Phosphorus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, seePhosphorus (disambiguation).

silicon N P As

phosphorus

sulfur

15

P
Periodic table

Appearance colorless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black

waxy white (yellow cut), red, violet and black phosphorus General properties Name, symbol,number Element category Group, period,block Standard atomic weight Electron configuration Electrons pershell phosphorus, P, 15 nonmetal 15, 3, p 30.973762(2) gmol1 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 2, 8, 5 (Image) Physical properties Density (near r.t.) (white) 1.823, (red) 2.2 2.34, (violet) 2.36, (black) 2.69 gcm3 (white) 44.2 C, (black) 610 C

Melting point

B ili H H

(white) 280.5 C (white) 0.66 kJmol (white) 12.4 kJmol (25 C) (white) 23.824 Jmol 1 K1
Vapor pressure (white)

usi

iz i

P/Pa

10

100

at T/K

279

307

342

Vapor pressure (red, bp. 431 C)

P/Pa

10

100

at T/K

455

489

529

Atomic properties Oxidation states 5, 4, 3, 2 [1], 1 [2], -1, -2, -3 (mildl acidic oxide)

Ionization energies (more)

1st: 1011.8 kJmol 1 2nd: 1907 kJmol 1 3rd: 2914.1 kJmol 1

Covalent radius Van der Waals radius

107 3 pm 180 pm
Miscellanea

Magnetic ordering Thermal conductivity

(white,red,violet,black) diamagnetic [3] (300 K) (white) 0.236, (black) 12.1 Wm1K1



Electronegativity

2.19 (Pauli

Speci ic heat capacity

1k

388

1k

576

scale)

Subli

 

i i

(red) 416 590 C (vi let) 620 C

 

10 k

100 k

453

549

10 k

100 k

635

704

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f i ti

ill

(L ti Lucifer),

w it

1 Physical properties

Phosphorus (

33

32

31

iso

1.1 Glow from white phosphorus

CAS registry number

Bul modulus

100%

NA

syn

syn

Contents
hal -li e

14.28 d

[hide] 25.3 d Main article: Isotopes of phosphorus 7723-14-0 (white) 5, (red) 11 GPa
31

P is stable with 16 neutrons

Most stable isotopes

DM

(w it

, gl w f

ll

ltiv l

. Alt

DE (MeV)

0.249

1.709

. El

g t

il

t l ft

t l

, i 1669)

DP

33

32

"

igi

it g

l l

it

ti

xi t i tw

tt

f i t gl w

xi

",

ti

E t .T

i g gl w ft

ft

w it (b t

fi t

o o

1.2 Allotropes 1.3 Isotopes

2 Chemical properties

o o o o

2.1 Chemical bonding 2.2 Phosphine, diphosphine and phosphonium salts 2.3 Halides 2.4 Oxides and oxyacids

3 Spelling and etymology 4 History and discovery 5 Occurrence 6 Production 7 Applications 8 Biological role 9 Precautions

9.1 US DEA List I status

10 See also 11 Notes 12 References

o o

12.1 Notes 12.2 Sources

13 External links

[edit]P [edit]Glow

l
fe

erties
f h

from white phosphorus

emist Hennig Brandt attempted t distil some ind of "life essence" from is

rine, and in t e process e produced a w ite material t at glowed in t e dark.[4] T e phosphorus had

in fact been produced from inorganic phosphate, which is a significant component of dissolved urine

with ox gen. The glow observed b Brand was actuall caused b the very slow burning of the phosphorus, but as he neither saw flame nor felt any heat he did not recognize it as burning. It was known from early times that the glow would persist for a time in a stoppered jar but then cease. Robert Boyle in the 1680s ascribed it to "debilitation" of the air; in fact, it is oxygen being consumed. By the 18th century, it was known that in pure oxygen, phosphorus does not glow at all;
[5]

there is only a range of partial pressure at which it does. Heat can be applied to drive the

reaction at higher pressures.[6]

solids.

hite phosphorus is highl reactive and gives off a faint greenish glow upon uniting

I 1669, German al

p q

i d

place at the surface of the solid or liquid) phosphorus, formin the short li ed molecules PO and

phosphorus its l o is properly called chemiluminescence

l o i n due to a cold chemical reaction),

not phosphorescence re emittin li ht that pre i ously fell onto a su stance and e cited it).

a spin flip, makin it classically for i dden. Often it in ol e s a transition from an e cited triplet state to a sin l et round state. he metasta l e e cited state may ha e een populated y thermal e citations

e cited molecules then release their e cess ener y in the form of li ht. he frequency colour) of the li ht emitted is proportional to the ener y difference of the t o electronic states in ol ed. [edit]Allotropes Main article: Allotropes of phosphorus

P4 molecule

common allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus.

appearance, properties, and structure, it resem l es raphite, ein

l ack and flaky, a conductor of

electricity, and has puckered sheets of linked atoms. Another allotrope is diphosphorus; it contains a phosphorus dimer as a structural unit and is hi hly reacti e.

