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Demystifying Oracle RAC Internals

Barb Lundhild RAC Product Management

The following is intended to outline our general product direction. It is intended for information purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any material, code, or functionality, and should not be relied upon in making purchasing decisions. The development, release, and timing of any features or functionality described for Oracles products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.

Agenda
Answer most common questions about Oracle Clusterware and Oracle RAC
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Architecture Oracle Clusterware Group Membership Oracle Cluster Registry The Interconnect The Public Network and the Virtual IP (VIP) Oracle RAC Startup/Shutdown Advanced Features of Oracle RAC Appendix

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Architecture

RAC Architecture
public network

Node1

VIP1 Service Listener instance 1 ASM

VIPn Service Listener instance n ASM

Node n

cluster Oracle Clusterware interconnect Oracle Clusterware

Operating System

Operating System

shared storage

Managed by ASM RAW Devices

Redo / Archive logs all instances Database / Control files OCR and Voting Disks

What does Clusterware provide?

VIP

Event Management

Oracle Clusterware

High Availability Framework Process Monitor Group Membership

Operating System

Oracle Clusterware Architecture

VIP

EVM Oracle Clusterware RACG CRS OPROC CSS

Operating System

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Oracle Clusterware
Group Membership and Heartbeats

Oracle Clusterware
Group Membership and Heartbeats
Cluster needs to know who is a member at all times Oracle Clusterware has 2 heartbeats:
Network heartbeat If a node does not send a heartbeat for MissCount (time in seconds), then node is evicted from cluster Disk heartbeat If disk heartbeat is not updated in I/O timeout, then node is evicted from cluster

Oracle Clusterware Split Brain Resolution

When interconnect breaks keeps the largest cluster possible up, other nodes will be evicted, in 2 node cluster lowest number node remains. IO Fencing similar to the Stonith algorithm Voting disk is used to detect network problems that could lead to a split-brain
Final arbiter of the status of configured nodes, either up or down, and delivers eviction notices Recommended to have at least 3 voting disks Standard NFS support for 3rd voting disk on Linux, AIX, or Solaris

IT IS NOT SUPPORTED TO REDUCE MISSCOUNT BELOW THE DEFAULT (30s)

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Oracle Cluster Registry

Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR)

A repository containing the definition of the configuration of the cluster and status of resources managed by the cluster Required file(s) for Oracle Clusterware Initialized during install of Oracle Clusterware
Location defined in Registry on Windows or OCR.LOC on Linux and Unix

Mirrored by Oracle Clusterware or externally (RAID) Supports both automatic (every 4 hours) and manual (new in 11.1) backups
ocrconfig manualbackup

Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR)

Tools to manage OCR
OCRCONFIG command line tool to manage backups, restore, import, export, repair, and replace Make sure you have a good backup before changing the cluster configuration! OCRCHECK checks integrity and displays the version of the OCR's block format, total space available, used space, and the OCR locations that you have configured OCRDUMP - view the OCR contents by writing OCR content to a file or stdout in a readable format.

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Interconnect
Failure Protection and Scalability

Private Interconnect
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public network

Node1

VIP1 Service Listener instance 1 ASM

Oracle Clusterware

VIP2 Service Listener instance 2 ASM

Oracle Clusterware

Node 2

VIPn Service Listener instance n ASM

Oracle Clusterware

Node n

Operating System

Operating System

Operating System

Switch 1
cluster interconnect

Switch 2

The Interconnect
Interconnect is typically a standard GigE network
IP over IB is supported

Network should use a private dedicated non-routable switch or VLAN

A crossover cable is not supported as an interconnect

For high availability and scalability use OS based solution to combine multiple physical links into a single logical link
Same technology can be applied to public network

Only logical link should be provided to Oracle Clusterware and therefore Oracle RAC

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Public Network and VIP

Failure Protection

Why Oracle RAC has a VIP?

