JOHN.

KENNEDY F SPACE CENTER

KSC

HISTORICAL

MONOGRAPH (KHM-1)

NO,

,>,

NASA'S

HISTORICAL ORIGINS of LAUNCH OPERATIONS

to

CENTER

JULY 1, 1962
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JOHN NATIONAL

F. KENNEDY

SPACE CENTER

AERONAUTICS COCOA

AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION BEACH, FLORIDA 1964

OCTOBER

"4

"'

KSC

Historical

Monograph

No.

(ram-l)

HISTORICAL

ORIGINS

oF NASA'S

lAUNCH

OPERATIONS

CENTER

TO

JULY

i,

1962

by
Francis E. Jarrett, Jr. Robert A. Lindemann KSC Historical Section

7-

k, 7

National

John F. Kennedy Space Center Aeronautics and Space Administration Cocoa Beach, Florida

OL_OBER

1964

...

. .

V-2 LAUNCHING SITE AT WHITE SANDS

S A W N LAUNCHING SITE (LC-34) AT THE CAPE

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD PREFACE

...................... ....................... ..................... TO REDSTONE ARSENAL ...........

i iii v 1 1 4 i0 13 17 17 21 22 26 31 31 33 39 40 43 45 47 49 51 51 53 55 57 59 61 63

CHRONOLOGY KUMMERSDORF

I,

Post-World War I Rocket Development in Germany U.S. Army Ordnance Rocket and Guided-Missile Development .................. Coordination of Armed Forces Rocket and Guided-Missile Programs ............ Establishment of Long Range Proving Ground II. REDSTONE ...................... Ordnance Guided Missile Center Experimental Missiles Redstone Launch Site .

......... Established.

Firing Branch Facilities at

Cape Canaveral ................ Experimental Missiles Firing Branch Organizational Growth ............. III. THE MISSILE FIRING LABORATORY ............

Missile Firing Laboratory Established ...... Preparations for Initial Redstone Launches-Personnel and Facilities ........... Project Orbiter ................. Jupiter Program--Development and Facilities. MFL Personnel Given Permanent Duty Station at AFMTC ................... Army's Participation in United States Space Program .................... Juno V (Saturn) Facilities at AMR ........ Other MFL Activities .............. IV. THE lAUNCH OPERATIONS Establishment of DIRECTORATE .......... NASA .............. Office

Atlantic Missile Range Operations Established .................. Mercury-Redstone ................ Saturn .....................

DOD and NASA Proposed Transfer ......... The Transfer Plan Developed ........... OLVP and OSFP Established at NASA Headquarters

The Launch Operations Agency ........... NASA Test Support Office ............. LODis Established ................ Facility Transfer Arrangements .......... NASA Master Plan for Facilities at AMR
Launch Manned Launch Launch GLOSSARY APPENDIX

64 66 68 69
...... 72 73 74 76 79

Facility Modifications ........... Lunar Landing Program ........... Operations Center Proposed ......... Operations Center Established ....... OF ABBREVIATIONS A. ORGANIZATIONAL MFL/LOD, 1951 GROWTH - 1962 AT AMR, AUGUST 1953 AND DEVELOPMENT OF

APPENDIX

B.

MFL/LOD JUNE DOCUMENTS

LAUNCHINGS 1962

SUPPORTING

LIST V-2 Launch Site Launch at White Site

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

Sands at the Cape ...... Frontispiece Followi_g Page

Saturn

(LC-34)

V-2 being placed in position for at White Sands ............... Redstone Saturn No. 4 ................ LC-34, May 9,

launching 8 38

Facility

1960 ........

70

Industrial Complex, Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex, December 1960 ........... Merritt Island-Schedule of Land Acquisition

72

(MLLP) ..................... NASA Early Jupiter Jupiter Juno II Industrial Redstone C Area, October 9, 1961 ......

76 78 B-I B-7 B-II B-17 B-21 B-25 B-29 B-33 B-38

..................

....................

..................... ..................... ..................... ...............

Pershing

Mercury-Redstone Saturn Ranger Centaur

...................... ...................... .....................

FOREWORD

This ence the tool for

preliminary those who

study seek

is designed

to

serve

as

a refer-

background

information Center

concerning which became underway, through NASA. emphasis launch the The con-

antecedents on the

of NASA's July growth as

Launch A

Operations second of study, this

operational will its trace

i, 1962. and

currently organization Center,

activities

redesignation It is

the John that our

F. Kennedy this

Space

recognized of

account

places Because years

heavy the to

on non-NASA operations establishment monograph cerning could be

activities team went

organization. its formative

through such

prior

of NASA, in

_mphssis

is deemed form,

appropriate. information which hitherto

presents, our early

readily

accessible and

organization only its by

development a variety restrictions,

obtained Despite

consulting

of widely it should

scattered prove

sources. to be

self-imposed reference.

a useful

historical

PREFACE

The as the John F.

origins Kennedy

of

NASA's

Launch

Operations NASA) can be

Center traced during

(now to

known

Space

Center, World key

the

period period with

immediately that this a number

preceding of the with

War

II.

It was intimately

this

personnel

connected the George with C. the

center Space

and Flight

its

parent became

organization, actively

Marshall science

Center,

involved

of

rocketry. United States 1945 brought participation when to a number this of in rocketry outstanding as part of activities German was

given

impetus

in

rocket

scientists Paperclip." of U.S. country

were The

country of this

"Operation with for those

contributions and

group, it

combined possible and

scientists to play and This a

technicians, role

made

this

leading

in the

development

expansion

of missile

space study of a

technology. is an attempt to trace first and account field then briefly under the the developauspices of NASA's the (LOC) establishof the

ment of

and

growth Army

launching

agency,

the

U.S.

Ordnance

Department The

as part with

Marshall ment of

Space this

Flight as

Center. an

ends

agency

independent Space been

center

National

Aeronautics Every effort

and

Administration. made to refrain and In from discussing which are in the

has

more

than

a general of

way

space NASA

programs Centers.

activities some cases,

responsibilities

other

however,

iii

it

was

necessary

to

mention

"outside"

activities

in

order

to

show

the

role

of

the

launching

agency

in

the

overall

program.

Perhaps

the

most

useful

and

most

frequently

consulted

source

of

information

during

the

preparation

of

this

document

was

Dr.

Eugene

M.

Emme's

Aeronautics

and

Astronautics

2 1915-60,

along

with

his

chronologies

for

1961

and

1962.

Another

useful

source

was

David

S.

Akens,

Historical

Origins

of

the

George

C.

Marshall

Space covering

Flight the

Center, period.

as

well

as

the

MSFC

semiannual

histories

Without

exception,

individuals

contacted

for

information

were

extremely

cooperative.

Although

they

all

cannot

be

named

here,

several

deserve

special

acknowledgement.

James

Cobb

and

Edward

House,

both

of

MSFC,

were

most

helpful,

making

administra-

tive

files

available

and

suggesting

additional

sources

of

informa-

tion.

Helen

Brents

Joiner

and

Mary

T.

Cagle,

of

the

Army

Missile

Command, structure

provided of AOMC

information and ABIIA.

concerning Locally, our

the

early

organizational and records

library

personnel of a number

were of

of

great

assistance documents

in

locating the

and

obtaining days of

copies the

elusive

concerning

early

launching

agency.

Librada

Russell

and

Mary

Kihm

were

especially

patient

and

helpful.

Although

gaps

in

the

story

may

still

exist,

and

differ-

ences hoped

of that

opinion this

as book

to

interpretation be useful KSC to

of

events who

may

arise,

it it.

is

will

those

consult

Historian

iv

CHRONOLOGY

1926 March 16
Dr. Robert H. Goddard rocket 2.5 miles launched in Auburn, and hour. the world's first

liquid-fueled Flight a speed lasted of 60

Massachusetts. the rocket attained

seconds per

1939 July 1
Rocket Theodore became devoted sion Research yon the to systems. nucleus the Project KdrmJn at of was Cal the formed Tech. nation's under This first Dr. project center of propul-

research

and

development

1942 October 3 1943 August September

Dr. tion Kurt as H. chief Debus test joined the Peenem5_de organizaFirst German successful A-4 (V-2) launch at and flight of the 5-ton 120 miles.

Peenem5_de

travelled

engineer.

Army Branch

Ordnance of the and and

Department Technical coordinating missiles

established Division the as for

the the

Rocket purpose of of

directing rockets

development weapons for

guided

the

Army.

1944 June 22
U.S. for and Army research their Ordnance and launching awarded engineering equipment. to Cal on Tech a contract rockets

long-range

Novemberi November20 December

Cal and

Tech's renamed

Rocket the

Research Jet Propulsion

Center

was

reorganized

Laboratory.

Army

Ordnance

signed to

contract the

with

General project.

Electric

Company

initiate

Hermes

Army to

Ordnance study the

made German

plans V-2

under missile.

the

Hermes

program

1945 January February 20 Germanrocket scientists evacuated Peenem_nde.

Ordnance Sands plans Proving for

The Secretary of War approved

the establishment New Mexico. of the White Ground,

March

U.S.

Army

Ordnance from the

Technical Office of

Intelligence the Chief of

received Ordnance

approval to initiate

Operation

Paperclip.

July 13 August

White

Sands

Proving

Ground

was

activated.

Components missiles Proving

for were Ground.

approximately shipped from

i00 Germany

V-2 to

ballistic White Sands

September

Seven at

German

scientists including Proving Dr.

recruited Wernher

under von

Operation arrived

Paperclip, Aberdeen

Braun,

Ground.

September26

An Wac Tim

altitude Corporal, rocket.

of

43 whose

miles

was

reached was

by

the

first Tiny

booster was the

a modified U.S. liquid-

This rocket

first with the

propellant

developed

government and

funds.

October Decemberi0

Army

Ordnance

established Service

Research (Rocket).

Development

Suboffice

Approximately Fort where ists Bliss, they headed

I00 Texas, were by Dr.

German and

specialists White by the von Sands first Braun.

arrived Proving seven

at Ground, special-

joined

Wernher

1946 January
First Mugu, AAF missile California, KUW-I robot launched was bomb at modeled Naval on Air Loon, the Facility, USN name German V-I. Point for

a KVW-I

January

The

German

scientists team

were with

organized Dr. von

as Braun

guidedas techni-

missile research cal director.

March 22

First (the White

American Wac) Sands reached

rocket Proving

to Ground.

escape height

earth's after

atmosphere launch from

50-mile

vi

1946 April 16 First V-2 launched from American soil.

June 6 June 28

Joint Army-Navy Research and Development Board created. First V-2 rocket fully instrumented by Naval Research Laboratory for upper air research was launched from White Sands Proving Ground and attained a height of 67 miles. The Joint Research and Development Board established the Committee on Long Range Proving Ground and directed it to examine the entire question of the advisability of developing a single national long range guided missile proving ground. The Committee was also directed to makea study of available sites. V-2 rocket, fired from White Sands, established an altitude record (114 miles) that was not surpassed for almost 5 years.

October 7

December17

1947 June 20 Army Ordnance established the Bumperproject for development of a two-stage missile (GermanV-2 and modified WacCorporal). The Committee on Joint Long Range Proving Ground submitted a report in which it recommended that action be taken immediately to provide a joint long range proving ground. As suitable sites for the range, the Committeeselected as its first choice the E1Centro-Gulf of California range, and as its second choice, the BananaRiver-Bahama Islands range with the launching site located at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The Joint Research and DevelopmentBoard approved the recommendationof the Committee on Joint Long RangeProving Groundand responsibility for implementing the joint long range proving ground was assigned to the War Department, which in turn delegated limited responsibility for handling the matter to the ArmyAir Forces.

June 20

July 8

vii

1947 July 26 National Security Act of 1947 was passed, which reorganized and coordinated armed forces under National Military Establishment headed by Secretary of Defense (of Cabinet rank) and included secretaries of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. The Air Force activated a staff group, headed by Brig. Gen. Wm.L. Richardson, in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, to pursue the joint long range proving ground project. This group was given the designation "National Guided Missile Range Group" and was composedof the original members,or their designated replacements_ of the ,Joint Research and Development Board's Committee on Joint Long Range Proving Ground. The Research and Development Board rescinded its previous directive to the War Department and issued a new directive allocating complete responsibility for implementation of the long range proving ground project to the Air Force

September 5

December30

1948 January Decision was madeto develop the BananaRiverBahama Islands range if a satisfactory agreement could be negotiated with the British Government. A Bumper-Wac fired at White SandsProving Ground was the first two-stage rocket to be launched in the Western Hemisphere. BananaRiver Naval Air Station transferred to Air Materiel Command, USAF, on a standby basis for the purpose of supporting the national guided missile test and development program. Redstone Arsenal officlally becamea Class II activity of the OrdnanceResearch and Development Division.

May 13

September 1

November

viii

1949 May 11

Public Law 60, 81st Congress, authorized establishment of s joint long range proving ground for guided missiles, and for other purposes (subsequently established in the Cape Canaveral area). Banana River Naval Air Station redesignated Joint Long Range Proving Ground by Headquarters USAF, GO 37, dated June I0, 1949. i0 National Security bill changed National Military Establishment to executive Department of Defense; made departments of Army, Navy and Air Force "military departments." Representatives of the Suboffice the Huntsville Arsenal facilities their organization be transferred Bliss. 1 (Rocket) surveyed and proposed that there from Fort

June

I0

August

September

October

Joint Long Range Proving Ground was activated as a joint undertaking of the Army, Navy, and Air Force under executive control of Chief of Staff of the Air Force.

1950 April 1 Missile staff headed by Dr. von Braun was moved from White Sands Proving Ground to Army Ordnance's Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama. The Ordnance established Guided Missile Center at Redstone Arsenal. was officially

April

15

May

16

Department of Defense officially delegated responsibility for the proving ground to the Air Force. The Headquarters, Joint Long Range Proving Ground became the Headquarters, Long Range Proving Ground Division. Air Force GO 38, dated May 17, renamed the Range Proving Ground the Long Range Proving Air Force Base. Joint Long Ground

July

24

The

first

missile

launched

from

Cape

Canaveral

was

Bumper No. 8, a German Wac Corporal as second August 1 Long Range Proving

V-2 with stage. Air

a 700-pound

Army-JPL

Ground

Force

Base

was

re-

designated Gen. Mason Service).

Patrick Air Force M. Patrick (first

Base in honor chief of U.S.

of Maj. Army Air

ix

1950

October

The to of

movement Redstone the Hermes

of

Suboffice was

(Rocket) completed

from with

Fort the

Bliss transfer

Arsenal C-I.

December

Rocket activities two and

and

guided-missile at Redstone

research Arsenal were Guided

and

development into Center

divided Missile

major Ordnance

centers: Rocket

Ordnance Center.

1951

June

30

Headquarters, redesignated Headquarters, and assigned

Long Air Air to

Range Force

Proving Missile and

Ground Test

Division by GO 19,

Center

Research that command.

Development

Command,

August

Viking White

7 attained an altitude Sands to set new altitude

of

135 miles record.

over

August

Ordnance Center and the

Guided became Rocket

Missile the Guided

Center Missile

and

Ordnance Development of the

Rocket Branch newly

Development and

Branch Engineering

established

Technical

Division.

December

Experimental with Dr. Kurt

Missiles H. Debus

Firing as

Branch

established,

Chief.

1952

January

21

Guided opment Division.

Missile Branch

Development were of elevated the

Branch to

and

Rocket status

Develin the

group and

reorganization

Technical

Engineering

September

18

Ordnance Brig. The part Gen.

Missile H. N. and newly

Laboratories Toftoy

established, as

with

appointed

director. became a

Technical of the

Engineering established

Division

organization.

September

19

Last V-2's

V-2 were

fired. launched

During at

the White

course Sands

of

six

years, Ground.

63

Proving

November

The

Guided

Missile Group

Development were Division separated and the

Group from

and the on an as

the

Rocket

Development and Engineering

Technical equal labora-

placed division

organizational tories.

level

with

1953 January The Guided Missile Development the Guided Missile Development Ordnance Missile Laboratories Firing Laboratory, formerly Missiles Firing Branch, as dinate branches. August 20 Redstone missile Arsenal personnel first successful by the U.S. Laboratory became Division of the with the Missile

the Experimental one of its ten subor-

No. 1 was fired by Army at Cape Canaveral, and heavy ballistic missile

Redstone was the launch

1954 August 3 Joint Army-Navy feasibility lite into a 200-mile earth study to orbit was launch a satelinitiated. on

The study, designated Project Orbiter, was based plan to use Redstone as booster and LOKI rockets (JPL-developed) for subsequent stages. 1955 February 14 Killian committee recommended that an intermediate

range ballistic missile be developed with the Air Force intercontinental missile September 9 programs.

concurrently ballistic

Project Vanguard, proposal by Naval Research Laboratory, after receiving recommendation of the DOD Advisory Group, was approved by DOD Research and Development Policy Council. DOD approved IRBM. Army's proposal to develop the Jupiter

November

Army activated the Army Ballistic Missile Agency at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama, to weaponize the Redstone and to develop the Jupiter IRBM. MaJ. Gen. J. B. Medsrls was commanding general. March 14 First Jupiter Army Ballistic 20 A (Redstone) missile launching by Missile Agency at Cape Canaveral. launched at Cape Canaveral, of 680 miles and travelled

September

First Jupiter C was attained an altitude 3,300 miles

downrange.

xi

1957 March 1

First

launch

of

an

operational

prototype

Jupiter.

May

31

First

successful

launching

of

U.S.

IRBM,

Jupiter.

August

Army-JPL 1,200 summit cone outer

Jupiter miles

fired from 600

scale-model Cape Canaveral Recovery of an

nose

cone with a

downrange of

altitude marked space. first

miles.

of

nose from

recovery

intact

object

October

Sputnik launched 1958.

I, by

first

man-made

earth in

satellite, orbit until

was January 4,

USSR--remained

November

Sputnik by USSR.

II, The

carrying satellite

dog

named

Laika, in orbit

was

launched until

remained

April November 7

14,

1958. Eisenhower announced Assistant and the new to creation the of an for Dr. James

President office Science R. of

Special

President of post.

and

Technology Jr., to

appointment advisory

Killian,

November

Secretary Department with a national

of of

Defense Army to

Robert launch C as Year.

McElroy a

directed

the satellite

scientific of the

modified

Jupiter

part

Inter-

Geophysical

1958

January

31

Explorer was placed

I,

the in

Free

World's by the a

first

earth Jupiter belt

satellite, C, its

orbit

modified radiation

payload by Dr.

discovering James A. Van

identified

Allen. directed and make Dr. Killian to head on space

February

President a committee

Eisenhower to study

recommendations of the Nation's

the

governmental

organization

program. February 7

Advanced DOD space and

Research placed in

Projects charge of

Agency the

established Nation's outer

by

program.

March

17

Vanguard I, into orbit.

second

U.S.-IGY

satellite,

launched

xii

1958 March 26 Third U.S.-IGY satellite, Explorer III, a joint ABMA-JPL roject, successfully launched by Army, p yielded valuable data on radiation belt. Lunar probes utilizing Jupiter C rocket were assigned to ArmyBallistic Missile Agency. Juno II program (utilizing a missile similar to the Jupiter C), original]y proposed in December 1957, was approved by ARPA. Army OrdnanceMissile Command created. was Army Ballistic Missile Agency, ArmyRocket and Guided Missile Agency, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and White SandsProving Groundbecameelements of the Army OrdnanceMissile Command. In a messageto Congress, President Eisenhower proposed the establishment of a national aeronautics and space agency into which the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics would be absorbed. First recovery intact of a full-scale cone launched by Jupiter missile. Pacific Missile Range officially Navy management. IRBMnose

March 27 March

March 31 April 1

April

May 18 June 16 July 26 July 29

established under successfully

Explorer IV, fourth U.S.-IGY satellite, launched by ArmyJupiter C.

President Eisenhower signed H.R. 12575, making it the National Aeronautics and SpaceAct of 1958 (Public Law 85-568), redefining the U.S. space program. AdvancedResearch Projects Agency authorized the Army OrdnanceMissile Command initiate to a developmentprogram to provide a large space vehicle booster of approximately 1.5 million pounds thrust. (Unofficially designated Juno V; later becameSaturn.) Dr. T. Keith Glennan and Dr. HughL. Dryden were sworn in as Administrator and Deputy Administrator, respectively, of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

August 15

August 19

xiii

1958 September 18 October 1 Vanguard III, sixth U.S.-IGY satellite, injected into orbit. successfully

First official day of NASA. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics personnel, responsibilities, and facilities were officially absorbed into the NASA organization. President Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10783, transferring to NASAresponsibility for several DOD projects, including Project Vanguard from the Navy, and lunar probes, scientific satellites, and several engine research programs, including the F-I, 1.5million-pound-thrust engine, from ARPA and the AF. Project Mercury formally organized by NASA.

October 1

October 7 October Ii

Pioneer I, U.S.-IGY space probe under direction of NASA and with the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division as executive agent, launched from Cape Canaveral. Army completed Redstone flight 250-mile shot. testing with perfect

November6 November26 November28

The name"Project Mercury" was officially assigned to the man-in-space effort of the United States. Air Force Missile Test Center officially announced establishment at the Atlantic Missile Range of the Directorate of NASA Tests, with Melvin N. Goughas Director. Agreement signed effecting transfer to NASAof JPL personnel, facilities, and remaining budget appropriations to be effective on January i, 1959. Another agreement madeArmy Ordnance Missile Command and its subordinate organizations "immediately, directly and continuously responsive to NASA requirements." The third U.S.-IGY space probe--the second under direction of NASA with Army as executive agent-was launched from CapeCanaveral by a Juno II.

December 3

December6

xiv

1959 January 8 NASA requested to be 8 Redstone-type used in Project launch Mercury vehicles from

the Army flights. February 3

development

ARPA cancelled Juno V identification named the project Saturn.

and

officially

March

Pioneer IV, fourth U.S.-IGY space probe, a joint ABMA-JPL project under direction of NASA, was launched by a Juno II rocket from Cape Canaveral and achieved earth-moon trajectory, passing within 37,000 miles of the moon before going into permanent solar orbit. It was the first U.S. sun-orbiter. Seven Project rating. astronauts Mercury were selected DX for Project Mercury.

April April

2 27

assigned

(highest)

priority

April

Jupiter combat training launch program initiated following an agreement between ABMA and the Air Force whereby the Missile Firing Laboratory would train Air launching Force and NATO techniques. troops in Jupiter missile

May

First formal statement of functions and authority for Atlantic Missile Range Operations Office came in the form of a memorandum from the NASA Administrator. ABMA Jupiter IRBM at Cape Canaveral the Air Force. ABMA Jupiter IRBM living passengers Construction for made successful and was declared 1,500-mile operational flight by

May

May

28

launched a nose (monkeys), Able Saturn was started

cone carrying and Baker. at Cape was

two

June July

5 1

Canaveral. trans-

Responsibility for Centaur development ferred from DOD (ARPA) to NASA. Construction (blockhouse of Saturn Launch construction and

July

Complex 34 began launch pad fill).

KV

1959

September

NASA

boilerplate launched Canaveral after F.

model on and

of an

Mercury Atlas

capsule (Big in heat Joe) the of

was missile South more

suc-

cessfully from Cape

recovered re-entry

Atlantic than

surviving

i0,000

October

13

Explorer satellite, Army orbit as by

VII, and

the now

seventh under agent, Army

and

last

U.S.-IGY of NASA into

earth with an the earth

direction was Juno launched II.

executive a modified

October

21

President that would of the be

Eisenhower, Development transferred

by to

executive NASA, subject

order, Division to

indicated of the ABMA approval

Operations

Congress. assumed pending technical its formal direction transfer of from the Saturn Army. proj-

November

18

NASA ect,

the

November

18

Agreement Objectives the ABMA by

between and

Department Guidelines Decision for to

of

Army

and a

NASA Portion

on of of

the

Implementation

Presidential to the NASA, NASA

Transfer 16, 1959,

dated

November and

was

signed of the

Administrator

the

Secretary

Army. December 1617

Army-NASA the tor

Transfer of December 17.

Plan the Army 16,

was

formally and Acting the

approved Secretary NASA

by of

Secretary on on December

Defense

and

by

Administra-

1960

January

18

Project national

Saturn priority

was

approved (DX rating).

as

program

of

highest

January

Construction Complex First sile 36 test from

began for the

at

Cape

Canaveral project. Pershing

on

Launch

Centaur of Army's

February

25

launch Cape

tactical

mis-

Canaveral. officially Operations field announced Division to at Center. transfer NASA. Huntsville He

March

15

President of the named the the George

Eisenhower Development new C. NASA

installation Space Flight

Marshall

xvi

1960 March 15 Saturn ABMA. project officially transferred to NASA from

April

NASA Test Support Office for AMR approved as a function with the NASA Launch Operations Agency, with Lt. Col. Asa B. Gibbs, USAF, selected as its Director. i Memorandum of Agreement between ABMA Support Requirements to be furnished Evaluation and Firing Laboratory. and NASA MSFC, by LOD to Test,

June

June

14

NASA announced the creation of Launch Operations Directorate to become operational on July i; to be headed by Dr. Kurt H. Debus. NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with Dr. Wernher von Braun as its Director, officially opened with formal transfer to NASA from ABMA, at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama. MFL officially became LOD. Saturn 5 project formally transferred to MSFC.

July

July August

Vertical Launch Facility No. 34 (VLFT-34) blockhouse construction was completed at Cape Canaveral. Blockhouse Complex 36 construction (Centaur). was completed at Launch

August

18

October

27

Pacific Missile Range NASA Test officially activated and Comdr. appointed Director.

Support Office Simon J. Burttschell

1961
m--

January

NASA's Space Task Group, charged with carrying out Project Mercury and other manned space flight programs, officially became a separate NASA field element. 15 James E. Webb was sworn in as NASA Administrator.

February April 18

Memo of Agreement on Participation of 6555th Test Wing (Dev) in the Centaur R&D Flight Test Program (outlining Program Responsibilities of NASA, LOD, and Wing).

xvii

1961 May 5 Freedom7, mannedMercury spacecraft (No. 7) carrying astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., as pilot, was launched from Cape Canaveral by Mercury-Redstone (MR-3) launch vehicle, to an altitude of 115 miles
and a range of 302 miles. It was first 14.8 American minutes; manned space flight. a speed of 5,100 mph Flight lasted was reached.

May 19

Responsibility for Cape Canaveral was the Test Evaluation

Pershing launch operations at transferred from LOD, MSFC, to and Firing Laboratory, ABMA.