[10]

is o tained y heatin

hite phosphorus unde hi h pressures a out 2, r

allo i n a solution of

hite phosphorus in car on disulfide to e aporate in sunli ht. Black phosphorus atmospheres). In

phase et een

hite and i olet phosphorus. Another form, scarlet phosphorus, is o tained y

Phosphorus has se eral forms allotropes)

hich ha e strikin l y different properties.

[9]

he t o most

ed phosphorus is an intermediate

y y

reaction

PO and P2O2 in this case) lea e the reaction in an electronically e cited state. hese

[8]

source is remo ed. In contrast, chemiluminescence occurs

hen the product molecules of a chemical

or some li ht source. Since phosphorescence is slo , it persists for some time after the e citin

w v

w y

y y

v w w wu

emission of li ht. he decay is slo

ecause the transition from the e cited to the lo er state requires

u t

t v

Phosphorescence is the slo

decay of a metasta l e electronic state to a lo er ener y state throu h

yt

Althou h the term phosphorescence is deri ed from phosphorus, the reaction

u t

required to produce the luminescence, hence the e tended time the l o

t u t

v u

P2O2 that oth emit i si l e li ht. he reaction is slo

and only ery little of the intermediates are continues in a stoppered jar. hich i es

tv

y t

t t

w y

u t

uu t t y t

In

74, the l o

as e plained y . J. an Zee and A. U. Khan.[7] A reaction i th o y en takes

t t t

r s

t v

P4 O10 molecule

three atoms y a sin le ond. his P4 tetrahedron is also present in liquid and aseous phosphorus up to the temperature of 800 C hen it starts decomposin to P2molecules.

[11]

the least sta l e, the most reacti e, more olatile, less dense, and more to i c than the other allotropes.

thermodynamically unsta l e at normal condition and ill radually chan e to red phosphorus. his

li er dama e on in estion). Because of pyrophoricity, hite phosphorus is used as an additi e

in napalm. he odour of com ustion of this form has a characteristic arlic smell, and samples are

o y en inserted et een the phosphorus atoms and at their ertices. White phosphorus is insol l e u in ater ut solu l e in car on disulfide.
[12]

apour and can e collected under phosphoric acid. his process is similar to the first synthesis of

phosphorus from calcium phosphate in urine.

Crystal structure of red phosphorus

In the red phosphorus, one of the P4 onds is roken, and one additional ond is formed i th a

strain and i es reater sta i lity; further heatin results in the red phosphorus ecomin crystalline. herefore red phosphorus is not a certain allotrope, ut rather an intermediate phase et een the

hite and i olet phosphorus, and most of its properties ha e a ran e of alues.

ed phosphorus does

sunli ht. Phosphorus after this treatment e i sts as an amorphous net ork of atoms

[4]

g e

heatin

hite phosphorus to 2 0 C 482 F) or y e p osin

hite phosphorus to

hich reduces

nei h ourin tetrahedron resultin in a more chain like structure.

ed phosphorus may e formed y

fired furnace in the presence of car on and silica.

[13]

Elemental phosphorus is then li erated as a

process, calcium phosphate,

he

hite allotrope can e produced usin se eral different methods. In one hich is deri ed from phosphate rock, is heated in an electric or fuel

i g

f f

e e e

commonly coated i th

hite di)phosphorus pento i de ,

hich consists of P4O10 tetrahedra i th

h g

hi hly flamma l e and pyrophoric self i nitin ) upon contact i th air as

ell as to i c causin se ere

f f

phosphorus. It lo s reenish in the dark

hen e p osed to o y en), is

contain some red phosphorus and therefore appear yello . For this reason, it is also called yello

hi e

d e

transformation,

hich is accelerated y li ht and heat, makes

hite phosphorus almost al ays

he to i city of

hite phosphorus led to its discontinued use in matches. White phosphorus is

contain a phosphorus P4tetrahedron as a structural unit, in

hich each atom is ound to the other

White phosphorus is

White phosphorus has t o forms, lo

temperature

form and hi h temperature

form. hey oth

d e g

d d f

30 C.

[14]

recrystalli ed from molten lead, a red/purple form is o tained. herefore this form is sometimes kno n

Crystal structure of lack phosphorus

Black phosphorus is the least reacti e allotrope and the thermodynamic sta l e form elo 550 C. It
[15][16]

produced at am i ent conditions usin metal salts as catalysts.

[17]

he diphosphorus allotrope, P2, is sta l e only at hi h temperatures. he dimeric unit contains a triple

Properties of some allotropes of phosphorus[9][10]

Form

white( )

white( )

iolet

black

Symmetry

Body-centred cubic Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic

Pearson symbol

aP24

mP84

oS8

Space group

I-43m

P-1 No.2 P2/c No.13 Cmca No.64

Density (g/cm3 ) 1.828

1.88

2.36

2.69

the use y some transitional metal comple es

ased on, for e ample,tun sten and nio i um).

