TABLES OF CONTENT

TOPIC
TITLE

PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

ANSWER

FURTHER EXPLORATION

REFLECTION

TITLE =
THE USES OF PROGRESSSION IN BAKING CAKE.

INTRODUCTION:
IN THE MAKING OF THIS PROJECT, THERE ARE FEW OF MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES WILL BE APPLIED. I HAVE LISTED THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES THAT I HAVE USED IN THIS PROJECT AND EXPLAINED IT BELOW. A VOLUME IS THE AMOUNT OF 3-DIMENSIONAL SPACE ENCLOSED BY A CLOSED BOUNDRY, USUALLY, THE SPACE THAT ARE SUBSTANCE OR SHAPE OCCUPIES OR CONTAINS.THE VOLUME OF A CONTAINER IS GENERALLY TAKEN AS THE CAPACITY OF THE CONTAINER OR THE INNER DIMENSION OF THE CONTAINER. IN MATHEMATICS, A GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION IS ALSO KNOWN AS GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE. A GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION IS A SEQUENCE OF A NUMBER WHERE EACH TERM AFTER THE FIRST IS FOUND BY MULTIPLYING THE PREVIOUS ONE BY A NUMBER WHICH IS NOT ZERO.THAT NUMBER IS REFERRED TO AS A COMMON RATIO OF THE SEQUENCE. WE USE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION TO CALCULATE A VALUE IN A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE. FOR EXAMPLE, IF A BALL IS DROPPED FROM 100CM, WHAT WILL THE HEIGHT OF THE BALL AT 5TH BOUNCE IF THE SECOND BOUNCE IS OF THE FIRST BOUNCE AND SO ON? FROM THIS, THE TOTAL VETICAL DISTANCE CAN ALSO BE CALCULATED. SIMILARLY, LINEAR EQUATION ALSO GREATLY USED IN APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICS. A LINEAR EQUATION IS AN ALGEBRIC EQUATION WHERE EACH TERM IS A CONSTANT, OR A PRODUCT OF A CONSTANT AND THE FIRST POWER OF A SINGLE VARIABLE. LINEAR EQUATIONS ARE VERY USEFUL AS MANY NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS CAN BE REDUCED TO LINEAR EQUATIONS, WHICH WILL FORM A STRAIGHT LINE ON A CARTESIAN PLANE.

MORAL VALUES :
FROM THIS PROJECT I WILL LEARN THE IMPORTANCE OF PRESERVERANCE AS THE TIME WILL BE INVESTED TO ENSURE THE COMPLETION AND EXCELENCE OF THIS PROJECT. SIMILARLY, I WILL LEARN THE VIRTUE OF WORKING TOGETHER AS I HAVE HELPED AND RECEIVE HELP FROM MY FELLOW PEERS IN THE PRODUCTION OF THIS PROJECT AS SHARING KNOWLEDGE IS A VITAL IN ACHIEVING A SINGLE GOAL. ALSO, I WILL LEARN TO BE THANKFUL AND APRRECIATIVE. THIS IS BECAUSE I WILL BE ABLE TO APLLY MY MATHEMATICS KNOWLEDGE IN DAILY LIFE AND APPRICIATE THE BEAUTY OF MATHEMATICS.

OBJECTIVE:
THIS PROJECT WILL SERVE AS TRAINING STAGE FOR ME TO PREPARE MYSELF FOR THE DEMAND OF MY FUTURE UNDERTAKINGS IN UNIVERSITY AND WORK LIFE. I WILL APPLY MATHEMATICS IN EVERYDAY SITUATIONS AND APPRICIATE THE IMPORTANCE AND BEAUTY OF MATHEMATICS. I AIM TO MY PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS, THINKING SKILLS, REASONING AND MATHEMATICAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS. THIS PROJECT SHALL STIMULATE A LEARNING ENVIRONMENT WHICH ENHANCES EFFECTIVE LEARNING, INQUIRY-BASE AND TEAMWORK. THIS PROJECT WILL DEVELOP MY MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE SUCH THAT IT INCREASES MY INTEREST AND CONFIDENCE.