Protects database clients from long TCP/IP timeouts (can be >10 minutes) During normal operation, works the same as hostname During failure, it removes network timeout from connection request time, client fails immediately to next address in the list
sales.us.acme.com =(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS_LIST= (LOAD_BALANCE=on)(FAILOVER=ON) (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=sales1-vip)(PORT=1521)) (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=sales2-vip)(PORT=1521))) (CONNECT_DATA= (SERVICE_NAME= sales.us.acme.com)))

Oracle RAC VIP

The Details One for each node in cluster Required for Oracle Clusterware installation IP and network name should not currently be in use Should be registered in DNS and must be on the same subnet as public IP address Configuration managed by VIPCA and SRVCTL Note that netmask defaults to 255.255.255.0, rather than defaulting to netmask of underlying physical interface.

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Oracle RAC VIP is DIFFERENT

Only accepts connections when on its home node Failure on home node: relocates to another node in the cluster only to send a error back to client (it will not be in the listener so connections are not accepted!) You will only have one active RAC VIP per node (there may be others who have relocated due to failure!)
Independent of number of databases running in cluster

Oracle RAC VIP

[root@pmrac1 root]# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:12:79:D8:90:93 inet addr:144.15.214.10 Bcast:144.15.215.255 Mask:255.255.252.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:5070815 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:3064435 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:509963813 (486.3 Mb) TX bytes:3621223517 (3453.4 Mb) Interrupt:25 eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:12:79:D8:90:93 inet addr:144.15.214.30 Bcast:144.15.215.255 Mask:255.255.252.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:5762695 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:5679252 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:3400642002 (3243.1 Mb) TX bytes:3166774792 (3020.0 Mb) Interrupt:25

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Listener.ora
SID_LIST_LISTENER_PMRAC1 = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (SID_NAME = PLSExtProc) (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/oracle/product/10gR2/asm) (PROGRAM = extproc) ) ) LISTENER_PMRAC1 = (DESCRIPTION_LIST = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = pmrac1-vip)(PORT = 1521)(IP = FIRST))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 144.25.214.45)(PORT = 1521)(IP = FIRST))

) )

Use the VIP in the Address List

Automatically completed by DBCA init.ora
remote_listener = listeners_sales local_listener = listeners_sales1

tnsnames.ora in RAC ORACLE_HOME

LISTENERS_SALES = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL ) LISTENERS_SALES1 = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL ) = TCP)(HOST = node1-vip)(PORT = 1521)) = TCP)(HOST = node2-vip)(PORT = 1521)) = TCP)(HOST = node3-vip)(PORT = 1521))

= TCP)(HOST = node1-vip)(PORT = 1521))

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Application VIPs
New resource as of Oracle RAC 10g Release 2 Created as functional VIPs which can be used to connect to an application regardless of the node it is running on VIP is a dependent resource of the user registered application There can be many VIPs, one per User Application

Creating an Application VIP

The usrvip script must run as root The default permissions need to be changed after registration
As root crs_setperm ApplicationVIP1 o root

Allow oracle user to execute this script

As root crs_setperm ApplicationVIP1 u user:oracle:r-x

Start the VIP

As oracle crs_start ApplicationVIP1

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Oracle RAC Startup/Shutdown

Node Startup Sequence

VIP1 Service Listener Instance 1 ASM
Oracle Clusterware

Operating System

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Oracle Dependencies
public network

Node1

VIP1 Service Listener instance 1 ASM

VIP1 VIP2 Service Listener instance 2 ASM

Node 2

cluster Oracle Clusterware interconnect Oracle Clusterware

Operating System

Operating System

shared storage

Managed by ASM RAW Devices

Redo / Archive logs all instances Database / Control files OCR and Voting Disks

Oracle Dependencies
Prior to 10.2.0.3
public network

Node1

VIP1 Service Listener instance 1 ASM

VIP1 VIP2 Service Listener instance 2 ASM

Node2

cluster Oracle Clusterware interconnect Oracle Clusterware

Operating System

Operating System

shared storage

Managed by ASM RAW Devices

Redo / Archive logs all instances Database / Control files OCR and Voting Disks

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Advanced Features of RAC

High Availability and Load Balancing for Applications

Services
Application workloads can be defined as Services
Individually managed and controlled Assigned to instances during normal startup On instance failure, automatic re-assignment Service performance individually tracked Finer grained control with Resource Manager Integrated with other Oracle tools / facilities (E.G. Scheduler, Streams) Managed by Oracle Clusterware Several services created and managed by database server
Many features discussed do not apply to default database service