[18]

o tained in eneratin the diatomic molecule in homo eneous solution, under normal conditions

q y

e treme conditions for e ample, from P4 at 1100 kel i n).

l z w

u y

ond and is analo ous to

2.

he diphosphorus allotrope P2) can e o tained normally only under e ertheless, some ad ancements ere ith

l l u

of raphite.

i h pressures are usually required to produce l ack phosphorus, ut it can also e

l m

is also kno n as

metallic phosphorus and has a structure some hat resem lin that

m l

o l l

as

ittorf's phosphorus or i olet or

metallic phosphorus).[10]

rr q l

lon temper of red phosphorus a o e

0 C. In 1865, ittorf disco ered that

hen phosphorus

m l

q m

Violet phosphorus is a thermodynamic sta l e form of phosphorus

hich can e produced y day as

n m l p

not catch fire in air at temperatures elo

2 0 C,

hereas

hite phosphorus i nites at a out

v s o

z l u

Bandgap (eV)

2.1

1.5

0.34

Refractive index 1.8244 [edit]Isotopes Mai article: Isotopes of phosphorus

2.6

2.4

Although twenty-three isotopes of phosphorus are known

31

[19]

(all possibilities from

only P, with spin 1/ , is stable and is therefore present at 100% abundance. The half-integer spin and high abundance of P make it useful for nuclear magnetic resonance studies of biomolecules, particularly DNA. Two radioactive isotopes of phosphorus have half-lives which make them useful for scientific experiments.
3 31

P has a half-life of 14. 6 days and P has a half-life of 5.34 days. Biomolecules can

33

be "tagged" with a radioisotope to allow for the study of very dilute samples. Radioactive isotopes of phosphorus include 
3

P, a beta-emitter (1. 1 MeV) with a half-life of 14.3 days which is used routinely in life-science

laboratories, primarily to produce radiolabeled DNA and RNA probes, e. . for use inNorthern blots or Southern blots. Because the high energy beta particles produced penetrate skin and corneas, and because any P ingested, inhaled, or absorbed is readily incorporated into
3

similar institutions in other developed countries require that a lab coat, disposable gloves, and safety glasses or goggles be worn when working with P, and that working directly over an open container be avoided in order to protect the eyes.Monitoring personal, clothing, and surface contamination is also required. In addition, due to the high energy of the beta particles, shielding this radiation with the normally used dense materials (e. . lead), gives rise to secondary emission of X-rays via a process known as Bremsstrahlung, meaning braking radiation. Therefore shielding must be accomplished with low density materials, e. . Plexiglas, Lucite, plastic, wood, or water. 
33 3

[20]

P, a beta-emitter (0.25 MeV) with a half-life of 25.4 days. It is used in life-science laboratories in

applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as D sequencing. NA [edit]

hemical properties

See also: Category:Phosphorus compounds     Hydrides: PH3,P2H4 Halides: PBr5, PBr3, P l 3, PI3 xides:P4O6, P4O10

Sulfides: P4S6 , P4 S10

bone and nucleic acids,

ccupational Safety and Health Administration in the

~ ~

P up to

46

P),

nited States, and

   

Acids: H3PO2, H3PO4

Organophosphorus and organophosphates: Lawesson's reagent, Parathion, Sarin, Soman, Tabun, Triphenyl phosphine, VX nerve gas

[edit]Chemical

bonding

For more details on this topic, see Octet rule. Because phosphorus is just below nitrogen in the periodic table, the two elements share many of their bonding characteristics. or instance, phosphine, PH3, is an analogue of ammonia, NH3. Phosphorus, like nitrogen, is trivalent in this molecule. The "trivalent" or simple 3-bond view is the pre-quantum mechanical Lewis structure, which although somewhat of a simplification from a quantum chemical point of view, illustrates some of the distinguishing chemistry of the element. In quantum chemical valence bond theory, the valence electrons are seen to be in mixtures of four s and p atomic orbitals, so-called hybrids. In this view, the three unpaired electrons in the three 3p orbitals combine with the two electrons in the 3s orbital to form three electron pairs of opposite spin, available for the formation of three bonds. The remaining hybrid orbital contains two paired non-bonding electrons, which show as a lone pair in the Lewis structure. The phosphorus cation is very similar to the nitrogen cation. In the same way that nitrogen forms the tetravalent ammonium ion, phosphorus can form the tetravalent phosphonium ion, and form salts such as phosphonium iodide [PH4] [I ]. Like other elements in the third or lower rows of the periodic table, phosphorus atoms can expand their valence to make penta- and hexavalent compounds. The phosphorus chloride molecule is an
+

located in the apical positions and the least electronegative ligands are located in the axial positions.

octahedral ion is isoelectronic with S 6. In the bonding the six octahedral sp d hybrid atomic orbitals play an important role.

