Gazi University, Department of Architecture EWTA 2011

International Design Workshops on Tourism and Architecture T i d A hit t

Elective Course for Architectural Last Year Students 6/18 June, Aycalik (Turkey)

Dr. Arch. Antonio Caperna, PhD E-mail: antonio.caperna@yahoo.it

Antonio Caperna, PhD

BIOURBANISM
TOWARDS AN HUMAN ORIENTED DESIGN

PART ONE Architecture and context: XX century i. paradigm ii. Policies, economy and society iii. Architecture and urbanism

PART TWO Introduction to Biourbanism

GENERAL

OVERVIEW

CITY

History, philosophy, policy, religion, science, etc.

Philosophy / culture

XVII Century

Shift paradigm

Scientific revolution Industrial revolution

ECONOMY

ENERGY

CITY
POLICIES

UNSUSTAINABLE SYSTEM
Pollution, waste, Pollution waste social and economical divide, urbanization, globalization,

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The Cartesian-Newtonian paradigm contends that the p y physical world is made up of basic entities with distinct p properties distinguishing one element from another. Isolating and reducing the physical world to is most basic entities, its separate parts, provides us with completely knowable, predictable, and therefore controllable physical universe. . . ni erse .The Cartesian Newtonian paradigm contends that the physical The Cartesian-Newtonian universe is governed by immutable laws and therefore is determined and predictable, like an enormous machine. In principle, principle knowledge of the world could be complete in all its details. (De Jong)

Antonio Caperna,

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According to Descartes, our world is: -The machine metaphor - universe as clockwork - Ph Phenomena can b reduced t simple be d d to i l cause & effect relationships governed by linear laws - possible to comprehend it thought its parts - formed by objects - relationships are not important

Cultural, economical, Environmental and Architectural pattern.

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Global Policy since 1950 has been an emphasis on:

1. faster 1 f t economic growth growth fetish i th th f ti h 2. the pursuit of economic growth is a sole measure of national 3. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 7 8. 9.

success Increasing power in f I i i fewer hands h d Profit motive bottom line of corps lack of true cost accounting--environmental costs not included--it is treated t t d as public good and th exploited bli d d thus l it d Unregulated economic globalization without concern for social and environmental consequences Economic growth is measured by real rate of growth in a country's total gro th meas red b gro th co ntr 's output of goods and services or real GDP Elite powerbrokers/nations erected new politics, ideologies, and institutions predicated on these ideas/principles Harnessing fossil fuels played a central role in widening intl wealth & power

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Instead of an existentially grounded plastic and spatial experience, architecture has adopted the psychological strategy of advertising and instant persuasion; buildings have turned into image products detached from existential depth and sincerity (J. Pallasmaa)

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MOBILITYS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT 30% of the worlds energy consumption is used by the transport sector; People spend 10% of their time in transport Mobility is critical for the functioning of our society

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Peak oil

Source: Energy Information Administration

The Th way i which cities and gadgets shall b d i in hi h iti d d t h ll be designed i th future shall d in the f t h ll be directly affected by the availability of fuels and resources. Will technology be the catalyst that allows us to deal with a resource shortage? Is the rate at which our society progresses sustainable when our most important primary resource is running out?

Since 1979, the size of the summer polar ice cap has shrunk more than 20 percent. (Illustration from NASA) (http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/qthinice.asp)

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What will Climate Change mean?

Rising sea levels g increased flooding and drought hotter summers wetter winters more freak weather events millions of people on the move in Africa and Asia hunger, unrest, homelessness, disease conflict - water, food, resources

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The 20th Century Model Increased Consumption More Waste Generation Worldwide fossil fuel consumption quintupled since 1950 Freshwater consumption doubled since 1960

WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG I. II. III. IV. More environmental degradation than any pt in history More inequality between humans than any pt in history More complexity to problems themselves Ideology that technology is part of progress that will save day; abstraction of nature V. massive population increase: both from increased consumption of earths resources and our ecological footprint (straining earths carrying capacity) VI. rapid technological innovation: permits massive extraction and exploitation of resources p VII. an explosion in energy use: 1 & 2 facilitate energy use, complemented by elite discourse promoting consumptive behavior VIII. 4) economic integration: promoted through globalization (Fordism) led to mass consumerism and the growth imperative i ti