May 25

President Kennedy appeared before Congress to request that this Nation set a goal to make a manned lunar exploration within this decade, and that Congress give its full support to NASA in attaining this goal. Saturn Launch Complex 34 was dedicated in a brief ceremony by NASA. Construction of the complex was supervised by the Army Corps of Engineers. Giant gantry, is the which weighs 2,800 tons and is 310 feet high, largest movable land structure in North America. undertaken by NASA of the launch site exploration and DOD to make to be used for

June 5

June 23

Joint study was recommendations the manned lunar

missions. series completed

June 27 July 12 July 17

Final missile fired in Redstone 8-year military test program. Construction (Saturn) at A Joint Atlantic AMR, and began on Special Cape Canaveral. Agreement for

Assembly

Building

Tenancy

NASA

and

DOD

use

of

the

Missile Range was signed by the Commander, the Director of Launch Operations, NASA.

July 21

MR-4, Liberty Bell 7, manned by Mercury Astronaut Virgil I. Grissom, made a successful 15-minute, 118mile high, and 303-mile long flight downrange. Premature blowout of excape hatch caused flooding of capsule and made pickup of Grissom by helicopter difficult. Capsule sank in 18,000 feet of water after warning-light indicated helicopter engine was overheating and capsule was cast loose. Second successful manned suborbital space flight.

xviii

1961 August 15 August 18 Saturn booster for SA-I flight arrived at Cape Canaveral by former Navy barge Compromise.
NASA announced that analysis of Project Mercury suborbital data indicated phase of the program had further Mercury-Redstone that all objectives of that been achieved, and that no flights were planned.

August 23

Ranger I test satellite of unmanned lunar spacecraft, launched from AMR by Atlas-Agena B into low parking orbit, but did not attain its programed eccentric orbit. NASA announced decision to launch manned lunar flights

August 24

and other missions requiring vehicles from expanded Cape

Saturn and Nova-class Canaveral facilities. 80,000 purpose. to acres

NASA planned to acquire approximately north and west of the Cape for this

August 24

Agreem@nt

Between

DOD

and

NASA

Relating Landing

the

Launch Site for the Manned (Webb-Gilpatric Agreement).

Lunar

Program

September 13

Contract awarded by Army Engineers for construction of Launch Complex 37, to include a service structure, a blockhouse, and an umbilical tower on a 120-acre site at north end of Cape Canaveral. D. Brainerd Holmes appointed Manned Space Flight Programs. Largest known rocket launch stage booster was successful from Cape Canaveral (SA-I). NASA's Director of

September 21 October 27

to date, the Saturn first on its first test flight

November17

LOD presented its planning proposal to the Commander, AFMTC, concerning the Master Plan for the Manned Lunar Landing Program and its integration with the overall Master Plan for AMR. Ranger II placed into low orbit second stage failed to restart, probe Ranger in parking orbit. by Atlas, but Agena leaving deep-space

November18

November20

NASA LOD announced establishment of Offices of Financial Management and of Procurement and Contracts to support NASA activities at AMR previously done by MSFC.

xix

1962

January

26

Ranger to land

III an

was

launched

from capsule Moon

Complex on by

12 the

in lunar

attempt sur-

instrumented missed miles and

face. 23,000 First

Spacecraft statute U.S.

approximately a solar orbit. MA-6, H. Glenn,

entered space Lt.

February

20

manned three

orbital orbits with

flight, Col. John

completed Jr., 7, near minute Astronaut coming John and NASA F. as

astronaut. and Turk after

Mercury touched

spacecraft, down in Atlantic 4-hour

Friendship Ocean and 56-

re-entered Grand

81,000-mile,

flight. John ceremonies Kennedy him Glenn and the the returned news to the Cape for wel-

February

23

conference. greeted Distinguished o the with i, Lt.

President Col. Glenn Medal. Service Launch Dr. 1962. Kurt

personally NASA

awarded announced

March

establishment at Cape Canaveral,

Operations H. NASA Debus as

Center

Director, a as

effective Launch a new Vehicle division Office the

July

March

established (LVOD) Launch Range,

Operations of at NASA MSFC; the also the

Division Pacific Missile Office.

Operations discontinuing

Pacific

Test.Support

March

16

USAF flight booster

Titan from for

II

was

successfully Cape. Titan II

launched will be

on used

its as

first the

the

NASA's

two-man

spacecraft,

Gemini.

April

i0

Fifty-five the State Atlantic

delegates Missile

from Range Six

the at

United the

Nations

toured of were were the

invitation countries

Department. but no

Communist from

represented, present. Ranger apparent puter and controlled The IV was

delegates

the

USSR

April

23

launched of the

by

an

Atlas-Agena,

but

an coma it the

failure sequencer descent

spacecraft's Ranger surface was after success, States to

central

prevented onto the spacecraft

from making of the moon. when While the in lunar

instrumented the was by not the moon a

destroyed launch. it result was

impacted probe mission impact.

64

hours

complete United

first

XX

1962 April 25 Saturn vehicle (SA-2) was successfully launched from Complex 34 in the second successful Saturn flight test. Dummy second and third stages, filled with water, were detonated at 65 miles altitude (Project Highwater), and the water ballast formed an artificial cloud. The first Centaur F-I was launched. An explosion

May

55 seconds structural rupture, May 24

after lift-off, apparently caused by failure that resulted in a fuel tank destroyed the vehicle.

Second U.S. manned orbital space flight, MA-7, with Commander M. Scott Carpenter as pilot in Mercury capsule Aurora 7, completed three orbits. Re-entry caused beyond landing intended impact area. point to be over 200 miles

May

27

Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter returned to the for news conference and welcoming ceremonies lowing his three-orbit mission of May 24. MSFC-LOC Separation Agreement signed;

Cape fol-

June

summarized

the transfer of certain resources, activities, and responsibilities of MSFC to LOC, and established the LOC and LVOD organization and missions on an interim basis pending final resolution of LOC organization and mission. The new organization was to become operational July I.

xxi

I.

KUMMERSDORF TOREDSTONE ARSENAL in 1920, which disarmed Germany

The Treaty of Versailles as a military

power, specified the types of weapons, the number

of each, and the rounds of ammunition for each type which could be retained by the GermanArmy. The Treaty also provided for policing by representatives of the League of Nations to ensure There was no mention of

the observance of the Treaty provisions. rockets.

Post-World War Late German Becker, cation Army I Rocket in 1929, Development the Ballistics under

in Germany and the Munitions direction Branch of Dr. of the

Weapons to

Department, investigate

Karl appli-

decided of rocket

the possibility Several officer, months

of military later, Dr. and

propulsion. artillery to his whom

Walter

Dornberger, enthusiast, Dr.

a German was

engineer, and those

rocket Branch. to

assigned combined with I years

the

Ballistics with

Munitions of Dr.

Dornberger

efforts to

Becker to

locate rocket

individuals experiments. After two

place

small

subsidies

support

of

failure results the

by in

the the Army

recipients development Weapons

of

the of a

subsidies

to

produce rocket its own

notable motor,

"liquid-fueled established

German station

Department near

experimental

in Kummersdorf

i.

Willy Ley, Rockets_ Edition, The Viking

Missiles_ and Space Travel, Press, New York, 1957, pp.

Revised 198, 199.

Berlin. 2 On October i,

1932, Wernher von Braun joined the Army

Weapons Department and becamea memberof Dr. Dornberger's specialist Staff. 3 The failures experienced by the Kummersdorfstaff in the

attempts to reconcile engines and rocket designs during 1931 and 1932 brought about the realization that an entirely new concept

in rocket design was needed. In 1933, the first of rockets, designated as the Aggregate i or A-l, The initial successes of this 650-pound-thrust,

of a new series was introduced. 4.6-foot rocket

led to the design and development of the A-2 and A-3 types, and, subsequently, to the A-4 of World War II fame.4 By 1936, the progress madeby the Kummersdorfscientists drew the attention of the GermanAir Ministry. organizations An agreement

between the two military of sufficient

resulted i_ the provision at

funds to build a new experimental station research and testing center.

Peenem_deas a joint

The elements

of the Kurmnersdorfstaff

involved with the Aggregate development to Peenem_nde

program, including Dr. von Braun, were transferred in 1937 under the military 2. 3. 4.
5.

supervision of Colonel Dornberger.5

Walter Dornberger, V-2, The Viking Press, NewYork, 1954, p. 20. Ibid., p. 27. Ley, Rockets_ Missiles_ and Space Travel, pp. 201, 211.
Ibid., p. 203. Dr. Kurt H. organization in August 1943 Debus joined the Peenem_de as chief test engineer.

In 1939, work began on

years later, on October 6 The A-4 3, was 1942,

the design the first

of A-4

the

A-4. was

Three launched weapon against the Peenemunde on the of

(V-2) as

successfully. war in July

accepted the With

by Hitler it was

a new

1943.

Designated 1944. yon

V-2, the

launched

England

in September under and Dr.

V-2

operational, their

scientists, research the

Braun, of new a new

concentrated guided

efforts of

development Ocean. The

missile of

capable two

spanning

Atlantic the The size of

missile

consisted weight of

stages--the 85 metric

first, tons. the were

A-10, second the the

to have stage, V-2. A-IO

a takeoff the A-9,

approximately rocket models the

was

a winged prototype beyond

approximately of the A-9 7

Although was 1945, not the

a few developed

built, By

design of the

stage. Allied German

January

increased and the

momentum

military defensive was close

offensive resources at hand. that

in Europe made The it

rapidly that

decreasing

evident rocket

Germany's

capitulation faced with the

German

scientists, were top the level Harz

realization ated

further The

experimentations of the in

impossible, scientists

evacuand of

Peenem_nde. were By

majority to

engineers Bavaria. surrendered area.

moved

locations most of of the

mountain

region had

May to

1945,

these

rocket_specialists forces Debus, who who

elements

American was Dr.

occupied had been

the in

Among

these

specialists

6. 7.

Eugene M. Ermne, Aeronautics and NASA, Washington, 1961, p. 44. Ley, Rockets_ Missiles_ and

Astronautics_ Travel, pp.

1915-1960, 238, 239.

Space

charge of the principal the latter

experimental V-2 launching site during Dr. Debus later near Cuxhaven a series

months of Peenem_nde'soperations.

was transferred to the British-occupied

facilities

where he served as test engineer for Operation Backfire, of V-2 firings

U.S. Army

conducted by the British.

Rocket States this War and was Guided-Missile not As totally early Development inactive as 1941 in rocket proposals had

Ordnance The United during to the

development been and to made develop the German

period.

Department missile FI-103, official first V-I

to initiate similar later in

programs and the

to design performance

a guided Fieseler not

design as

known

V-I.

The

War

Department three months

did

take the in

action attacks the

until on

September

1944, A year Department for of At that of

after

England. Ordnance

earlier, had the

however,

September Rocket

1943, of

Army

established purpose and Army of

the

Branch and

the Technical the for

Division

directing

coordinating as weapons the

development

rockets time, the the

guided Ordnance

missiles also

the Army.8 Research Tech) to

requested of

Rocket (Cal

Project investigate

California feasibility missiles. Proving

Institute of

Technology long-range Research was the

developing The Ballistic

surface-to-surface Laboratory asked to make was (BRL), a similar submitted by

guided Aberdeen study.9

Ground, September

Maryland, 1943,

In late

BRL

study

8. 9.

Brig. Gen. Information Ibid.

H. N. Toftoy, "Army Missile Digest, December 1956, p.

Development," 22.

Army

Army Ordnance to the National Defense Research Committee. In

l

November, Project, long-range evaluation Army and von

Dr.

Theodore a

von

Karman,

Director

of

the for

Rocket

Research

submitted

proposal

to Army guided proposal

Ordnance missiles.10 resulted 1944, to

developing An analysis and from

surface-to-surface of the to von Cal K_rm_n Tech,

in

a request

Ordnance development Karman

J l

in January upon the the the

initiate outlined by

a research in the

program

based

precepts

study.

In May

1944,

progress Private to Cal

shown

Cal

Tech's to

rocket the

laboratory of

in developing a $3,300,000 propulsion later

"A" missile Tech for This the

led

awarding in

contract and

continued contract ii project.

research originated Between 92-inch

rocket what was

aerodynamics. as

to be

identified 16, 1944,

ORDCIT

December Private The ranges

i and "A"

December

24 of at

the Camp

500-pound, Irwin, 24)

missiles charged over 20,

were

test

fired

California. had average On firings tract of with 13

fully of

missiles

(numbers

7 through

18,000

yards.12 after the first signed tactical a con-

November the the V-2's General

1944,

two months Army to this

against

England, Company under

Ordnance initiate program

Electric plans

the Hermes called for the

project.

Army

Ordnance

I0. ii. 12.

Emme, Toftoy, p. 22. Rocket

Aeronautics "Army

and

Astronautics, Development," Research

p.

46. Information Development Digest, Service,

Missile

Army and

Development

Division,

13.

Office, Program, Private Contract

Chief of Ordnance, Ordnance Department Guided Missile March 13, 1947, Section IV, "Results of ORDCIT 'A' Firings." No. W30-115-ORD 1768, R.A.D. No. 3435.

development of a long-range guided missile antiaircraft missile. Studies of all

and a surface-to-air information on the

available

GermanV-2 and Wasserfall missiles were begun in December1944. After receiving verified information concerning the range

of the V-2, the Ordnance Department recognized the inadequacies of the existing artillery and rocket proving grounds for testing ranges. A survey of the ORDCIT

missiles of similar, military project.

or possibly greater,

reservations was madeshortly after initiating

In November1944, the Government-ownedland adjacent to reservation was selected. War Department

the Fort Bliss military

approval was obtained and the White SandsProving Ground (WSPG) was established. During March 1945, the U.S. Army Ordnance Technical Intelligence received approval from the Office of the Chief of Operation Paperclip. This attempt to secure and contract

Ordnance to initiate

the services of Germany's outstanding rocket scientists engineers to work in the United States under individual agreementswas started in June. Prior to the signing of any jurisdictional tional agreements between the Allies,

or occupa-

American forces had removed

the componentsof approximately i00 V-2's from the mass-production 14 plant located near Niedersachswerfen, Germany. During the advance through Germany,and later while occupying the Harz 14. Ley,
Rockets_ Missiles_ and Space Travel, p. 244.

mountain areas, the American Forces discovered over 40 boxes of guided-missile facilities
at The WSPG German Dr. the von in August

documents. These were shipped to the Army Ordnance

the Aberdeen of In Proving the Ground. were the shipped first from seven Germany of the to

components 1945.15

V-2's

September, under Aberdeen of the

scientists Braun, and

recruited at

Operation Proving German at

Paperclip, Ground

including in 16

arrived

to assist documents. requiring

sorting The

cataloging of the

missile Fort

scope

activities

Bliss

Army the

Ordnance arrival of at

supervisory the WSPG. Army captured

administration V-2's and the

greatly

increased of the

with test

activation a more the

facilities tional

In order Ordnance Suboffice of the this

to maintain established (Rocket)

direct

operaand The the the In to

control,

Research 1945. to the

Development primary work

Service

in October was of

responsibility and Company the

organization testing

supervise V-2's by

of assembling Electric 1945,

eventual

General November Fort

under German by Maj.

the Hermes specialists J.

project were the

contract. transferred newly was

seven

Bliss,

accompanied for

P. Hamill, This

appointed joined by

project

officer

Suboffice

(Rocket).

group

15. 16.

Emme,

Aeronautics

and

Astronautics,

p. 51.

David S. Akens and Paul H. Satterfield, Historical Monograph, Army Ordnance Satellite Prosram, Army Ballistic Missile Agency, November i, 1958 (George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Reprint, December i, 1962), p. 36.

over i00 additional

Paperclip scientists

and engineers (including

Dr. Debus) in December. Early in January 1946, the Germanscientists organized as

technical to provide V-2 a guided-missile This team research was in their team with to and Dr.

were
yon Braun as

director. technical

assigned sorting American

the

Hermes

project the in to the the not On

assistance with

identifying

components;

to work

counterparts peculiar

assembling, V-2's; included March mately from 15, one and in

handling, to design

and for

launching fabrication or which fired 16,

techniques the were in a the

critical damaged static first

components beyond test. use.

the

shipments V-2 No.

1946, month

I was on

Approxilaunched

later, 17

April

V-2

was

American In

soil. addition

to

the

responsibilities Company design and A-10

of

providing the a

technical Paperclip

assistance specialists guided at

to

the

General

Electric and A-9

personnel, studies for

initiated similar during and

research to the the war.

long-range conceived

missile

combination Maj. the Gen.

PeenemHnde

In February, Office various of

G. M.

Barnes,

Chief,. Research visited Dr. von Fort Braun, by

Development, to discuss

Chief with the

of Ordnance, Major Hamill, being Two Company

Bliss and the the

problems visit,

others. Braun

During team"

his were with

concepts to him. Electric

developed months

"von

presented the General

later,

Hermes

contract

17.

Emme,

Aeronautics

and

Astronautics,

p.

53.

V-2 BEING PLACED I N P O S I T I O N FOR LAUNCHING AT WHITE SANDS

was ing

supplemented of a new

to

incorporate of missiles by

the

design,

engineering, by The of the

and

test-

series

to be

developed Electric.

Papercllp

scientists included missiles Hermes

and the and

fabricated

General and

supplement ramjet-type as the

preliminary large, C

design

development

multistage

missiles, 18

identified

B and

series, 29,

respectively. a modified aspects stage WSPG. for It

On May designed of the to ramjet test

1947,

V-2,

carrying

a payload development was of 49.3

aerodynamic a glider from

important the Hermes

to the

and

C missile, an altitude

successfully miles, The it but

launched its 47-mile

attained with near but

flight the

ended pad

disastrous after near four

results. seconds

missile did not 19

lifted program As

from as

normally, and this

anticipated result until provide is of

impacted incident,

Juarez, launches systems range

Mexico. were could safety actions President

a direct at WSPG to It

further

suspended be

adequate

instrumentation but effective,

installed 20

a complex, that

system. to

possible

this

incident ground as

stimulated proposed by

establish Harry

a long-range in 1945.

proving

S. Truman the

After missile were

preliminary the

developments program was

of

the

Hermes to the

B General

completed,

transferred

18. 19. 20.

Ordnance Department Guided Missile Prosram, March 13, 1947, Section V, "Hermes Project," and Section Vl, "Hermes II Project." Ibid., "Results of Hermes II Firings," in Section VI. David S. Akens, MSFC Historical Monograph No. i, Historical Origins of the George C. Marshall Space Fli_ht Center, Huntsville, Alabama, December 1960, p. 33.

Electric continued

facilities its research

at

Schenectady, on the Hermes

New
t

York.

The

project Hermes

group C was

C missile.

The

surface-to-surface,

multistage

missile

capable

of

transporting 21

1,000-pound

warhead

2,000

or

more

nautical

miles.

Coordination The

of

Armed

Forces of

Rocket the

and

Guided-Missile V-l's and V-2's

Prosrams in 1943

achievements

German

and

1944

provided

the

incentive

for

the

various

branches

of

the

Armed

Forces

to

concentrate

their

efforts

on

the

development

of

guided would

missiles. be given the

An

intraservice

controversy for the War

developed Department's

as

to

who

responsibility

missile

programs.

In

September

1944,

decision

made

by

Brig.

Gen.

A.

Borden,

Chief,

New

Developments

Division

of

the

War

Department,

gave

the

responsibility

for

developing

wingless

ballistic-type

missiles

(V-2

type) missiles

to

the (V-I

Army type)

Ordnance to the

Department Army Air

and Force.

pilotless22 This

aircraft-type

decision

sufficed

for

time.

In

January

1945,

the

Joint

Committee

on

New

Weapons

and

Equipment

created

the

Guided

Missiles

Committee

to

formulate 23

a In

broad

research 1945

and the

development Guided

program Missiles

for Committee

guided

missiles

November

drafted

report

which

recommended

program

to

coordinate

the

efforts

of

the

services

in

guided-missile

development

The

Joint

Army-Navy

Research

and

Development

Board

was

created

on

June

6,

21. 22. 23.

Ordnance No. 2 Emme, Ibid.,

Department Guided Hermes Missiles." and

Missile

Prosram, p. 48.

Section

V,

"Table

Aeronautics p. 49.

Astronautics,

i0

1946,

to

coordinate the field

all of

activities

of

joint 24

interest,

which

included

guided the

missiles. program of the the for guided missiles, In October within for all that the Army,

Implementing however, 1946, caused

joint

a reoccurrence Department made

controversy. that,

the War Air

decision

the Army missile Ordnance ing

Force

be 25 were

given The to

over-all decision

cognizance also under

guidedArmy exist-

development. projects

specified the agencies

continue

with

contractual The

agreements. National gave and Security the Air created Act, signed by President status Truman with the on

July Army under

26, and

1947, Navy,

Force the

equal

service Military Force

National The Air

Establishment its subseand

a Secretary for

of Defense. the Army's

relinquished which was

responsibility quently assigned

missile 26 by

program, The the Joint

to Army was

Ordnance.

Research and

Development Board of the and

Board

superseded of Defense Board

Research in that

Development The guidedto

Department Development be the

(DOD)

September. rocket basis of the the and

Research missile the end

proposed

projects use of to

assigned project

on an and 27 the

individual capability October

according service Committee

organization

develop

them.

During

on

24. 25. 26. 27.

Ibid., Toftoy, p. 30. Emme, Toftoy, p. 30.

p.

54. Missile and Development," Astronautics, Development," Army p. Information Digest,

"Army

Aeronautics "Army

57. Information Disest,

Missile

Army

ii

Guided Missiles of the Research and Development Board was assigned the responsibility of coordinating 28 developing earth satellites. efforts of the military services

The Army Ordnance Department had retained the services of the most experienced groups in rocket design and rocket propulsion. Consequently, by 1948, Army Ordnancewas responsible for the development of rockets for the ArmyField Forces and the Marine Corps, aircraft rockets and jatos for the Air Force, and the support systems.29 By the end of 1948, commitmentin

appropriate operational

it was evident, if Army Ordnancewere to meet its rocket and guided-missile tions pertaining

development, that the managementuncf

to these programs, such as research and developwould have to be

ment, procurement, and other support activities, transferred

from the Ordnance Department headquarters organization installation. A survey of

and movedfrom the Pentagon to a field available facilities

was made, and, in October 1948, planning was the Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama,

underway to reactivate

as the rocket research and development center. the Redstone Arsenal officially

In November1948, of the

becamea Class II activity 30 Ordnance Research and Development Division. By the end of 1949, no definite

decision had yet been

madeby DOD to which service organization would have the as 28.

29. 30.

Emme,Aeronautics
U.S. Army Rocket Summary_ 1 April Ibid., p. 4.

and

Astronautics,

p.

58.

and Guided 1958 - 30

Missile Asency Historical June 1958_ p, 2.

12

over-all ment

responsibility As

for

the

rocket

and the

guided-missile Air Force, on and their of

developthe Navy

programs. working

a result, independently

the Army, and had testing

continued tive tists,

competitively its own

respecscien-

programs. and

Each

service and

acquired

team had

development with

laboratories; for

negotiated and had support

contracts awarded system until

independent to

laboratories

research;

contracts fabrication. March 1950,

industrial The first

organizations concrete Chiefs action of

for missile was not

taken the the

when

the

Joint

Staff

assigned to

exclusive United

responsibility Air of the Force. Long same

for

strategic

guided

missiles

States

Establishment At discussion, proving As early

Range time of

Proving

Ground problems were an to be under

these

management and

the matter for the when

locating range

establishing had

appropriate settled.

ground as

longer War

missiles

1946, for

Department missile

officials with

established of 150 to testing Joint Long

require_nents several ranges Research Range

a strategic miles,

a range the

thousand were and

it was

apparent On

that

existing the on

grossly

inadequate. Board examine

October the

7, 1946, Committee of

Development Ground to

created the

Proving

possibility

establishing ground. The

a single Conmlittee As

national was of also the

long-range directed study,

guided-missile to make a 20, ground study 1947, be

proving of the

available Cormnittee

sites. recom-

a result that

on June proving

mended

a long-range

established

i_anediately,

13

and selected the E1Centro-Gulf choice. As its

of California

range as its

first

second choice, the Committee chose the Banana

River-Bahama Islands range with the launch site at Cape Canaveral, Florida. 31 OnJuly 8, the Joint Research and Development Board approved the recommendationthat action be taken, and responsibility for implementing the program was delegated to the War Department. After the National Security Act was signed by President Truman, the United States Air Force (USAF)assumedthis responsibility. Faced with the impossibility for obtaining a favorable

agreementwith Mexico, the U.S. Governmentcommencedegotiations n with the British Governmentconcerning development of the Banana On September i, 1948, the facilities to the Air

River-BahamaIslands range.

of the BananaRiver Naval Air Station were transferred Force and reactivated

on a stand-by basis pending the outcome of OnMay Ii, 1949, President

the negotiations with the British.

Trumansigned Public Law 60, which authorized the Secretary of the Air Force to establish a joint long range proving ground to be used guided missiles

by the Army, the Navy and the Air Force for testing

and other weapons. 2 The BananaRiver Naval Air Station was redesig3 nated the Joint Long RangeProving Ground (JLRPG)on June I0, 1949, and placed on active status effective April October I. From then until

i0, 1950, it was operated for the ArmedServices by the

Air Force Missile I January 1952 - 30 June 1952, p. 2. Report, PG 27-4, dated 20 June 1947. Test See Center JLRPG Center History, Committee History,

31. MarvenR. Whipple,

32.

Marven R. Whipple, Air Force Missile Test i January 1952 - 30 June 1952, pp. 3, 4.

14

Advance Headquarters, JLRPG,under the direction Turner, U.S. Army. On that date this organization

of Col. H. R. was deactivated

and replaced by Headquarters, JLRPG,under the command f Brig. o Gen. W L. Richardson, USAF. Whenthe Air Force was maderespon33 sible for JLRPGon May 16, 1950, Headquarters, JLRPG was superseded by Headquarters, Long RangeProving Ground Division
independent Staff, Proving Patrick Air Test operating On Air May Force Base. 35 Development effective 1950, which a launch original on the agency 17, under JLRPG direct control of the 1950,

(LRPGD),an
the Chief Range renamed to the of

USAF. 34 Ground Air

was

redesignated i,

Long was

Base

and,

on August 1951, and 30, LRPGD

Force and

In May

was

assigned Air Force

Research Center

Command June the

renamed

Missile

(AFMTC) In February

1951. 36 Guard its had agreed that those con-

Coast

areas trol, acres,

of Cape could be

Canaveral used in as the

were

under

jurisdiction of

and

site. site, first and

The then

acquisition began.

11,728 9, 1950, by On

included was

On May facilities

construction June July Bumper 20, 24,

started

permanent pad

and

a temporary a team 8,

blockhouse

launch and be

were

completed.

of General first

Electric to

U.S.

Army

personnel the new

fired test

No.

the

missile

launched

from

range. 37

33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

Marven R. Whipple, Attached to AFMTC Ibid., p. 46. Ibid., p. 154. Ibid., Ibid., p. p. 46. 155.