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Cluster Managed Services

Service has a set of resources defined to Oracle Clusterware Oracle Clusterware manages start/stop/re-locate based on definition Define Preferred (normal operations) and Available (if failure occurs) instances Dependent on Instance and VIP Manage using Enterprise Manager
SRVCTL CLI for Cluster configuration DBMS_SERVICE PL/SQL package

What is FAN?
Fast Application Notification (FAN) is a RAC notification mechanism FAN HA Events: Notification of Up/Down for service, instance & node Load Balancing Advisory Events: Advise clients of current load for service and where to send connection requests Enable it, and Forget it.

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Oracle Notification Service (ONS)

Publish/Subscribe Messaging System Allows both local and remote consumption Used by Fast Application Notification (FAN) to publish HA Events and Load Balancing Events Used by FAN clients to subscribe to events Automatically installed and configured by the installation of Oracle Clusterware DO NOT TURN OFF Required by Oracle Clusterware and RAC

Fan Clients
HA Events: JDBC Implicit Connection Cache, OCI, ODP.NET Connection Pools, Listener, Server Side Callouts, CMAN Load Balancing Advisory Events: JDBC Implicit Connection Cache, ODP.NET Connection Pools, Listener, CMAN New with 11.1.0.7: Universal Connection Pool for JAVA

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Fast Connection Failover

Fast and reliable high availability for connections in an Oracle Real Application Clusters 10g environment Enable it and forget it Application can make it transparent to user by trapping SQL Exception and retrying Supported by Oracle JDBC, OCI, and ODP.NET

Load Balancing Advisory

Load Balancing Advisory is an advisory for balancing work across RAC instances. Load Balances at the transaction level (not connections!) Directs work to where services are executing well and resources are available. Adjusts distribution for different power nodes, different priority and shape workloads, changing demand. Stops sending work to slow, hung, failed nodes early.

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Runtime Connection Load Balancing

When application does getConnection, the connection given is the one that will provide the best service. Supported by Oracle JDBC, OCI, and ODP.NET connection Pools Policy defined by setting GOAL on Service Need to have Oracle Net Services Connection Load Balancing

Leverage Temporal Connection Affinity

New with 11.1.0.7
RAC Database

Web Client

Connect to me

Instance1

Instance2

Pool Connection Affinity Context

Instance3

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Leverage XA Connection Affinity

New with 11.1.0.7
DB 11g fixes the correctness problem. XA Affinity adds Performance and Scalability. Eliminates current single DTP service limitation for XA/RAC XA affinity is the ability to automatically localize a global transaction to a single RAC instance Scope is the life of a global transaction
First connection request for a global transaction uses Runtime Connection Load Balancing (RCLB) Subsequent requests use affinity and are routed to the same RAC instance where XA first started

Q & A

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

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Appendix

For More Information

http://search.oracle.com
REAL APPLICATION CLUSTERS

or otn.oracle.com/rac

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Useful Metalink Notes

Note 342082.1 How to Change Subnet Masks for VIPs Note 294430.1 CSS Timeout Computation in RAC 10g Note 284752.1 10g RAC: Steps To Increase CSS Misscount, Reboottime and Disktimeout Note 291962.1 Setting Up Bonding in SLES 9 Note 291958.1 Setting Up Bonding in Suse SLES8 Note 298891.1 Configuring Linux for the Oracle 10g VIP using bonding Note 283107.1 Configuring Solaris IP Multipathing (IPMP) for the Oracle 10g VIP

OTN.ORACLE.COM/RAC
Workload Management with Oracle Real Application Clusters (FAN, FCF, Load Balancing) Using standard NFS to support a third voting disk on a stretch cluster configuration on Linux Using Oracle Clusterware to Protect 3rd Party Applications New: otn.oracle.com/clusterware RAC Sample Code Page
http://www.oracle.com/technology/sample_code/products/rac/index.html

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