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essential problems of architecture
1. There are issues of value, that cannot be separated from the main task of serving functional needs. Thus, aestheticsdismissed as subjective in much contemporary sciencelies at the core of architecture. 2. There is the issue of contexta building grows out of, and must complement, the place where it appears. 3. There is the issue of design and creation - processes capable of generating unity. 4. 4 There is the issue of human feeling: since of course no building can be considered since, course, if it does not connect, somehow, to human feeling as an objective matter. 5. There is the issue of ecological and sustainable and biological connection to the land. land 6. There is the vital issue of social agreement regarding decision making in regards to a complex system: this arises naturally when hundreds of people need to make decisions together often the case in the human environment environment. 7. There is the issue of emerging beauty of shape, as the goal and outcome of all processes.

BIOURBANISM: A GENERAL OVERVIEW

Policy
Democratic (Bottomup) processes Societal, glo-cal e-gov e-democracy P2P urbanism City form Green Buildings Renewable energies Grid energy system

ENERGY

BIO
NETWORK

HUMAN ORIENTED DESIGN

Reinforcement of life systems

URBANISM
Biophilia Hypothesis Participatory Design Morphogenetic Design Environmental Psychology Neurophysiology Sensory Urbanism

Change of Patterns

Cultural Economical Educational

SHIFT PARADIGM
Complex approach

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BIOURBANISM MANIFESTO
Antonio Caperna, Alessia Cerqua, Alessandro Giuliani, Nikos A. Salingaros, Stefano Serafini

Biourbanism focuses on the urban organism, considering it as a hypercomplex system, according to its internal and external dynamics and their mutual interactions. interactions The urban body is composed of several interconnected layers of dynamic structure, all influencing each other in a non-linear manner. This interaction results in emergent p ope t es, properties, which are not predictable except through a dynamical analysis of the c a e ot p ed ctab e e cept t oug dy a ca a a ys s o t e connected whole. This approach therefore links Biourbanism to the Life Sciences, and to Integrated Systems Sciences like Statistical Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Operations Research, and Ecology in an essential manner. The similarity of p gy y approaches lies not only in the common methodology, but also in the content of the results (hence the prefix Bio), because the city represents the living environment of the human species. Biourbanism recognizes optimal forms defined at different scales (from the purely physiological up to the ecological levels) which, through morphogenetic processes, guarantee an optimum of systemic efficiency and for the quality of life of the inhabitants. A design that does not follow these laws produces anti-natural, hostile environments, which do not fit into an individuals evolution, and thus fail to enhance life in any way.

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BIOURBANISM MANIFESTO
The aim of Biourbanism is to make a scientific contribution towards: (i) the development and implementation of the premises of Deep Ecology on social-environmental grounds; (ii) the identification and actualization of environmental enhancement according to the natural needs of human beings and the ecosystem in which they live; (iii) managing the transition of the fossil fuel economy towards a new organizational model of civilization; and f (iv) deepening the organic interaction between cultural and physical factors in urban reality (as, for example, the geometry of social action, fluxes and networks study, etc.).

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SHIFT PARADIGM

Complexity science is a science of understanding change

A loosely bound collection of ideas, principles and influences from a number of other bodies of knowledge, including chaos theory fractal geometry cybernetics y complex adaptive systems postmodernism systems thinking Discovery of similar patterns, processes and relationships in a wide variety of phenomena related to the nature and dynamics of change

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Complex systems
Collection of parts, which collectively parts have a range of dimensions Parts share an physical or symbolic environment / space Action by any part can affect the whole
E.g. individuals, families, communities, cities, markets, societies populations economies, markets societies, populations, economies nations, planets

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it includes a passage from:

the part to the whole structure to process objective science to epistemology building to network as metaphor for knowledge truth to approximate descriptions

Shifting Attitudes about the Environment Things versus Relations between Things Economy and Ecology versus Integration Techno-development versus Eco-development