Index of Militaz 7 Units Assigned October 1949 - December 1960, p.

and 42.

15

II. Whenthe Huntsville

REDSTONE Arsenal, an installation adjacent

to Redstone Arsenal, becameavailable in July 1949, a proposal was madeto consolidate all Ordnance rocket and guided-missile development activities 1949, representatives Huntsville in one central location. In September

of the Suboffice (Rocket) surveyed the and proposed that their organizalocation.

Arsenal facilities

tion be transferred

from Fort Bliss to the Huntsville

The movewas approved by the Secretary of the Army in October 1949, and the movementdirective Many of the Huntsville was issued the following March. were transferred to the

Arsenal facilities April I, 1950.

Redstone Arsenal effective

Ordnance Guided Missile

Center

The was This Center The transferred group

first to

unit the the

of

the

Suboffice Arsenal of the

(Rocket) during the

organization next two weeks.

Redstone nucleus

formed

Ordnance established

Guided on

Missile April 15, 1950.

(OGMC),

which

was

officially was to

primary

mission

of OGMC for time

serve and

as

the

principal of the for

Army

Ordnance missiles. important Ordnance.

organization i At that

research the Hermes project

development was

guided most Army

II program

guided-missile

under

development

I.

ARGMA

Historical

SuuTnary_

I April

1958

- 30

June

1958,

p.

8.

17

As the transfer

from Fort Bliss progressed, the HermesII In June 1950, the HermesB-l, Company

project was gradually consolidated.

which had been under development at the General Electric facilities

at Schenectady, was movedto the Redstone Arsenal. being developed at Redstone Arsenal, and the combinations designed to carry a
and 1,500 Arsenal October nautical was 1950.

The HermesII,

HermesB-I were rocket-ramjet

1,000-pound warhead for distances between 500

miles. completed The 130 The movement the from transfer Fort of and Bliss to

Redstone C-I 800 in

with German and In

the Hermes more than were on the to on

scientists contractor

military, in II the

civil transfer. the to Army relating to 2

service,

personnel

involved Hermes act as

addition staff of

to working OGMC other

project,

scientific Ordnance, long-range was first

continued agencies and

consultants problems This the

DOD,

and

special vehicles. staff by

guided assigned of

missiles to the the

space

responsibility on

scientific and

Committee in

Guided 1948. 3

Missiles

Research

Development

Board

September

Between occurred assigned of atomic which

January affected First

and the of

October research all, the

1950, and

a series

of

events

development in the

programs development in it

to OGMC. warheads, 1950

progress

following

President research

Truman's

decision bombs,

January

to reinstitute

in nuclear

made

2. 3.

Ibid., Emme,

p.

9 and Astronautics, p. 60.

Aeronautics

18

necessary

to

revise

the

design

of

guided

missiles

to

increase

the

payload

capabilities.

Secondly,

during

fiscal

year

1950,

Army

Ordnance

had

been

operating

under

limited

budget,

making

it

necessary

to

restrict

rocket

and

guided-missile

development

to

programs

meeting

specific

military

requirements.

Finally,

the

outbreak

of

the

Korean

war

in

June

caused

officials

to

reapportion

available

funds

to

give

first

priority

to

the

development

and

production

of

field-type

rockets.

In

September

1950,

an

Ordnance

Corps

directive

was

issued

requiring

project

study

on

a missile

capable

of

carrying

payload and

varying 500 nautical

between miles.

500 A

to

3,000

pounds to

with

a the

range Hermes

between C-i

150

proposal

modify

to

meet

the

new

requirements

was

presented

to

the

Office

of

the

Chief

of

Ordnance

and

accepted.

During

the

time

the

transfer

to

Redstone

Arsenal

was

in

process,

however,

the

Office

of

the

Chief

of

Ordnance

modified

the

payload

and

range

requirements

by

increasing 155 nautical

the

payload

capability The work of

to

6,900

pounds the

with Hermes

range C-I to

of

miles.4

redesigning

meet

the

new to

requirements Redstone

was

initiated

upon

completion

of

the

transfer

Arsenal.

In

December

1950,

the

rocket

and

guided-missile

research

and

development

activities

at

the

Redstone

Arsenal

were

divided

Ordnance Cal June Report_ 30,

Guided 1955),

Missile Guided 12, pp.

and 21.

Rocket

Program_ S_stems

Volume (Inception

X_

Technithrough

Hermes

Missiles

19

into entire

two major Army

centers:

OGMC,

with

the

responsibility program; for and

for

the the

Ordnance Center the

guided-missile (ORC), limited As which

development was

and

Ordnance

Rocket and

responsible of of or the rockets, the

research, related requests weapons

development, fuels from and and

production a consequence for new of

propellants. military on

numerous rocket C-l, center and

various the

services the

improved Hermes

emphasis Arsenal and or

development Army

the for manu-

Redstone research facturing rocket

became

Ordnance's

principal procurement, to

development, assembling

engineering, functions

pertaining 5

the

Army's

and

guided-missile 1951, the

programs.. development was work on the Hermes They II were as and

In May Hermes retained the B-I as as

tactical

missiles test

discontinued. however, At and the

research and was

vehicles, respectively.

redesignated time, the

RTV-G-3 C-I

RTV-G-6, assigned as the

same

Hermes missile design possible for the

to

the

experimental 6 The this as

surface-to-surface progress achieved made in it date the

category and to

XSSM-G-14. aspects of 1953

development establish completed

guided

missile

January

a tentative

launching

first

missile. 1951, a series the of organizational in the Arsenal's

Beginning changes were

in August which

initiated

reflected

growth

5. 6.

ARGMA I0. Memo &

Historical for Prof. Branch,

Summary v. Braun subj:

t 1 April et al.

1958

- 30

June

1958,

pp.

9,

from

Assistant

Chief, May 2,

Planning 1951.

Design

Missile

Designation,

20

activities.

The first

of these changes established to direct

the Technical of rocket

and Engineering (T&E) Division and guided-missile

the activities

research, design, development, and testing.

ORCand OGMC were organized as the Rocket Development Branch and the Guided Missile DevelopmentBranch, respectively, and became 7 subordinate organizations within the new division.
Experimental At effort was Missiles the made time to Firin$ this Branch Established change launching but The closely purpose the and had launch occurred, agency as an an with, a of

organizational a missile from, agency. be the to

establish

organizational the

entity,

separate

integrated of having

guided-missile launch

developing agency by Bliss. would both

separate problems personnel lack of

prevent

reoccurrence the developing from

encountered at Fort

launching problems at the

These

resulted site of to the

the and

a centralized the and the

authority and

control various of the

coordinate military fact that

prelaunch

launch

activities

civilian XSSM-G-14 miles an

research was from

organizations. launched from agency

In view

to be

a proving

ground at

several Redstone authority launch

hundred Arsenal,

the developing with , and the

headquarters and and

organization coordinate

responsibility prelaunch

to control,

integrate

activities Numerous

appeared discussions November

as a necessity. of 1951, the launch agency in the concept, decision held to

during

October

and

culminated

7.

Redstone

Arsenal

GO

5, August

3,

1951.

21

establish an organizational with the responsibility

element within

the developing agency of the

of directing

the launch activities

XSSM-G-14 AFMTC. This decision marked the first at

organizational

step toward an eventual independent launch operations center. On DecemberI, 1951, the Experimental Missiles Branch was established with the assigned responsibility vise all experimental firings of the Redstone missile Firing "to super(XSSM-G-14, site

by then called Major), including the selection of a suitable for these firings. ''8 Dr. Debus, Assistant Technical Director,

Guided Missile Development Branch, becamechief of the new branch.

Redstone Launch While had for taken steps Site these to Facilities events were the at Cape Canaveral place, the Redstone at Cape in Arsenal Canaveral September concerning and and

taking

obtain

necessary The

facilities contact

the Major

launch

program. from AFMTC

initial

made

resulted the the

in a request

for

detailed

information

missile tentative

specifications, firing in

estimated These

facilities details

requirements, compiled

schedule. early part

were

forwarded

to AFMTC In the

October of that the

1951. 9 month, Capt. J. K. Hoey AFMTC They and to were

latter

Mr.

T. M.

Moore, the that

representing of would the the

T&E

Division, Arsenal's

visited request. from in

ascertain informed standpoint,

status AFMTC

Redstone extreme

have

difficulty, requirements

a budgetary for the

in meeting

facilities

time

8. 9.

Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, July 1951 - 31 December 1951, Progress Report, Experimental 1952. 22

Alabama, Chapter Missiles

Historical Surmnary_ 1 IV, Part 9, p. 34. Firing Branch, March 3,

proposed Major firing a commitmentuntil firmed in writing.

schedule.

Furthermore, AFMTC could not make requirements were formally consince the Commanding eneral, G

the facilities In addition,

AFMTC, ad indicated that, with few exceptions, all missile h assembly facilities were to be located in the Patrick Air Force had to be prepared before AFMTC

Base area, detailed justifications

would approve the construction of the Major missile assembly facility facilities near the launch site as indicated in the Redstone Arsenal's request. I0 In early December, the official requirements

confirmation and the necessary justifications according to AFMTC stipulations,

were prepared

and, by January 1952, facility

Dr. visited served Debus, AFMTC as an as chief

and support equipment planning was underway.

of the Experimental 7 and the January Missiles 12. area Cape Firing This and of Branch, visit

between orienta-

January tion Air of

first the II

general and

existing

facilities

at

Patrick

Force

Base

Canaveral. progress of

By May, tion for the in

although

was

being

made

in and

the for

negotiaservices because be fin-

construction launching

the major i and all of 2,

facilities it was

required of funding ished in

missiles that the not

apparent, could first

problems, time to meet

the

facilities of these

firing

schedules

missiles.

Redstone

Arsenal

and AFMTC

representatives

made

provisional

i0. ii.

Trip Report, Moore, n.d. Trip Report, January 19,

Patrick AFM_C, 1952.

Air Dr.

Force Kurt H.

Base, Debus,

Capt.

Hoey

and 7-12,

Mr.

T. M.

January

1952,

23

arrangements for the use of temporary facilities

delay in the scheduled initial launches. design Redstone Debus 12 The

to

avoid

any Arsenal,

Redstone the

however, facilities

continued to be

to develop used in the Dr.

criteria missile visited and

for

permanent 13

program. AFMTC to

In August and specifications designated visit, AFMTC

1952, for the

submit

plans

firing Launch the

pads

blockhouse 56 of (LC-56).

facilities, During Arsenal

later this

as Redstone requested

Complex

assistance for

the Redstone Redstone

in preparing requirements in the fiscal

detailed so that year of

justifications AFMTC could 14 for

the the

facilities appropriations and received

obtain AFMTC the

necessary requested launch

1954

budget.

also

a detailed for 1954.

list

requirements

Redstone

program

By for not cape Cape

September

1952,-a

preliminary had been

draft

of

a Master This draft at

Plan did

Canaveral the

facilities Final Debus of

completed. Building

include

Redstone by Dr.

Assembly and the

located the this

the

as proposed At the in and

justified Redstone

to AFMTC Arsenal,

previous requirement presented

December. was included

request

the DOD

finalized officials.

draft

of AFMTC's two

Master

Plan to

to Air

Force

Since

approaches

the

12.

13.

14.

Memo for Technical Editor, Technical & Engineering Division, from Chief, Experimental Missiles Firing Branch, subj: History, May 14, 1952. A letter from the Office, Chief of Ordnance, dated April 3, 1952, indicated that the Major missile had been officially assigned the name "Redstone," which had been in popular usage for some time. Trip Report, AFMTC, Dr. Kurt Debus, August 14-18, 1952.

24

location

of

missile

assembly

facilities

had

been

presented,

approval

was

withheld

pending

the

results

of

a detailed

study

to

be

performed

by

AFMTC

on

the

merits

of

combined

assembly

operation

at

the

cape,

as

proposed

in

the

Redstone between

Arsenal the cape

requirements, and the base.

versus In

the December

split

assembly

operations

1952,

representatives

from

Redstone

Arsenal

presented

the

Redstone 15

justification

to

the

Assistant

to

the

Secretary

of

Defense.

The

Master

Plan

(which

included

the

Redstone

requirements)

was

approved

by

the

Air

Force

and

DOD

officials

by

the

end

of

January

1953.

From

this

time

on,

the

concept

of

combined

assembly

opera-

tions

at

the

cape

was the

adopted last three

by

AFMTC months

for of

other 1952, a

range

users. of

During

combination

factors

occurred

which

caused

slippage

in

the

launchings

of

Redstones AFMTC

and

2, the

tentatively Redstone

scheduled Arsenal that

for it

January did not

1953. have

First, sufficient

notified

funds

to

secure

equipment

and

complete

the

temporary

facilities

in

time

for

the

January the design

launchings. payload of the

Secondly,

in

November required to the

1952,

Army

Ordnance cations

changed to the

specifications Redstone missile

which and

modificrane

capacities dates for

at the

the first

launch

facilities. were

As reset

result, July

the 1953.

launch

Redstones

for

In Arsenal that

early

November, of

AFMTC the

also permanent

notified

the

Redstone could not

construction

facilities

15.

Trip

Report, 7-12,

AFMTC, 1952.

Dr.

Hans

Gruene

and

Capt.

R.

A.

Petrone,

December

25

be

started

during

fiscal for in the

year that

1953

due

to

a substantial for these but the or

cut

in

AFMTC were lead would later. vided basis

appropriations appropriated time not for

year. 16 year 12 to fall

Funds 1954

facilities since the

fiscal was

budget,

construction

15 months, of 1954,

facilities even pro-

be available suggested

until that

the the

possibly, to be on

AFMTC

temporary for

facilities firings was

for Redstones with other

I and

2 be

used This

later

a shared

range

users. since

suggestion

considered Firing If the

unacceptable, Branch Redstone Arsenal required

however,

the

Experimental of the

Missiles facilities by in the

continuous schedule the spring

occupancy was of

launch during

to be met. 1953 to

Efforts AFMTC

Redstone

assist

securing launch were pro-

additional gram the could Redstone any

funds not

were

unfruitful. until planned to the

Since permanent the

a full-scale facilities temporary

start

completed, to

Arsenal

to use the

facilities

avoid

further

delay

program

than

necessary. Growth experienced growth and the another

Experimental On minor bility

Missiles January

Firing 21, Of

Branch the

Organizational T&E Division was the

1952,

reorganization. of both the

consequence Development organizations of April

in responsiGuided Missile

Rocket These As

Branch were 1952,

Development status

Branch.

elevated the

to group

on that

date. 17

26,

responsibilities

16.

Memo for Chief, Launching and Handling Branch, from Chief, Experimental Missiles Firing Branch, subj: Toledo Scale, November 14, 1952. Redstone Arsenal GO 4, January 21, 1952.

17.

26

of the Guided Missile

among Firing ten branches, 18 Branch. When Arsenal, to the except Suboffice for

DevelopmentGroup were functionally

one of which was the Experimental

divided

Missiles

(Rocket) personnel projects, launching result,

was and the by

transferred contractor majority the German when of

to

the

Redstone assigned in

key

employees those

specific

development of rocket As the a

trained had had

techniques

scientists Ordnance to be

remained determined as its

at WSPG. that

in 1950,

Army was

proposed

Redstone

missile

developed obvious

long-range,

maximum-payload rocket specialists research the

ballistic would and be

missile, needed to

it was

that the was which

additional existing

supplement group. This Branch,

guided-missile true assigned for

development Missiles for prior for all to

particularly had of been

Experimental

Firing

the

responsibility Dr. Debus,

experimental the activation personnel by

firings of in the

the Major agency, staff 1951.19 Branch the

missile. initiated key

launch to i,

requests within

additional

order

positions estimated require

his the

organization Experimental to meet the

December Missiles posed

It was would of

that 170

Firing

people

pro-

launching also

schedule needed

15 missiles

per month.20 and

The

developing In the

agencies

additional

scientists

engineers.

18. 19.

Redstone

Arsenal

GO

9,

April

29,

1952.

20.

Memo for Civilian Personnel Officer, GMDB, from Chief, Experimental Missiles Firing Branch, subj: Request for Personnel. Although undated, the attached requests establish the reporting date for new personnel as December i, 1951. Progress Report, Experimental Missiles Firing Branch, March 3, 1952.

27

fall

of 1951, however, the demandfor qualified

people in these

categories far exceeded the supply. In order to obtain additional and technical capability scientific, engineering,

to meet the needs of its expanding missile

a recruiting scientists. the Army 65 In Ordnance 40 program

development projects,
to secure the 1952, returned were made that coming Rees services Dr.

ArmyOrdnance initiated
of additional Rees, where offers had German

February Corps, of he whom

Eberhard

representing he contacted of

to Germany tentative 29 to either this

specialists, In his shown

employment. or had

report,

indicated in Dr. in

accepted under

a definite 21

interest Although changes ment still efforts were these

country many

Government of the

contract. offers, and the developwar were but

received toward

acceptances

policy

the at

guided-missile the beginning on the in which of

research the

programs in

instituted

Korean

effect. to obtain by

Development increased a personnel

work

Redstone research had

continued, and

capability ceiling

development upon

curtailed activities.

been

imposed

In March organization personnel Training of

and the

April

1952,

plans Missiles

were

made

to build Branch

up

the

Experimental from other to

Firing

with

borrowed programs,

Redstone

Arsenal the

organizations. temporarily assigned

designed

familiarize

21.

Report Germany,

on

German by

Specialists Rees,

Contacted March 30,

for 1952.

Ordnance

in

Eberhard

28

personnel with launching activities,

scheduled. 22

were prepared

and

tentatively

In the

September of and his the

1952,

Dr.

Debus, and the

aware time

of and

the

progress

in

development for

Redstone out the

manpower launch At that

required program, time, Firing branch other 5 employees evident in for be

to prepare re-emphasized Dr. Debus as

carry need

scheduled

Redstone

for

additional of the were

personnel. Experimental full or

listed 14,

the

strength whom either

Missiles time on the for

Branch mission; branches were in

only

2 of

working time

7 were to the that,

working

full

part i and

time

complete field in

equipment full-time key 2,

for missiles training

2; and

positions. could

It was be used

to him firing

although i and

developer unless he

personnel could

missiles

initiate

training would

approximately affected. total 23

20 additional It was were also

employees, that

later since

firings several

apparent

thousand and launch in rate of

manhours the

necessary use

to conduct of key

prelaunch

activities, performing progress in

continued activities

developer

personnel affect the

these

would other

definitely missile

the Redstone its

and

development 1951, increase the in

programs. Experimental the scope

Since Missiles Firing

establishment experienced

in November a steady

Branch

22.

23.

Memo for Technical Editor, Technical & Engineering Division, from Chief, Experimental Missiles Firing Branch, subj: History, May 14, 1952. Memo for Deputy Technical Director from Chief, Experimental Missiles Firing Branch, subj: Consequences of Extended Personnel Ceiling, September 26, 1952.

29

of its

responsibilities.

Approximately 13 months later,

an of authorized 19. 24 personnel

in

December1952, the branch had

of 21, and an actual strength

strength

24.

Memo for Chief, Operations Office, GMDD, Firing Laboratory, subj: Manning Charts,

from Chief, January 5,

Missile 1953.

30

III.

THEMISSILEFIRING LABORATORY D.

In June 1952, upon the retirement of Col. Carroll

Hudson, Brig. Gen. ThomasK. Vihcent assumedcon_nand Redstone of Arsenal.

management in the

A major reorganization was planned to

control over the rocket on Arsenal's and increased

attain

greater

responsibilities programs. the The The

Ordnance change was

Corp's

guided-missile 18 with (OML). I

first of the

effected Missile

September

establishment T&E Division

Ordnance

Laboratories

became chief Missile

a of

part the Firin_ An

of T&E

the

OML

organization, was appointed

and

Brig.

Gen. of

H. OML.

N.

Toftoy,

Division,

director

Laborator_ of T&E

Established the interfunctional since its relationships establishment philosophy, which clearly and

evaluation within the

had

existed

Division in the

indicated missions As a

the of

dissimilarities rocket these and T&E T&E and

procedures,

the of

guided-missile

development

programs. the Rocket were

result

dissimilarities, the Guided

in November Development on an

1952,

Development separated tional tory months

Group from the

Missile and as placed

Group

Division Division

equal

organizaLaboraOML. 2 Two

level and the

with Guided in

the

Rocket

Development of

Missile

Development 1953, the

Laboratory Guided

later,

early

January

Missile

Development

2.

Redstone Arsenal GO 24, September 18, 1952. These titles were used in the brief transition mld-November 1952 and of a Redstone special tional changes. early order

period

between

January 1953 pending the issuance announcing the internal organiza-

31

Laboratory

became

the

Guided

Missile

Development

Division

(GMDD)

of

OML

and

its

ten

subordinate

branch

organizations

were

given

laboratory

status.

The

title

of

the

launch

agency

was

changed

from

Experimental

Missiles

Firing

Branch

to

Missile

Firing

Labora-

tory

(MFL), The

with basic

Dr.

Debus

remaining of MFL

as remained

chief. the same as that of

mission

its

predecessor.

The

specific

functions

which

were

assigned

to

MFL,

however,

were

expanded

to

include

many

of

the

responsibili-

ties

which

had

been

unofficially

assumed

by

the

Experimental

Missiles

Firing

Branch

during

1952.

The

new

responsibilities

evolved

from

the

need

for

centralized

point

of

liaison

between

the

Redstone

Arsenal

and

AFMTC

in

matters

relating

to

the

construc-

tion

and

installation

of

facilities,

and

in

determining

the

support

services

to

be

furnished

by

AFMTC

for

the

Redstone

program.

On

January

9,

1953,

in

an

effort

to

solve

the

Redstone

ArsenaI-AFMTC

liaison

problem,

the

chief

of

GMDD

issued

directive

stating of

that

all and

communications services must

with be

AFMTC initiated

concerning by MFL. 3

development This direc-

facilities

tive

was

complemented

by

similar

directive

from

General

Vincent

issued

on

April

14,

1953,

which

authorized

the

Chief

of

MFL

and

the

Redstone

Project

Officer

to

communicate

directly

with

AFMTC

on

routine

matters.

Correspondence

on

matters

of

policy

or

obliga-

tion

of

funds

would

continue

to

be

processed

through

Redstone

3.

Memo

for

all

Laboratory with AFMTC,

Chiefs January

from 9,

Chief, 1953.

GMDD,

subj:

Com-

munications

32

Arsenal many on

headquarters. relating of MFL for

While

the

directives and

served

to

eliminate the demands

problems time

to authority were

coordination,

the

personnel

proportionately Launches--Personnel

increased. and spaces the Facilities had number

Preparations

Initial the

Redstone of

Although been increased

number

authorized 1953, at

personnel

to 22

in January

in early 19. 5 At

February this time and

of people organization Section, addition Redstone additional the the meet

assigned was

to MFL divided

remained into the and

the MFL Network in the first

Guidance, RF and

Control

Mechanical to the

Section, of the July,

Measuring the

Section, of

office for

chief. MFL made GMDD

With

launch to

scheduled personnel and

arrangements organizations On March

"borrow" in

from

other

to assist

prelaunch fact the that firing

launch

activities. would

3, MFL the

re-emphasized agency that: to

these

arrangements for

enable Nos.

launch 2, but

schedule

missiles

I and

It is imperative that a skeleton organization level be achieved in_nediately, otherwise the specific mission of meeting the Redstone Firing Schedule cannot be consummated. The personnel of the skeleton organization must begin orientation and preparation for the firing of Missile #I in order that thay may participate in the firing and thereby be enabled to train other personnel acquired after the first firing ....

4.

Ltr, CG, RA to CG, AFMTC and Redstone 1953. List, 1953. Personnel

AFMTC, Project

subj: Correspondence between the Liaison Office at AFMTC, April 14, Firing Laboratory, GMDD, February 5,

5.

in Missile

33

It

is

believed period by is

that after

the

number Nos. to

of

firings i and if 2 the

for will

any be

given

Missiles

decreased situation

three or four not solved. 6

one

personnel

Possibly

the

persistence

of

Dr.

Debus,

combined

with

the

likelihood

of

delays

in

future

launchings

as

indicated

in

the

MFL

memorandum,

provided

the

incentives

for

generating

action.

On

June

30,

an

official

list

of

operational

personnel

was

issued,

indicating

those

selected

for

temporary

duty

at

AFMTC

for

the

firing

of

Redstone to

No. MFL.

i. 7

Of

the

79

people

involved,

37

were

personnel

assigned

On

July

17,

1953,

Dr.

Debus

and

Dr.

Hans

Gruene

arrived

at

AFMTC

to

make

initial

preparations

for

the

influx

of

represent-

atives

from

the and

various missile

laboratories checkout and

who the

were launch

to of

participate Redstone No.

in

the i.

facilities

The MFL

preliminary team launched

checkout Redstone

tests No.

began 1. 8

July After

30, the

and

on

August achieved

20

the with

success

Redstone schedule.

No.

i,

the

plans

to

launch

Redstone

No.

2 proceeded

on

By

August

1953,

GMDD

was

planning

additional

missile

research

and

development

programs

including

the

resumption

of

ramjet

investigations,

design

of

ramjet

missile,

and

development

of

6.

Memo nel

for

Chief,

GMDD, through of

from 31

Chief, March to

MFL, 1953, MFL, 28

subj: March for were

Projected 3, 1953. June

Person-

Requirements List 37 the personnel

7.

Official Of 9 military.

Operational assigned

Personnel

AFMTC,

30, and

1953.

civilians

8.

For additional launches, see

information Appendix B.

on

this

launch

and

all

subsequent

34

500-mile-range an average

missile. rate

At of

the

same

time,

GMDD per

plans month

called by July MFL

for 1954 to

launching year

four GMDD

missiles

through submit

calendar

1955. plan to

headquarters the its

requested

a mobilization necessary during a need that for

reflecting accomplish In

anticipated assigned to this

manpower satisMFL order to

requirements factorily indicated meet its

missions request in

period. 130 9

response civilian

additional

personnel

obligations. For the

launch

of Redstone had been

No.

I, 42 to MFL

specialists for be the

from duty the

other

GMDD

laboratories Even to if the train

loaned

temporary hired,

at AFMTC. time

necessary new

personnel

could

required

personnel would make

to perform it

functions for MFL of the during missile to

associated develop Redstones services the next its

with own

launchings launch 2 and same three 3. team

impossible

before

the MFL to man

scheduled planned the key to

launches utilize

Nos. of two the or

Therefore

specialists firings. however, of the and 2.

positions new for on

When OML

GMDD no

was

assigned

development manpower. MFL the were

programs, The needed services

made

provision personnel from

additional loan to

development would This be

elsewhere No.

withdrawn was

MFL

following somewhat

launch

of Redstone

problem

alleviated

9.

