FUSING CONSIDERATIONS

ARE POWER FUSES DESIGNED TO PREVENT LETHAL CURRENTS TO PEOPLE?

HUMAN REACTIONS to Alternating Current

(1 milli ampere (mA) = 1/1000 Amp) 1 mA 1 10 mA Slight Tingling Sensation Sensation of Shock

5 mA
6 15 mA 15 mA+ 25 mA+ 50 mA+ 500 mA

Painful Shock Begins

Let-Go Threshold Level Breached Severe Pain Involuntary Movement Respiratory Paralysis Begins Ventricular Fibrillation Level Lights a 60 watt light bulb

FUSING CONSIDERATIONS

ARE POWER FUSES DESIGNED TO PREVENT LETHAL CURRENTS TO PEOPLE?

ANSWER

NO !!!!!

HOME WIRING FUSES

(SOL COND, 2000 V, ENCL SPACE)

FUSE SIZE 15 A Fuse 20 A Fuse -

WIRE PROTECTED
#14 CU or #12 AL #12 CU

25 A Fuse
30 A Fuse

#10 AL
#10 CU

(1996 NEC Tables 310-16, 17, 18, 19, Footnotes)

BARE ACSR CONDUCTOR CURRENT RATINGS

(FREE AIR) COND #6 - 6/1 #4 - 7/1 #2 - 7/1 1/0 - 6/1 2/0 - 6/1 RATING 105 A 140 A 184 A 242 A 276 A COND 3/0 - 6/1 4/0 - 6/1 RATING 315 A 357 A 519 A 646 A 711 A

336 - 18/1 477 - 18/1 556 - 18/1 -

(SOUTHWIRE Overhead Conductor Manual; First Edition; Copyright 1994)

BARE COPPER CONDUCTOR CURRENT RATINGS

(FREE AIR) COND #6 SOL #4 SOL #2 SOL RATING 128 A 170 A 174 A 228 A 233 A COND RATING 1/0 - 7 STR - 311 A 2/0 - 7 STR - 360 A 3/0 - 7 STR - 417 A 4/0 - 7 STR - 482 A

#4 - 7 STR #2 - 7 STR -

(SOUTHWIRE Overhead Conductor Manual; First Edition; Copyright 1994)

FUSE DEFINITION

An electronic device composed of a conductive element (link) surrounded by a non-conductive filler, where the element will melt and disintegrate at a designed current level to open an electrical circuit.

FUSE ELEMENT (LINK) DESIGN

Material = Silver, Tin, Copper, Nickel or other Metal Wire, bar or ribbon configuration with a designed weak point that melts at a designed current level

FUSE FILLER MATERIAL

Material = Silica Sand, Boric Acid, other non conductive or de-ionizing substance Heat from arch, which occurs when element melts, creates a non conductive glass, or de-ionizing gas that extinguishes the arc and stops current flow

EXPULSION FUSE OPERATION

Conductive element surrounded by loosely packed filler Disintegrating element creates arc which heats air to form conductive gas (Ozone) Arc heats filler material which forms nonconductive gas Non-Conductive gas expels conductive gas and suffocates the arc Gas vented from fuse container to outside Primary use in outdoor/indoor applications

NON - EXPULSION FUSE OPERATION

Conductive Element surrounded in tightly packed filler (silica sand) or vacuum If sand filler - Heat from arc melts sand which turns to non-conductive glass If Vacuum filler No air exist to create Ozone so no conductive gas created No gas created / No Expulsion Used in Indoor Applications and Current Limiting fuses

CUTOUTS Fusible Switches / Replaceable Links

Top Contact

Porcelain or Composite Insulated Holder

Fuse Link with Button Head and Pigtail

Bottom Contact with Link Attachment and Spring Lift

Fuse Tube Fuse Link Inside

CUTOUT
Combination Power Disconnect Switch and replaceable fuse device Hollow Fuse Holder lined with solid Arc Quenching material
Houses Fuse Link Produces non-ionizing gas when heated by arc Gas suffocates the arc vents out bottom

Expulsion Type Fuse

CUTOUT
Fuse Link 2 Purposes in Cutout
Serves as Conducting Element
Size determines the Limit of Allowable Current When Link melts Arc is created inside Holder

Provides Mechanical Tension to hold Switch in Closed position

When Link melts Tension released and switch drops open

Max Fuse Rating 200 Amp

CUTOUT
When Fuse Blows, Only Link is replaced Cutout Use
Overhead Taps Overhead Transformers Overhead Capacitors Underground Laterals

CUTOUT Major Manufacturers

COOPER
Kearny McGraw Edison

HUBBELL - Chance S&C

SMD 20 FUSE SWITCH

SMD 20 FUSE SWITCH

(S&C Line Fuse Switch)

Combination Power Disconnect Switch & replaceable fuse device (Similar to Cutout) Rated for 15 35 kV Hollow Fuse Housing (SMU 20) lined with solid Arc Quenching material
Houses Fuse Link - Called Fuse Unit Produces non-ionizing gas when heated by arc Gas suffocates the arc

SMD 20 FUSE SWITCH

Fuse Link
Serves as Conducting Element
Size determines the Limit of Allowable Current When Link melts Arc is created inside Holder