Complexity also means that systems need to be understood at different scales y y

Communities Atom

Organisms Molecule Tissue Cell

Organs

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RECENT STUDY Stress (Ulrich, 1993) heart rate blood pressure, relax muscle rate, pressure tension, increase alpha waves that associated with relaxation. (Ulrich et al., 1991) immune system functioning (Parsons, 1991) a ety, ea , anger, aggression and anxiety, fear, a ge , agg ess o a d increased feelings of well begin are common responses to natural settings ( (Ulrich, 1979, Hartig, Mang, & Evans, , , g, g, , 1991) Interaction in natural environments also increase problem solving, creativity, capacity to concentrate and focus (Ulrich, 1993, Katcher& Wilkins, 1993) Enhances feelings of awe, mystery, spiritual transcendence (Besthorn& Saleeby, 2003)

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Morphogenetics
Design Process (MDP)

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MORPHOGENESYS
The process can be seen clearly in embryogenesis where the whole embryogenesis, organism is going through a continuous transformation that preserves the whole, but also articulates new structures. And the process is clearly coded according to simple chemical operations at the molecular scale but operations that quickly become vastly complex and interactive at larger scales.

Comparison of bat and mouse limb embryogenesis a process of stepwise differentiation of wholes with new parts but always preserving the whole

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fractals in typical Ethiopian village architecture

organisms, computer programs, buildings, neighbourhoods, and cities share the same general rules governing a complex hierarchical system.

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Gloucester, cathedral, chiostro

Granada : Alhambra

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Traditional urban geometry is characterized by fractal interfaces (Batty and Longley, 1994; Bovill, 1996; Frankhauser, 1994). Frankha ser 1994) The simplest definition of a fractal is a structure that shows complexity at any magnification

Cobweb Aerial view of Chinese town

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Musei Vaticani, Rome

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Metabolic Network
Nodes: chemicals (substrates) Links: bio-chemical reactions

Neuronal Network

Music Internet

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P2PURBANISM

P2P urbanism

Definition prepared by the Peer-to-peer Urbanism Task Force consisting of Antonio Caperna, Michael Mehaffy, Geeta Mehta, Federico Mena-Quintero, Agatino Rizzo, Nikos A. Salingaros, Stefano Serafini, and Emanuele Strano

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RECENT STUDY Stress (Ulrich, 1993) heart rate blood pressure, relax muscle rate, pressure tension, increase alpha waves that associated with relaxation. (Ulrich et al., 1991) immune system functioning (Parsons, 1991) a ety, ea , anger, aggression and anxiety, fear, a ge , agg ess o a d increased feelings of well begin are common responses to natural settings ( (Ulrich, 1979, Hartig, Mang, & Evans, , , g, g, , 1991) Interaction in natural environments also increase problem solving, creativity, capacity to concentrate and focus (Ulrich, 1993, Katcher& Wilkins, 1993) Enhances feelings of awe, mystery, spiritual transcendence (Besthorn& Saleeby, 2003)

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BIOPHILIA
is the innately emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms

Wilson and other Biophilia theorists assert that human beings not only derive specific aesthetic benefits from interacting with nature but that the nature, human species has an instinctive, genetically determined need to deeply affiliate with natural setting and life-forms. (Besthorn& Saleeby, 2003)

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What is Biophilia? For human survival and mental health and fulfillment, we need the natural setting in which the h h human mind almost certainly evolved and in i d l i l l d di which culture has developed over these millions of years of evolution evolution. An intersection between psychology and biology the p y gy gy connection is genetic it resides in the common parts of our DNA

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BENEFIT FROM BIOPHILIC DESIGN

What role does Green Space play in the Urban Environment? a o do pa p ay U ba o

Environmental Psychological Neurophysiological Physical Health Social

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Contact with nature has been found to enhance healing and recovery g y from illness and major surgical procedures, including direct contact (e.g., natural li h i ( l lighting, vegetation), as i ) well as representational and symbolic depictions of nature (e g pictures) (e.g., pictures).

