SHEIKH TECHNICAL VETERINARY SCHOOL (STVS)

Wajaale, Hargeisa and Berbera field work report

Name: Mustafe Hashi Ibrahim Student NO: 114

June 2011

Acknowledgment First praise is due to Allah who made it possible for this field report to be completed. I also thank many people who were involved in the three weeks fieldwork, especially my thanks goes to supervisor tutors, Dr. Hassan Isaha`aq in wajaale, Dr. Yusuf Mahamed in hargiesa and last supervisor Dr. Mahamed Isma`il Burao for their guidance, support and encouragement. Also, I would like to a word of thanks GABILEY, MAROODI JEEX, and SAHIL regional veterinaries officer for their collaboration and the community members of the institutions we visited. I should also take this opportunity to thank all Terra Nouva management and administration and academic staff including STVS management Dr Thomas Basarazunga, Dr. Mohamoud and the Tutors, Dr.Ibrahim osman,Dr. Abdullahi sheikh,Dr. Abdul kadir khalif, Dr. Abdulahi Ali, Mr. Jonnes, Mr. Mohamed Aden Guun, Mr. Matinde and Miss. Atugonza Jocelyn Jollie. Finally, I should like to thank my partner for countless good ideas, for such open handed generosity for supplying me with endless cups of tea without my even asking.

Mustafe Hashi Ibrahim (0114) STVS second year student.

DECLARATION I, Mustafe Hashi Ibrahim (0114), hereby declare that this work is my original work, and has not appeared anywhere else in any other form. Student signature Date: .

Final supervisor signature.............................................................. Date:

Table of contents Chapter one...................................................................................................................6 1. Introduction........................................................6 1.0 introduction of the field work.......6 1.1 background of the study areas..........6 1.1.1 Wajaale district...........................7 1.1.2 Hargeisa City..........7 1.1.3 Berbera town..7 Chapter Two: aims, objectivities and methodology..................................................8 2.0 Aim...................8 2.1 overall objectives...............................................................................................8 2.1.1 Specific objectives .........................................................................................8 2.3 Methodology.................8 Chapter Three: Activities carried out....9 3.1 FMD vaccination program in Somaliland....9 3.1.1 Inspection of the animal before vaccination..........9 3.1.2 FMD vaccination performance in Wajaale district.......................9 3.1.3 Certification procedure in Wajaale..................10 3.1.4 Constraints of vet activities.....................10 3.1.5 Clinical examination and treatment in Wajaale..................11 3.1.6 Treatment of the animals.........................11 3.1.7 Veterinary infrastructures of Wajaale.................12 3.2 Hargeisa slaughter house.......12 3.2.1. Role of Maandeeq enterprise in the slaughter house...........................12 3.2.2 Meat inspection in the slaughter house............12 3.2.3 Hygiene analyzes of the slaughter house..... ....13 3.2.4 Animal welfare of the slayers...........13 3.2.5 constrains of the slaughter house......................................................................13 3.2.6 Hargeisa milk markets..............14 3.2.7 Handling of milk in the markets.......14 4

3.2.8 Sources and price of the milk...........................................................................14 3.3 Hargeisa livestock market.............14 3.3.1 Composition of the market..............14 3.3.2 Main players of the market...............15 3.4 Berbera veterinary infrastructures......15 3.4.1 Berbera quarantine station and laboratory.. ..........15 3.5 livestock shipping system............15 3.6 Certification procedure...15 Chapter Four: Conclusion, recommendation and lessons learnt..... 16 4.1 Conclusion and recommendation.......................................................................16 4.2 lessons learnt...................................................................................................17 Annex: .........................................................................................................................18

Chapter one: Introduction 1.0 Introduction of the field work Sheikh technical veterinary school (STVS) is an institution based on learning by doing, practical activities are continuous and they are related to the lectures. By the end of each academic year students are sent for a field work to apply the learned skills as well as the improvement of the writing and reporting skills. On 29/05/2011 STVS students having attained the fulfillment of this accumulated activity, the learners were equipped protective aprons, long boots, gloves, first aid and post mortem kits and drugs used for the treatment activity were allowed to visit Hargaisa, Berbera and Wajaale to do clinical examination, remedy ,vaccination, milk and livestock markets and veterinary infrastructures analysis, medication the assignments were conducted on 29/06/2011 by operating about a week in each town. 1.1Back ground of the study area Unlike previous field activities three different areas were studied; Hargaisa,Wajaale Berbera.