3 2

Before extensive computer calculations were feasible, it was generally assumed that the nearby d orbitals in the n = 3 shell were the obvious cause of the difference in binding between nitrogen and phosphorus (i.e., phosphorus had 3d orbitals available for 3s and 3p shell bonding electron hybridisation, but nitrogen did not). However, in the early eighties the German theoretical
[21]

binding is more likely due to differences in character between the valence 2pand valence 3p orbitals of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. The 2s and 2p orbitals of first row atoms are localized in roughly the same region of space, while the 3p orbitals of phosphorus are much more extended in

chemist

erner Kutzelnigg

found from an analysis of computer calculations that the difference in

ith strongly electronegative ions, in particular fluorine, hexavalency as in P

example.

hen the phosphorus ligands are not identical, the more electronegative ligands are

Phosphides:

a3P2, GaP, n3P2

u3 P

Phosphates: (NH4)3PO4,

a3(PO4)2, ePO4, e3(PO4)2,Na3PO4,

a(H2PO4)2, KH2PO4

occurs as well. This

space. The violation of the octet rule observed in compounds of phosphorus is then due to the size of the phosphorus atom, and the corresponding reduction of steric hindrance between its ligands. In modern theoretical chemistry, Kutzelnigg's analysis is generally accepted. The simple Lewis structure for the trigonal bipyramidal P l 5 molecule contains five covalent bonds, implying a hypervalent molecule with ten valence electrons contrary to the octet rule. An alternate description of the bonding, however, respects the octet rule by using 3-centre-4-electron (3c-4e) bonds. In this model the octet on the P atom corresponds to six electrons which form three

bonding molecular orbital for the two axial

l electrons. The two electrons in the corresponding

and does not contribute to the electron density on the phosphorus atom. (However, it should always be remembered that the octet rule is not some universal rule of chemical bonding, and while many compounds obey it, there are many elements to which it does not apply). [edit]Phosphine,

diphosphine and phosphonium salts

Phosphine (PH3) and arsine (AsH3) are structural analogues with ammonia (NH3) and form pyramidal structures with the phosphorus or arsenic atom in the centre bound to three hydrogen atoms and one lone electron pair. Both are colourless, ill-smelling, toxic compounds. Phosphine is produced in a

and it reacts instantly with air giving off phosphoric acid clouds. Arsine is even less stable. Although phosphine is less basic than ammonia, it can form some phosphonium salts (like PH4I), analogues of ammonium salts, but these salts immediately decompose in water and do not yield phosphonium (PH4 ) ions. Diphosphine (P2H4 or H2P-PH2) is an analogue of hydrazine (N2H4) that is a colourless liquid which spontaneously ignites in air and can disproportionate into phosphine and complex hydrides. [edit]Halides The trihalides P 3, P l 3, PBr3 and PI3 and the pentahalides, P l 5 and PBr5 are all known and mixed halides can also be formed. The trihalides can be formed simply by mixing the appropriate
+

made by reacting P l 3 with AsF5 and fractional distillation because the direct reaction of phosphorus with fluorine can be explosive. The pentahalides, PX5, are synthesized by reacting excess halogen with either elemental phosphorus or with the corresponding trihalide. Mixed phosphorus halides are unstable and decompose to form simple halides. Thus 5PF3Br2 decomposes into 3PF5 and 2PBr5. [edit]Oxides

and oxyacids

Phosphorus(III) oxide, P4O6 (also called tetraphosphorus hexoxide) and phosphorus(IV) oxide, P4O10 (or tetraphosphorus decoxide) are acid anhydrides of phosphorus oxyacidsand hence readily

stoichiometric amounts of phosphorus and a halogen. or safety reasons, however, P

nitride,

a3N2 produces phosphine or ammonia, respectively.

nlike ammonia, phosphine is unstable

manner similar to the production of ammonia. Hydrolysis of calcium phosphide,

a3P2, or calcium

is typically

nonbonding molecular orbital are not included because this orbital is localized on the two

l atoms

Lewis (2c-2e) bonds to the three equatorial l atoms, plus the two electrons in the 3-centre

l-P- l

react with water. P 4O10 is a particularly good dehydrating agent that can even remove water from nitric acid, HNO3. The structure of P4O6 is like that of P 4 with an oxygen atom inserted between each of the P-P bonds. The structure of P4 O10 is like that of P 4O6 with the addition of one oxygen bond to each phosphorus atom via a double bond and protruding away from the tetrahedral structure. Phosphorous oxyacids can have acidic protons bound to oxygen atoms and nonacidic protons which are bonded directly to the phosphorus atom. Although many oxyacids of phosphorus are formed, only six are important (see table), and three of them, hypophosphorous acid, phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid are particularly important ones. Oxidation state Formula Name Acidic protons Compounds

+1

H3PO2

hypophosphorous acid

acid, salts

+3

H3PO3

(ortho)phosphorous acid 2

acid, salts

+5

(HPO3)n metaphosphoric acids

salts (n=3,4)

+5

H5P3O10 triphosphoric acid

salts

+5

H4P2O7

pyrophosphoric acid

acid, salts

+5

H3PO4

(ortho)phosphoric acid

acid, salts

[edit]Spelling

and etymology

The name Phosphorus in Ancient Greece was the name for the planet Venus and is derived from the Greek words ( carrier.
[4]

= light,

= carry) which roughly translates as light-bringer or light

(In Greek mythology, Hesperus (evening star) and Eosphorus (dawnbearer) are close

homologues, and also associated with Phosphorus-the-planet). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the correct spelling of the element is phosphorus. The word phosphorous is the adjectival form of the P
5+ 3+

valence: so, just as sulfur forms sulfurous and

sulfuric compounds, phosphorus forms phosphorous compounds (see, e.g., phosphorous acid) and P valency phosphoric compounds (see, e.g., phosphoric acids and phosphates).