Photos courtesy of Legacy Health System

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Contact with nature has been linked to cognitive functioning g g on tasks requiring concentration and memory. Healthy childhood maturation and development has been correlated with contact with natural features and settings. g The human brain responds functionally t sensory patterns f ti ll to tt and cues emanating from the natural environment. environment

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Communities with higherq quality environments reveal y more positive valuations of nature, superior quality of life, greater f lif neighborliness, and a stronger sense of place than communities of lower environmental quality. q y These findings also occur in poor urban as well as more affluent and suburban ffl t d b b neighborhoods.

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Neurophysiology is the study of nervous system function

Understand how our brain interact with urban i t t ith b environment in psychological,
biological, emotional term

Urban environment as communication system

in physical, sensorial, psychological and biological term

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Environmental

Gardens & green space can account for 30-50% of city space and help mitigate many of the environmental problems associated with the built environment Urban Heat Island effect Concrete & other building material absorb heat Heat wave in 2003 thought to cause 35,000 premature deaths in central Europe Turf 25oC cooler than Asphalt Parks can be 5.9oC cooler at night than suburbs Leafy suburb 2-3oC cooler than new suburb (Wolf 2004) p yg p , p Trees in school playgrounds surface temp 25oC cooler, air temp 10oC cooler (Moog-Soulis, 2002) 10% increase in city Greenspacereduce temps by 4oC (Gill et al. 2007)

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Building emulate nature
The most astonishing ventilation syste ms, h however, h have b been d developed b l d by various species of termites.

one example of sustainable architecture that uses dram atically less energy by imitat ing the successful strategies of indigenous natural syste ms. The building, the countr y's largest commercial and s hopping complex, uses the s ame heating and cooling pri nciples as a local termite mo und

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BEST PRACTICES

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access to open and/or moving water p / g These more conventional water features are also accessible to the majority, majority are easier to maintain and cleaner than the traditional paddling pool.

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Vegetable Faade

Edable fruits (e.g. Wine) (e g Biomass production Dust reduction Heavy metal reduction Thermal insulation Energy savings Noise reduction Biodiversity Evapotranspiration cooling

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Vegetable Faade

COPENHAGEN (DK) - In central Copenhagen a living map of Europe has appeared on the facade of the European Environment Agency (EEA) offices. Designed by architect Johanna Rossbach, with Mangor & Nagel Arkitektirma, the vegetative, custom-fitted screen celebrates the old continent's biodiversity, with plants arranged according to their respective regional origins. Reflecting a burgeoning trend toward living facades in urban contexts, the forward-thinking project stresses the use of indigenous species when choosing to 'green' the urban environment, an essential step toward the preservation of local ecologies.

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By absorbing rainwater, the new Academys living roof will prevent up to 3.6 million y g y g p p gallons of runoff from carrying pollutants into the ecosystem each year (about 98% of all storm water). Reclaimed water from the City of San Francisco will be used to flush the toilets, reducing the use of potable water for wastewater conveyance by 90% 90%.

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Folding Bamboo Houses

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ufficio nei boschi realizzato dagli architetti Jose Selgas e Lucia Cano Architects

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Vertical Garden, Fair Street Housing, London, United Kingdom

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A sensory garden: A self-contained area that concentrates a wide range of sensory experiences.

The Sonic Garden Lab at "Castello del Bisarno, Firenze

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Restoration of Angelo Mais Garden

By y Katarzyna Urbanowicz Kalina Dobija Dziubczynska

Angelo Mai. Courtyard and garden

Angelo Mai. Map of diagnosis

PATTERNS

schemes and trees of the main pattrens

PLAN

SECTIONS

A-A

B-B

all the pools and fountains are connected, water circulates using the differences of the ground levels (with a pomp in one place)

WATER CIRCULATION

This part of the garden is more natural and created as an organic labirynth with kind of theme rooms . theme rooms

LABIRYNTH

DIFFERENT KINDS OF SEAT SPOTS

THE POOL WITH GLASS BALLS

CENTER 2

Antonio Caperna, PhD

THE POOL WITH GLASS BALLS

CENTER 2

Antonio Caperna, PhD

WATER WALL

CENTER 3

Antonio Caperna, PhD

THE POOL WITH WOODEN-BLOCK-PATHS

On the north boundary, there is quite a big but also very shallow pool. Many stones or wooden blocks which finish over the water surface create paths on h hf h h f h the water and let people choose thair own way of passing.