Memo for GMDD Headquarters, from zation Plan attached, August 27,

Hans F. 1953.

Gruene,

with

Mobili-

35

by the addition of 3 spaces during the fall 20 more con_nencing January 1954.10 During, and immediately following, No. i, MFL's authority dinating the liaison in directing activities

and the provision

for

the launch of Redstone

the launch program and in coor-

with AFMTC was questioned again. of its functional state-

In late October, MFLsubmitted a revision ments for OML's approval. II responsibilities facility The revision

delineated MFL's specific launch activities, with AFMTC,and estabfuture growth.

and authorities

in directing activities for its

development, and liaison

lished the pattern and guidelines OnJanuary ii,

1954, MFL, again supported by specialists and utilizing temporary facilities, Sixteen launched. was observed

from other GMDD laboratories

began the prelaunch tests and checkouts for Redstone No. 2. days later, on January 27, Redstone No. 2 was successfully

Construction progress of Redstone's permanent facilities

during this time and discussed with General Toftoy when the group returned to Redstone Arsenal. Acting on the information he had

received, General Toftoy contacted AFMTC request an official to status report on construction progress; to offer any assistance he completion; and to learn what

could provide to expedite facilities

plan AFMTC could offer for the continued use of the temporary i0. ii. Memofor Chief, GMDD,rom Chief, f Assignment of Twenty (20) Spaces, Memofor Chief, Management ffice, O Revision of Functional Statement, MFL, subj: Request for December15, 1953. from Chief, MFL, subj: October 28, 1953.

36

facilities program.12

to prevent any further

delays in the Redstone launch

Faced with an ambitious launch schedule for the Matador, Snark, and Bomarcprograms which required almost full-time the limited facilities use of

at CapeCanaveral, as well as an economy

drive to reduce expenditures, AFMTC could not provide satisfactory solutions

cated to

to MFL's facilities
the Commanding reports 3, 1954,

problems.
Redstone estimated March that be 1955

In May 1954, AFMTC indiArsenal, completion for the that the Corps ranging Redstone

General, reflected through AFMTC

of Engineers' from December

dates

various

facilities. date for

However, these

felt

a more June

realistic 1955. 13 the

completion As a result, Chief the

facilities Redstone on

would Arsenal behalf

about

on May

28,

1954,

requested of

that

Office, with of

of Ordnance, USAF and the

intercede Corps

the Redstone the 14

Arsenal

of Engineers by the

to ensure dates. were

completion The

Redstone as

facilities

earlier

completion

dates

requested 15

by Redstone

Arsenal AFMTC

affirmed the

on August Redstone

30 by Arsenal and,

AFMTC. with

In mid-September, schedule for

presented

a time

the changeover

of Redstone

facilities

12.

Transcript of telecon AFMTC, PAFB, Florida, 1954. Ltr, DCS/Operations, Redstone Permanent

between subj:

Dir, OML, Facilities CG, RA, CCAAFB,

RA, and Chief of Staff at PAFB, February 16, subj: Status May 21, 1954. of

13. 14. 15.

AFMTC, to Facilities,

Ltr, Dir, OML, to Chief of Ordnance, subj: Delay of Redstone Missile Program Due to Lack of Facilities at PAFB, May 28, 1954. TWX from Comdr, AFMTC to CG, RA, August 30, 1954.

37

at that time, gave assurance that AFMTC was expediting tion of the facilities

the comple-

to meet the changeover dates. 16 With this

assurance, GMDD MFLproceeded with plans to secure materials and and equipment which were to be furnished by the Redstone Arsenal and installed as the facilities were madeavailable. 17 Although the launch attempt for Redstone No. 3 failed, the successful launch and flight Ordnancewith sufficient of the missile. of Redstone No. 4 provided Army to continue the development

justification

On September 29, 1954, Army Ordnance awarded a

contract to the Chrysler Corporation for production of Redstone missiles. 18 By December31, 1954, MFLhad launched five missiles from the temporary facilities at Cape Canaveral.

The experience gained by MFLduring the early Redstone firings clearly indicated that a minimumof 80 people would be

required to meet the proposed launch program for 1955. A request for additional spaces madeby MFL in the summerof 1954 was

granted and a recruitment program was initiated to obtain the 19 additional required personnel. In early March 1955, a manpower survey conducted within the GMDD disclosed that the number of GMDD

employeesexceeded its authorized personnel spaces. A restriction 16. 17. 18.

19.

Ltr, Chief, GMDD,o CG, AFMTC,subj: Time Schedule for t Changeoverof Redstone Facilities, October 4, 1954. The first missile launched from the new Redstone facilities was Redstone No. 9 on April 20, 1955. Emme, eronautics A and Astronautics, p. 76.
ist Ind, Ceiling, Chief, MFL, to April 4, 1955. Deputy Chief, GMDD, subj: Personnel

38

REDSTONE NO.

on hiring

additional

personnel was imposed, pending reduction of had been authorized and

overstrength in the division. 20 Although it

80 spaces in the sun, er of 1954, MFLhad been unable to fill h

maintain its authorized complement. This was due to the limited number of qualified people available, manyof whomrefused to

accept employmentrequiring to transfers

extended temporary duty at AFMTC,and

and terminations of MFLpersonnel because of the

undesirable conditions connected with temporary duty assignments. 21 OnApril 15, MFLwas notified that its authorized civilian strength

had been reduced to 71.22

Project Orbiter In August unrelated lishing tion of events guidelines 1954 occurred for the and in February played 1955, two separate roles in and estabtransipart on

which growth

important and its

of GMDD

eventual an took

from

a guided-missile space the

development The of

agency first

into event

integral place

this

Nation's 3,

programs. initiation into

August study

1954_with launch as the

a Joint

Army-Navy orbit.

feasibility The study_

to

a satellite Project booster for

a 200-mile based on

earth a plan

designated missile as

Orbiter, and LOKI

was

to use by Jet was

a Redstone Propulsion completed

rockets

developed The

Laboratory

(JPL)

subsequent

stages. 23

study

20. 21. 22. 23.

Memo for GMDD, Distribution A, from GMDD, Operations Office, subj: Personnel Ceiling, April 13, 1955. Personnel ist Ind, Chief, MFL, to Deputy Chief, GMDD, subj: Ceiling, April 4, Memo for MFL from 1955. Operations Office, GMDD, p. 75. subj: Personnel

Ceiling, April 15, 1955. En_ne, Aeronautics and Astronautics,

39

and submitted to DOD late summerof 1955. A similar in

plan which

had been developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) utilizing the Viking and Aerobee-Hi rockets was also presented. The NRL

proposal received the recommendationof the DOD Advisory Group. Designated as Project Vanguard, it was approved by the DOD Research and DevelopmentPolicy Council on September 9, 1955.24 Although Project Orbiter was discontinued, efforts thereby suspending any further program, the for future space

by the Army to develop an earth satellite the Army's potential

study served to establish efforts.

Jupiter Program--Development The recommendation an intermediate with second by event, the

and of

Facilities immediate on consequence, February be 14, was 1955, the that

more

Killian ballistic

committee, missile

range

(IRBM)

developed missile

concur(ICBM)

rently

the Air This

Force

intercontinental was followed

ballistic by and

programs. from the the

recommendation of the Army,

a series Development, to

of proposals that a prepared range. to DOD. 25

Department and the

Research be In a

abilities with to

experience range of an

of GMDD IRBM. with

utilized September

develop GMDD

missile

1955,

a proposal The After

develop of the the

a missile Army

1,500-nautical-mile GMDD proposal and the

Department considering

presented

the

development

facilities

qualified

24. 25.

Ibi____d. , p. 79. History of Army

Ballistic

Missile

A_ency,

i February

- 30

June,

4.

40

personnel 1955, DOD

of GMDD approved In

available the

at

the Redstone to develop Dwight D.

Arsenal, the Jupiter

on

November IRBM. 26

8,

proposal President the for

December, programs Jupiter the of

Eisenhower In the

assigned response to of

the the the

ICBM

and

IRBM of the

highest national

priorities. defense, Missile

urgency Army the

Department (ABMA) the

organized development On

Army

Ballistic

Agency and

to direct

the Redstone 22, 1955,

weapon ABMA

system was

Jupiter

missile. at

December Arsenal

officially under active

established the status jurisdiceffective

the Redstone of the i,

as a

class and

II activity placed its as on

tion

Chief

of Ordnance, GMDD,

February

1956. 27 was

including

subordinate the

laboratory Operations continued

organizations,

transferred the

to ABMA

Development Division

Division. development

Under

ABMA,

Development and Redstone. was or be to be from

Operations

of the The Jupiter land at

Jupiter IRBM

designed Navy ships. use and as as

for

launching Since the

from Redstone the for of a by GMDD

Army

mobile

launchers would

facilities Redstone Jupiter

AF_rC as and

in constant missile as well under

for

testing

missile systems

a tactical components, of

a test the

vehicle

for

testing

multistage and JPL,

version MFL 28

the Redstone new facility

Joint

development for Jupiter

proposed

construction

launchings.

26. 27. 28.

Emme, Dept.

Aeronautics and Astronautics, of the Army, GO 68, December

p. 80. 22, 1955. GMDD, from Chief, MFL, Instrumentation at PAFB,

Memo for Chief, Test GMDD, subj: Required November 23, 1955.

Planning Office, Facilities and

41

The

Redstone

facilities

at

AFMTC

consisted

of

the

Missile

Assembly

Building

D,

Blockhouse

56,

vertical

launch

facilities,

and

various

items

of

instrumentation.

To

accommodate

the

Jupiter

program,

MFL

requested

the

construction

of

similar

launch

com-

plex

and

a vertical Since

launch the

facility MFL

adapted programs

to

simulated had created

ship the need

launchings.

expanding

for site,

engineering the

and

laboratory proposal

work also

to

be

performed the

at

the

launch of an

facilities and

included 29

construction

engineering

laboratory

Building.

In for the

January of

1956, the new

agreements facilities

were

concluded to

with the

AFMTC

location

adjacent

Redstone

facilities.

The

criteria

design

packages

were

completed

and

submitted Jacksonville,

through

AFMTC

to by

the

District 13,

Corps 1956. 30

of

Engineers, Variances in esti-

Florida,

FeBruary

mates

of

construction

costs

between

MFL

original

estimates

and

those actual

By

the

Corps

of

Engineers late

delayed that

the

starting The new

dates launch

of complex

construction

until

summer.

which

was

designated

as

LC-26

was

completed

for

the

launch

of

Jupiter

Missile

AM-2

in

August

1957.

The

priority

assigned

to

the

Jupiter

program

under

ABMA

opened closed

doors since

for the

the start

Development of the

Operations Korean war.

Division This was

that apparent

had

been to

MFL,

not

only

from

the

relatively

short

time

required

to

complete

29. 30.

Ibid. Memo MFL for Comdr, ABMA, at from Dir, Missile MFL, Test subj: Range, Cost June Increase 18, of 1956.

Facilities

Florida

42

the

Jupiter

facilities, personnel in civilian spaces Given the fall

31

but

also

the

lifted January to

restrictions and 130, August with an

on 1956,

MFL's MFL

authorized increased 38 MFL

spaces. personnel unfilled. Permanent of 1956

Between

strength 32 Duty Station

additional

authorized Personnel In

at AFMTC initiated an investiorganizathat

the

ABMA

staff

gation tion many on

of

the

costs

of maintaining at AFMTC.

large The time

portions

of MFL's

temporary

duty

investigation reporting, initiation procedural reduced and of

disclosed paycheck the

problems

of cor_nunication, had plagued MFL

distribution launch time program reporting

since

the

Redstone for of the

in August and in pay

1953.

Although had

changes the

authorizations areas, the

frequency and on

difficulties costs duty

these

problems long

of communication periods of time

of maintaining status As remained. a result ABMA, On

personnel

for

temporary

of

the ABMA that a list and

staff

investigation, temporary duty

the be

Deputy disconthe names

Commander, tinued. of 90

directed 21, act

extended was

December

published

containing

classification at AFMTC

wage

board 24,

employees 1956. 33

permanently

assigned

effective

December

31.

Redstone completed

facility requirements, April 1955; Jupiter

confirmed facilities

in December 1951, design criteria

32.

33.

completed February 1956; facilities, August 1957. Memo for Record by Chief, Resident Liaison Office, subj: Meeting on Personnel Space Allocations held 1400 hours, 8 August 1956, August 17, 1956. DF, Dir, MFL, to ORDAB-P, subj: MFL Personnel to be Put Permanent Change of Station to AFMTC, December 21, 1956.

on

43

During 1956, MFLlaunched i0 missiles, of its launches at AFMTC 21. to used as test vehicles for Jupiter Jupiter C, the first developed for re-entry

bringing

the total

These i0 included 9 Redstones components (Jupiter A's), and a

in a series of long-range ballistic tests of the Jupiter nose cone.

missiles

The Navy's withdrawal from the Jupiter program in November 1956 to initiate further its own IRBMprogram eliminated the need for

development of a Jupiter missile designed for ship

launchings, as well as MFL's need for simulated ship launching facilities. Division Concentrated effort of the Development Operations in the first

in developing the land-based version resulted

launch of an operational prototype Jupiter missile As a result

on March i, 1957.

of the accelerated Redstone and Jupiter launch in ground support and

programs,combinedwith a continued sophistication equipment, as well as in the data acquisition, evaluationrequired for additional

interpretation

for these programs, MFLfaced a continual need personnel. ABMA recognized MFL's problem

qualified

and by December31, 1957, the laboratory was authorized 285 civilian spaces. At that time the actual civilian personnel strength

had reached 230, as comparedto 176 at the end of the previous January.34 34. Personnel Status Reports, to ORDAB, dministrative Office, A from MFL, January 31, 1957, and December31, 1957. In
addition to civilian in January and 55 in personnel, December. MFL had 43 military personnel

44

Army's

Participation The Russian followed profound

in United success by

States

Space

Program SPUTNIK 3, and The I on October had an 4,

in launching II on this

1957,

closely and

SPUTNIK upon

November Nation

1957, the Navy

immediate agencies pleting

effect

governmental was coma On

involved final

with

satellite for

development. the launch

preparations designed after

of Vanguard in II,

TV-3,

three-stage November of Defense 8,

vehicle five

to place the launch of

a satellite of SPUTNIK to On

orbit. 35 the

days

Secretary a scien31, 1958, earth

directed with

the

Department

the Army C. 36

launch January I

tific MFL

satellite launched

a modified C No.

Jupiter

Jupiter

29, which

placed

EXPLORER

in an

orbit. The satellite, Operations Missile was in launch of EXPLORER a new area of I, the first for 1958, successful ABMA, the U.S. earth

created Division,

activity

Development Ordnance

and MFL.

In March the command Arsenal space as

the Army Gen. the ABMA

Command

(AOMC),under at

of Maj. to direct

John Army became

B. Medsris, efforts a sub-

established rocket,

the Redstone and

guided-missile, unit of AOMC and

projects. the Army's

ordinate and had were space been now

remained

guided proposals to

missile which programs

projects made

development by ABMA to

agency. during 1957

Several

to DOD

in regard newly

space

submitted

by AOMC

the DOD's

established

Advanced

35. 36.

The first U.S. attempt to place a satellite in orbit, December 6, 1957, failed due to loss of thrust. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics, p. 92.

on

45

Research Projects Agency (ARPA)for

which had been originally 1958. On proposed August

approval. in December

The

Juno was

II

program,

1957,

approved to

by ARPA "initiate booster cluster cially

in March

15,

ARPA

authorized a large thrust

AOMC

a development of of approximately available

program 1.5

to. provide pounds ''37

space based was

vehicle on a

million engines.

rocket V. to the of its

This

booster

unoffi-

designated In

Juno

addition to

role MFL

in

support the

of

the

new

space and

programs criteria During Redstone Army

assigned

Army, the

began

design

studies

development the summer and system

facilities fail of

for

the MFL

Pershing concluded which

program. the selected of

early

1958,

weapon

training units the the A phases 1958, were

program, trained

through in the

Field

Artillery launching

techniques It also

handling the launch

and

R_dstone research total of of the

missile. and 38

completed of the

program

for

development Redstones

phase were

Redstone from AMR

weapon during By

system. these

launched

Redstone

program. years to after its

November MFL had

approximately its and

five

activation, Project Office,

expanded

organization Technical and

include

a Special Support

Staff, a Data

a Scientific Coordination and

Staff, a Program Office,

a Military

Office,

Coordination, in addition of to its

Engineering three

Services

Administration units. By the

original

operational

latter

part

November,

37.

ARPA Order AOMC.

No.

14-59,

August

15,

1958,

Dir.

of

ARPA

to

CG,

46

MFL's 191

civilian classification

manpower act

strength and 91 wage

totalled board

282,

which 38

consisted

of

employees.

Juno

(Saturn) On

Facilities October 30,

at 1958,

AMR some two months after ARPA author-

ized

the

Juno

V project,

representatives

of

MFL

and

the

Systems

Support

Equipment

Laboratory

of

the

Development

Operations

Division

met

to

discuss

their

responsibilities

regarding

the

program.

It

was

decided

that

MFL

would

have

full

responsibility,

including installation

budgeting of the

and

funding, Juno

for V

design, launch

construction, complex. 39 In

and November

proposed

1958,

a meeting

was

held

between

representatives

of

the

District

Corps

of

Engineers,

the

architect

and

engineering

firm

of

Maurice

Connell development

and

Associates of site

of criteria

Miami, for

Florida, the Juno

and V

AI_A

to

discuss 40 Both

the

facilities.

MFL

and

AFMTC In

prepared January

proposals 1959,

based ARPA

on

estimated

site visited

require-

ments.

early

representatives

Cape

Canaveral

to

discuss

these

proposals,

and

selected

the

one

made 4,800

by

AFMTC from

to

locate the Air

the Force

launch Titan

facilities Complex

approximately 20.

feet

38. 39.

MFL Memo

Personnel for Record subj: Development 36-58 subj: 8,

Report, from Juno V

November Prog.

24,

1958. Engrg. Srvs. & Admin. 30, 1958.

Coord.

Office, 40. ABMA, No. December

(Saturn

Prog.) Division, General's

October DOD Staff

Operations Commanding

Memorandum Meeting #39,

1958.

47

On cation month, house, and

February officially was

3,

1959,

ARPA

cancelled

the

Juno

identifithat block-

named awarded

the

project the

Saturn. 41 construction

Later of the

a contract and site Complex to AOMC

for for

preparation 34 (LC-34),

the

Saturn

facilities, In April ARPA

designated appropri-

as Launch ated The for funds AOMC

was

begun. of the

for Office

construction immediately and was

Saturn the

facilities. initial pad 5, monies

Engineer

forwarded for the on

the blockhouse

construction facility system, was

launch July in

fill.

Construction The design" criteria the

of this vehicle MFL

started was

1959. 42

however, in

still

a "proposed final design

status. for the

delayed structure system

establishing and pad

the

service

facilities In

pending early Centaur ii, May for a

selection ARPA second

of a vehicle

configuration. and a modified 43

1959, the

approved and third for

a modified stages, these for

Titan

respectively. facilities

On May for

1959, the 15,

revised

schedule

called

awarding on July The

construction with pad

contract

the

service

structure 15,

1959,

a beneficial dates were set

occupancy

date

of July one of month the

1960.

launch service

approximately construction proceeded,

later

than roads,

the

structure. and

Although

access

utilities, affected

the blockhouse

Saturn

configuration

changes

41. 42. 43.

Saturn Systems Office, April 1957 - November Ibid., p. 6. Ibi____d.

MSFC, Saturn 1962, February

lllustrated 15, 1963.

Chronology, p. 5.

48

the service structure design modifications. facility

Other MFL

requirements and resulted

in a series of of this

Consequently, the construction August 1960.44

was not started until

Activities In October 1959, the and when

President

Eisenhower

announced to

his the in

intention National addition w_

to

transfer

Development Space

Operations

Division (NASA), the

Aeronautics to its

Administration for Saturn of the

MFL,

responsibilities the technical

facilities the

development, of the

continuing launch Jupiter was ABMA Air

direction LC-30, and

construction

Pershing for the

facilities, combat

modifications The an

to LC-26

training in April Air Force troops

launch 1959, whereby

program. following the MFL

latter

program between train

initiated and the and

agreement would

personnel

Force

NATO

in Jupiter

missile

launching

techniques. During unchanged, ABMA by had but 1959, in the MFL organization MFL's structure scope remained of activities to 319

order MFL's

to meet

increased civil service

increased 31,

authorized

spaces

December

1959. 45

44. 45.

Ibi___dd., p.

15. to

Personnel Status Report, December 31, 1959. In addition the civilian personnel, MFL was authorized 64 military personnel.

49

IV.

THE

LAUNCH

OPERATIONS

DIRECTORATE

Prior

to

1946,

this

Nation's

interest

in

space

science

and

space

exploration

had

been

primarily

limited

to

upper

atmos-

phere

studies

and

the

launching

of

sounding

rockets.

Satellite

studies

had

been

conducted

independently

by

the

Armed

Forces

and

various

civilian

agencies

with

little

or

no

interchange

of

techni-

cal

information.

Although

Project

Vanguard

had

been

approved

as

this

country's

program

for

space

activities

in

relation

to

the

International

Geophysical

Year

(IGY),

the

major

emphasis,

supported

by ing

congressional IRBM's and

appropriations, ICBM's of NASA for national

remained defense.

in

the

field

of

develop-

Establishment

On SPUTNIK II,

November President

7,

shortly

after

the

successful the creation

launch of an

of

Eisenhower

announced

office

of

Special

Assistant

to

the

President

for

Science

and

Technology, the new

and advisory

the

appointment 1 Later,

of on

Dr.

James

R. 4,

Killian, 1958, the

Jr.,

to

post.

February

President

directed

Dr.

Killian

to

head

committee

to

study

and

make

recom-

mendations 2 program.

on

the

governmental

organization

of

the

Nation's

space

I. 2.

Alison Public Emme,

Griffith, Affairs Aeronautics

The Press, and

National Washington,

Aeronautics D. C., p. 95.

and 1962,

Space p. 9.

Act,

Astronautics,

51

Subsequent investigations
made by the individual efforts of

and

studies

of

the

progress

the

Armed

Forces'

organizations

and

the

interest

expressed

by

the

President

in

space

exploration

for

peaceful

purposes

led

to

the

recommendation

by

the

Committee

that

civilian

agency

be

established

to

direct

unified

national

effort

in

the

scientific

and

technical

aspects

of

space

activities.

President

Eisenhower

presented

this

recommendation

to

the

Congress

on

April

2,

1958.

In

his

message,

the

President

proposed

the

elt_blishment would absorb

of the

a national existing

aeronautics National

and

space

agency for

which Aero-

Advisory

Committee

nautics

(NACA).

By

April

14,

the

Bureau

of

the

Budget

had

drafted

the

President's

proposal,

and

Congress,

in

series

of

bills,

con-

firmed

the

recormnendations.

In

May,

Dr.

Abe

Silverstein,

Associate

Director

of

NACA's

Lewis

Flight

Propulsion

Laboratory,

was

trans-

ferred of the

to

NACA

headquarters national

to space

assist agency.

in _

drafting The

the

organization Aeronautics

proposed

National

and

Space

Act,

encompassing

the

President's

Science

Advisory

Committee's

basic

recommendations,

was

passed_by

Congress

and

signed

by

the

President

as

Public

Law

85-568

on

July

29,

1958.

Public

Law

85-568

officially

established

the

National

Aeronautics

and

Space

Council,

an

advisory

group

to

the

President

On

aeronautical

and

space

activities;

the

National

Aeronautics

and

8_ace

Administration

(NASA)

to

plan,

direct,

and

conduct

aeronautical

3, 4.

Ibid.,

p.

99 National Aeronautics and Space Act, p. 16.

Gri-----ffith,The

52

and space activities; to provide

NASA and a channel

and the Civilian-Military

of communication and

Liaison Committee
between

consultation

DOD.

It

provided

for

Presidential

appointments

of

an

administrator

and

deputy

administrator

of

NASA.

It

also

provided

for

the

abrogation by

of

NACA of

90 the

days NASA

after

the

law's

enactment, At that

or time

sooner,

proclamation

Administrator.

the

NACA to

organization, 5 NASA.

personnel,

and

facilities

would

be

trans-

ferred

On

August

19,

1958,

Dr.

T.

Keith

Glennan

and

Dr.

Hugh

L.

Dryden

were

sworn

in

as

Administrator

and

Deputy

Administrator,

respectively,

of

NASA.

On

September

25,

1958,

Dr.

Glennan

pro-

claimed its

that

NASA effective

had

been at the

organized close of

and

was

prepared September

to

discharge 30, 1958. 6

duties

business

NACA

personnel,

responsibilities,

and

facilities

were

officially

absorbed

into

the

NASA

organization

on

October

I,

1958.

On

that

same

date

President

Eisenhower

issued

Executive

Order

10783,

trans-

ferring

to

NASA

the

responsibility

for

several

DOD

projects,

in-

cluding

Project

Vanguard

from

the

Navy,

and

lunar

probes,

scientific

satellites,

and

several

engine

research

programs,

including

the

F-I,

1.5-million-pound-thrust

engine,

from

ARPA

and

the

Air

Force.

Atlantic

Missile

Range

Operations

Office

Established

Less

than

two

weeks

later,

on

October

ii,

1958,

NASA's

first

space

probe,

PIONEER

I,

was

launched

from

Cape

Canaveral.

5. 6.

Public NASA, GPO,

Law First 1959,

85-568, Semiannual Appendix

Sections Report E, p.

301(a) to

and

301(e). Washington, D.C.,

Congress,

66.

53

Since

NASA's

launch

activity

was

expected officials point

to

increase

during the at

the

following of

months, an

Administration official with the single

realized of contact to

necessity the Atlantic technical

establishing Range

Missile

(AMR) and

Commander,

AFMTC,

perform

coordination On establishment Melvin l_ing at AMR, N. his Mr.

liaison 28, of

functions. 1958, the AFMTC officially of NASA announced Tests, with months folthe

November at AMR as

Directorate 7 For to the

Gough

Director.

first

several

assignment Gough

by NASA with

perform

various

liaison and

functions without a

worked of

only

a skeleton

staff

specific

charter The

responsibilities. formal statement in the of form functions of and authority from for the

first

the NASA

Gough

organization

came i,

a memorandum among the

Administrator to the were of the NASA

on May NASA

1959. Missile of

Included Range

functions Office the repre-

assigned (AMRO0) sentation the

Atlantlc

Operations liaison, and staff of of NASA

maintenance with the

effective and in

Commander services the

various

members; technical for

provision and

of necessary projects of NASA

support

programs the the and

at AMR; test

coordination and

arrangements at AMR,

scheduling use of

programs in

projects with

including

range

facilities and the

accordance of

NASA-DOD

agreements

procedures;

exercise

administrative

supervision

7 "

AFMTC D&ily Bulletin No. 232, November was one assigned by AFMTC authorities larity to the Directorates were also part of AFMTC's

28, 1958. This in order to show and Navy Tests, structure.

title simiwhich

of Army Tests organizational

54

over all

personnel assigned to AMR NASAprojects. on to the Office of Space Flight

NASA Develop-

AMRO0 reported directly ment.

