Thailand

Dioxins releases from Power and Heat sector

Massimo Gobbi UNIDO BAT/BEP Workshop Bangkok 13 June 2011
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011 1

National Implementation Plan -NIP PCDD/PCDF Inventory

M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

DIOXINS EMISSIONS FROM POWER AND HEAT GENERATION

Releases to Air Releases to Residue

33.00 gTEQ/y 14.28 gTEQ/y

M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

Typical dioxins emissions from boilers

ENERGY IN (FUEL)

Dioxins emissions to air

st a c k

APC filter

BOILER

Dioxins emissions to residue

ENERGY (steam) TO PROCESS

Origin of dioxins emissions:

COMBUSTION OF FOSSIL FUELS

M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011 5

INCREASE OF FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTIONS

INCREASE OF DIOXINS EMISSIONS

M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011 6

THAILAND PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND 2010* Mtoe

NRE Hydro 10% 1%
THAILAND-PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND

Coal 13%

Gas 31%
114,6 Mtoe m

Oil 45%

* APEC energy demand andM. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 energy outlook 2006 June 2011

THAILAND ENERGY BALANCE 2010

Thailand final consumptions - transformation 2010
Mtoe

residential commercial

electricity generation refineries

transport industry

* APEC energy demand andM. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 energy outlook 2006 June 2011

Thailand primary energy demand Outlook

Thailand primary energy demand Outlook
120 100

80

Mtoe

60

40

20

0 coal oil gas

2010 15,5 51,5 35,1

2020 33 78,8 57,2

2030 64 102,9 65

* APEC energy demand andM. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 energy outlook 2006 June 2011

LINKAGE BETWEEN FUEL CONSUMPTIONS AND RELESEAS OF DIOXINS

EMISSION FACTORS
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011 10

EMISSION FACTOR DEFINITION

THE EMISSION FACTOR IS THE AMOUNT OF DIOXINS EMITTED TO AIR, WATER, LAND AND RESIDUE PER UNIT OF FUEL BURNED, (Ton or TJ)

E.F = TEQ/t E.F. = TEQ/TJ

M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

11

The Emission Factor mainly depends on

Type of process (power generation, open
burning, waste incineration , etc.)

Type of plant ( water tube boiler, fire tube

boiler, fluidized bed boiler,etc.)

Type of fuel burned (coal, oil, gas, waste,

biomass,etc
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011 12

UNEP Toolkit

DIOXINS EMISSION FACTORS*

Power and Heat Sectors
1. Fossil fuel/waste co-fired power boilers 2. Coal fired power boilers 3. Heavy fuel fired power boilers 4. Shale oil fired power plants Emission Factors - g TEQ/TJ of Fossil Fuel Burned

Air
35 10 2.5 1.5

Water
ND ND ND ND

Residue
ND 14 ND *

5. Light fuel oil/natural gas fired power boilers

*important note:

0.5

ND

ND

the type of plant is not considered

M. Gobbi - UNIDO - Jakarta nov. 2010 13

Energy content in the fuels is the heat released during burning measured by the

Heating value

Bituminous coal Gasoline Heavy fuel oil Natural gas

30-32 MJ/kg 44-47 MJ/kg 40-43 MJ/kg 48-53 Mj/kg

M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

14

Thailand Electricity Generation outlook (Mtoe)

60 50

40
30 20 10 0 2010 2020
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

coal oil

gas
hydro NRE

2030
15

Thailand Industrial consumptions outlook

Thailand - industry consumptions outlook by fuel (Mtoe)

35
30 25 20 15

COAL
OIL GAS

10
5 0 2010 2020
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

2030
16

Thailand -Electricity and Heat Sectors

Dioxins emissions to air (TEQ/y)
20000000 18000000

16000000
14000000 12000000 10000000 8000000 6000000 4000000

coal oil gas

2000000
0 2010 2020
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

2030
17

THAILAND Electricity generation

TOTAL DIOXINS EMISSION TO AIR OUTLOOK gTEQ/y
25000000

20000000
15000000 10000000 5000000 0 2010 2020
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

2030
18

Thailand dioxins emissions outlook industry

Thailand- dioxins emissions forecast- industry
14.000.000
12.000.000 Doxins gTEQ/y 10.000.000 8.000.000 6.000.000 total

4.000.000
2.000.000 0 2010 2020 year
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

2030

19

Thailand dioxins emissions outlook industry + electricity generation

Industry + electricity gTEQ/y
35.000.000

30.000.000
25.000.000 20.000.000 15.000.000 10.000.000

industry electricity

5.000.000
0

2010

2020

2030
20

M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

outcomes
The economic growth of the country leads to an increase of the energy needs, which very often results in increase of fossil fuels consumptions As a result, the emissions of dioxins will increase

solutions
Only a sound environmental energy policy will reduce the emissions of dioxins and other pollutants
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011 21

Ways to reduce the releases of dioxins

1. At government level (energy policies) 2. At site level (implementation of BAT/BEP

M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

22

Ways to reduce the releases of dioxins

Government level
Reduce the energy consumptions (energy saving policies) Reduce the use of fossil fuels (improve the use of renewables) Give priority to cleaner fuels , in energy plans (natural gas, biofuels) Improve use of renewable sources (sun, wind)
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011 23

Ways to reduce the releases of dioxins Power and Heat sectors

Site level (BAT/BEP implementation)
Addition of more efficient filters to reduce the releases to air Improve the efficiency of the plant (fuel consumptions will be reduced) Switch to cleaner fuels (natural gas instead of oil) Replace old boilers with new efficient BAT/BEP boilers
M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011 24

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

M. Gobbi - BAT/BEP Workshop BAngkok 13 June 2011

25