ANSWER

Part I (Question)
Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavors and are among favorite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings.

ANSWERS:
Identifying the problem: Question asks to provide information about how Mathematics is used in
cake baking and cake decorating.

Strategy: Apply knowledge obtained from learning Additional Mathematics and also consult resources
from the internet. Conjecture: Calculus, Geometry, Ratio and Progressions are branches of mathematics used in cake baking and cake decorating. One of the very important aspect of baking cake is the amount of ingredients required. This is because a cake should be at reasonable pricing, at the same time and beauty is also a priority. In cake baking, ingredients must not be wasted unnecessarily. Therefore, Calculus can be applied in cake baking. Particularly, the second derivative is greatly used. This is because the second derivative allow bakeries to calculate the maximum or minimum amount of ingredients needed to increase the profit or efficiency. This allow positive growth in business. At the same time, the bakeries with not under-order or over-order the ingredients. Cake decorating is an art. Many bakeries strive to produce cakes of beauty and of substance .In art, Geometry is given importance. Geometry allows cakes of many interesting shape and sizes to be created. Geometry also defines the ideal dimensions of a cake to be baked in ovens. Geometry will determined the popularity of the cake besides the prices. We calculate the surface area and volume of the cake to determine the price per kilogram and also the area available for decorating and writing words. In the baking of more complex cakes, such as multi-storey cakes or multilayered cakes, Progressions are applied. Progressions allow us to calculate the size or volume of a subsequent layer. Also, it allow us to estimate the quantity of ingredients needed.

Lastly, Ratios are used in cake baking. More often than not bakers need to estimate the amount of ingredients used or substitute the ingredients with another if that ingredients is not available. For example, we often see cookbooks guiding us to use 3 parts of water for 1 part of flour. This is ratio water to flour 3:1, allow us to bake a cake of different sizes. Although we may bake a smaller or larger cake, the flour and water used still obeys proportion set. We are then allowed to bake cake creatively.

Conclusions: Mathematical principles such as calculus, geometry, ratio and progressions are vital in cake baking and decorating. Therefore, the conjecture is proven.

Part II (Question)
Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as showing Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration. (Diagram 1.1)

1.)If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800 , and the height of the cake is to be 7.0cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school. [Use = 3.142]

ANSWER FOR PART 2 (QUSTION 1): Identifying the problem: - Question asks to find to find the diameter to be use to fit the cake 5kg Strategy: - Find the diameter ,d using the formula of Volume of cylinder with the height, h and volume ,v of a cake per kilogram and the value of . Working:

CONCLUSION: Therefore, the diameter of the baking tray to be used is 58.7834 cm.

ANSWER FOR QUESTION 2: QUESTION 2(a): 2.) The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in height. a) If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights,cm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used,d cm. Tabulate your answers. ANSWER:

Identifying the problem: - Question asks to find and tabulate the different values of heights and diameter of the baking tray to be used , if the volume remains the same.

Strategy: Find the diameter, d using the formula of Volume of cylinder and volume , v of cake per kilogram and the value of with the carrying value of height, h.

Working:

Table of Height of Cake and Diameter of Baking Tray to be Used.

Height, h (cm)

Diameter, d(cm)

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

ANSWER FOR QUESTION 2: QUESTION 2(b)(i): (b) Based on the values in your table, (i) state the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers. Identifying the problem: To states the range of heights unsuitable for baking cakes and to give reason. Strategy: Obtain the range of heights not suitable for cakes by compare and contrast with application of logic. Answer: The range of heights that is not suitable for the cakes is h< 7cm. This is because the diameter is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake will look ugly and less attractive because it would be too short and too wide which is not the perfect cake that we planned to baked.

(ii) Suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer.