Mercury-Redstone During of as its its first manned October probe,

1958, NASA

in addition formally A

to

directing

the

launch Mercury

space

organized Task the Also

Project was

satellite Center of

program. and this was

Space

Group

formed for

at

Langley directing requested

Research all that

assigned

responsibility in October, of the Jet NASA

phases the

program. and

personnel

facilities i00 ABMA

Propulsion engaged in

Laboratory satellite from the the

(JPL) and

and

approximately vehicle of the booster Army

scientists be

space

development NASA's

transferred in making

Department was to

to NASA. the

purpose of

request

consolidate space agency. and

development engines initial

spacecraft, the direction between the of the

launch a

vehicles,

and

booster In the

under

single

Government

discussion of to the Army,

representatives agreed to the

of NASA transfer

the Department but loss refused would

Army

of JPL the of

transfer its

the

ABMA

scientists, capability

stating to the

that extent

reduce the

scientific defense effort.

endangering

national

NASA Management Manual, General Management Instructions, No. 2-2-13, Effective Date September 17, 1959, subj: Functions and Authority - NASA Atlantic Missile Range Operations Office (AMROO). This superseded the Memo from the Administrator, dated May i, 1959, same subject, but did not change any of its provisions. (See Appendix A, p. A-30.)

55

Subsequent discussions, however, resulted in two agreements, both of which were signed on December3, 1958. One agreement and effected remaining the transfer to NASA of on the JPL personnel, i, 1959.9 facilities In the

budget

appropriations the Army

January its

other bility,

agreement, the AOMC

although and its

retained

scientific were to made

capa-

subordinate continuously

organizations responsive

"immediately, ments. ,,I0 In discussions, use

directly

and

NASA

require-

October

1958,

coincidental of NASA

to and in

the AOMC

Army-NASA met of to

transfer the

representatives and Jupiter As ten

discuss manned

of Redstone

vehicles of and

support meeting, Jupiter

the

satellite agreed orbital NASA to

project. supply

a result

the three

AOMC

tentatively for sub-

Redstone U.S.

missiles

missions

in the

man-in-space with an

project.

In November, Redstone funding and for 12,

informed

AOMC

to proceed program. manned on

eight-vehicle and

three-vehicle AOMC's 1958, was to support which

Jupiter of the

A development satellite Redstone 1959 program, and when and

plan

dated

December

was

based

eight

three NASA two

Jupiter requested

boosters, AOMC ii

partially construct

accepted and launch

in January eight

Redstone

Jupiter

boosters.

I0. ii.

NASA, First Semiannual Report to Congress, Appendix H, pp. 81, 82. Ibid., Appendix I, p. 86. Teletypes, NASA Headquarters to CG, AOMC, January 8 and 16, 1959. As developmental planning for Project Mercury evolved, NASA notified AOMC, on July 8, 1959, that in order to reduce the variety of launching vehicles, the Jupiter missile would not be used.

56

On January 27, Dr. Debusannouncedthe appointment of a project engineer and coordinator to represent all responsibility phases of MFL's

in the Mercury-Redstone program.12 MFL started planning phases to modify Launch

immediately with the initial

Complex56 to meet the requirements for this program. Saturn NASA also expressed interest in the clustered-engine the Saturn

concept under development by ABMA ARPA for and listed

booster as one of the vehicles in a series of space booster vehicles to be developed under the national space vehicle program. In the late spring of 1959,
the military Saturn. studies support more at July need The for a booster of as elements and within powerful and DOD as questioned the proof the

large

posed DOD

Office

Defense whether

Research military

Engineering justified requirements which

made

to determine of the Saturn

needs

continued could be

program, a

or whether booster

be met

efficiently cost. 1959,

with

smaller

could

developed On

less 27,

Dr. H. and to also both

F. York, Chairman the

Director of

of

Defense Evaluato the

Research tion

and

Engineering, indicated Air Force for the Air

the Booster of ARPA a and

Committee, of the

Director

Secretary in the

that

the

studies stage of

revealed the Saturn

similarity and the To

requirements for

the

second

requirements

Force's

proposed

Dyna-Soar

booster.

12.

DF, Dir, MFL, to ORDAB Distribution, subj: ADAM (Mercury) Project Engineers for MFL, January 27, 1959. Emil Bertram named as overall Project Engineer and Coordinator.

57

avoid unnecessary duplication

of effort,

Dr. York recommended a On July 29, 1959, the ARPA

common evelopment of these projects. d Director ordered that all

work cease on the Saturn second stage studies. ABMA,however, was authfirings of the

pending the results of further

orized to proceed with plans to conduct static Saturn booster tentatively

scheduled for early 1960.13

In August, the Air Force proposed the Titan C, a space boostel utilizing a Titan II first stage and a Titan I second

stage, as the launch vehicle for the Dyna-Soar program. At that time Dr. York considered cancelling the Saturn program, but a final decision was withheld in deference to possible NASArequire14 ments. In September, presentations on the Saturn, Titan C, and Novawere madeto Dr. York and the Booster Evaluation Committee by the proponents of the three systems. The purpose of the presentations was to determine which of the systems "would most feasibly promote NASA space objectives.., the Saturn program was

selected because it offered the most immediate advantages of the systems presented.
''15

13.

14.

Saturn lllustrated Chronolosy, pp. 6, 7. (In December 1958, a National booster program was developed by NASA and DOD to provide a basis for long range planning in the development of a family of boosters to be used by both agencies in carrying out their respective space activities. This committee evaluated and recommended boosters to be developed and used by various departments and agencies within DOD.) U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Science and Astronautics, Space_ Missiles_ and the Nation (House Report July 5, 1960, Washington, D.C., GPO, 1960, p. Saturn Illustrated Chronology, p. 7. No. ii. 2092),

15.

58

Meanwhile, on September18, 1959, Secretary of Defense Neil H. McElroy issued

Vehicle the DOD. the of Operations," activities September space McElroy's the 17 a DOD order entitled as the an "Satellite for and Space

which

served by

outline

reorienting elements of of

space 16 On

performed 23, and

organizational the

Dr. York

announced as the

reorganization in Secretary major in DOD program

military Defense

missile

program gave

indicated Air Force

order,

which of

the

role space during

(including actlvitles. the

development ARPA

large control for

space of

boosters) the Saturn the

retained

transition Since as

period the

required was

completing by the

transfer Evalu-

arrangements. ation on Committee

Saturn

selected

Booster

the

system ARPA

to promote requested

NASA's to

space initiate would

objectives, a study to

September the

24, two

1959, Saturn

ABMA

determine the DOD

configurations to carry

which

best 18

increase

vehicle's and NASA At

capabilities Proposed the time

NASA's

payloads.

Transfer the Air Force was assigned was space the made responsibility within of Secretary of DOD

for that

the military no military size and

space

program,

a decision existed for were

requirements power. with Saturn

boosters by

Saturn's of Defense

Discussions Dr. Glennan and

initiated the

McElroy the

concerning its

possibility team

transferring

project

development

to NASA.

16. 17. 18.

Enlne, Aeronautics and Astronautics, Ibid., pp. 113, 114. Saturn Illustrated Chronology, p.

p. 7.

113.

59

The discussions resulted in a tentative

agreement which was pre-

sented to President Eisenhower and a selected group of his personal advisers. OnOctober 21, 1959, the President announcedhis intento NASA

tion to transfer ABMA'sDevelopmentOperations Division

unless Congress should disapprove, as provided in Section 302 (c) of the National Aeronautics and SpaceAct. 19 NASAwas also assigned the responsibility for both military for developing all high-thrust and scientific direction launch vehicles

space programs. On November18, of the Saturn project, pending its

NASA assumedtechnical formal transfer program until

fromARPA, but did not obtain full the following March.20

control of the

On October 22, Dr. Glennan, accompaniedby membersof his staff, arrived at Huntsville to discuss NASA's tentative plans for

the ABMAorganizational During his brief AOMC-ABMA staff

elements included in the proposed transfer.

four-hour stay, he held separate meetings with the management roup, the Development Operations Divig and later with a group of approximately Someof the high-

sion laboratory chiefs,

i00 selected key personnel from that division.

lights of his discussion (the samespeech was presented to each group) were that he intended to organize NASAinto four major divisions,
Center

i.e.,

General Administration
(suc h as Lewis,

(Washington, D.C.), R&D

and Ames), Payload

Activities

Langley,

!9. 20.

NASA, Third Semiannual GPO, 1960, p. 118. Saturn Illustrated

Report

to Congress, p. 8.

Washington,

D.C.,

Chronolo_,

60

and Payload Operations (Goddsrd and JPL) and

Launching Arsenal to have Operations all the of NASA's (Redstone broad of Arsenal); in to the

Vehicle at

Systems Redstone

and

center space

interests NASA's group; large

booster

field;

development by the

booster to

system the Mr. A.

program Saturn F. and

accomplished Nova programs

Redstone a single

and

combine

into

long-range

program. and

Siepert, of the respon21

Director, visiting sibility

Office group, for On

of Business was appointed

Administration, by Dr. and Dr. Glennan planning and

a member

to have for the the

overall

NASA October

in negotiating 30, 1959, signed actions and

transfer. of

Glennan

Secretary recommending

Defense, the

Thomas

Gates, "certain

a joint designed the

memorandum to clarify

to

President

responsibilities, effort." of The the

improve memorandum

coordination, also

enhance

national for and

space the

included

a reco_nendatlon Division staff to NASA teams

transfer that,

Development

Operations

stated be

subject

to Presidential to The prepare Transfer As of the the

approval, necessary

would

formed 22

immediately

implementing

documents.

Plan early

Developed as October held 23, the MFL staff, for in the anticipation purpose of

transfer

to NASA,

discussions

21.

Memo

for

Record,

Special

Assistant

to CG, on

AO_MC,_subj:

Sunmmry 1959,

22.

Notes of Dr. Glennsn's Visit October 24, 1959. Memorandum for The President

to AOMC from

21 _si_/

October and

NASA

Administrator

Secretary of Defen_e, subj: Responsibility for Certain Space Activities, October 30, Historical Origins of MSFC, Appendix A.

and Organization 1959. See Akens,

61

developing an outline in preparing a transfer

an organizational under not NASA. Since at plan a

of information

to be compiled for NASA's use

initiated steps and from to develop

plan. 23 MFL also

to reflect new

responsibilities assignments

functions NASA with was the

statement time, using of at Dr.

of mission Debus

available

that by

suggested

proceeding and at some

organizational based on MFL's

plan

known NASA's

assignments operations also

assumptions Based on in its

knowledge

AMR.

experience th_ division

in operating and

AMR, of

MFL

anticipated coordination to obtain range

problems of new

assignment

facilities, assignments AFMTC

facility services,

construction, and in for the groups and liaison missile first to

priority with tests.

support support

concerning

requirements By task force

week conduct

in November, studies elements Agreement. and

AOMC

and

NASA

had

appointed facilities, in the infor-

recommend be NASA

which included

equipment, formal mation

organizational Transfer to MFL's personnel. for Plan

should 24

Army-NASA pertaining and

requested of

organization, NASA MFL's was also

methods requested

operation, in

facilities, the form of

recommendations at AMR to the

a proposal The

continued compiled

operation and

under

NASA.

information

submitted

Memo for Record, Administrative Officer, MFL, subj: NASA Changeover, October 27, 1959. DF, Acting Deputy CG, AOMC, to Project Officers and Task Members, et al., subj: Establishment of a Project Task Force to Study Proposed Transfer of Functions and/or Organizations to NASA, November 3, 1959.

62

NASA Task Group on

ment was The on the

November and

12,

1959. 25 for and

On

November

18,

an

agreetransfer

objectives by the NASA

guidelines

implementing Secretary II, Acting of

the the was

signed

Administrator Plan, of by at the dated the the NASA formal within

Army. 26 formally of De17. 27

Army-NASA by

Transfer the

December and

1959,

approved fense OLVP on and

Secretary 16, and

Army NASA

Secretary on

December OSFP

Administrator

December

Established before

Headquarters transfer NASA plan received was final announced. Admin-

Shortly approval, In addition

a reorganization to the already and a

headquarters Offices and

established Space fourth

of Business Space the Flight

istration, Development, Vehicle booster

Aeronautical NASA created (OLVP).

Research, major

unit,

Office included

of

Launch NASA

Programs and

Responsibilities systems and development, Pacific

of OLVP and the

propulsion at

launching as well as

operations other Range Flight

the Atlantic future Office (OSFP), launch was

Missile Also, the

Ranges, Atlantic Office Flight

possible Operations Programs

sites.

Missile of Space

transferred Office

from of

the

formerly

Space

Development,

to OLVP. 28

25. 26.

MFL Support Operations Data for NASA Task Force Use, November 12, 1959. Agreement Between the Department of the Army and NASA on "Objectives and Guidelines for the Implementation of the Presidential November 16, Appendix B.

the

Decision to Transfer a Portion of ABMA to NASA, 1959. See Akens, Historical Origins of MSFC, Plan. See Akens, to Historical p. Origins 118. of

27. 28.

Army-NASA Transfer MSF_____C, Appendix C. NASA, Third

Semiannual

Report

Congress,

63

Maj.

Gen.

Don

R.

Ostrander,

USAF,

Deputy

Director

of

ARPA,

was

appointed

director

of

the

new

office,

effective

January

i,

1960.

The part

ABMA's of OLVP

Development on the date

Operations of its

Division transfer to

would NASA.

become 29

an

integral

The

Launch In

Operations early

A_ency January 1960, MFL was requested to submit a pro-

posal

on

the

organizational

structure

and

responsibility

statements

for

NASA

launching

agency

based

on

its

earlier

recommendations

tO

the

NASA

Task

Force

Group.

MFL's

proposal 3O

was

completed

by

January

12,

1960,

and

forwarded

to

OLVP.

Before

the

end

of

February,

OLVP

had

verbally

approved

the

general

organizational 31

concepts

and

functions

contained

in

the

MFL

proposal.

The

NASA

Launch

Operations

Agency

(LOA),

as

proposed

by

MFL,

contained

all

the

organizational

elements

of

MFL,

as

well

as

some

elements

from

other

Development

Operations

Division

labora-

tories

which

had

been

assigned

to

support

MFL's

missions.

These

elements

were

primarily

from

the

Systems

Support

Equipment

Laboratory,

whose

function

was

to

design

facilities

and

support

equipment

for

both

permanently

mounted

and

mobile

missile

launchers.

29. 30.

NASA i Memo subj: NASA, subj:

News for

Release Dir,

No.

59_270,

December

8,

1959. from Agency Dir, under MFL

Development Centralized 13, Deputy Launch 1960; Dir

Operations Launch Ltr, for Dir, Launch

Division, Operations Development Vehicle 14,

Proposed January to Future for

Operations Programs, 1960. Division, Support at AMR, NASA,

Division,

Operations,

January

_l.

Memo

Deputy

Director,

Development of

Operations NASA Test

from Dir, February

MFL, subj: 24, 1960.

Directorate

64

The

Director, of in the the

Development those NASA elements projects

Operations designing to the and

Division, permanent

concurred type

with

the

transfer utilized retained within

facilities of MFL, design the but

direct support

supervision equipment of

mobile

launcher Support 32 LOA the

groups

Systems Division.

Equipment

Laboratory

Development

Operations

The Test NASA and NASA ment. was to Support test were

proposed at both

also

provided and

for Pacific

a Directorate Missile

of

NASA The LOA

Atlantic were the

Ranges. of

support to

offices as

to be

subordinate activities ranges NASA

elements between the range

function

liaison the

various manageoffice NASA

organizations For all

utilizing

test the

and AMR

the test

practical the

purposes,

support by the

assume

responsibilities

presently

performed

AMROO. After organizational launch February launching and agency's 1960, receiving concepts, word MFL that OLVP had with and approved the the general of the new late with

proceeded structure

details

organization other NASA

functions.

During

organizations the NASA

directly of the

associated

activities of the

questioned proposed

extent

responsibilities agency the to in plan

authority

centralized Of major Test

launching concern at was AMR

directing to

NASA's the

launch

operations. of NASA

establish

Directorate

Support

perform

32.

Ltr,

Dir,

Development

Operations NASA,

Division, subJ: Future

to Deputy Launch

Dir

for

Launch January

Vehicle Programs, 14, 1960.

Operations,

65

the functions which had been assigned

stemmed 1960, from which the NASA reorganization AMRO0 channel and from of

to AMRO0. made

The

objections on January transfer the payload i,

effective

transferred the the to direct OSFP be

OSFP

to OLVPo

The between test

eliminated groups office payload of that of

communication If

centers established be

AFMTCo as to

a NASA in

support proposal, the

were

outlined rely

the MFL the

groups office

would in

forced

upon

technical and upon of

support the the admin

accomplishing of of LOA, OLVP. a

their

missions

istrative Huntsville NASA Test

support center Support In March

subordinate

organization

Office 1960, the the Director of Business thinking been that at the Administration, that time.

NASA,

indicated Our

trend

of NASA's has

current

planning

detailed for the elements/

administrative or housekeeping entire NASA party /AMROO, and

operations other NASA

at the Cape __anav-eraj would ultimately be handled by an extension of the administrative services which are already quite well staffed under MFL .... All formal arrangements in this area we have held in abeyance pending the top organization decisions from Dr. Glennan, and pending an actual visit by Dro yon B_un's Deputy, Del Morris.By a April function Gibbs, the NASA Test the Support NASA recently appointed

Office

for

AMR

had Agency

been

approved Lt.

as

within USAF,

Launch as its

Operations director. A

with

Col. was

Asa

selected

similar

office

3_o

Ltr, Dir of Business March i0, 1960o

Administration,

NASA,

to Dir,

NASA

AMROO,

66

later

approved

for

the Pacific OLVP and OSFP

Missile

Range an the

(PMR). 34 agreement payload Missions

Negotiations on the organ-

continued izational at AMR. proposed craft and

between

to reach LOA of point and

relationships In as early the May,

between the Office

groups (OFM)

assigned was spaceLOA,

Flight for

central

contact

OSFP's was

payload a part the the

and of

organizations its to

at AMR.

This

office

to be

under

administrative serve as the

supervision. local

However, of

Director Director of at the

of OFMwas of OSFP. the AMRO0

representative arranged Task for

By May staff

5, transfers to either the

were Space

the majority LOA, or OFM

Group,

cape. Questions status of its within the were NASA also posed concerning structure NASA the and launch the of agency's consistency equal Division of all be

organizational titleswith that for the the

organizational MFL, be made space in

other

elements

level. would NASA's

assuming

Development research and

Operations development launch

responsible booster unit of

vehicles, that

proposed

that Its

the

agency as

a subordinate presented, for all

division. the at

responsibilities of launch other

however, launch sites. NASA to

included operations Since

direction AMR, PMR,

activities possible

NASA launch

and

future those tion

LOA's

responsibilities at from center the level, Development

approximated some considera-

of was

other given

organizations LOA

separating

Operations

34.

PMR NTSO appointed

officially Director

activated and Comdr. Simon October 27, 1960. Memo for MSFC Liaison 26, 1960. Branch, subj:

J. Burttschell Comdr. BurtCschell Establishment of

et al., from Chief, PMR Office, October

67

Division
to OLVP. called LOD

and For the

making a

it

an time

independent the launch Center."

center, agency

reporting was

directly

short

unofficially

"Launch

Operations

is Established On March 15, 1960, of when President Eisenhower Operations officially Division to the the of

announced NASA, George decision MSFC, zation original addition the he

the named

transfer the new

the

Development

NASA

field

installation (MSFC). agency as

at Huntsville 35 By mld-Aprll an integral Its

C. Marshall was made which basic

Space to keep it was functions made On

Flight the

Center launch

part organithe

under and

to have

directorate virtually previous NASA

status. unchanged

remained the

from

proposal of OFM. 36 of

by MFL June and (LOD) for

January, officially of

except

for

the

13, the and the

1960,

announced Launch July 1. 37 January

termination

AMROO

establishment OFM, to be

the

Operations In and June

Directorate preparation MFL staff

effective

transfer of

to NASA, the manpower Under to be

between

1960 to

conducted the in NASA the

studies launch

requirements ABMA, there were

necessary 535 Of people this

agency. areas

working 319

functional civil 216 service were

assigned directly

to LOD. assigned and civil

number, and the

were

employees

to MFL,

remaining

military,

contractor,

35. 36. 37_

Executive Order No. 10870, March See Appendix A for organizational statements. NASA Announcement No. 156, subJ: at AMR and PMR, June 13, 1960.

15_ 1960. structures NASA

and

functional Changes

Organizational

68

service personnel assigned or attached in support of MFLmissions. To support LOD's assigned

require an 447 civil 34 At service spaces time 106 as of missions, employees, support the MFL 105 for determined contractor that it would and

personnel,

additional

business MSFC

administration allotted Later, 438 an civil addi-

functions. service tional Facility

the and

transfer, spaces added.

spaces 32 civil

contractor spaces

to LOD. 38

service

were

Transfer In

Arrangements to developing launch and establishing MFL shared Transfer of real the in organizathe The

addition

tion

for

NASA's

centralized for

agency,

responsibility Transfer 1959, Plan

implementing from for the the

the Army-NASA Army-NASA of

Plan. November estate, of the

resulted

agreement manpower,

which

provided and the

transfer

facilities, Development Army be

continuing Division

functional and MFL stated in as

relationships regarding general the the terms

Operations The and of

support what date, was

of to

programs.

agreement set July details by the I,

transferred a number to be

1960,

effective or

but

left items

the

regarding lower or

individuals

specific directly

arranged the

echelons items

of management

concerned

with

individuals March 1960,

in question. were initiated to between effect for

In early the an Army

negotiations and MFL

representatives on the

at AMR

representatives to NASA,

agreement

transfer

of Army

facilities

and

38.

MSFC LOD,

LOD, Special Report on Support Operations at the December 21, 1960, Part 4, Personnel Strength.

AMR

by

69

the control of shared facilities specifically transition was unique.

sentatives NASA, launch

which were included, but not Throughout the MFL's position

the Army at as repreAMR to

referenced, in the Transfer Plan. period from Army to NASAjurisdiction, While negotiating
for the transfer that of an agreement Army with

various

facilities

it was agency.

imperative MFL also

MFL

maintain to

operations the

the

Army's confor

continued of

supervise and

design,

struction, the Saturn, rupted

and

installation and

facilities

instrumentation on an

Pershing,

Mercury-Redstone

projects

uninter-

basis. By mid-March, MFL for had prepared support agreements and for the

transfer which

of

control considered

various

facilities, to accomplish Operations delayed of on the a the

services, its

functions and had

were

necessary Development which

missions, for

submitted action. from those Hangar request

them The

to

the

Division agreement

necessary

major

problem

evolved regarding

different facilities R. The

interpretations to be occupied

term joint

"control basis,

of"

particularly having on received rea

Development Director,

Operations OLVP, in NASA's for

Division, budget data year

from

the

facility budgetary AFMTC,

quirements requests, Master soon as

for

inclusion as a

fiscal the

1962

as well

request

from

Commander, at to AMR be

that

a as

Plan

of NASA

facility took

requirements action

submitted problem.

practicable,

prompt

solve

the

39

39.

DF, Dir, Development Operations Division, Facilities at Cape Canaveral Involved in Transfer, March 24, 1960.

to the

CG, AOMC, Army-NASA

subj:

70

v1

0 U

On Deputy Debus the and had

June

9,

1960,

in a

letter stated

to

the that all

Director it was Army

of agreed

OLVP, Dr.

the

Commanding would have

General, operational at AMR,

AOMC,

control including He

over the also of

facilities utilization, that

in

Industrial operation been

Area of all

planning, indicated Army for for

facilities. the

a request to 26.40

submitted to NASA this

to

Department

the

approval Complex

relinquish Although Plan

complete was

responsibility not by included I, in

Launch

facility

the the

Army-NASA

Transfer

agreements as

completed for

July

1960,

recon_nendation

remained

a matter

further and to

consideration. 1960, the use representatives remaining of the term problems "control" agreement of con-

During AOMC and MSFC

September held meetings at AMR.

October resolve the

cerning became which

facilities a matter became of of

Again A

issue.

compromise to

resulted

in a new the new AMR

a separate the

document

supplement Plan. assigned The

facilities which

agreement was but 56

Army-NASA

Transfer 13, 1960,

agreement, R to AOMC, 26

concluded under were the

on October operational to LOD

Hangar Launch Juno be

control for use that or

of

LOD.

Complexes II,

and and

assigned CTL. use of

in Mercury, AOMC would

Redstone, first for

Jupiter for Army the

It was Complex 41

agreed 26,

given

priority

an equivalent

complex,

future

programs.

40. 41.

Ltr, Deputy CG, AOMC, to Dir, Launch Vehicle Programs, June 9, 1960. See Supporting Document No, IV. Agreement between USAOMC and MSFC on Facilities at the October 13, 1960.

NASA, AFMTC,

7]

NASA

Master

Plan While

for

Facilities with

at AMR the Army concerning plan force the for was transfer NASA estab-

negotiating MFL was A also

of

facilities,

developing

a master task

facilities lished in

at AMR. early AFMTC, support the March

facilities 1960,

planning the of all

following plan

request NASA 42

from facility

the requireMFL, plan then for

Commander, ments to

for the

a master NASA

10-year group an to

program. first

The

Director, a master and

instructed facility low up

task

force for

develop

requirements with a lO-year 21,

initial

3-year

period,

fol-

plan. 1960, plan the Deputy Director, MFL, presented The initial in in Hangar the this S, a

On April briefing plan on

the master for

to AFMTC

representatives. program Complex. buildings, checkout Complex for and the of

called

a consolidation of the AMR R,

of NASA

activities Included and

southern area were

portion Hangars

Industrial MFL as of technical the

D and

assigned (See

to Project page Annex.) H to

Mercury for map The support of Hangar could

capsule

building. Cape Canaveral of and a

following Test E and

Industrial also NASA for called Agena the JPL

Missile Hangars the

plan the AE be

utilization programs until an for

Centaur group

temporary

use

Agena In

spacecraft engineering

laboratory and

constructed. was to be

addition,

operations

building

constructed

use

42.

