oxygen ..

..

d) Zinc

+ oxygen + O2

.. ..

3) Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions and interpret the equations quantitatively. (a). Carbon monoxide gas + oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas Interpreting: (b). Hydrogen gas + nitrogen gas ammonia gas . Interpreting: .. (c). Aluminium + Iron (III) oxide aluminium oxide + Iron . Interpreting: .

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

Numerical Problems Involving Chemical Equations

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following equation: 2 H 2 O2 (l) 2 H 2 O (l) + O2 (g) 1). Calculate the volume of oxygen gas, O2 measured at STP that can be obtained from the decomposition of 34 g of hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O2 . [Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; O, 16. Molar volume : 22.4 dm 3 mol 1 at STP]

(Ans: 11.2 dm )

2).Silver carbonate Ag2CO3 breaks down easily when heated to produce silver metal 2 Ag2CO3(l) 4 Ag (s) + 2 CO2 (g) + O2

Find the mass of silver carbonate that is required to produce 10 g of silver [Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Ag, 108]

(Ans : 12.77g)

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CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

3). 16 g of copper (II) oxide, CuO is reacted with excess methane, CH 4 . Using the equation below, find the mass of copper that is produced. [Relative atomic mass : Cu, 64 ; O, 16] 4 CuO (s) + CH 4 (g) 4 Cu (s) + CO2 (g) + 2 H 2 O (l)

(Ans : 12.8 g)

4). A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate CaCO3 strongly. It decomposes according to the equation below:

CaCO3 (s)

CaO (s) + CO2 (g).

(a). If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its volume?

(b). Calculate the mass of calcium oxide, CaO produced. [Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16; Ca, 40. Molar volume : 24 dm3 mol 1 at room conditions]

(Ans : (a). 4.8 dm

(b) 11.2 g)

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