Source; travel.webshots.com

Wajale

Hargiesa

Berbera

1.1.1 Wajaale district Wajaale is about 80km of the west ward of Hargiesa; with population above 21,000 people. It lies in the valley of high land which receives large amount of rain and characterized by cold and windy. The main agricultural activities includes; maize, sorghum, beans, onion and watermelon. In Wajaale the most animal species reared are small ruminants and cattle but it is subsistence for families lives instead of commercial purpose. WAJAALE is a major town that links between Ethiopia and Somaliland. 1.1.2 Hargeisa city 7

HARGIESA is the capital city of Somaliland. Hargeisa is located in a valley in the western section of the country. The city is in a mountainous area because it is situated in an enclosed valley of the Galgodon (OOGO) highlands, at an elevation of 1,334 meters (4,377 ft) above sea level. The temperature ranges between 13 and 32 degrees Celsius (55 and 89 degrees Fahrenheit respectively).HARGEISA is the financial hub to many entrepreneurial industries ranging from food processing, fully operational slaughter house, livestock and milk markets, gems tone cutters, construction, retail, import and export, Internet cafes, and companies that process remittances from relatives abroad who send money. Some families have moved back to the city, living in mansions in the hills during the summer. Due to its fertility and greenery with reliable raining pattern, wild animals (e.g. zebras) come to Hargeisa area to either breed or graze on the grassland savannah. 1.1.3 Berbera town BERBERA is the main port of Somaliland and the center of Sahil region, it is situated the northern direction of the country and it is along the red sea of Gulf of Aden. The coastal belt is usually cold between the months of October and January while may to September is normally hot at a temperature of 40 c0 and windy weather condition. The coastal belt around Berbera (GUBAN) is desert or semi-desert which receives rain ones or twice in the year. The economic sources of Berbera depend on the port activities which is the largest income generation for the whole of the country. Thousands of livestock are exported every week from Berbera port to the Arabian countries like SAUDI-ARABIA, QATAR, KUWEIT, BAHREIN and EGYPT.

CHAPTER TWO: AIM OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 2.0 Aim The aim of the field work was to promote students practical skills in the veterinary profession. 2.1 Over all objectivies Is to enable students improve on their data collection, processing and presentation while exploring and applying their professional skills. 2.2.1 Specific objectives

Establish presence of a certain diseases through clinical examination and then go on to treat and vaccinate the animal question. Examine procedures used in livestock inspection and trade in Somaliland. Identify and discuss the challenges faced by key livestock sake holders in the areas of study.

Asses the system and infrastructure of a slaughter house.

2.3 Methodology of the field work In order to achieve the above objectives the following methods were used Interview method Observation and Inspection Physical examination Sampling and testing method Treatment and Vaccination

Chapter three: Activities carried out in the field 3.1 FMD vaccination program in Somaliland Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an acute infectious viral disease causing fever, followed by the development of vesicles (blisters) chiefly in the mouth and on the feet. It affects cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats. Wild and domestic cloven-hoofed animals are also susceptible, including a significant number of zoo animals and animals such as the hedgehog.The disease is caused by Aphthovirus in the family of picorna viridae and has seven serotypes, A, O, C, Sat1, Sat2, Sat3, and Asia sat1. 9

Only exporting bulls are vaccinated from FMD due to a request from the Arabian countries especially Yemen republic since the most bulls are exported to it. The used vaccine in Somaliland is inactivated known as fotivax, which is produced by Kenya agricultural institute, veterinary vaccine production center and it is effective against A and O serotypes. The vaccine was bought by the ministry of livestock of Somaliland which is kept under refrigeration in a temperature of 4degree Celsius and it is shaken before inoculation. Fotivax is administered 3ml/animal subcutaneously in cattle with no regard of sex, age and weight, but it needs to repeat after six month as booster. The main sites in which the vaccination is conducted are Wajaale district and some Villages near to it since a large number of the exporting cattle are from those zones. 3.1.1 Inspection of the animal before vaccination Inspection is the first technique used to identify the sick animals from the herd, before the vaccination the whole animals are inspected by the veterinary officers, body condition and health status are focused during inspection. The easily observable signs are rough hair coat, poor body condition /emaciation nasal and ocular discharge, profuse salivation, dullness and depressed appearance, lack of rumination, diarrhea, and coughing, heavy infestation of ecto-parasites and swelling of external lymphanodes. Any presence of the mentioned signs can enforce the inspector to isolate that animal and immuno-suppressed. All suspected animals are separated from the herd and studied their case specially; the patient animals are treated and returned to their owners. 3.1.2 FMD vaccination performance in Wajaale district Sick animals are not vaccinated because the vaccine itself can deteriorated the condition if the animal is Wajaale is the center of vaccination in Somaliland, more than 500 bull owned by the traders are vaccinated per week, but due to unrest in the Arab countries animal puchase was reduced up to 90 bull per week. During the vaccination the animals are lined in the crush and they are performed on vaccination and ear tag. Ear tag is an important symbol conducted to differentiate vaccinated and non vaccinated animals, both vaccine inoculation and ear tag is charged for $1.5 and$1 respectively. The role of veterinary personnel is not only administering of the vaccine but the 10

