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Computer a device , usually electronic , that processes data according to a set of instructions

Main Components of computer: CPU, Memory, Mass storage device, Input device, Output device Classification of computers:
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Operational principle analog, hybrid Purpose for which they are built - general or special Size & data processing power PC, workstation, minicomputer, mainframe, Supercomputer Types of PCs Tower model, Desktop model, Notebook, Laptop, Subnotebook, Palmtop, PDA Motherboard: heart of PC, circuit board that includes BIOS , cache and CPU, slots to plugging devices such as graphic cards, TV tuners, Ethernet LAN card, USB etc

1.) The most common impact printers are: Dot Matrix Printer, Daisy Wheel, Line Printers 2.) Non-impact printers: Thermal Printer, Laser Printer Widely used computer codes:
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ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Interchange also known as ANSI X3.4. EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

Hardware Management Issues:

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Data and Capacity Management Selection criteria for HW acquisition HW Evaluation Criteria Hardware Maintenance. Computer Software (or simply software) is the collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform different tasks on a computer system.

1.) System Software

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Operating System (both Servers and Desktops) Device Drivers Utilities

2.) Programming SW

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Compliers Debuggers, Linkers Loaders and Editors

3.) Application SW
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General Utility SW Business Applications Utility SW

Operating System: These include client and network operating systems which handle the interface to peripheral hardware, schedule tasks, allocate storage, and present a default interface to the user when no application program is running.
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Servers: A server is any combination of hardware or software designed to provide services to clients. When used alone, the term typically refers to a computer which may run a server operating system, but is commonly used to refer to any software or dedicated hardware capable of providing services 1.) Types of OS:

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Mainframe system Batch Systems Multi programmed systems Time sharing systems Desktop systems Multiprocessor systems Distributed systems Client Server, Peer-to-peer Clustered Systems Real time systems Hard & Soft Real Time Hand held systems Core tasks of an OS:

Process management, Main Memory Management, File Management, Secondary Storage Management ,Networking

DBMS: software that manages a database and provides facilities for database creation, populating data, data storage, data retrieval and data access control. It is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database. Components of a database:

Data

The data acts as a bridge between machine parts that is, hardware and software and the users, who access it directly or through some application programs.
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Hardware

The hardware consists of the secondary storage devices such as magnetic disks (hard disk, zip disk, floppy disks), optical disks (CD-ROM), magnetic tapes, etc
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Software

The software part of a DBMS acts as a bridge between user and the database
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Users

Application Programmers, System Analyst, end users, DBA, Database designers

Advantages of DBMS:
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Redundancy and inconsistencies can be reduced. Better services can be provided to users. The data can be shared. Cost of developing and maintaining systems is lowered. Standards can be enforced. Security restrictions can be applied. Integrity can be maintained. Conflicting requirements can be balanced DBMS architecture or three schema architecture:

External Schema (Individual User View)

External schema provides the necessary interface for users to perform various activities on the database and provides their view of the database.
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Conceptual schema (Community User View): The conceptual schema describes the structure of the whole database for a community of users.

Internal Schema (Physical or Storage View)

The internal schema describes the physical structure of the database. Data models: Relational Model
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Most common model used these days in a majority of commercial DBMS packages Based on relational algebra and relational calculus Model represents the database as a collection of Relations

Rules governing this model

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Data is represented in a two-dimensional table, in rows and columns. Columns describe the attributes. Each column in the table has a unique name. All the entries in any column are of the same type. Each column has a domain, a set of possible values that can appear in that column.

The three important classifications of database languages are:

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Data Definition/Description Language (DDL); Data Manipulation Language (DML); and Data Control Language (DCL)

PPT: 1.) Storage technologies: A RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive (or Independent) Disks array is a series of drives which together act as a single storage system


Each RAID level defines a different way to spread data across multiple drives

ADVANTAGES: There are three primary reasons that RAID was implemented:
  

Redundancy/ Back up Increased Performance Lower Costs

SAN (Storage Area Networks) which overcame the shortcomings,

     

Its independent of servers No. of servers can be connected to one SAN Its also independent of Operating Systems No. of OS can be installed on one SAN Its very much expandable Large no. of hard drives can be added easily Growing and shriking of storage is easily possible without disturbing physical server Better security protection as more complex RAID levels are used Very fast in access Complex in nature. Expensive. PPT-3: Data Warehousing: A process of transforming data into information and making it available to users in a timely enough manner to make a difference.

OLAP

An approach to swiftly answer multi-dimensional analytical queries OLAP = Multidimensional Database MOLAP: Multidimensional OLAP (Arbor Essbase, Oracle Express) ROLAP: Relational OLAP (Informix MetaCube, Microstrategy DSS Agent) Strengths of OLAP

It is a powerful visualization paradigm It provides fast, interactive response times It is good for analyzing time series High number of dimensions Better performance due to specialized indexing and storage optimization Data Mining provides the Enterprise with intelligence by extracting patterns from data

Business Applications OF DATA MINING:

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems: Instead of contacting a prospect or customer through a call center or sending mails, a company can concentrate its efforts on prospects that are predicted to have a high likelihood of responding to the offer.eg: OnQ system Hilton Hotel Group. Human Resource Management: Helps the HR Dept. in identifying the characteristics of their most successful employees. Catalogue Marketing: Data mining techniques can help identify patterns among customers and identify and segment the most likely customers to respond to a mailing campaign. PPT-4 WEB PLATFORMS:

A protocol is a set of rules which is used by computers to communicate with each other across a network. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol used for relaying packets across an internetwork. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one computer to another program on another computer. TCP is the protocol that major Internet applications like TELNET and FTP rely on. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a communications protocol that offers a limited amount of service when messages are exchanged between computers in a network that uses the Internet Protocol (IP). The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP has been in use by the World-Wide Web global information initiative since 1990. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol with the SSL/TLS protocol to provide encrypted communication and secure identification of a network web server. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to copy a file from one host to another over a TCP/IP-based network. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. This standard protocol is built into most popular e-mail products, such as Eudora and Outlook Express. It's also built into the Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers. The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is an Application Layer Internet protocol that allows an e-mail client to access e-mail on a remote mail server.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving email. PPT-5) .NET AND JAVA .NET The Microsoft .NET Framework is a software framework for Microsoft Windows operating systems. It includes a large library, and it supports several programming languages which allows language interoperability (each language can utilize code written in other languages.) The .NET library is available to all the programming languages that .NET supports. About Java Platform Java refers to a number of computer software products and specifications from Sun Microsystems, a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation, that together provide a system for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones on the low end, to enterprise servers and supercomputers on the high end.