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PETROLEUM PROCESSING (II) UNIVERSITY OF CAIRO FINAL YEAR EXAM ___________ FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

B.Sc. (Chem. Eng) TIME; 21/4 Hrs

SECTION (R: Answer ALL Questions (compulsory)

Total = 40 Marks

1-A- Write down the names ( only)- either in English or_Arabic- of the following Petroleum, chemical & Heavy Metal industry companies that exist in Egypt: i. FOUR Refining Companies located in Different Regions in Egypt. ii. THREE Cement Companies, THREE Fertilizer Companies as well as TWO Heavy Metal Companies/ Complexes. , ( 6M ) B- In one of those Egyptian Petroleum Refining Companies, located on the Mediterranean Sea region, their exists a " Lube Oil Complex f! that comprises typical comprehensive units for the production of f Finished Lube Oils !; in that respect, draw (only) a Block Diagram of ALL the units that generally exist and in the proper sequence . Furthermore, in ONE of those aforementioned units/ Processes, TWO By Products of value are produced accordingly, with the aid of a labelled Flow diagram, describe that specific Process and state its importance as well as the use(s) of those resulting By Products. Finally, give the foil & abbreviated nam^of the Refining Company in question. (8 M) C- In executing the Lube Oil Complex ( mentioned in part B) the Refining Company undertook "a series of detailed steps from the stage of the Conceptual Idea' for establishing that Complex to the stage of 'Receiving the various offers1 from the 'Selected Qualified Bidders1. In that respect, outline in the proper sequence- ALL those steps that were carried out by the Refining Company, indicating (only) the reason for EACH individual step taken and state the nature & importance of the so called fBid Bond1 involved. Finally, write the full names of the TWO terms L/G and L/C and indicate the reason why it is generally required, for Industrial Projects in Egypt, to 'endorse1 those terms from a First Class Egyptian Bank and give the Arabic translation for the word 'endorse' and the Arabic names of any such 3 Banks. (13M) 2- With the aid of a labelled diagram , describe the HDS Process and indicate the nature of the feed and the reason for adopting such a Process. Finally, give the full name of that Process as well as its Licensor. (13M) NB: Total Question (1) = 27 Marks

SECTION (ID

Answer ANY TWO Questions

Total = 60Marks

3-A- Describe the manner by which Formaldehyde & Carbon Monoxide are formed inside the engine cylinder and explain their effects on the Performance of ICE. Finally, write down what does ICE stands for. (10M) B- With the aid of a Flow diagram, describe the TCC Process and write down its full & Abbreviated name as well the name & nature of the Catalyst used. Finally, explain the reasons why the phenomenon known as 'Catalyst Blow up* may take place and indicate the measures that are taken to minimize/ eliminate such effect. Also, write down what does TCC stand for. (20 M) 4-A- Write down ALL the possible reasons (only) why Wax Particles should be removed from Finished Lubricating Oils. Also, write the name (only) of the most efficient & most widely used Commercial Dewaxing Process. Furthermore, state your reasons why the process selected is more efficient than others and write down the structural formulae of the dewaxing agent(s) involved. ( 15 M) B- MTBE is used to upgrade the quality of a certain petroleum fraction. Write down what does MTBE stands for & with a typical Flow Diagram^describe an MTBE process indicating the nature of the feed & the name of Both the property & the Petroleum fraction. Finally, state how such property was previously upgraded & the reason why such Old method was discarded. (15 M) 5-A- With the aid of a typical labelled curve as well as simple diagrams, describe the effects of BOTH Temperature & Pressure on the yield of cracked gasoline. Finally using a typical Hydrocarbon example, describe the Mechanism of Cracking and the formation of Petroleum Coke. Also, indicate the specific aspect/basis on which the various Cracking Processes are evaluated. (20 M) B-Describe the method used for measuring and the scale employed for grading the Ignition Quality of Aviation Gasoline and write down what does ATF stand for. Finally, define the term "Cetane Number" and write its relation to the "Diesel Index". ' (10 M)

Total Exam = 3/6/2007 Committee

40 M + 60 M = 100 Marks On behalf of the Petroleum - Prof. Mohamed Osman - Assoc.Prof. Fatma Ashour CAIRO UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Time: 2