DF, Dir, Development Operations Division, Facilities at Cape Canaveral Involved in Transfer, March 24, 1960.

to the

CG, AOMC, Army-NASA

subj:

72

' I l

I t\

INDUSTRIAL CAPE

COMPLEX ANNEX

CANAVERAL MISSILE TEST DECEMBER 1960

by Project
laboratory personnel

Mercury buildlng who were

and

a new

section space support was

added for

to

the

engineering engineering 43

and

to provide required the basic to

additional programs. by the

NASA approved

Although AFMTC, was the Air

plan

Commander, which and Centaur utilizaand Center,

Force Air to

Ballistic Force retain AE,

Missile

Division in H the for

(AFBMD), Agena Air the

assigned

the

responsibility Hangars until E and

programs, tion,

proposed as

Force

as well

building of

completion Goddard H

of

research Flight Delta 1960, on

development which had

phase been also

the Mace

program.

Space for its i,

utilizing required

a portion facilities was

of Hangar before

project, the first

September to arrive were and

since or

Centaur date.

vehicle By

scheduled 1960, plans group

at AMR to

before a

that

August for

underway to modify

construct AE

spacecraft Delta as

laboratory soon as

the JPL made

Hangar

for

it was

available

by AFBMD.

Launch

Facility MFL's

Modifications study of Atlas launch that and NASA facilities the launch in the surmner of which to in-

1960 were crease would

led

to MFL's shared launch each

recommendation by the USAF

complexes

to be the

should

be modified 44 The

capability program

of the with

complexes.

modifications and a

provide

a primary

launch

facility

43. 44.

Memo NASA

for Record by Deputy Dir, MFL, subj: Briefing Master Facilities Plan, April 27, 1960. for Agena, Coordination

of

AMR

on

Report on Launch Facilities prepared by Chief, Program September i, 1960.

Centaur, and Mercury, Test Support Office,

73

backup

facility

in

case

of

damage

to

the

primary

facility.

Dis-

cussions

concerning

the

modifications

continued

during

1960,

and,

in

March

1961,

an

agreement

was

reached

between

NASA

headquarters

and

ARDC

on

the

modifications

and

construction

of

the

Atlas

launch

stands.45

NASA

LOD

became

responsible

for

modifications

to

Launch

Complex Complex

12 36.

and

for

construction this same

of period

an

additional LOD was also

pad

at

Launch design

During

developing

criteria

for

new

Saturn

complex

(LC-37).

_DDed

Lunar A

Landing major event

Prosram which led to the establishment of the

Launch

Operations

Center

occurred

in

the

spring

of

1961

with

the

presidential

and

congressional

approval

of

NASA's

Manned

Lunar

Landing

Program

(MLLP).

This

program

had

been

listed

as

a mission

target

beyond

1970

in

the

NASA

10-year

plan

for

space

exploration

originally NASA had

presented awarded

to

the

Congress in the fall

in

January of 1960

1960. for

Although studies

contracts

project

(Project

Apollo)

in

preparation

of

eventual

lunar

exploration,

opposition

at

that

time

from

scientific

and

governmental

agencies

to

manned

space

flight

beyond

Project

Mercury

resulted

in

reduc-

tions

to

NASA's

fiscal

year

1962

budget

appropriations,

which

consequently

affected

the

F-I

engine

(Nova)

development

and

associ-

ated

programs.

45.

Air tion 1961.

Force/NASA, and

Memo

of of

Understanding Atlas Launch

Regarding Stands at

the AMR,

ModificaMarch

Construction

74

In February thorough Although to the review of

1961, all

President

John to

F.

Kennedy space

directed 46 effort.

programs

related a to

the

in March NASA fiscal

Congress year the on

approved budget and

supplemental restore flight the gap

appropriation to the man-

1962 launch

support of which

in-space manned between Kennedy goal that

programs, spacecraft Russian appeared

orbital

a Russian had 25, developed President set and a

April U.S.

6 emphasized

and

space Congress

achievements. to request

On May that this

before

Nation

to make Congress MLLP DOD

a manned give was were the July its

lunar full

exploration support

within

this

decade,

to NASA by

in attaining and, at

this by July, levels,

goal. 47 NASA to and

unanimously engaged NASA 17, in

approved cooperative program. LOD, of 31,

Congress, efforts,

various

facilitate On

space

the on

Director, support on July

and

the

Commander, operations

AFMTC, at subsites study,

signed AMR. 48 mitted for the

an

agreement

AFMTC

NASA/LOD these

Shortly the new

thereafter, of

organizations launch of

results MLLP. 49

a joint On August

study, on 24, as a

prospective consequence

this

46.

U.S.

Senate,

Hearings

before

the

Committee February Prosrams February

on

Aeronautical

end Space Sciences, 87th Congress, 1961, NASA Scientific and Technical James E. Webb, NASA Administrator, 47. 48. 49.

28 end March i, , statement of 28, 1961, p. 3.

Eugene M. Emme, NASA Historian, Historical Origins of NASA, July i, 1962, pp. ii, 12. Range Use and Support Agreement between LOD/MSFC/NASA and AFMTC/AFSC, July 17, 1961. See Supporting Document No. VIII. Joint memo for Associate Administrator, NASA, from Dir, LOD, and Comdr, AFMTC, subj: Joint Report on Facilities and Resources Required at Launch Site to Support NASA Manned Lunar Landing Program (Phase I Report), July 31, 1961.

75

NASA

announced

the

selection

of

the

Cape

Canaveral

area

as

the

launch

site

for

MLLP,

and

that

it

planned

to

acquire

an

additional

80,000 decision

acres was

for made

necessary with the

expansion concurrence

of

the of

Cape 50

facilities. The official

This

DOD.

announcement

coincided

with

the

signing

of

an

agreement

between

NASA launch

and

DOD

relating 51

to

the

management

and

funding

of

the

MLLP

site.

As

result

of

the

increased

emphasis

placed

on

NASA

space designed

programs, to more

reorganization effectively

occurred achieve its

within space

NASA goals.

which 52

was

Among

the

changes,

OSFP

and

OLVP

were

discontinued

and

the

headquarters

organizations

directly

associated

with

manned

space

flight

were

transferred

to

the

newly

created

Office

of

Manned

Space

Flight

(OMSF).

At

the

same

time,

the

field

installations

were

made

directly

responsible

to

the

Associate

Administrator.

Launch

Operations In

Center

Proposed LOD was requested to submit a proposal

September

1961,

for

an

independent

NASA

launching

agency

which

would

conform

to

the In

functional complying

realignments with this

made

during LOD

the

NASA two

reorganization. proposals, both

request,

prepared

50. 51.

NASA

News

Kelease, Between Manned

No. DOD

61-189, and NASA

August Relating Program,

24, to

1961. The Launch 24, 1961 Site

Agreement for See the

Lunar to Document Congress States

Landing as the No. from

August

(commonly

referred

'_ebb-Gilpatric IX. the President and p. 29. Space of

Agreement?)i.

Supporting to the

52.

Report States_ 1961,

the

United ,

United Washington,

Aeronautics 1962,

Activities

January

76

ililirllll| iiiHiiiiin

TITUSVILLE

P'

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Tr

SCHEDULE OF LAND ACQUISITION

AREA AREA AREA Z FEBRUARY 20,1962 30, 30, 1962 1963

1"1" JUNE nT JULY

of

which

provided

for

centrallzed

management

and

support

organiza-

tions.

Proposal

also

provided

for

centralized

launch

team,

while and

Proposal responsible

II to,

called their

for

separate

launch centers.

teams, 53

provided

by,

respective

At

the

time

the

LOD

proposals

were

being

drafted,

MSFC

requested

the

Associate

Administrator

to

authorize

financial

plan

for

LOD

and

to

provide

additional

personnel

spaces

to

broaden

and

strengthen

LOD's

administrative

and

support

functions.

The

plan,

as

proposed

by

MSFC,

would

transfer

to

LOD

from

MSFC

large

part

of

the

responsibility

for

programming

and

scheduling;

pro-

curement

and

contracting;

planning,

supervising

and

coordinating

facilities

construction;

industrial

safety;

limited

personnel

management;

and

the

paying

and

accounting

aspects

of

financial

54
management. the establishment and One of of the the first offices on steps of taken Financial 20, in this direction and was

Management

Procurement

Contracts

November

1961.55

In

the

latter

part

of

November

and

in

early

December

representatives

of

LOD

and

AFMTC

held

discussions

concerning

the

preparation

of

a Master

Plan

for

MLLP

and

its

integration

with

the

overall

Master

Plan

for

AMR.

On

November

17,

LOD

presented

its

planning

proposal

to

the

Commander,

AFMTC,

and

his

staff.

53.

Dir, and

LOD,

Analysis of

of

Ma_or

Elements and for

Regarding

the

Functions

Organization 10, Associate 1961.

Launch Dir

Spaceflight Administration, September

Operations, MSFC, 26, 1961. of 1961, p. 65. to

October 54. Ltr,

Deputy

Associate 55. Emme,

Administrator, and

NASA,

Aeronautical

Astronautical

Events

77

Although study the

it was plan At the

well before same

received, signing time some to

AFMTC an

requested for

additional its

time

to 56

agreement

implementation. by elements Office to be

consideration an

was

given

within to

NASA

headquarters NASA at AMR.

establish LOD, after

Eastern

Operations the funds

represent

considering launch Range, Debus

expended and

by NASA

at AMR,

land

utilization, with the

responsibilities recommended in October. made on by LOD to 8. 57 jointly NASA either

the many

interface

problems II

Proposal Objections MSFC During

I or Proposal to a NASA

outlined

by Dr.

Eastern

Operations in a meeting agreed that

Office with MLLP out

were AFMTC

following this

discussions it was

December must be with

meeting AFMTC, from

planning problem of

accomplished. which resulted AFMTC with into

however, the methods that "must

pointed of LOD,

areas

operation as NASA's or

NASA

organizations point all of NASA supinclude and

at AMR. contact inputs port

indicated the Range,

single coordinate

represent

the Range,

including

technical

requirements planning ''58

and must LOD

solutions

.... _/_nd tha_t_ instrumentation and world-wide of the requirements. existing

launch, AFMTC ments, Force

injection, opposed which early an had in

Both working

extension been

Mercury with

arrangethe Air

approved

in agreements for new

AOMC

and

the

Mercury

program,

programs

such

as MLLP.

56.

Minutes

of Meeting

with

Comdr,

AFMTC,

and

his

staff,

on

LOD

57. 58.

proposal for Master Planning, held on November 17, 1961, prepared by Assistant to the Director, LOD, November 29, 1961. Memo for Dir, LOD, from Assistant to the Dir, LOD, subj: Problem Areas for Discussion with Dir, MSFC, on II Dec. 1961. Ibid.

78

D
The discussions also revealed differences in AFMTC's and LOD's interpretations of the Webb-Gilpatric agreement, particularly in

regard

to

funding

responsibilities.

Following

the

activation

of

OMSF

in

November

1961,

NASA

headquarters

continued

efforts

to

consolidate

MLLP

management_

As

part

of

this

further

consolidation,

headquarters

considered

the

major

expansion

taking

place

at

AMR,

primarily

in

the

area

of

manned

space

flight,

and

decided

that

this

expansion

should

be

made

part

Qf

the

OMSF

organization.

Launch

Operations On March

Center 7, 1962,

Established NASA discontinued LOD as a compon@nt of

MSFC

and

established

the

Launch

Operations

Center

(LOC)

at

as

an

independent

field

installation.

Dr.

Debus

was

appointed

Director

of

the

new

center,

to

report

to

the

Director,

OMSF.

Also

establlshed

by

NASA

at

this

time

were

a Launch

Vehicle

Operations

Division

(LVOD),

as

new

division

of

MSFC,

and

the

Pacific

Launch

Operations

Office

at

PMR.

At

the 59

same The

time details

the

NASA

Test

Support functional

Office

at

PMR

was

discontinued.

concerning

responsibilities,

manpower,

and

the

transfer

of

ownership

of

property

and

funds

were

to

be

completed

prior

to

July

i,

1962,

the

official

date

for

the

new

center

to

co_mnence

independent

operations.

In

release

to

the

_ation's

news

media,

Dr.

Robert

C.

Seamans,

Jr.,

NAS_'s

Associate

_dministrator,
__-..&

indicated

the

areas

of

responsibilities

to

each

of

_9.

NASA

Circular

No. Document

208, No.

March X,

7,

1962.

See

Appendix

to

Supporting

79

the all "a Air

new NASA

organizations. projects official Commander In order to at

According Cape

to

Dr. and

Seamans, would

LOC

would

serve under

Canaveral,

consolidate

single Force

all of

of NASA's AMR. ''60 an of

operating

relationships

with

the

effect

orderly the

transition Director, group,

from MSFC,

MSFC's appointed of

LOD

to

the

independent

status

LOC, Group.

an LOC-MSFC

Separation of both

Task

This

consisting to A

representatives a draft draft 1962. functions agency The of an

organizations, plan by April

was 25,

instructed 1962. 61 was

prepare

operations basic

discussion June and I,

of LOt's 62 These of

operational were

concepts upon an

completed

concepts the second to NASA draft

based

the

organization

proposal

for

independent previous guideline changes

launching 63 October. for to the func-

submitted

headquarters as the

the basic

discussion division recommended On

served and

tional were

of MSFC by both 8,

LOC, and

although LOC.

the

document

MSFC

June

1962,

the MSFC-LOC of each of of

Separation these certain

Agreement 64

was Thls

signed

by

representatives sunmmrized the

organizations. resources,

agreement

transfer

activities,

60. 61. 62. 63.

NASA News Release No. 62-53, March 7, 1962. Memo for Distribution (branch level) from Dir, MSFC, subj: LOC-MSFC Separation Task Group, April I0, 1962. Discussion Draft, Basic Concepts for the Operation of LOC at AMR, June I, 1962. See Appendix B to Supporting Document X, See Analysis of Major Elements Regarding the Functions and Organization 1961. of Launch and Spaceflight June 8, Operations, 1962. See October Supporting i0,

64.

MSFC-LOC Document

Separation X,

Agreement,

8O

and LVOD

responsibilities organizations

of and

MSFC missions

to

LOC, on an

and

established basis,

the

LOC

and final

interim

pending

resolution tionship

of between

LOC

organization MSFC and LOC

and was

mission. also

The

subsequent on an

relainterim

established

basis

pending

finalization

of

basic

operational

concepts

and

missions

of

LOC.

The

agreement

also

provided

for

the

transfer

of

375

civil

service

spaces

from

the

MSFC-LOD

organization

to

LOC,

and

for

civil

service

spaces

to

the

Pacific

Launch

Operations

Office.

The

286

personnel

assigned

to

launch

operations

were

retained authorized

by

MSFC to

for

LVOD. the

The services

Director, of LVOD

LOC,

however, on

was an interim

utilize

personnel

basis

in

executing

the

missions

of

LOC.

Although

the

effective

date

of

the

separation

was

estab-

lished

as

July

i,

1962,

MSFC

agreed

to

phase

out

its

support

of

LOC

as

LOC

attained

self-supportlng

status.

series

of

detailed

separation in the

plans

were to

prepared implement

covering the

each

of 65

the The

areas Launch

discussed

agreement

separation.

Operations

Center

was

officially

activated

as

NASA

field

installation

on

July

i,

1962.

Since

the

formation

of

the

center

was

the

result no

of change

organizational in physical

realignments location, but

of only

responsibilities functional

involving

transfers

of

personnel,

the

event

occurred

without

fanfare,

dedi-

cation,

or

any

type

of

public

celebration.

_5.

Ibid.

81

GLOSSARY

OF ABBREVIATIONS

GLOSSARY

OF

ABBREVIATIONS

ABMA AFBMD AFMTC AMR AMRO0 AOMC ARPA BRL Cal DOD GMDD ICBM IGY IRBM JLRPG JPL LOA LOC LOD LRPGD LVOD MFL MLLP Tech

Army Air Air

Ballistic Force Force

Missile

Agency Division

Ballistic Missile Missile Missile

Missile Test Center

Atlantic Atlantic Army

Range Range Operations Command Agency Office (NASA)

Ordnance

Missile

Advanced Ballistic California Department Guided

Research Research

Projects

Laboratory of Technology

Institute of Defense

Missile

Development ballistic Geophysical range

Division missile Year missile

intercontinential International intermediate Joint Jet Long

ballistic

Range

Proving

Ground

Propulsion

Laboratory Agency Center Directorate Ground Division Division

Launch Launch Launch Long Launch Missile Manned

Operations Operations Operations Range Proving

Vehicle Firing Lunar

Operations Laboratory Landing

Program

MSFC NACA NASA NRL OFM OC_C OLVP OML OMSF ORC OSFP PMR R&D T&E Divi si on USAF WSPG

George C. Marshall SpaceFlight

Center

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration Naval Research Laboratory Office of Flight Missions OrdnanceGuided Missile Center

Office of Launch Vehicle Programs OrdnanceMissile Laboratories Office of MannedSpace Flight OrdnanceRocket Center Office of SpaceFlight Pacific Missile Range Research and Development Technical
United White and Engineering Division

Programs

States Sands

Air Proving

Force Ground

APPENDIXES

APPENDIX A ORGANIZATIONAL GROWTH ANDDEVELOPMENT OF MFL/LOD 1951 - 1962

This appendix consists of a series of organization and mission statements depicting under the direction

charts

the growth of the launch team organization

of Dr. Debus from the original

established in November1951 to the activation 1962. Many of the charts, particularly showofficially earlier approved organizations.

of LOCon July i,

those dated after 1957, Someof the charts of

organizations were prepared based upon information obtained or other administrative

from memorandums, personnel requisitions, records. Much pertinent

information was unavailable

in reference

to various programs, numerousminor revisions and the number of contractor and military

to mission statements,

personnel assigned to

the launching agency. In addition,

this appendix contains the

organization chart and mission statements of the NASA Atlantic Missile RangeOperations Office. Although this organization was performed

not a segmentof the launching team, the missions it

and a portion of its assigned personnel were absorbed into the Launch Operations Directorate on July i, 1960.

REDSTONE

ARSENAL

I
ORDNANCE GUIDED MISSILE CENTER TECHNICAL DIRECTOR W. VON BRAUN ASST. TECHNICAL DIRECTOR K. DEBUS

MISSION

OF OGMC: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. ENGINEERS & TECHNICIANS

ARMY ORDNANCE GUIDED MISSILE CIVILIAN MONTH YEAR DASE PERSONNEL: DEC. 1950 118 "PAPER DEC. 1951 118

CLIP" SCIENTISTS,

DATES.

APRIL

1950-AUG.

1951

A-1

REDSTONE

ARSENAL

I
TECHNICAL AND ENGINEERING DIVISION ! GUIDED MISSILE * DEVELOPMENT BRANCH TECHNICAL DIRECTOR W. VON BRAUN *

I
EXPERIMENTAL MISSILES FIRING BRANCH CHIEF K. DEBUS I

MISSION

OF EX t MIS,

FIR t BR.'

TO SELECT LAUNCH SITE AND TO CONDUCT ALL EXPERIMENTAL FIRINGS OF THE MAJOR MISSILES (RENAMED REDSTONE APR,

52)

CIVILIAN MONTH YEAR DASE

PERSONNEL: * EST. AUGUST NOV. 1951 1 DEC **EST. 1951 ***DR. 3*** DEBUS, DR. H. GRUENE & A. ZEILER DEC. 1951 NOV. 1951, DR. DEBUS, CHIEF 1951

A-2

I REDSTONE ARSENAL

TECHNICAL AND ENGINEERING DIVISION

GUIDED MISSILE * DEVELOPMENT GROUP TECHNICAL DIRECTOR Wo VON BRAUN

l
EXPERIMENTAL MISSILES FIRING BRANCH CHIEF K. DEBUS

l
MECHANICAL SECTION CHIEF Ho ZEILER GUIDANCE, CONTROL & NETWORK SECTION CHIEF H. GRUENE MISSION OF EX. MIS. FIR. BR.: TO CONDUCT LIAISON BETWEEN REDSTONE ARSENAL AND THE AFMTC CONCERNING FACILITIES FOR REDSTONE PROJECT. TO CONDUCT LIAISON BETWEEN GMDG BRANCHES TO ASSURE THAT CHANGES TO MISSILE DESIGN AFFECTING LAUNCH REQUIREMENTS WERE REFLECTED IN MODIFICATIONS TO REDSTONE LAUNCH FACILITIES EITHER PLANNED OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION. TO TRAIN A LAUNCH TEAM FOR REDSTONE FIRINGS. EX. MIS. FIR. BR. CIVILIAN MONTH YEAR 'ON BOARD SEPT. 1952 14 PERSONNEL, DASE/CIV. SER.: 1, 1952 SEPTEMBER 1, 1952

* BECAME GROUP AFTER JAN.

A-3

REDSTONE

ARSENAL

i
TECHNICAL AND ENGINEERING DIVISION GUIDED MISSILE LABORATORY CHIEF W o VON BRAUN EX. MIS. FIR. CHIEF K. DEBUS BR.

I
MECHANICAL SECTION CHIEF A. ZEILER GUIDANCE,
t

I
CONTROL & NETWORK SECTION CHIEF H. GRUENE _

]
RF & MEASURING _SECTION_.__.. _ CHIEF I I 1

K. SENDLER

MISSION

OF EX. MIS.

FIR.

BR.: CHANGES.

NO AVAILABLE

RECORD OF MISSION

EX. MIS. MONTH YEAR !ON BOARD

FIR. BR. CIVILIAN DEC. 1952 18

PERSONNEL, SEPT. 18,

DASE/CIV. 1952

SER.:

* EST. **

LABORATORY OFFICIALLY

TITLE USED OCT. - DEC. ACTIVATED OCT 20, 1952

1952 DEC. 1952

.4-4

REDSTONEARSENAL

1
J

I
[ ORDNANCE MISSILE LABORATORIES

GUIDED MISSILE* DEVELOPMENT DIVISION CHIEF W. VON BRAUN

l
LABORA TORY CHIEF MISSILE FIRING *t K. DEBUS DATA REDUCTION _ AND EVALUATION SECTION

I
MECHANICAL SECTION I I

I
RF & MEASURING GUIDANCE _, CONTROL I SECTION NETWORK SECTION -I

CH--_F
H. GRUENE

'

MISSION

OF MISSILE

FIRING LABORATORY: PAGES

SEE FOLLOWING

MFL CIVILIAN MONTH YEAR ON BOARD

PERSONNEL I CIV T SER.: DEC. 1953 38 DEC. 1954 52

* EST. **EST.

EFFECTIVE

JAN.

1953

JULY 1953 28

CIRCA NOV. 1953 JAN. 1953DEC. 1954

A-5

MISSILE

FIRING

LABORATORY STATEMENT

FUNCTIONAL October

28,

1953

(Excerpt)

A-6

Missile

Firin_

Laboratory: the Guided specific

To function as the Missile Firing Laboratory for Missile Development Division, with the following responsibilities:
i,

Principal field agency for assembly, preparation and firing of all experimental guided missiles as assigned to and under development by the Guided Missile Development Division. Establish and maintain close connected with and in charge firings and pertaining field coordination of all agencies of preparing missiles for test equipment.

Exercise technical supervision of all prelaunching, launching, and post-launching activities of this agency at a remote proving ground, such as assembly, handling, and erection of missiles, preflight testing of components, missiles, and measuring equipment, evaluation of preflight tests, fueling, firing, flight observation and control, data reproduction, evaluation of flight performance, from records and recovered parts, procurement and disposition of fuels, etc.

Review results of single firings and impact patterns of missile series regarding accuracy and reliability of the system with a view toward recommending modifications of components or systems, and changes, additions, or deletions of the program. Determine necessary and desirable design changes for

guided missiles and associated ground equipment, which are dictated by operations such as adjustments, calibrations_ regulations, etc., and by failures and malfunctions of structures or components, and submits mendations of such design changes to the Development Division for proper action. detailed recomGuided Missile

6.

Make on-the-spot changes and modifications and associated equipment, such as missile when required to insure proper functioning and to meet firing schedules. Design, tion fabricate as and modify to test,

of missile networks, etc., of missile

measuring, program

and

calibra-

equipment

required

fulfill

objectives.

A-7

Dissemination Development Prepare, personnel

of complete data Division Development

to

the Guided Board. and

Missile

establish, maintain facilities, to perform these functions.

supervise

I0.

Represent Experimental conferences and serve fields.

Missile Firing in higher level as technical adviser in the above

II.

Coordinate Ordnance conduct of tests at (Banana River).

Guided Missile Programs in their the joint long-range proving ground

A-8

REDSTONEARSENAL

1 I ORDNANCE MISS,LE LABORATOR'ES 1

I
GUIDED MISSILE DEVELOPMENT DIVISION W. VON BRAUN, CHIEF

RESIDENT LIAISON OFFICE

MISSILE FIRING LABORATORY CHIEF K. DEBUS

REDUCTION & EVALUATION SECTION

DATA

1
SAFETY & SECURITY SECTION * PROPERTY & SUPPLY* SECTION TECHNICAL VEHICLE SECTION *

i
MECHANICAL SECTION

L
JUPITER DEC. 1955 74

I
CONTROL SECTION RF & MEASURING SECTION

GUIDANCE, & NETWORK

MISSION OF MFL: _INCLUDE

PROGRAM

MFL

CIVILIAN

PERSONNEL r ClV. SER.:

MONTH YEAR ON BOARD

* EST. BY MAY

1955

DEC.

1955

A-9

OFFICE,

CHIEF OF ORDNANCE (ARMY)

I
ARMY BALLISTIC MISSILE AGENCY *

I
DEVELOPMENT * OPERATIONS DIVISION DIRECTOR W. VON BRAUN

MISSILE FIRING LABORATORY CHIEF K. DEBUS

PROJECTS OFFICE

RESIDENT LIAISON OFFICE

ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT OFFICE

PROPERTY & SUPPLY OFFICE

PHOTO & ENGINEERING SEQUENTIAL PICTURAL COVERAGE SECTION

MECHANICAL ENGRG. & GROUND HANDLING SECTION

ELECTRICAL ENGRG. GUIDANCE & CONTROL SECTION

ELECTRONICS ENGRG. MEASURING & TRACKING SECTION

MISSION: NO AVAILABLE

RECORD OF MISSION CHANGES

MFL CIVILIAN MONTH YEAR ON BOARD

PERSONNEL,

CIV. SER..

JUNE i1956 99

DEC. 1956 176

DEC. 1957 221

ESTABLISHED

EFFECTIVE

FEB. 1, 1956

FEB. I, 1956 - DEC. 1957

A-IO

I ARMY ORDNANCE MISSILE COMMAND*

I I I

!
I ARMY BALLISTIC MISSILE AGENCY I

I DEVELOPMENT OPERATIONS DIVISION

1
MISSILE FIRING LABORATORY OFFICE I SPECIAL PROJECTS I DIRECTOR - K. DEBUS DEP. DIR, - H, GRUENE TECH. ASST. - R. HEISER SCIENTIFIC I TECHNICAL I STAFF

I PROGRAM COORDINATION ENGRG. SER. & ADM. OFFICE C. PARKER ! PROPERTY & SUPPLY SECTION SECTION E. HOUSE R. GREEN - E. WHISENANT D. HARDIN

I
MILITAR:SUPPORT OFFICE CAPT. THORSTENSEN ! I I DATA CO01RDINATION OFFICE C._._THOMAN-J. HEIDE

J. RUSSO .ll R.CRAIN- AVIS D

ELECTRICAL ENGRG. BR. GUIDANCE & CONTROL H. GRUENE - R. MOSER I

I I

ELECTRICAL ENGRG. MEAS.&TRACKINGBR.