The pool has two levels and is finished with kind of steps.
Antonio Caperna, PhD

THE POOL WITH WOODEN-BLOCK-PATHS

ROOF TERRACES

COFFEE BOOKSHOP TERRACE

Antonio Caperna, PhD

COFFEE BOOKSHOP TERRACE

Antonio Caperna, PhD

References
Alexander, Christopher (2000) The Nature of Order (New York, Oxford University Press). (in press) Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., Jacobson, M., Fiksdahl-King, I. and Angel, S. (1977) A Pattern Language (New York, Oxford University Press). g g ( , y ) Alexander, C., Neis, H., Anninou, A. and King, I. (1987) A New Theory of Urban Design (New York, Oxford University Press). Batty, Michael and Longley, Paul (1994) Fractal Cities (London, Academic Press). Bovill, Carl (1996) Fractal Geometry in Architecture and Design (Boston, Birkhuser). , ( ) y g ( , ) Salingaros, Nikos A. (1995) "The Laws of Architecture from a Physicist's Perspective", Physics Essays, Vol. 8 pp. 638-643. Salingaros, Nikos A. (1998) "Theory of the Urban Web", Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 3 pp. 53-71. [ [Earlier version p published electronically by Resource for Urban Design Information in 1997 y y g Salingaros, Nikos A. (1999) "Urban Space and its Information Field", Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 4 pp. 29-49. Salingaros, Nikos A. (2000) "Structure of Pattern Languages", Architectural Research Quarterly, Vol. 4 pp. 149-161. pp Salingaros, Nikos A. and West, Bruce J. (1999) "A Universal Rule for the Distribution of Sizes", Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol. 26 pp. 909-923. Caperna A., Introduction to The Pattern Language, www.archimagazine.com Caperna A., ICT per un Progetto Urbano Sostenibile, www.tesionline.it p p g

http://www.biourbanism.org http://www.pism.uniroma3.it

References
Nikos Salingaros, Twelve Lectures on Architecture. Algorithmic Sustainable Design, Solingen: Umbau Verlag, 2010. Nikos Salingaros, Antonio Caperna, Michael Mehaffy, Geeta Mehta, Federico Mena--Quintero, Agatino Rizzo, Stefano Serafini, Emanuele Strano, A Definition of P2P (Peer-ToPeer) Urbanism, AboutUsWiki, , , , ( ) , , the P2P Foundation, DorfWiki, Peer to Peer Urbanism (September 2010). Presented by Nikos Salingaros at the International Commons Conference, Heinrich Bll Foundation, Berlin, 1st November 2010. Milena De Matteis, Stefano Serafini (eds.), Progettare la citt a misura duomo. Lalternativa ecologica del Gruppo Salngaros: una citt p bella e p g pp g pi pi giusta, Rome: SIBU, 2010. , , Joseph P. Zbilut, Alessandro Giuliani, Simplicity. The Latent Order of Complexity, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007. Christopher Alexander, The Nature of Order, 4 vol., Berkeley, CA: Center for Environmental Structure, 2002-2005. Grant Hildebrand, Origins of architectural pleasure, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999. Stephen R. Kellert, Edward O. Wilson (eds.), The Biophilia Hypotesis, Washington: Island Press, 1993. Ren Thom, Esquisse dune Smiophysique, Paris: InterEditions, 1991. Antonio Lima-de-Faria, Evolution without Selection. Form and Function by Autoevolution, London New y York Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1988. Gregory Bateson, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity (Advances in Systems Theory, Complexity, and the Human Sciences), Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1979. Conrad H. Waddington, Tools for Thought, London: Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1977. g g p Edgar Morin, La Mthode: La Nature de la Nature, Paris: Seuil, 1977. Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General System Theory, New York: George Braziller, 1968.

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