animals are inspected thoroughly before they are vaccinated. The following table illustrates vaccination activities done by the students in Tog wajaale district. Date Species Sex No. of Dosage Route of No of animal 3/06/11 Cattle Male 100 Table one: FMD vaccination in Wajaale 3.1.3 Certification procedure in Wajaale After inspection and vaccination activities, it is mandatory to clarify the animals were inspected. In wajaale the vaccinated animals are attached with inspection form which declares that the animals are examined according to the veterinary laws and regulations of the republic of Somaliland, the certificate is confirmed that the animal did not show any signs of infectious disease and the were no reports of notified diseases in the area of origin of the animal, the statements of the certificate is signed by GEBILAY region veterinary coordinator. 3.1.4 Constraints of Vet Activities There are several obstacles which are encountered by veterinary staffs; the first one is transportation problem because there is no especial vehicle for the vaccination activity, it is contacted to the ministry of livestock in Hargeisa if vaccine vials needed which can take several days to arrange. The crush pens used for vaccination are two old and broken and need to repair. And other important barrier is the delay of the animals; it is possible that the owners bring their animals several days after the time they appointed. rate administration owners 3ml/animal Sc 2

3.1.5 Clinical examination and treatment in Wajaale On 29/06/2009, 09 sick animals were visited, whole of them were cattle and it was complained that all animals have been in a poor body condition for several months, in addition to that one of the animals showed serious condition of emaciation, diarrhea, anorexia and dullness appearance during the last two weeks and no previous medications used as it has been cleared by the owner. Both visual appraisal and physical examination were performed deeply; the emaciated caw had the signs mentioned in the case history and others like rough hair coat, 11

depression, cough and decreased temperature of 33oc. There were other two animals those had purulent ocular and nasal discharge and temperature of 39.70C and 40.3oC respectively. Most of the animals were thin and rough hair coat, there were no infestation of ectoparasites, the farm and the environment were grassland with good pasture, respiratory and pulse rate themselves were assessed and indicated to be abnormal. 3.1.6 Treatment of the animals After clinical examination tentatively it was concluded that all animals are common in helmenthiasis according to the case history and clinical signs. All the animals were administered ALBENDAZOLE orally in a dosage rate of14ml/50k g since it is very effective anti-helmentics drug recommended for the treatment of different worms infections such as round worms, tape worms, lung worms and liver flukes in cattle, sheep and goats and it was shaken well before the administration. The owner was informed not to slaughter the animals for human consumption for two weeks after treatment and not to milk the lactated ones until 5days. The severe emaciated one who had diarrhea, depression, anorexia, and decreased temperature was treated with Pen & after consultation with the field supervisor. In addition to that the two caws showed purulent nasal and ocular discharge and evidence of fever with temperature around 39oC were used for cilamycin long acting in deep intramuscular in a dosage rate of 1ml/10kg body weight. Each 1ml of Clamycin is contained by 100mg ofoxytetracycline. This compound is suitable for the treatment of acute infections and the other hand it is formulated to provide a prolonged action resulting in a sustained anti-bacterial activity. The treated caws were not lactated and the owner accepted not to use their meat for 28 days after the administration of the drug. Table three: animal treatment in Wajaale . Date Species Cattle Goat No of animals 15 11 Drug used Dosage rate Route of administered bolus 1bolus/animal Oral oxytetracycline 3ml/animal IM 3ml/animal IM