I I

MECHANICAL ENGRG.

_1K. SENDLER - G. WILLIAMS I

I A. ZEILERHANDLING BR. GROUND - R. GORMAN

RF & TELEMETERING SECTION D. McMATH FLIGHT INSTRUMENT. I

GUIDANCE SECTION _ R. JENKE SPECIAL INSTRUMENTATION SECTION J. DAVIDSON

DESIGN SECTION

I A. PICKETT FIRING SECTION

ELECTRICAL ENGRG. I I R. DODD J

PLANNING & ANALYSIS SEC. L / DR. BRUNS /

CONTROL SECTION C. WHITESIDE t

SECTION PROJECT ENGRG. J. DEESE

NETWORK SECTION R. WILKINSON MEASURING SECTION I. RIGELL

GYRO SECTION M. CHAMBERS

tASSEMBLY TEST1
SECTION T. PANTOLIANO I I

J. WHITE DOVAP SECTION

__

PROPELLANT J. MILLER

MISSION_____.__ EXPANDED TO INCLUDE ARMY EXPLORER SATELLITE SERIES MFL CIVILIAN PERSONNEL I CIV. SER.: *ESTABLISHED EFFECTIVE JULY 1, 1958

MONTH YEAR !ON EOARD

DEC. 1958 282 OCTOBER 10, 1958

A-II

J ARMY ORDNANCE MISSILE

COMMAND AGENCY DIVISION ..

J J |

I
J ARMY BALLISTIC j DEVELOPMENT MISSILE

I
OPERATIONS J LABORATORY SPECIAL PROJECTS OFFICE J DIRECTOR K. DEBUS I MISSILE FIRING DEP. DIRECTOR H. GRUENE TECHNICALSTAFF & SCIENTIFIC I

I PROGRAM COORDINATION ENGRG. SERV. & ADM. OFFICE PROPERTY & SUPPLY SECTION ENGRG. SEQUENTIAL & PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION I

J MILITARY SUPPORT J {DATA COORDINATION OFFICE OFFICE

SECTION ADMINISTRATIVE TECHNICAL REPORTS _ L & EDITING SECTION I MEASURING & TRACKING ELECTRONIC ENGRG. BRANCH

I MECHANICAL ENGRG. STRUCTURAL BRANCH AND

GUIDANCE & CONTROL BRANCH

TELEMETERING SECTION

J
m

L__I CT 'CAL NO
SECTION CONTROL I

FIRING SECTION

TRACKING SECTION

SPECIAL INSTRUMENTATION SECTION

I

PROJECT ENGRGo SECTION

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTATION PLANNING & ENGRG SECTION

NETWORK SECTION

GYRO SECTION

ASSEMBLY & TEST SECTION

MEASURING SECTION

--

MISSILE HANDLING & PROPELLANT SECTION

MISSION: SEE FOLLOWING PAGES

MFL CIVILIAN MONTH YEAR

PERSQNNEL I CIy , SER.: MAR. 1959! MARCH, 1959 312

ON BOARD

A-12

MISSILE

FIRING

LABORATORY STATEMENT

FUNCTIONAL March

5,

1959

(Excerpt)

A-13

MISSILE Mission

FIRING

LABORATORY

io

To execute ballistic government

o

experimental firing programs missiles and space vehicles, and non-government interests such pre-flight testing and

of assigned coordinating involved. check-out of

all

To

perform

components, sub-assemblles, tion as necessary to insure reliability.

,

assemblies functional

and instrumentain-flight

To accumulate, analyze, flight and flight data and as a basis for

evaluate, and for information design

disseminate preof all concerned changes. missiles

recommending

4.

To assist in and training To research,

troop training of contractor deveiop,

firing of tactical launch crews. and maintain

5.

operate

facilities

and equipment required at Atlantic Missile Range, such other continental and extra-continental proving grounds as are designated, and their associated support stations.

A-14

ARMY ORDNANCE MISSILE

COMMAND AGENCY DIVISION I*

NASA

HQ.

I
ARMY BALLISTIC I DEVELOPMENT MISSILE I OPERATIONS

I I I

L
I SPECIAL PROJECTS OFFICE MISSILE FIRING LABORATORY DIRECTOR - K, DEBUS DEP. DIR. - H. GRUENE TECH. ASST -R. HEISER I DATA COORDINATION OFFICE t I MANAGEMENT & ADMINISTRATION BRANCH ELECTRONIC ENGRG. MEASURING&TRACKING BRANCH ELECTRICAL ENGRG. GUIDANCE & CONTROL BRANCH I STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL ENGRG. BRANCH _] TECHNICAL & SCIENTIFIC I I

STAFF

ADMINISTRATIVE SECTION

RF & TELEMETERING SECTION

,,J

ELECTRICAL

NETWORK I
I

FIRING SECTION

SECTION

PROPERTY & SUPPLY SECTION

MEASURING SECTION

ELECTRICAL ENGRG. I & FACILITIES SECTION

PROJECT ENGRG. SECTION

'TECHNICAL REPORTS & EDITORIAL SECTION

TRACKING SECTION

NAVIGATION SECTION

ASSEMBLY & TEST SECTION

ENGRG. SEQUENTIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION

I

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTATION PLANNING & ENGRG. SECTION

AUTOPILOTsTABILIZER SECTION &

PROPELLANTS MISSILE HANDLING SECTION

SUPPORT SERVICES SECTION

MISSION: NO AVAILABLE MFL CIVILIAN RECORD OF MISSION CIV. SER.: CHANGES.

PERSONNEL,

MONTH YEAR ON BOARD

DEC. 1959 312

*INDIRECT REPORTING RELATIONSHIP ESTABLISHED AS RESULT OF ARMY-NASA TRANSFER AGREEMENT, NOTE: SEE CHART A-16 ORGANIZATION FOR OFFICIAL NASA AMR

DEC.

1959

DEC.

1959

A-15

PROPOSED ORGANIZATION FOR NEW NASA/LAUNCH OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE

OFFICE

LAUNCH

VEHICLE

PROGRAMS I

NASA HQ.

GEORGE C. MARSHALL

SPACE FLIGHT

CENTER

LAUNCH OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE DIR. DEP. DIR. ASSOC. IR. FACILITIES D ASSOC. DIR. INSTRM. ASSOC. DIR OPERATIONS TECHNICAL SCIENTIFIC STAFF &

I
OFFICE OPERATIONS ] PROJECT COORDINATION OFFICE

I
DIRECTORATE OF NASA TEST SUPPORT AMR I

1
NASA TEST SUPPORT DIRECTORATE OF PMR !

!
STRUCTURAL & PROPULSION DIVISION 1 MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL ENGRG. GUIDANCE & CONTROL DIVISION I ELECTRONIC MEASURING ENGRG. & INSTRM._ I i DIVISION

i
LAUNCH FACILITIES & FIRING ACCESSORIES DESIGN DIVISION MAY 6, 1960

A-16

OFFICE

OF LAUNCH VEHICLE

PROGRAMS,

NASA HQ.

I
I GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER* I OFFICE OF SPACE NASA FLIGHT HQ. I I LAUNCH OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE DIRECTOR K. DEBUS DEP. DIRECTOR H. GRUENE PROJECT STAFF COORDINATION ! I PROGRAMS

TECHNICAL & SCIENTIFIC STAFF

_.

I
! !

l
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR FACILITIES ASSISTANT DIRECTOR I FOR I INSTRUMENTATION I

I
FOR I ASSISTANT OPERATIONS DIRECTOR MISSIONS OFFICE OF FLIGHT DIRECTOR

!
_ I

I
MECHANICAL, STRUCTURAL & PROPULSION OFFICE

!
ELECTRONIC ENGRG. MEASUREMENTS AND TRACKING OFFICE

I
ELECTRICAL ENGRG. GUIDANCE & CONTROL OFFICE
I i

I
NASA TEST SUPPORT OFFICE

LAUNCH "ACILITIES & SUPPORT EQUIPMENT OFFICE

OPERATIONS OFFICE

MISSION

OF LOD:

SEE MANAGEMENT PAGES

INSTRUCTION

2-2-9

ON FOLLOWING

LOD CIVILIAN

PERSONNEL,

CIV.

SER.: * ** ESTABLISHED MARCH .I.960 EFFECTIVE JULY 1, 1960. OFM STAFF REPORTED TO THE OSFP BUT WERE UNDER THE ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION OF LOD.

MONTH YEAR ONBOARD

JULY 1960 314

MAY 30,

1960

A-17

PART NASA

I MANAGEMENT MANUAL INSTRUCTIONS AUTHORITY

NO.

2-2-9 DATE 1960 OPERATIONS

EFFECTIVE July - NASA i,

GENERAL SUBJECT:

MANAGEMENT

FUNCTIONS AND DIRECTORATE

LAUNCH

i.

PURPOSE This Instruction establishes the functions and authority of the NASA Launch Operations Directorate (LOD) as a part of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center.

2.

FUNCTIONS

a.

The NASA Launch Operations Directorate is assigned following functions for all NASA launch operations except as noted below:

the

(i)

Serving as the NASA point of coordination for the preparation and submission of all requirements for launch support and for the negotiations with Atlantic Missile Range (AMR) and Pacific Missile Range ments. (PMR) The officials to channel into fulfill such the Atlantic requireMissile

Range shall be the Chief of the Office of NASA Test Support (LOD) who carries the tftle of Director, NASA Test Support, staff of the Commander, AMR. obtaining activities launch support except that: when serving This channel cover all on the for NASA

shall

(a)

AMR requirements for DELTA flights will be forwarded to the Range by the Launch Directorate without technical evaluation by the Directorate. Technical Management of Delta vehicle activities at AMR, including launch operations, will remain under control of the Goddard Delta Vehicle Projects Branch. Standard facility and resources support, such as buildings and local transportation, for PROJECT DELTA will be provided by LOD.

A-18

(b)

Launch operation requirements for PROJECT MERCURY will be processed directly with the Range through the special channels established for MERCURY with only the formal submission of these requirements to be made through the Director of NASA Support (LOD). MERCURY requirements for recovery operations and world-wide support outside the Cape Canaveral AMR launch complex will be transmitted by the NASA Space Task Group directly to the Department of Defense representative for PROJECT MERCURY. Standard facility and resources support, such as buildings and local transportation, for PROJECT MERCURY will be provided by LOD.

(2)

Serving as the central NASA activity at both the Atlantic and Pacific Missile Ranges with general responsibility for all phases of NASA launch operations, including, however, only such activities for MERCURY and DELTA missions as are specifically assigned to the Directorate. The general responsibility encompasses such activities as the following: (a) (b) Local range scheduling; of checkout, countdown, vehicles designed by the Space Flight Center; launch and George

Performance launch for C. Marshall

(c)

Surveillance of other tests (as assigned); Over-all countdown house control;

operations

and

(d)

supervision

and

block-

(4)i

Establishment of pad concepts and criteria Range personnel;

and in-flight safety in cooperation with

(f)

Participation in measuring R&D and tactical vehicles

and tracking (as assigned);

of

(g)

Accumulation, analysis, and dissemination of launch vehicle flight and failure data; Date July i, 1960

T.S.

NO.

115

A-19

(h)

Preparation of necessary including the integration materials p_epared groups, the formal

range documentatfon, of documentation

by spacecraft and vehicle submission of such docuthe subsequent when necessary;

mentation to the Range and negotiation with the Range

(i)

Release of NASA vehicle launch information, including data dissemination to Headquarters technical groups and to NASA Public Information personnel; and Coordinating industrial safety and range security problems for NASA missions. administrative by the Office in the Office 2b_. logistical supervision of personnel Space Flight Programs Flight Missions (see

(j)

(3)

Providing assigned to serve paragraph Providing

of of

(_)

and

administrative

services

for all NASA (or indluding those sonnel detailed (OFM). Service be made available

JPL)personnel stationed at AMR, on temporary duty and those perto the Office of Flight Missions to flight mission groups shall at levels commensurate with

that provided other personnel in LOD. The services shall include the provision and maintenance of facilities, office furniture and related equipment, all phases of security, visitor control and assistance, travel arrangements, procurement and supply of standard technical supplies, motor pool transportation, payroll and travel services, administrative communications, photographic and reproduction services, and minor construction.

(5)

Planning facilities as: (a)

and

coordinating by

the

use

of AMR

and

PMR such

provided

or assigned

to NASA,

Participating in planning for future vehicle projects, particularly as they are influenced by launch operations criteria. Developing concepts and (as assigned) designing or helping others to design new or

(b)

T.S.

NO.

115

Date

July

i,

1960

A-20

modified the Range.

physical

facilities

for

NASA

use

on

(c)

Developing prototype, instrumentation such

and for

completing special on

design, ground and

through tracking where the

assigned be

projects, supplied by

equipment Ranges.

cannot

operating

(6)

Providing support as Transfer

technical, for Plan Army in of and

administrative, Air Force with 16, vehicle the 1959.

and

logistic

programs NASA-Army

requested

accordance December

b'.

Within under Flight

the its

NASA

Launch

Operations supervision, the

Directorate, an Office special

and of

administrative is assigned

Missions

following

functions:

(i)

Serving Director, to:

as

the Office

local of

representative Space Flight

of Programs

the (OSFP),

(a)

Coordinate

OSFP

activities

at

AMR.

(b)

Keep matters mission

the

Office informed in which

of

Space on

Flight Flight

Programs program Program

directly

spacecraft

Space are

groups

involved.

(2)

Acting Launch flight

as

the

formal

contact

point and the

between the several

the

Operations mission

Directorate groups using

Range.

(3)

Obtaining for the

logistical flight mission

and

administrative from the

services various

groups Launch

support organizations of Directorate as available.

Operations

(4)

Expediting payload by the and

and flight

coordinating mission to for the LOD for each groups,

the

preparation requirements delivering

of these Staff

mission

documentation and

requirements on a timely requirements

Project inclusion launch

Coordination in the overall assignment.

basis,

_,B,NO,

115

Date

July

I,

1960

A-21

(5)

Providing the Launch Operations Directorate with projections of support requirements for flight mission groups, including those of an unusual nature, in order that LOD staff support organizations requirements. may plan, program, and to accommodate such

3.

RESPONSIBILITY

OF

THE

DIRECTOR_

LAUNCH

OPERATIONS

DIRECTORATE

The Director, LOD, reports directly to the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and for the exercise of the functions assigned 4. SCOPE OF AUTHORITY

Director of the is responsible to the LOD.

The Director, LOD_ is authorized and directed to take such action as is necessary to carry out the responsibilities assigned to him within the limitations of this and other official NASA communications and issuances. 5. RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER OFFICIALS

In performing the functions assigned to him, the Director, LOD, is responsible for recognizing the responsibility and authority of other NASA officials, and for assuring that actions he may take are properly coordinated with other NASA groups having joint interests and are in accordance with NASA policies. 6. APPROVAL OF ORGANIZATION of NASA attached Launch Operations Directorate is organization chart. Modifications structure NASA. are subject to

The organization outlined on the

or changes in basic the approval of the 7. RECISION This tion NASA 8.

organization Administrator,

Instruction supersedes the General Management Instuc2-2-13, September 17, 1959, "Functions and Authority Atlantic Missile Range Operations Office (AMROO)." DATE is effective /s/ July i, 1960.

EFFECTIVE This

Instruction

T.S.

NO.

115

Date

July

Keith Glennan Administrator i, 1960

A-22

OFFICE

OF LAUNCH VEHICLE PROGRAMS NASA HEADQUARTERS

OFFICE FLIGHT

OF SPACE_ PROGRAMS | I

]
GEORGE C, MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER TECHNICAL & SCIENTIFIC STAFF

NASA HQ.

DIRECTOR K.H. DEBUS LOD DEPUTY DIRECTOR

PROJECT COORDINATION STAFF

ASSISTANT

DIRECTO_R / 1

FOR FACILITIES

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR INSTRUMENTATION

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR OPERATIONS

OFFICE OF FLIGHT MISSIONS

NASA TEST* OFFICE OPERATIONS SUPPORT OFFICE NASA TEST AMR SUPPORT OFFICE

1
| J

PMR

"FMECHANICAL, ISTRUCTURAL I & PROPULSION [OFFICE

ELECTRICAL ENGRG. GUIDANCE & CONTROL OFFICE

ELECTRONIC ENGRG. MEASUREMENTS & TRACKING OFFICE

& SUPPORT

EQUIPMENTI /

OFFICE

MISSION:

SEE MANAGEMENT INSTRUCTION ON FOLLOWING PAGES

2-2-9.2

DATED OCT. 27,

1960

LOD cIVILIAN MONTH YEAR ONBOARD

PERSONNEL, DEC. 1960 419

ClV.

SER.:

* ESTABLISHED

BY MGT.

INSTR.

2-2-9.1,0CT.

27,

1960

DEC.

1960

A-23

PART NASA

I MANAGEMENT MANUAL INSTRUCTIONS

NO.

2 -2- 9. I DATE 27, 1960 PACIFIC

EFFECTIVE October TEST SUPPORT

GENERAL

MANAGEMENT

SUBJECT:

ESTABLISHMENT MISSILE RANGE

OF

NASA

OFFICE,

i.

PURPOSE

This Instruction establishes the functions and authority the NASA Test Support Office, Pacific Missile Range, as segment Marshall 2. FUNCTIONS of the Space Launch Flight Operations Center. Directorate, George C.

of a

The NASA Test Support Office is responsible for coordinating all NASA launch operations at the Pacific Missile Range as forth in General Management Instruction 2-2-9. This will include:

set

a.
b.

Registering

of all

planned

tests

and

programs.

Securing all support requirements launch operations, including such and DELTA missions Launch Operations

for all phases of NASA activities for MERCURY assigned to the

as are specifically Directorate. CHIEF, NASA TEST

3.

RESPONSIBILITY
a.

OF THE

SUPPORT

OFFICE

The Chief, NASA Test Support Office, reports directly to the Director, Lau6ch Operations Directorate, and is responsible for the exercise of the functions assigned to the NASA Test Support Office. He the also serves of as the Director, Commanding NASA Test Support Pacific Office, Missile on Range.

b.

staff

Officer,

4.

SCOPE The

OF AUTHORITY NASA Test Support Office, is authorized and directed

Chief,

to take such action sibilities assigned other official NASA

as is necessary to carry out to him within the limitations communications and issuances.

the responof this and

A-24

5o

RELATIONSHIPS

WITH

OTHER

OFFICIALS

In Test

performing Support and that NASA NASA

the Office,

functions is

assigned

to for

him,

the

Chief, the and for

NASA respon-

responsible of other may take joint NASA

recognizing

sibility ensuring with ance other with

authority actions groups policies.

officials, prope[ly

he

are

coordinated and are in accord-

having

interest

/s/

T.

Keith

Glennan

Administrator

T.S.

NO.

207

DATE

10/27/60

PAGE

A-25

I OFFICE

OF LAUNCH

VEHICLES /

PROGRAMS, FLIGHT

NASA HQ. I

OFFICE FLIGHT

OF SPACE PROGRAMS

I GEORGE C.

MARSHALL

SPACE

CENTER I

NASA HQ.

COORDINATION STAFF

"_

LAUNCH OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE DIRECTOR K. DEBUS DEP. DIRECTOR FOR R&D PROGRAMS DIRECTOR FOR ADMINISTRATION DEP.

INFORMATION OFFICE

I TECHNICAL & SCIENTIFIC PROJECT STAFF

i

PROTOCOL PUBLIC OFFICE

FOR I ASSISTANT DIRECTOR INSTRUMENTATION

FOR t ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FACILITIES

PROGRAM CONTROL OFFICE

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OFFICE

PURCHASING AND CONTRACTING OFFICE

MANAGEMENT SERVICES OFF CE

CONSTRUCTION COORDINATION OFFICE

I
LAUNCH SUPPORT OFFICE PMR

I
LAUNCH SUPPORT OFFICE WALLOPS STATION LAUNCH SUPPORT OFFICE AMR OFFICE OF FLIGHT MISSIONS

I
I

I
ELECTRICAL ENGRG. GUIDANCE & CONTROL OFFICE CHANGES.

IN

ELECTRONIC ENGRG. I MEASURING & TRACKING I OFFICE MISSION: NO AVAILABLE LOD CIVILIAN

STRUCTURAL & PROPULSION MECHANICAL, OFFICE

& l

LAUNCH FACILITIES SUPPORT EQUIPMENT OFFICE

RECORD OF MISSION CIV, SEI_,;

PERSONNEL,

EXACT FIGURES NOT AVAILABLE. ESTIMATED 455 - 465 BASED UPON 438 AUTHORIZED DEC. 1960 PLUS ASSURANCES OF 27 ADDITIONAL SPACES,

MAY 26,

1961

A=26

[ ASSOCIATE

ADMINISTRATOR-NASA

HEADQUARTERS

IGEORGE MARSHALL c.

SPACE

FLIGHT

I TECHNICAL FAFF & SCIENTIFIC

LAUNCH OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE DIRECTOR K. DEBUS DEP. DIRECTOR H. GRUENE PUBLOFFICE RELATIONS ]

FICE ,BILITY

1
ASSISTANT DIREC" FOR ADMINISTRATIOI AND SERVICES i I
|

ASSISTANT

DIRECTOR )R PROPU _IONAND GROUND SUPPORT EQ 'MENT

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR INSTRUMENTATION

SUPPORT SERVICES OFFICE

i

LEGAL OFFICE

I P.ocu EME.T
I CONTRACTS
I CONT OFFI OEFICE

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OFFICE

]
i
OFFICE OF FLIGHT MISSIONS

r
I NASA SUPPORT PMR "ST FFICE

I
NASA TEST ISUPPORT L OFFICE HEAVY VEHICLE SYSTEMS OFFICE

T
LIGHT/MEDIUM VEHICLE SYSTEMS OFFICE
i

AMR

r
GUIDANCE & CONTROL ELECTRICAL OFFICEENGRG. ELECTRONIC ENGRG. MEASURING & TRACKING OFFICE
I J

I
iMECHANICl , STRUCTURAL & PROPULSION OFFICE

OFFICE FACILITIES

LAUNCH FACILITIES & SUPPORT EQUIPMENT OFFICE

MISSION: NO AVAILABLE LOD CIVILIAN MONTH YEAR ONBOARD RECORD OF MISSION CIV. SER.: CHANGES.

PERSONNEL, JUNE 1962 666

DEC. 1961 495

JAN. 1962

A-27

OFFICE

OF MANNED

SPACE

FLIGHT I NASA

HQ.

t
LAUNCH OPERATIONS CENTER DIRECTOR* K. DEBUS ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR FOR ADMINISTRATION AND SERVICES C. PARKER I

I'

'_,

I
SAFETY P. KING

[ISCIENTIFICA" KNOTHESTAFFII t INSTRUMENTATION PLANNING OFFICE K. SENDLER

] RBODY ]
I"

DEVELOPMENT P. COMMUNITY SIEBENEICHEN

1
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS J. BAILEY

NASA TEST SUPPORT OFFICE A. GIBBS

LIGHT/MEDIUM SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEMS OFFICE E. MATHEWS

HEAVY SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEMS OFFICE R. PETRONE

[
I

PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICE J. KING

C. LONGACRE LEGAL OFFICE I PROCUREMENT & CONTRACTS OFFICE G. MICHAUD

] I

SUPPORT SERVICES OFFICE D. HARDIN

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OFFICE L. MELTON

PROGRAM COORDINATION I & MANAGEMENT OFFICE W. BARNEY I I ]

SECURITY OFFICE C. BUCKLEY ! AMR FIELD STATION JPL

PERSONNEL OFFICE B. HURSEY I OFFICE C. BIDGOOD FACILITIES

I

TECHNICAL INFORMATION OFFICE J. RUSSO

I

LAUNCH SUPPORT EQUIPMENT OFFICE T. POPPEL

I'i
! I I I

I
I I

FIELD PROJECTS BRANCH GSFC

VEHICLE OPERATIONS MSFC LAUNCH DIVISION *

I
DOCUMENT XI * SER.:

PREFLIGHT OPERATIONS DIVISION MSC

MISSION LOC: SEE APPENDIX LOC CIVILIAN

B TO SUPPORTING ClV.

PERSONNEL,

ALSO SERVES AS DIRECTOR, MSFC LAUNCH VEHICLE OPERATIONS DIVISION

YEAR MONTH ONBOARD

1962 JULY I .3,23 JUNE 2% 1962

A-28

OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR T. KEITH GLENNAN DEP. ADMINISTRATOR HUGH L. DRYDEN ASSOC. ADMINISTRATOR RICHARD E. HORNER

I
SPACE FLIGHT DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR OFFICE OF ABE SILVERSTEIN I

I
SPACE

I
FLIGHT CENTER

!
LABORATORY

FLIGHT CENTERS I

I
STATION

I
OPERATIONS OFFICE M. N. GOUGH

WALLOPS

II I ASAA

MISSION

OF NASA AMRO0: INSTR. 2-2-13 FOLLOWING PAGES.

SEE MGT.

NOTE: THIS CHART IS A SEGMENT OF THE NASA ORGANIZATION CHART DEPICTING ONLY THE REPORTING RELATIONSHIPS OF THE NASA SPACE FLIGHT CENTERS WITHIN THE NASA HEADQUARTERS ORGANIZATION.

SEPT.

15, 1959

A-29

PART NASA

I MANAGEMENT MANUAL INSTRUCTIONS AND AUTHORITY OFFICE

NO.

2-2-13 DATE 17, 1959 MISSILE

EFFECTIVE September - NASA (AMROO)

GENERAL SUBJECT:

MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS RANGE

ATLANTIC

OPERATIONS

i.

PURPOSE

This

Instruction

incorporates

into

the NASA

MANAGEMENT

MANUAL the statement NASA Atlantic Missile issued May i, 1959. 2. FUNCTIONS

of functions and Range Operations

authority of the Office (AMROO),

The NASA AMROO, is assigned the

a,

headed by following

a Director functions:

and

a Deputy

Director,

Maintaining effective liaison, and representing the NASA, with the Commanding General, technical program directors, and other officials of the Patrick Air Force Base (PAFB) and AMR; Providing programs necessary services and projects at the in support AMR; of NASA technical

b.