QUESTION 2(b)(ii):

Identifying the problem: - Question asks to suggest dimension most suitable for the cake, and provide reason.

Strategy: Compare and contrast the heights and diameters in the table from Question 2(a) and suggest logical reason.

Answer: The dimension I think most suitable is the height should be, h = 10cm, and diameter , d = 49.18172cm. This is because the cake is not too tall or too wide. A cake that is to tall or too wide may easily burnt. The cake is not within the range suitable for the dimensions of the cake and thus fits the oven.

QUESTION 2(c)(i): (c)(i) Form an equation to represent the linear relation between h and d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of [computer software.]

Identifying the problem: -Question asks to reduce the equation to linear from in order to display the relation between h and d. After doing so, question requires us to plot a graph based on the equation.

Strategy: - Using the linear law , and the linear equation, reduce the equation in Question 2(a) by using logarithm and plot a graph of h against d using software or manually draw.

Working:

Log 10 h Log10 d

0.00 2.1918

0.50 1.9418

1.00 1.6918

1.50 1.4418

2.00 1.1918

2.50 0.9418

3.00 0.6918

3.50 0.4418

4.00 0.1918

QUESTION 2(c)(ii)(a): (ii) (a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required Identifying the problem: Question asks to determine the diameter of the round cake pan if the height of the cake is 10.5cm using the graph. Strategy: Express the height of the cake using logarithm Base 10. Then plot the point on the graph to obtain the value of diameter, d in logarithms term. Finally, express the value of logarithm. Working:

Graph

QUESTION 2(c)(ii)(b): (b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained. Identifying the problem: Question asks to determine the height, h of the cake obtained if the diameter if the diameter of the round tray is 42cm. Strategy: Express the diameter of the baking tray, d in logarithms Base 10.Then plot the point on the graph in order to obtain the logarithm value of the height. Finally, express the value in normal terms. Working:

Graph

QUESTION 3(a): 3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm (a) Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii). Identifying the problem: Question asks to calculate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake base on the dimensions suggested in question 2(b)(i).

Strategy: Using = 10cm and d = 49.18172cm and the given thickness of the cream= 1cm uniformly, calculate the amount of fresh cream .(at the top and the side)

Working:

QUESTION 3(b): (b)Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes. Identifying the problem: Questions asks to give 3 other suggestions for cakes shapes which have the same heights and volume as 2b(ii), and then calculate the amount of the fresh cream to be used. Strategy: Provide 3 other cake shape by logic thinking and calculate the dimensions, given the volume and the heights are constant. After that, calculate the amount of fresh cream required for each shape. Working: 1st Shape: Pentagonal-Based Shape

2nd Shape : Triangular-Based Shape

3rd Shape: Rectangular-Based, Cuboid.

Conclusion for Question 3(a) The estimated amount of fresh cream required to decorate the round cake with the suggested dimension is 3445.29 Conclusion for Question 3(b) The three suggested shapes are rectangular-based cake, triangular-based cake, and pentagonalbased cake. The volume of cream required for rectangular-based cake is 2140 The volume of cream required for triangular-based cake is 3945.4774 The volume of cream required for pentagonal-based cake is 1950 Conclusion for Question 3(c) Therefore, from the values, the pentagonal-based cake requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used, which is only 1950 . . . .

Part III (Question)

Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two different methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers. Answer: Identifying the problem: Question asks to find the dimension of round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate by using 2 different method, including calculus. After that, to state whether such dimensions are suitable for the baking of the cake and to give reason. Strategy: Find the dimensions that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream using differentiation and then the second derivative. The second method would be to express the volume of cream as a function and use completing the square to obtain the minimum values, then substituting the volume of cake. Finally, apply logic thinking to come to a conclusion, whether the cake is suitable to be baked or not. Working: Method 1:Diferrentiation by Second Derivative.

Method 2:Expressing the volume of cream as a function and obtain minimum point by completing the square, then substituting the volume of cake into the value.