Goat 09 ivamactin Table three: animal treatment in Wajaale 12

3.1.7 Veterinary infrastructures of wajaale There are view old infrastructures in wajaale and its surroundings; wajaale crush pens are too old and broken which is difficult to work, although huge number of animals are inspected there is no laboratory center if there is need of further confirmation, there only three vet offices and two ramps at wajaale livestock market and no sheds for the animal.. 3.2 Hargeisa slaughter house HARGAISA slaughter house is located in the east ward of the city and it has an area of 2km squared, the slaughter house work from 1:00AM up to 9:00PM. An average of 960 small ruminants and more than 90 animals of cattle and camel are slaughtered per night. Hygiene, transportation and distribution of meat are sponsored by Maandeeq enterprise which is based on the principles of public private partnership (PPP). Maandeeq takes incentive for the hygiene and transportation of carcass, 6000 s/land shilling and 42500 s/land shillings are charged the small and large ruminants respectively. 3.2.1 Role of the Maandeeq enterprise in the slaughter house It transports the carcass by using a covered van vehicles instead of uncovered donkey carts and wheelbarrows. The liquid and the solid wastages such as dirty used water, animal fluids, abdominal remainders and bones are removed and transported to designated dump site, and pores with special trucks of both liquid and solid wastages. 3.2.3 Meat inspection in the slaughters house About one thousand and two hundred of sheep, Goat, Cattle and camels are slayed in the slaughter house for local consumption. There are only 3 meat inspectors for this huge activity which is difficult to inspect thoroughly. On eight and nine July 2009 the students participated inspection of more than 500 animals, after slaughtering and skinning of the animal; the lungs, visceral and mediastinal organs are removed then the carcass is carried in to plastic containers which is written by the symbol of its owners. Both carcass and removed organs were observed to find any gross lesions, color, consistency and texture of organs and tissues were considered, some of the of the removed organs like liver, lung, kidney and heart were palpated and cut sectioned, any Species Inspected number Number of animals grossly infected Types of Abnormalities

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Sheep

300

Hyaline degeneration of liver. Swollen of mesenteric lymph nodes

Goat Cattle

289 25

3 1

Irregular shape of liver, shrinkage of kidney Enlarged kidney. inflammation of liver

Camel

35

Bones of stomach, lung emphysema

Table: Animal inspected Maandeeq slaughter house 3.2.4 Hygiene analyzes of the slaughter house Prior of the slaughtering, the slayers are distributed in to sterile knives to slaughter the animals, after the skinning; lungs, visceral and mediastinal organs are removed from the carcass and it is covered to its skin. 3.2.5 Animal welfare of the slayers: The slaughters are untalented for the animal welfare, the animal is slayed in front of the life ones, the camels are beaten on the neck, and occipital regions with huge sticks until the animal falls down then it is slaughtered. 3.2.6 Constraints of the slaughter house More than one thousand animals are slaughtered per night; only three inspectors are involved the examination of this large number, both inspectors and the slayers do not used gloves to protect them selves and the products from contamination. The operation area is too small compared to the capacity of the animals and no suitable cleaning solutions for the slaughterhouse, only detergents are used for hygiene instead of chloroform and other preferable substances. 3.2.7 Hargeisa milk markets There are two common milk markets in HARGAISA. Both of them are highly crowded and operate between 9:00AM and 5:00PM, by considering species it is understandable that there is difference between the regions of the country, mainly camel and cattle milk are sold in Hargeisa markets, although goat milk may be found thus they are view and are merely consumed. While the eastern regions of Somaliland

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camel and goat milk are the most abundant types used and cattle milk rarely consumed. 3.2.8 Handling of milk in the markets Unlike the other towns, the milk is sold in large halls with sufficient sheds to protect it from the sun light. Unfortunately, the selling milk is stored in uncovered vessels and is exposed to the dust and the other environmental contaminants. 3.2.9 Sources and price of the milk Hundreds of Jerry cans are brought to the markets per day, during the summer time an average of 700 liters are sold by each seller and can exceed in the spring /the rainy season. Both cattle and camel milk are highly consumed and are sold 3000 S/L shillings per milk cup; they are measured a cup of 7500ml which means each liter is about 4000 S/L shillings. 3.3 Hargeisa livestock market Hargeisa livestock market is located the south east of the city and it occupies an area of1.5km2. The livestock in the market are brought from different regions like GEBILAY,AWDAL, SAHIL, HAWD and rural areas surrounding HARGEISA. Although some of the animals seemed good body condition most of them were fair and no emaciated animals were seen, the hair coat appeared as shiny, and the posture and gait were almost normal. 3.3.1 Composition of the livestock market The four species of the sheep, goats, cattle and camels are sold in the market. Sheep and goats are the majority ones brought to the market, they are classified in to three categories; one group is the exporting Billy goats and rams, locally known as AHMIN, the second group is locally consumed are females locally called DAABAX, the third group is for farming purpose and they are known DHAQAN 3.3.2 Main player of the market. The main players in this market are the producers, middlemen who are also known as the brokers and the exporters. 3.4 Berbera veterinary infrastructures There is a fully operational quarantine station which is used to rehabilitate the exporting animals for a specific period and a laboratory center for the confirmation of the diseases. 3.4.1 Berbera quarantine station and laboratory. The quarantine station is fully operational consists of two main sections one part is for the suspected animals after 15