[edit]History

and discovery
[22]

The discovery of phosphorus is credited to the |German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669, although other chemists might have discovered phosphorus around the same time. Brand experimented

with urine, which contains considerable quantities of dissolved phosphates from normal

the distillation of some salts by evaporating urine, and in the process produced a white material that glowed in the dark and burned brilliantly. His process originally involved letting urine stand for days until it gave off a terrible smell. Then he boiled it down to a paste, heated this paste to a high temperature, and led the vapours through water, where he hoped they would condense to gold. Instead, he obtained a white, waxy substance that glowed in the dark. Brand had discovered

ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate, (NH4)NaHPO4.

(it took about 1,100 L of urine to make about 60 g of phosphorus), it was unnecessary to allow the urine to rot. Later scientists would discover that fresh urine yielded the same amount of phosphorus. Since that time, phosphors and phosphorescence were used loosely to describe substances that shine in the dark without burning. However, as mentioned above, even though the term phosphorescence was originally coined as a term by analogy with the glow from oxidation of elemental phosphorus, is now reserved for another fundamentally different processre-emission of light after illumination. Phosphorus was gradually recognized as a chemical element in its own right at the emergence of the atomic theory that gradually occurred in the late part of the 18th century and the early 19th century (see ohn Dalton for more history). Brand at first tried to keep the method secret, Dresden,
[4]

[23]

but later sold the recipe for 200 thaler to D Krafft from

who could now make it as well, and toured much of Europe with it, including England,

where he met with Robert Boyle. The secret that it was made from urine leaked out and first ohann Kunckel (1630-1 03) in Sweden (16 8) and later Boyle in London (1680) also managed to make phosphorus. Boyle states that Krafft gave him no information as to the preparation of phosphorus other than that it was derived from "somewhat that belonged to the body of man". This gave Boyle a valuable clue, however, so that he, too, managed to make phosphorus, and published the method of its manufacture. Later he improved Brand's process by using sand in the reaction (still using urine as base material), 4 NaPO3 + 2 SiO2 + 10 2 Na2SiO3 + 10
[4]

O + P4

Robert Boyle was the first to use phosphorus to ignite sulfur-tipped wooden splints, forerunners of our modern matches, in 1680.

( a3 (PO4)2) is found in bones, and they obtained phosphorus from bone ash. Antoine Lavoisierrecognized phosphorus as an element in 1

phosphorus until the 1840s. Phosphate rock, a mineral containing calcium phosphate, was first used in 1850 and following the introduction of the electric arc furnace in 1890, this became the

In 1 69 ohan Gottlieb Gahn and arl

ilhelm Scheele showed that calcium phosphate

. Bone ash was the major source of

phosphorus, the first element discovered since antiquity.

metabolism.

[4]

orking in Hamburg, Brand attempted to create the fabledphilosopher's stone through

e now know that Brand produced hile the quantities were essentially correct

only source of phosphorus. Phosphorus, phosphates and phosphoric acid are still obtained from phosphate rock. Phosphate rock is a major feedstock in the fertilizer industry. Early matches used white phosphorus in their composition, which was dangerous due to its toxicity. Murders, suicides and accidental poisonings resulted from its use. (An apocryphal tale tells of a woman attempting to murder her husband with white phosphorus in his food, which was detected by the stew giving off luminous steam). In addition, exposure to the vapours gave match workers a severe necrosis of the bones of the jaw, the infamous "phossy jaw".
[7]

adoption as a safer alternative for match manufacture. [edit]Occurrence See also: category:Phosphate minerals

[12]

Due to its reactivity with air and many other oxygen-containing substances, phosphorus is not found free in nature but it is widely distributed in many different minerals. Phosphate rock, which is partially made of apatite (an impure tri-calcium phosphate mineral), is an important commercial source of this element. About 50 percent of the global phosphorus reserves are in the Arab nations.[24] Large deposits of apatite are located

rock in the 1890s and 1900s from onnetable, Tennessee and Florida; by 1950 they were using phosphate rock mainly from Tennessee and North Africa.[13] In the early 1990s Albright and

ilson's purified wet phosphoric acid business was being adversely affected by phosphate rock

sales by hina and the entry of their long-standing Moroccan phosphate suppliers into the purified wet phosphoric acid business.