Mechanically tied to Holder through arc rod When Link melts gas pushes arc rod through top contact which drops SMU housing

Max Fuse Rating 200 Amp When Fuse Blows - Replace Entire SMU Housing

SMD FUSE SWITCHES

ALL SMD Fuse Switches Have Same Operating Process SMD 1A, 2B, 2C and 3 Primary Usage
Substations Rated 15 kV 69 kV Rated Current up to 300 AMP

S&C Only Manufacturer

HIGH CURRENT FUSES

S&C SM-4, SM-5
34.5 kV Max 700 Amp Max (Paralleling Units)

COOPER (CURRENT LIMITING)

RTE, COOPER, MCGRAW EDISON 23 KV MAX USE in series with another fuse

BAYONET FUSES
High Side Fuse for Padmount Transformers Switchgear TYPES
Current Sensing Dual Sensing High Amp Overload

23 KV Max USE in with High Current Protection

Internal Weak Link Lateral Fuse Internal Current Limiting Fuse

BAYONET FUSE

BAYONET FUSE

BAYONET FUSE
Isolation Link or

Current Limiting Fuse

CURRENT LIMITING FUSE

High Fault Fuse Used in Conjunction with Low Fault Fuse Non-Expulsion Fuse Use
Padmount and Submersible Transformers Indoor Switchgear Some Dropout type Switches

CURRENT LIMITING FUSE

LETS TAKE A 15 MINUTE BREAK

FUSE TIME CURRENT CURVE

1000 60000

65 T Fuse Link

100

6000

10

600

Seconds

Fuse1 Type T-TIN 65 min melt

60

0.10

0.010 10 100 1000 10000

0.6 100000

Amperes (common voltage 12.47 kV)

C ycles

Fuse1 Type T-TIN 65 max clear

TIME CURRENT CURVE (65 K VS 65 T Link)

300 Amp Fault 65 K Start 65T Start 1000 Amp Fault 65 K 65T 0.08 sec 0.28 sec

1.30 sec 3.13sec

Clear 2.85 sec 7.11sec

Clear 0.14 sec 0.42 sec

3 TRANSFORMER FUSING CONSIDERATIONS

Protect Transformer from Secondary Faults
Protect Source Feed from
- Faults on Secondary
- Faults in the Transformer

Insure Fuse Wont Blow from

- Full Load of the Transformer - Cold Load Pickup
(6 10 x FL Amps)

3 TRANSFORMER FUSING CONSIDERATIONS

1 TRANSFORMER FUSING CONSIDERATIONS

Similar to 3 Phase Transformers

Protect Transformer from Secondary Faults

Protect Source Feed from

-

Faults on Secondary

- Faults in the Transformer

1 TRANSFORMER FUSING CONSIDERATIONS Insure Fuse Wont Blow from

-

Full Load of the Transformer

- Cold Load Pickup ( 1.5 to 2 x FL Amps)

- Allow more Leniency in fusing due to > Less Expensive Cost of unit > More Customer Diversity

1 TRANSFORMER FUSING CONSIDERATIONS

25 KVA Transformer 7.2 KV - 120/240 V Full Load = 25000VA/7200V = 3.47 A

Fuse Size = 1.5 x FL = 5.2 A

Fuse at 6 K or 6 T Link

FUSE CAPACITOR BANKS

Size fuse as Fully Loaded Transformer
600 kVAR 600 kVA Current = (600 kVAR/3)/7.2 kV = 27.8 A Fuse with 25 T on 7200 Volt System

Avoid Placing Banks Closer than 600 feet from other banks
Inrush Current from Adjacent Bank to Great

LINE TAP FUSING CONSIDERATIONS

X

Isolate Faults on Taps from Back Bone Circuit Keep Fault from Damaging Tap Circuit Make Fuse Large enough to Operate Load Make Fuse Small enough to Eliminate Faults Fast

LINE TAP FUSING CONSIDERATIONS

1/0 ACSR good for 242 Amps 100 KVA @ 7200 V => 14 Amps 1.5 x (50 KVA/7.2 KV) = 10.4 Amp => 10K 25 KVA Fused at 6 K F1 = ?

LINE TAP FUSE COORDINATION

Additional 175 kVA Transformers Total Maximum Tap Load = 39 Amps Largest transformer fuse 15 K F1 = ? F2 = ?

LINE TAP FUSE COORDINATION

# 4 ACSR good for 140 Amps
F3 = ? F4 = ? F5 = ?

FUSE / RECLOSER COORDINATION

Recloser Gives Fault a chance to clear itself Recloser Fast Trips prevent fuse from operating Recloser Slow Trips allow fuse to Clear Fault

FUSE / RECLOSER COORDINATION

F3 = ? F4 = ? F5 = ?

R=?

FEEDER COORDINATION

Are Substation Trip Settings Adequate?

POWER SYSTEM FUSING SUMMARY Fusing Protects Electrical Equipment

Transformers, Capacitors, Conductor

Isolates Faults on Circuits

Limits Number of Customers Affected Hastens Identification of Affected area Reduces Time of Outages

Improves System Operating Efficiency