general examination of the inspectors, the other part is for the grossly inspected animals which have no clinical signs but they will be confirmed with laboratory test if there is required disease to detect. Animals was exporting to Yemen, i, Egypt and Libya .The lab it composes of several departments like; bacteriology which is used for the identification, classification and characterization of the bacterial species, virology department which is detected the viral diseases and serology department to detect the presence of antibodies against a microorganism. The common diseases diagnosed in the lab are FMD, Rinderpest, PPR (Peste des petite ruminants) rift valley fever and Brucellosis. 3.5 livestock shipping System During shipping it is crucial to consider several important components; capacity, speed, hygiene, ventilation, light, separation of the pens, feed and water in the ship are checked.

3.6 Certification procedure It was necessary to certify that the exporting animals were inspected either in Berbera quarantine or any other points like wajaale and they are examined according to Somaliland rules and the requirement of the exported countries. There are three types of certification as listed below. Inspection form: - which declares that the animals were examined according to the veterinary rules and regulations of the republic of Somaliland and it has neither signs of infectious diseases nor reports of infectious disease notified in the area of the origin of the animal. Health certificate: - byreferring Chapter four: Conclusion, Recommendations and Lessons learnt 4.1 Conclusion and Recommendation .Hargeisa livestock market was visited to analyze the market composition, main players and the operational capacity of the market; there were a lot of animals in the market which seemed beyond the capacity of the market and the animals had no sufficient sheds and feeds except for a little amount in private pens around the market In Hargeisa milk market, it is easy to find several types of milk like camel, cattle and goat milk but they are stored in uncovered vessels which are exposed for contamination. On 8 and 9 July 2009 hundreds of animals were inspected in Hargeisa slaughter house and several gross lesions were found, there is only three meat 16

inspectors in the slaughter house, the inspectors and the slayers do not use gloves to protect themselves and the product from contamination. There area of the slaughter house is too small and is cleaned with detergents instead of other solutions like chlorides. The animal slayers in Hargeisa slaughter house are not trained for animal welfare, they slaughter the animal in front of the others and even the camel slayers beat the animal with huge sticks on the head and neck region until it falls down. And also slaughter pregnant animal In Berbera the quarantine station, laboratory and the port were visited to analyze the infrastructures and the activities going on there. Both quarantine and laboratory are fully functional and have their essential requirements except plantations supposed to plant since they can minimize the effect of the windy and hot climate. After the analyses of the conditions detailed in the content and summarized in the Conclusion, I suggested the following recommendations. I would suggest to the international organizations to built new slaughter house and livestock market in Hargeisa city since the current ones are insufficient to the community according to the number of the animals and to improve the old infrastructures of Hargeisa and Wajaale livestock markets like sheds, ramps and the crush pen of Wajaale The government should increase the number of meat inspectors and train the Slayers for the animal welfare Both meat inspectors and slayers must use their protective equipments like gloves to protect the product as well as them selves

4.2 lessons learnt During the field activities in Wajaale, Hargeisa and Berbera the following experiences Were gained The relationship between livestock stakeholders like livestock producers, traders and veterinarians

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Inspection of the exporting animals and the signs which can be observed during The inspection Preparing and administering of FMD vaccine and performing of ear tag Understanding the sections and functions of Berbera quarantine station and Analyzing of the certification procedure like inspection form, health certificate

Laboratory And vessel certificate

Questionnaires for trader 1. How many agents work in the market? 2. How do you value the animal?

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3. In which aspect do you consider when you paying or selling of animal 4.do the traders have license from the government? 5. do you give out you give out the commission to the brokers? 6. Where do you transport the animal? And which country? 7. What is period between paying and selling the animal? 8. at what season do the animal have the highest demand for he traders/ 9. Do you give out any vet services to the animal? 10. Do you transport the live animal? 11. If yes how many time do you transport monthly or yearly? Questioner for producer 1. Under which system do you rear the animals? 2. What is the major purpose you sell your animals? 3. What are the kinds of drugs you give the diseased animal? Which source you do you get drugs from QUESTIONNAIRES FOR BROKERS 1. How many animals do you sell per day? 2. Do you have licenses from the government? 3. How do you communicate with farmers and traders? 4. How do you identify whether the animal is stolen or not?
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