In 2007, at the current rate of consumption, the supply of phosphorus was estimated to run out in 345 years.[26] However, scientists are now claiming that a "Peak Phosphorus" will occur in 30 years and that "At current rates, reserves will be depleted in the next 50 to 100 years." [edit]Production
[27]

hite phosphorus was first made commercially, for the match industry in the 19th century, by
[28]

distilling off phosphorus vapour from precipitated phosphates, mixed with ground coal orcharcoal, which was heated in an iron pot, in retort. The precipitated phosphates were made

from ground-up bones that had been de-greased and treated with strong acids. arbon monoxide and other flammable gases produced during the reduction process were burnt off in a flare stack.

ilson in the

nited Kingdom and their Niagara Falls plant, for instance, were using phosphate

[25]

in

hina, Russia, Morocco, Florida, Idaho, Tennessee,

tah, and elsewhere. Albright and

hen a safe process for manufacturing red phosphorus was discovered, with its far lower onvention (1906), requiring its

flammability and toxicity, laws were enacted, under the Berne

reduce phosphate rock.

[29][30]

Calcium phosphate phosphate rock), mostly mined in Florida an d hich is mostly SiO2, and coke impure

car on) to produce apori ed tetraphosphorus, P4, mp. 44.2 C) hich is su sequently

phosphorus is slo l y con erted to the more sta l e red phosphorus allotrope mp. 597 C). Both

The electric furnace method allo ed production to increase to the point here phosphorus could
[13]

filled Zeppelins o er Britain hydro en ein hi hly inflamma l e if it can e

in Britain to specially selected ci ilians ithin the British resistance operation, for defence; and

s to e tin uish and if it splashes onto human skin it has horrific effect see precautions elo ). Today phosphorus production is lar er than e er. It is used as a precursorfor arious

liquid form. Some major accidents ha e occurred durin transportation, train derailments

at Placentia Bay,

e foundland.

[32]

[edit]Applications

atch strikin surface made of a mi ture of red phosphorus, lue and round lass. The lass is used to

increase the friction.)

Widely used compounds

Use

Ca(H2PO4)2H2O

Baking powder & fertilizers

times as an en i ronmental one in 1968

hen phosphorus spilled into the sea from a plant

at Bro nston,

e raska and

iamis ur , Ohio led to lar e fires. The

Production of

hite phosphorus takes place at lar e facilities and it is transported heated in

chemicals,

[31]

in particular the her icide l yphosate sold under the rand name oundup.

orst accident in recent

phosphorus incendiary om s

ere used in

ar on a lar e scale. Burnin phosphorus is difficult

[12]

i nited).

[13]

urin World War II,

oloto cocktails of en ene and phosphorus

tracer ullets.

A special incendiary ullet

as de eloped to shoot athydro en-

e used in

eapons of

ar.

[7][13]

In World War I it as used in incendiaries, smoke screensand

the

hite and red allotropes of phosphorus are insolu l e in

ater.

ere distri uted

condensed into a

hite po der under ater to pre ent o i dation. E en under

orth Africa, can e heated to 1,200-1,500 C ith sand,

ater, hite

This process ecame o solete in the late 1890s

hen theelectric arc furnace as adapted to

CaHPO42H2O

Animal food additive, toothpowder

PCl3

Manufacture of POCl3 and pesticides

P4S10

Manufacturing of additives and pesticides

Na5P3O10

Detergents

Phosphorus, being an essential plant nutrient, finds its major use as a constituent of fertilizers for agriculture and farm production in the form of concentrated phosphoric acids, which can consist of 70% to 75% P2O5. Global demand for fertilizers led to large increase in phosphate (PO4 ) production in the second half of the 20th century. Due to the essential nature of phosphorus to living organisms, the low solubility of natural phosphorus-containing compounds, and the slow natural cycle of phosphorus, the agricultural industry is heavily reliant on fertilizers which contain phosphate, mostly in the form of superphosphate of lime. Superphosphate of lime is a mixture of two phosphate salts, calcium dihydrogen phosphate a(H2PO4)2 and calcium sulfate dihydrate
3-

aSO42H2O produced by the reaction of sulfuric acid

and water with calcium phosphate. ,  Phosphorus is widely used to make organophosphorus compounds through the intermediates phosphorus chlorides and two phosphorus sulfides: phosphorus pentasulfide, andphosphorus sesquisulfide.
[12] [13]

Organophosphorus compounds have many applications,

including in plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides, extraction agents, and water treatment.

 Phosphorus is also an important component in steel production, in the making of phosphor bronze, and in many other related products.  Phosphates are utilized in the making of special glasses that are used for sodium lamps.  Bone-ash, calcium phosphate, is used in the production of fine china.[33]  Sodium tripolyphosphate made from phosphoric acid is used in laundry detergents in some countries, but banned for this use in others.
[33] [33]

 Phosphoric acid made from elemental phosphorus is used in food applications such as some soda beverages. The acid is also a starting point to make food grade phosphates. These
[13]

POCl3

Manufacturing plastici er

H3PO4

Manufacture of phosphate fertili ers

include mono-calcium phosphate which is employed in baking powder and sodium tripolyphosphate and other sodium phosphates . Among other uses these are used to improve the characteristics of processed meat and cheese. Others are used in toothpaste.
[13] [13]

Trisodium phosphate is used in cleaning agents to soften water and for

preventing pipe/boiler tube corrosion.

as incendiary bombs, for smoke-screening as smoke pots and smoke bombs, and in tracer

multipurpose grenade was mostly used for signalling, smoke screens and inflammation; it could also cause severe burns and had a psychological impact on the enemy.  Red phosphorus is essential for manufacturing matchbook strikers, flares,
[13] [34][35]

pharmaceutical grade and street methamphetamine, and is used in cap gun caps.  Phosphorus sesquisulfide is used in heads of strike-anywhere matches.
[13]

 In trace amounts, phosphorus is used as a dopant for n-type semiconductors. 