PETROLEUM PROCESSING II B.Sc. (Chem. Eng) FINAL YEAR EXAM __________

Hrs ________________________

Answer ALL Questions of Section I AND ONLY ONE from Section II SECTION I : Answer ALL Questions ( Total Points = 33P ) 1-A- In an Egyptian Petroleum Refining Companies, located on the Mediterranean Sea region, their exists a " Lube OH Complex " that comprises typical comprehensive units for the production of' Finished Lube Oils '; in that respect, draw (only) a Block Diagram of ALL the units that generally exist and in the proper sequence. (5P )
B- With the aid of a neat labelled flow diagram, describe the DUBBS cracking Process. State ALL the possible products from such a cracking operation and outline both the Advantages and disadvantages of the process.
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(8P)

2. A- With the aid of a labelled sketch of the entire fuel system of a Diesel Engineincluding any cylinder and its components and adjoining parts- compare that engine with that of gasoline. B- Write down the THREE main constituents of Asphalt. Give the names of TWO types of Asphalt and briefly outline how each of those aforementioned types is produced. Also, state the importance (or use) of EACH of the aforementioned types of Asphalt. (7P)

(5P)

3. Furfural is a chemical produced from a certain industry. State what type of chemical is it and give the name of the chemical industry from which it is obtained? Furfural is actually used to improve one of the vital characteristic properties of Finished Lube oils1. Accordingly, write down the Full & Abbreviated names of that property and state (only) the THREE classes / types of Lubes that are marketed & based on specific limits of that property. Finally, with the aid of a labelled curve, briefly describe the steps taken to determine the value for that property in question. (8P)

SECTION II

Answer ONLY TWO Questions

(Total Points = 30P)

4-A- Describe the manner by which Formaldehyde & Carbon Monoxide is formed inside the engine cylinder and explain their effects on the Performance of ICE. Finally, write down what does ICE stands for. (8P) B- With the aid of a labelled diagram /describe the HDS Process and indicate the aature of the feed and th& reason for adopting such a Process. Finally, give the full Same of that Process-as well as its Licensor.7P)

5-A- When are the special 'Selective Cracking' processes adopted? State the reason why the classical Thermal Cracking process could NOT be adopted efficiently for such purposes. (6P) B- With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the Edeleanu process. Also, give the reason why such process is adopted to some_straight run fractions of Kerosene. (5P) C- What are the reasons for imposing certain limitations on the quality of TEL added to gasoline? Write the full name and the structural formula of that chemical. (4P)
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6-A- With the aid of a typical labelled curve as well as simple diagrams, describe the effects of BOTH Temperature & Pressure on the yield of cracked gasoline. Finally using a typical Hydrocarbon example, describe the Mechanism of Cracking and the formation of Petroleum Coke. Also, indicate the specific aspect/basis on which the various Cracking Processes are evaluated. (8P)
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B-Describe the method used for measuring and the scale employed for grading the Ignition Quality of Aviation Gasoline and write down what does ATF stand for. Finally, define the term "Cetane Number" and write its relation to the "Diesel Index".
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PETROLEUM PROCESSING (II) UNIVERSITY OF CAIRO Eng) FINAL YEAR EXAM FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

B.Sc. (Chem. TBME:2HRS

Answer ALL Questions

TOTAL MARKS = 60

1. Furfural is a chemical produced from a certain industry. State what type of chemical is it and give the name of the chemical industry from which it is obtained? Furfural is actually used to improve one of the vital characteristic properties of'Finished Lube oils'. Accordingly, write down the Full & Abbreviated names of that property and state (only) the THREE classes / types of Lubes that are marketed & based on specific limits of that property. Finally, with the aid of a labelled curve, briefly describe the steps taken to determine the value for that property in question. (16 Marks) 2. A- Draw a labelled sketch (only) showing the main parts through which the fuel flows in the compression ignition engine. With the help of a diagram give a description of the full cycle occurring in the combustion chamber and indicate the reason for using two specific fuels in the engine. Also, define the scale adopted for measuring the performance of these fuels. (10 Marks) B- State ALL the different constituents and the uses of both Fuel Oil and Asphalt. Give the names of the hardest and softest types of Asphalt and briefly outline how each of those aforementioned types is produced. (lOMarks) 3. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be manufactured locally in most countries. In that respect, answer the following questions: i. Write down the names of THREE different feedstocks. ii. State (only) THREE properties of Biodiesel. Hi. Outline some uses of Biodiesel. iv. Describe with the aid of a chemical equation the method- of preparation of such fuel. v. Outline FOUR main environmental benefits of such fuel. (9 Marks) 4. Outline the importance of having a "Prefractionating unit" in the UOP Platforming
Process. Also, what is the feed material to that unit and why is that Reforming process carried out in stages? Finally, write down Two

typical Reforming reactions and state the name of the catalyst used and the method of its handling in that Platforming process. (15 Marks)

June, 2009 Examiners: Prof. Fatma Ashour

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