Experiment 3 Boiling Point Diagrams of Binary Systems

Objectives: To determine boiling points of small amounts of liquid sample. To construct boiling point diagramss of binary liquid systems. To explain the nature of the constructed diagrams in terms of interactions of the molecules of the two components of a given mixture.

Apparatus and materials:

(2) i-mL pipette;aspirator;250-mL beaker;(5) micro test tubes;stirring rod;universal clamp;iron ring; iron stand; capillary tubes; thermometer,200C; Bunsen burner or hot plate; cork; wire gauze; rubber band; top leading balance

Chemicals:

n-hexane;n-heptane;chlorobenzene; bromobenzene; chloroform; methanol;acetone;ethanol;distilled water; cooking oil

Procedure:

1. prepare 5 capillary tubes. Seal one end of a capillary tube using a blue Bunsen flame. 2. prepare about 3-mL of the following mixtures.YOur instructor will assign specific solutioons to the group. Consult a chemistry handbook for the boiling points of the pure components. Prepare five samples for your solvent pair:0%-100%, 20%-80%, 50%-50%, 80%-20%, 100%-0% by weight. Avoid inhaling the vapors of the organic solvents.

-n-hexane-n-heptane -chlorobenzene-bromobenzene -chloform-methanol -acetone-ethanol -water-methanol -chloroform-acetone

3. Dry one small test tube and place about 3mL of sample. insert the capilary tube in the tube with the open end down. Attach the thermometer to the test tube with a rubber band. the bulb of the thermometer must be in the same level with the liquid sample. 4. Fill the beaker 2/3 full with cooking oil. Suspend the tube in the bath. The rubber band must be above the level of the oil. Gradually heat the oil bath. Be careful not to spill the liquid into the bath. 5. As the temperature rises, bubbles escape from the capillary tube. When the temperature is exceeded, a rapid stream of bubbles escape. When this happens, remove the flame and allow the bath to cool. WHen bubbles no longer appear and the liquid starts to suck back, record the temperature. Consider this as the boiling point. Repeat the procedure for the other samples.

Analysis of Data:

Plot the temperature (y) against weight concentration (x). Draw a smooth curve thru the points(you may also construct the graphs using a graphing software). Indicate the azeotropic composition in the plot (if any).

Boiling Diagrams:

Questions: 1. Explain the shape of the constructed graphs. take into accounts the molecular forces between the two components of each system. 2. How can you tell from the boiling point diagram if a binary system forms an ideal soluton?