32

P and

33

P are used as radioactive tracers in biochemical laboratories (see Isotopes).

[edit]Biological

role

Phosphorus is a key element in all known forms of life. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate PO4 plays a major role in biological molecules such as DNA and RNA where it forms part of the structural framework of these molecules. Living cells also use phosphate to transport cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Nearly every cellular process that uses energy obtains it in the form of ATP. ATP is also important for phosphorylation, a key regulatory event in cells. Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. alcium phosphate salts assist in stiffening bones. Every cell has a membrane that separates it from its surrounding environment. Biological membranes are made from a phospholipid matrix and proteins, typically in the form of a bilayer. Phospholipids are derived from glycerol, such that two of the glycerol hydroxyl (OH) protons have been replaced with fatty acids as an ester, and the third hydroxyl proton has been replaced with phosphate bonded to another alcohol.
[12] [12] 3-

An average adult human contains about 0.7 kg of phosphorus, about 85-90% of which is present in bones and teeth in the form of apatite, and the remainder in soft tissues and extracellular fluids (~1%). The phosphorus content increases from about 0.5 weight% in infancy to 0.65-1.1 weight% in adults. Average phosphorus concentration in the blood is about 0.4 g/L, about 70% of that is organic and 30% inorganic phosphates.
[36]

A well-fed adult in the industrialized world

consumes and excretes about 1-3 g of phosphorus per day, with consumption in the form of inorganic phosphate and phosphorus-containing biomolecules such as nucleic acids and phospholipids; and excretion almost exclusively in the form of urine phosphate ion. Only about

ammunition. It is also a part of an obsolete M34

hite phosphorus, called " P" (slang term " illie Peter") is used in military applications

hite Phosphorus S hand grenade. This

safety matches,

0.1% of ody phosphate circulates in the l ood, ut this amount reflects the amount of phosphate a aila l e to soft tissue cells.
[12]

acteri ed feedin after malnutrition) or pass too much of it into the urine. All are char

solu l e phosphate le els in the l ood serum, and therefore inside cells. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia include muscle and neurolo ical dysfunction, and disruption of muscle and l ood cells due to lack of ATP. Too much phosphate can lead to diarrhoea and calcification
[37]

hardenin ) of or ans and soft tissue, and can interfere ith the ody's a i lity to use iron,

calcium, ma nesium, and inc.

in edapholo y in order to understand plant uptake from soil systems. In ecolo ical terms, phosphorus is often a limitin factor in many en i ronments; i.e. the a aila ility of phosphorus o erns the rate of ro th of many or anisms. In ecosystems an e cess of phosphorus can e

pro l ematic, especially in aquatic systems, see eutrophication and al al l ooms. [edit]Precautions

to i c. Fluorophosphate esters are amon the most potent neuroto i nskno n. A i de ran e of or anophosphorus compounds are used for their to i city to certain or anisms

as pesticides her i cides, insecticides, fun icides, etc.) and eaponised as ner e a ents.
[12]

inor anic phosphates are relati ely nonto i c and essential nutrients. For en i ronmentally ad erse effects of phosphates seeeutrophication and al al l ooms.

si nificant fire ha ard due to its e treme reacti ity i th atmospheric o y en, and it should only

phosphorus may cause a medical condition kno n as Smokin Stool Syndrome .

[38]

phosphorus poisonin leads to necrosis of the ja

called phossy ja

. In estion of

hite

e manipulated ith forceps since contact i th skin can cause se ere urns. Chronic

The

hite phosphorus allotrope should e kept under

ater at all times as it presents a

hite

Or anic compounds of phosphorus form a i de class of materials, some of

hichare e tremely

ost

Phosphorus is an essential macromineral for plants,

hich is studied e tensi ely

y hypophosphatemia see article for medical details),

hich is a condition of lo le els of

phosphate, and y meta olic syndromes

hich dra

phosphate from the l ood such as re -

In medicine, lo

phosphate syndromes are caused y malnutrition, y failure to a sor

also emits hi hly to ic fumes that consist of phosphorus o ides hen it is heated.[12]

Phosphorus e plosion

copper II)) sulfate has een used y U.S. personnel in the past and is still ein used y some
[39]

fra ments are seen as luminescent spots. Then, Promptly de ride the urn if the patient's

remo ed. Follo i n complete remo al of the particles, treat the lesions as thermal burns.[note

[edit]US

DEA List I status

1310.02 effecti e on phosphorus or

o ember 17, 2001.[41] As a result, in the United States, handlers of red

hite phosphorus are subject to strin ent re ulatory controls pursuant to

United States ru Enforcement Administration as i st I precursor chemicals under 21 CF

of elemental phosphorus red phosphorus and

hite phosphorus

ere desi nated by the

reducin ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine.

[40]

For this reason, t o allotropes

Phosphorus can reduce elemental iodine to hydroiodic acid,

recommended until the area is thorou hly cleaned and all

hite phosphorus remo ed.

hich is a rea ent effecti e for

1]

As

hite phosphorus readily mi es i th oils, any oily substances or ointments are not

systemic poisonin .

O OT apply oily -based ointments until it is certain that all WP has been

condition

ill permit remo al of its of WP hich mi ht e a sor edlater and possi ly produce

of smoke

hen air strikes them, or y their phosphorescence in the dark. In dark surroundin s,

then allo

remo al of isi le

hite phosphorus. Particles often can e located y their emission

The manual su

e sts instead a icar onate solution to neutrali e phosphoric acid,

produce kidney and cere ral to icity as

ell as intra ascular hemolysis.

nations.

o e er, copper sulfate is to ic and its use

ill e discontinued. Copper sulfate may

hich i ll

Military hemical Injuries: FM8-285: Part 2

onventional Military hemical Injuries Cupric ,

Accordin to the recent US Navy's Treatment of hemical Agent asualties and

onventional

i th 2% copper sulfate solution to form harmless compounds that can e

Upon e posure to elemental phosphorus, in the past it as su

e sted to

ash the affected area ashed a ay.

handled

i th care ecause it re erts to

hite phosphorus in some temperature ran es and it

spontaneously i nite in air and is not as dan erous as the

hite form. e ertheless, it should e

transmuted to the red form,

hich does not chemoluminesce in air. The red allotrope does not

When the

hite form is e posed to sunli ht or hen it is heated in its o n apour to 250 C, it is

theControlled Substances Act in order to reduce di ersion of these substances for use in clandestine production of controlled substances. [edit]See
[41][42][43]

also

eapon)

 White phosphorus [edit]

otes

Phosphorous), e hibits chemoluminescence upon e posure to air and if there is any

acti ate the chemoluminescent lo eyes to see clearly.

hich requires a ery dark room and dark adapted

Cate ory:Potassium compounds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Potassium compounds

Potassium compounds are those chemical compounds hich contain the chemical element potassium.

Subcate ories
This cate ory has only the follo i n subcate ory.

Pa es in cate ory Potassium compounds

The follo in 92 pa es are in this cate ory, out of 92 total. This list may not reflect recent chan es l earn more).

A
 Alkalide

P cont.
 Potassium benzoate

P cont.
 Potassium iodate

[+] Potassium minerals 57 P, 1 F)

chemoluminescence until it is mo ed to a position

here the air can et at it and

WP in the

ound, co ered by tissue or fluids such as blood serum, it ill not

1. ^ This quote uses the

ord phosphorescence ,

hich is actually incorrect, WP, White

C
 Chrome alum

   

Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bifluoride Potassium bisulfate Potassium bisulfite Potassium bitartrate Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium canrenoate Potassium carbonate Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium citrate Potassium cobaltinitrite

             

Potassium iodide Potassium malate Potassium manganate Potassium manganite Potassium metabisulfite Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrite Potassium octachlorodimolybdate Potassium oxide Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Potassium permanganate Potassium persulfate Potassium picrate Potassium propionate Potassium pyrosulfate Potassium silicate Potassium sodium tartrate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium sulfite Potassium superoxide Potassium tetrachloroplatinate Potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)

D
  Dipotassium guanylate Dipotassium phosphate

  

F
 Fowler's solution

  

K
 Krogmann's salt

  

L
 Liver of sulfur

M
   Monopotassium glutamate Monopotassium phosphate Monopotassium phosphite

      Nessler's reagent

Template:Potassium compounds  Potassium cyanate Potassium cyanide Potassium dichromate Potassium dideuterium phosphate         

N


P
      

 

Potassium ferrate Potassium ferricyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium formate Potassium fulminate Potassium gluconate Potassium hexachloroplatinate

Potassium 2-ethylhexanoate  Potassium aluminate Potassium ferrioxalate Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium fumarate Potassium peroxide Potassium peroxymonosulfate        

 

Potassium tetraphenylborate Potassium thiocyanate Potassium titanyl phosphate

Potassium hexafluorophosphate  Potassium hydride Potassium hydrosulfide Potassium hydroxide 

S
Salt substitute

     

Potassium phosphate Potassium sorbate Potassium tartrate Potassium acetate Potassium adipate Potassium alum

T
 Tripotassium phosphate

 

Potassium aluminium borate Potassium aluminium fluoride

    

Potassium amide Potassium argentocyanide Potassium arsenate Potassium ascorbate Potassium azide

Media in category "Potassium compounds"

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Rochellesalt.jpg 7,898 bytes K2O2structure.jpg 25,667 bytes