CQ

Coordinating test programs use of range

arrangements for the scheduling of NASA and projects at the AMR, including the facilities, in accordance with agreements the NASA and Department

and procedures established by of Defense agencies involved;

d,

Exercising administrative supervision over all personnel assigned to the AMR on NASA projects, and coordinating conferences, visits, and clearances of NASA staff members and other visitors to AMR on NASA business; and Planning, coordinating NASA AMROO. OF THE and directing the work of the

e.

3.

RESPONSIBILITY

DIRECTOR

I NASA

AMROO

The Director, NASA AMROO reports directly to the Director of Space Flight Development and is responsible for the exercise of the functions assigned to the NASA AMROO,

A-30

4.

SCOPE

OF

AUTHORITY

The such

Director, action to NASA as

NASA is

AMROO necessary

is

authorized to carry

and out of

directed the this

to

take

responsibilities and other

assigned official

him

within

the

limitations and

communications

issuances

5.

RELATIONSHIPS

WITH

OTHER

OFFICIALS

In

performing is

the

functions for of

assigned recognizing and may take joint Project shall be of

to the

him,

the

Director, and and

AMRO0

responsible of heads that

responsibility Headquarters, properly and

authority for with assuring

divisions he

offices, are

actions groups NASA

coordinated are in to

Headquarters with specific

having

interests Officers the

accordance AMROO and they for general shall

policies. launches

assigned administrative AMROOI

under the from

management receive conducting

supervision technical the

Director, the

direction launch.

responsible

laboratory 6. APPROVAL OF

ORGANIZATION

The

basic

organization organization

of

NASA

AMROO

is

outlined or to and the the

on

the in of

attached basic the NASA.

chart.* structure Flight

Modifications are subject

changes approval

organization Director, Space

Development

Administrator,

7.

EXISTING

INSTRUCTIONS

This

Instruction May i,

supersedes 1959, Range of its Subject:

the

MEMORANDLrM and

from

the

AdminisNASA does

trator, Atlantic not 8.

Functions Office

Authority but

Missile any DATE

Operations provisions.

(AMRO0),

change

EFFECTIVE

This

Instruction

is

effective

September /s/ T. Keith

17,

1959.

Glennan

Administrator

T.S.

NO.

29

DATE

9/17/59

PAGE

LOC ber dated

Historian's 15, 1959, i, May

Note: signed 1959. by The

NASA T. chart

Organization Keith is Glennan, not

Chart included

dated with

Septemchart this

superseded

document.

A-31

APPENDIX MFL/LOD AUGUST

B AT AMR

LAUNCHINGS 1953 - JUNE

1962

MFL/LOD LAUNCHINGS AMR AT The launch team headedby Dr. Debusconducted its first

launch from Cape Canaveral on August 20, 1953. From that day, when Redstone missile No. i was launched from pad 4, through June 30, 1962, this team was directly approximately 130 missiles, Prior to its responsible for the launching of or space vehicles, transfer from the cape.*

official

to NASAon July I, 1960,

MFLconducted some90 AMRlaunchings, which included 41Redstones, 9 Jupiter C's, 29 Jupiters, number, the Juno ll's direction, 6 Juno ll's, and 5 Pershings. Of this

and one Jupiter C were launched under NASA

and at least two Jupiters carried NASA experiments. FromJuly I, 1960, through June 30, 1962, this group, then

called LOD,was responsible for launching or directing

the launching

of 39 missiles or space vehicles at AMR,including 6 Redstones, 5 Jupiters, and II Pershings for the Army. LODlaunchings for NASA (Explorers), 4 Rangers

consisted of 6 Mercury-Redstones, 4 Juno ll's (Atlas-Agena B's),

2 Saturns, and i Centaur (Atlas).

It was MFL's experience at AMRin missile and space vehicle launchings, as well as its related experience in liaison, administrative, and technical activities, that influenced NASAfirst to acquire this organization in 1960, and then to elevate it to Center status in 1962. The purpose of this appendix is to summarize these launchings, providing brief background information on each program and brief vehicle descriptions. No attempt has been madeto present a detailed study of the various projects, rather, only the high points have been covered for orientation or reference purposes. This is not to be construed as an official technical evaluation or description. For that, one should refer directly to the official firing test reports and related documents.

B-I

REDSTONE

REDSTONE

In to proceed

1951

the

Ordnance

Guided of an was

Missile improved named

Center

was

directed

with

the

development This missile was

surface-to-surface and later field

ballistic changed of large to

missile. '_edstone,"

'_Wmjor"

and

America's

first

entry

in the

ballistic Starting

missiles. in 1953, firing was Redstone tests, the was the subjected to a long occurred of a on

series August

of 20,

successful 1953.

first

of which

This

first

successful The

launching

U.S.-developed system, is

heavy by

ballistic the team

missile. of German factor

inertial and

guidance engineers, the

pioneered by

scientists in

credited

the Army of of

as a major Redstone. success

establishing

outstanding

record Because

the the

of the

Redstone with

missile, GMDD

in

the as to

fall a key

of

1955

DOD

decided team.

to develop ABMA of was

IRBM's created

personnel i, 1956,

development the

on February

expedite was
O

development the

the Army's Redstone

ballistic development the

missiles. team and and

ABMA was develful-

built

around the

original

assigned oping filled to test the

responsibility IRBM. For

of weaponizing the latter ABMA include missile

Redstone

Jupiter and

assignment, was

Redstone

a basic the

important but

role.

determined mission

to continue important flights.

Redstone,

to also Jupiter

some

to the Each

development from

of the this

on Redstone components or

Redstone

point

on carried

elements

B-2

of Jupiter requirements in support of the Jupiter

development . development

program. These missiles were called the Jupiter A's. By the summerof 1958, the Redstone missile

program had been largely completed and the Redstone was deployed as a weaponwith NATO Shield Forces in Europe. The Redstone completed its 8-year test program on June 27, 1961, setting of 49 firings. a reliability record of 45 successes out NASA selected

Because of its extreme reliability,

the Redstone as the launch vehicle to be used in Project Mercury development tests.
Description The to-surface conventional miles. Redstone was missile against of a high accuracy, of at the liquid-fueled, nuclear to which the 200 surfaceo_

ballistic warheads

capable targets

transporting ranges aftbody, and up

nautical the unit, and pounds

It consisted

the warhead; and control Aviation was

housed thrust motor 75,000 the

self-contained composed the of The

guidance

equipment; (NAA) A-7

of a North tanks,

American which

rocket

propellant thrust. Redstone 61,000 were

capable as

of generating fuel and LOX of as

Alcohol-water was 69 feet at

was long,

used had

oxidizer and

a diameter Missile,

70 inches_

weighed and any fuel

pounds

launch.

launching

equipment, to

transportable. effort to upset

It was or

completely with

invulnerable its all-inertial

external

interfere

guidance

system.

B-3

REDSTONE

LAUNCHES*

Missile No. 1953 August 20

First Redstone

Rema rk s

launched

by Redstone launched

Arsenal to

personnel. Largest date from AMR.

missile

1954 2 3 4 6 January 27 May 5

August November 18 17 Satisfactory Exploded on test pad flight. after Speed -Mach 5.

just

liftoff.

Satisfactory Successful feet.

flight. flight. Altitude of 129,000

1955 8 9 10 February April May 24 20 9 _ Test First results night satisfactory. flight. complete guidance up to

First to cut-off. 30 22 Initial First to system.

carry

7 II

August

flight carry

test

of

DOFL

fuze

assembly. guidance

September

complete,

active

12

December

Carried AZUSA as passenger. plete guidance system; most flight to date.

Test of comsatisfactory

Two significant Redstone launches conducted by the MFL firing team, not included in this report, were No. 50, on July 31, 1958, and No. 51, on August II, 1958, which were successfully fired off Johnston Island in the South Pacific as a part of Project Hardtack. These were the first ballistic missiles to carry activated nuclear warheads. The warheads were detonated in the upper atmosphere.

B-4

Missile No.

Date 1956

Remark

18 19 13 20 14 25 28 15 22

March 14 May 15 July 19 August 8 October 18 October 30 November13 November29 December18 1957

First "Jupiter A," Redstone, launched Guidance First test.

third fully-guided by newly formed ABMA.

Chrysler-built inertial test of

Jupiter guidance

A. system.

Tested

complete Flight system.

complete objectives

inertial met. guidance

guidance

Test

Used final successful Carried Carried Stable Used

type inertial flight. Broke

in

warhead.

up

in mid-air. impact.

warhead for deep water full-range flight. fuel flight. fuel. Satisfactory for longer

UDMH-Deta

range.

Satisfactory Used U-Deta

control.

16 32 30 31 35 37 38 39

January 18 March 14 March 27

June July July 26 12 25 I0

Short First plant Phase target. Phase Met Met

range; Jupiter and

test A

guidance.

Phase

I. from tests. on

shipped

directly static

launched

without test.

I guidance

Stable

flight;

I guidance test

test;

successful

flight.

all test

objectives.

objectives. prototype tactical launching

September

First to use equipment. Met test

October

objectives.

B-5

Missile No.

Date 1957

Remarks

41 42

October 30 DecemberI0 1958

Destroyed Met test

by

range

safety.

objectives.

45 46

January 14 February ii

Met

test

objectives. training flight. Jupiter Assigned program. objecLanded

Redstone

tives to support on target.

43 1002

February 27 May 16

Redstone tives.

training

flight.

Met

test

objec-

Redstone training graduation 40th Field Artillery Missile objectives met flight. First of Redstone.

firing Group.

by R&D

in successful launch and successful troop launching

48 54

June Ii June 24

Overshot support

target. of Jupiter

Carried objectives program. Landed on in support

in

Successful flight. Carried objectives program.

target. of Jupiter

56 57

September 17 November5

Completely training.

successful

flight.

Redstone

Successful flight Block plete Redstone system. launch.

II prototype comLast R&D test

2003

First

Block

II

production

missile.

Engi-

neer User Test to evaluate performance with respect to military characteristic requirements.

2004

August 4

Engineer

User

Test.

B-6

Missile No.

Date 1960

Remarks

2020 2023

March 21 August 9

Long-range control.

production

Redstone,

terminal

Long-range production Redstone, terminal control. Range safety destroyed after 112 seconds; normal until destruct. Long-range control. production Lost control Redstone, after Q. terminal

2037

October 5 1961

2038 2040 2042 2043

January 21 March 8 May 17 June 27

Maximum problem.

range study Successful

of re-entry flight.

control

Engineering Missile."

Qualification Study re-entry flight

Production control. to study

Successful 200-mile re-entry control. Test uate ruggedness performance

and reliability and evalof Block II Redstone accomplished. test program.

missile. Completed

Major objectives 8-year military

B-7

JUPITER C (EXPLORER V)

JUPITER

To ized among testing DOD gave by the

carry

out

the Jupiter of Defense in test

IRBM

development 1955, for

program the Army

authorneede_d, of

Secretary things, to

October vehicle heating

other

a re-entry the

the

purpose of

solutions permission

aerodynamic

problem for

re-entry. test

to modify

12 Redstones

re-entry

purposes. To tests, larger by the get the additional of velocity required were for re-entry and time

thrust

units tanks This

the Redstones which

lengthened the two test

propellant 50%. became The

inserted,

increased with

burning additional vehicle). 8,

almost

modification, C

together

stages,

the third the

Jupiter Jupiter mission launch miles by 8,

(composite C, which was

re-entry launched the

on August

1957, heating cone from

fulfilled problem. than South

of resolving vehicle downrange, the U.S. ABMA

aerodynamic a

re-entry nose intact

The 1,300

propelled which Navy. was was

scale-model recovered

more the

Atlantic

On November an International C as the

1957,

instructed

to

prepare

fo_

Geophysical carrier. 31,

Year

satellite

launching,

employing

Jupiter

On January free world's first

1958,

a modified satellite,

Jupiter EXPLORER

C launched I.

the

scientific

B-8

Description The Jupiter C (composite re-entry three-stage rocket which utilized the booster stage and clusters originally test vehicle) was a

a modified Redstone missile as

of scaled-down Sergeant rockets,

developed and then modified for the Jupiter C by JPL. In addition to increasing the fuel capacity of the

booster unit,

the Redstone engine was modified to burn a more

powerful fuel called hydyne. This increased the thrust of the Redstone from 75,000 to 83,000 pounds. The modified booster was 56 feet long and 70 inches in diameter. The second stage consisted of a cluster arranged in a ring. Three identical of ii Sergeants into

rockets were fitted

this ring to form the third stage. propellant

The Sergeants were solid-

rocket motors, each of which developed 1,600 pounds

thrust in space.

B-9

JUPITER

C LAUNCHES

Missile No.

Date 195__6

Remarks

27

September 20

First long-range firing of a U.S. ballistic missile; first missile in re-entry test series carrying an inert payload to test design and capabilities of system. Attained altitude of 682 miles and traveled 3,300 miles downrange, establishing altitude and distance records, in a fully successful flight.

34

First test missile for the study behavior of a scaled-down version Jupiter nose cone during ration did not occur; no re-entry. recovery

of thermal of the Sepamade.

40

August 8

Second test for study of thermal behavior of a scaled-down version of nose cone during re-entry complete success; all primary missions accomplished. First recovery intact of a man-made object launched into outer space following 1,300-mile flight downrange, with a summit altitude of 600 miles, demonstrated solution to aerodynamic re-entry heating problem. Shown to nation on television by President Eisenhower on November 7, 1957.

1958 29 January 31
Placed first U.S. scientific satellite, EXPLORER I, in an earth orbit. Contained U.S.-IGY experiment of James A. Van Allen, which discovered the radiation belt around the earth (most important discovery Year). of the International Geophysical

26

March 5

Attempt EXPLORER failed. causing

to place scientific payload, II, in an orbit around the earth Fourth stage did not ignite, the satellite to fall.

B-IO

Missile No.

Date 1958

Remarks

24

March 26

Placed third U.S.-IGY satellite, EXPLORER III, in extremely elliptical, but scientifically rewarding, earth orbit. Yielded valuable data on radiation belt (discovered by EXPLORER I), micrometeorite and temperature before returning to on June 28, 1958 (93 days). impacts, earth

44

July 26

Placed

fourth

U.S.-IGY

satellite,

EXPLORER

IV, into earth orbit to study cosmic ray intensity. Carried four radiation counters, as compared to the single counters in EXPLORERS I and III, provided significant data on radiation belts before returning earth October 23, 1959. to

47

August 24

Primary mission of injecting EXPLORER V in orbit was not accomplished after successful launch; at incorrect second angle and for third stages fired orbital flight.

49

October 22

Attempt to place Beacon, a 12-foot-diameter inflatable sphere of micro-thin plastic, covered with aluminum foil, in a high altitude orbit failed. Primary factors causing non-completion of mission were failure of cluster severe vibrations stages to in missile. ignite and

B-II

JUPITER

JUPITER

Since underwent missile bility sea. design and several was to

its

inception

in 1955 Originally

the

Jupiter

IRBM

system this capaat

changes.

an Army-Navy missile land with or

project, the from dual

be

a liquid-propellant from mobile

of being Cancellation limitations capacity Despite

launched of the

units

ships

shipboard permitted Jupiter

launching the Army to

requirement adjust the

relaxed length range. guid1957, suc-

which of the the

fuel

to achieve task of

a 1,500-mile developing and, IRBM by

complicated advanced first United was

a new 31, fired

ance the

system, Jupiter

the became This

program the

rapidly, States

on May to be

cessfully. "firsts" first later in

achievement Jupiter

followed

other

impressive 18, 1958, the

the

development

program. IRBM nose

On May cone was

full-scale, recovered,

heat-protected providing warhead on had 28, proof target, been 1958, the

launched

and a

of Jupiter's and further the

ability

to place

heat-protected a practical problem. project an extent

demonstrating aerodynamic from the

that

solution On August

found only

for

heating date to the such

30 months program the first

was

initiated, the Army

Jupiter

had

developed with

that

delivered to the Air

Jupiter

initial

operational

capability The Army

Force. its last research 4, 1960. and Out 5 were

successfully ballistic development

launched missile firings,

development of

Jupiter and

on February 22 were

29 research

successful,

B-12

partially

successful, and only 2 failed. Having also proved its adaptability to space research,

a Jupiter,

which was launched by NASAon May 28, 1959, carried

two monkeys, Able and Baker, to a predetermined target area where its nose cone and passengers were recovered unharmed. A modified Jupiter also served as a booster unit of the Juno II vehicle.
Description The liquid-fueled guidance lated inches, nuclear utilizing of thrust. Jupiter IRBM, was a single-stage, the "delta the surface-to-surface, minimum missile had launch NAA on all its inertial precalcuof 105

employing

system,"

which

maintained 6_

trajectory. and weighed

It was ii0,000 It was kerosene

feet'long, pounds by at

a diameter with S-30 its rocket 150,000

separable, engines pounds

warhead. LOX and

powered as

the and

fuel

developed

B-13

JUPITER

LAUNCHES

Missile No.

Date 195._..._7

Remarks

AM-IA

March

First operational prototype Jupiter. Exploded after 75-second flight following normal takeoff. was as predicted. Trajectory to this point

AM-IB

April

26

After normal takeoff, missile flew in a normal trajectory until it disintegrated at T + 93 seconds. Flight test to evaluate range capability of overall missile system complete success with all missions accomplished. First successful launch of United States IRBM set record in distance and altitude for single-stage missile. in completely

AM-I

May

31

AM-2 AM-3

August

28

All missions accomplished successful launch.

October

22

First prototype Jupiter to employ all inertial guidance successfully launched; all systems performed satisfactorily. Thrust partial Thrust partial failure caused success. failure success. caused premature impact;

AM-3A AM-4

November

26

December

18

premature

impact;

1958

AM-5 AM- B 6

May

18

First recovery intact of nose cone 4_ hours after

a full-scale launch.

IRBM

July

17

First fully guided Jupiter. Perfect functioning of inertial guidance system enabled successful full-scale nose cone recovery by Navy only 1 hours after launch. 27 Second fully guided flight; sions were accomplished. primary mis-

AM-7

August

B-14

Missile No. Date 1958 AM-9 October 9 Remarks

Fire in tail destruct. 13

section

caused

range

safety

AM-13

December

Fourth test of complete inertial guidance system. All firing missions accomplished, but third full-scale nose cone not recovered.

1959 CM-21 January 21 First full-production prototype tactical Jupiter IRBM successfully launched. Second qualification missile met test

CM-22

February

27

objectives. CM-22A April 3 Third qualification objectives. Successful 1,500-mile missile met test

AM-12

May

flight

to

further

test complete missile operations in tactical configuration, especially warhead and fuzing apparatus working together as a system. Jupiter declared operational by USAF. May May 14 28 Met test objectives. nose cone carried two

Fourth

full-scale

monkeys, excellent

Able and Baker. Recovered in condition 92 minutes after lift-

off. Carried over a trajectory of some 1,965 space miles with maximum altitude of over 300 miles. Re-entered atmosphere at velocity of i0,000 miles per hour, experiencing 38 times normal pull of gravity, plus weightless period of 9 minutes. AM-15 AM-19 July August 9 26 All objectives accomplished. less than versatility in accomplished.

Programmed for considerably normal range to demonstrate tactical use; all objectives

B-15

Missile No.

Date 1959

Remarks

AM-23

September

16

Fifth

full-scale

nose

cone

carried

NASA failure launch.

biomedical experiment. Structural caused explosion 13 seconds after

AM-24 CM-31
CM-33 AM-25 AM-32 AM-26

September October 21

30

Met

test

objectives. missile_ all objec-

Fourth qualification tives accomplished. All objectives

November November December December 1960

4 18 9 16

accomplished. met test objectives.

Short-range Met Met test test

test; objectives. objectives.

AM-28 AM-30

January February

25 4

Met

test

objectives. in R&D

Twenty-ninth and final test vehicle series successfully launched.

(LST) CM-217

October

20

Successful flight using full set of tactical ground support equipment for first time. Erected, checked out, serviced, and fired with same equipment as that issued to field troops, demonstrating compatibility between the tactical missile and the tactical ground support equipment. NATO troops participated.

1961 (CTL) CM-209

April

22

First tactical Jupiter successfully launched by NATO troops in combat launch program.

training

B-16

Missile No.

Date 1961

Remarks

(CTL) CM-218

August

NATO

troops

successfully

launched

second

Jupiter in CTL series. Missile closely followed predicted trajectory. Third checkout and firing with operational ground equipment. (CTL) CM-II5

December

Successful crew.

launch

by

NATO

training

launch

1962 (CTL) CM-II4

April

18

NATO 1,500

crew

successfully downrange.

fired

Jupiter

miles

B-17

JUNO I1 (PIONEER IV)

JUNO

II

The submitted and

Juno

II

project space

was

one

of by

the the

proposals Army of in

originally December 1957

as a national by ARPA

program of 1958. with

approved

in March

Control serving

the as

undertaking

passed agent.

to NASA

in October

1958,

AOMC

executive

The and economical

Juno

II

vehicle vehicle. the

was It

conceived could was of of have to

to provide been

a quick to vehicle

space but with by

designed a space

accomplish in a short became space and

more, time

philosophy amount state

furnish

a minimum rocket complete

expense; art. i was

hence, Of the

it rapidly i0 Juno II

obsolete missions,

the

the

4 were

successes,

a partial

success,

5 were

failures.

Description The Jupiter speed All IRBM, upper three Juno II was to almost of a four-stage the vehicle fuel which utilized and a

modified

increase

capacity, of the by

a highC.

assembly stages it

identical the Juno II

to that were

Jupiter a nose the was to

upper

covered heating The

fairing powered tisoned ignition

to protect portion shortly of the of

against first the

aerodynamic stage flight.

during fairing prior

the

jetthe

after second

first

stage

burnout

and

stage. of the feet, Juno and II vehicle, the gross including liftoff the conical was about

The nose fairing, pounds.

height was

76.7

weight

121,000

B-18

JUNO

II LAUNCHES

Missile No.

Date 195__8

Remarks

II

December6

Premature

cutoff

of

first

stage

failed

to

produce required velocity for lunar probe. Third U.S.-IGY space probe, PIONEER III, was lifted to altitude of 63,500 miles to contribute major scientific discovery of dual bands of radiation around the earth. Re-entered after 38 hours, 6 minutes.

195__9 14 March 3
Successful launch of PIONEER IV, fourth U.S.-IGY space probe, achieved primary mission, an earth-moon trajectory. Yielded excellent radiation data and provided valuable tracking experience (probe was tracked for 82 hours, 4 minutes, to 406,620 miles, greatest distance man-made object tracked to that time), passing within 37,300 miles of the moon before going into permanent solar orbit (first U.S. sun-orbiter).

16

July 16

Attempt

to

place

Explorer

(S-I)

satellite

in orbit unsuccessful. power to guidance and liftoff caused missile

Complete loss of control system at to deviate from by range launch.

intended flight path. Destroyed safety officer 5 seconds after

19B

August 14

Attempt to orbit 12-foot-diameter, highvisibility, aluminized sphere, Beacon, failed due to premature fuel depletion in the booster, with ensuing main engine cutoff, and unrelated upper-stage malfunction in the attitude control system.

B-19

Missile No.

Date 1959

Remarks

19A

October 13

EXPLORER

VII,

a 91.5-pound

scientific

satellite containing cosmic ray, solar X ray, radiation balance, and micrometeorite into experiments, orbit around data successfully the earth. on trapped injected Provided radiation and

significant

cosmic radiation near the earth, indicating a possible correlation with solar events and geomagnetic storms. With this seventh and last U.S.-IGY earth satellite, space all program experiments for had been placed the U.S.-IGY in orbit.

1960 19C March 23

Attempt to orbit Explorer satellite (S-46), equipped to analyze radiation energies in the Van Allen radiation zones over an extended period of time. Orbit velocity not achieved due to failure of upper stages to ignite. Communication with launch vehicle burnout. was lost after second-stage

19D

November3

All systems functioned normally and as intended to inject into an elliptical orbit a scientific earth satellite, EXPLORER VIII, carrying instrumentation for detailed measurements of ionosphere.

1961 19F February 24

Primary mission of injecting into orbit an ionosphere beacon satellite (S-45) not achieved. Series of irregularities occurred following first separation firing of upper stages. preventing

19E

April

27

Placed astronomy telescope satellite, EXPLORER XI, in orbit to detect high energy garmna rays from cosmic sources and map their spacial distribution. Vehicle and all payload systems functioned as planned.

B-20

Missile No.

Dat____e 1961

Remarks

19G

May 24

Primary mission earth satellite

of injecting (S-45a) into

artificial orbit was

not

achieved. Second stage was not brought to ignition because of apparent voltage drop. Satellite was to provide the means to study ionosphere measurements. Last of I0 Juno II launchings.

B-21

. .

PERSHIN G

PERSHING

In addition was also assigned missile. the The in March ABMA tion for of 1958,

to its

new

space for was

exploration the development to

roles, of

ABMA the larger mobile.

responsibility This missile but was and

Pershing range

designed

have

a much more was teamed and

than

Redstone, prime and

lighter, development

smaller,

and

research the weapons

contract was

awarded with produc-

system

contractor

research the missile The

and

development, associated was

reliability, ground delivered

testing

and

equipment. for testing test LOD, 1961. were the was in one year,

first

Pershing and

and by

the MFL

first

research 25,

development MFL, as

flight NASA's May

conducted responthat from

on February for the

1960.

retained During

sibility period AMR, highly placed SM-474

Pershing 27

program months, All

until

of approximately 3 of them failures.

16 missiles were

launched missile's which was

launches

from

mobile either prime

"transporter-erector-launcher" on a concrete mover. slab or on the

(TEL), missile's

tracked

Description The two-stage, approximately long and had Pershing was guided a surface-to-surface, missile miles. It with was A solid-propellant, range 34 of feet

inertially 400

a selective approximately specially

nautical of

a diameter

40 inches. unit,

designed hy plane or

"transporter-erector-launcher"

transportable

B-22

helicopter,

madethe Pershing the ultimate

in mobility.

The Pershing not only doubled Redstone's range, but vastly increased the flexibility reaction time. and mobility, and sharply reduced

B-23

PERSHING

LAUNCHES

Missile No.

Date 1960

Remarks

i05

February

25

First test launch R&D series Group 35-mile flight, as programmed; met test objectives. Landed Landed in target in target area. area.

I; all

106 107 108

April May June I0 9

20

Preset to perform erratic movements in short flight over Atlantic Ocean. Range safety officer was alerted to possibility that missile might have to be destroyed due to excessive conditions, but it was not necessary. Landed in target area. Landed in target area.

109 Ii0

June July

30 26

Sixth and last R&D series Group I missile. Group I missiles planned to burn only through first stage; second stage was dummy. 28 First R&D series Group II missile. First failure and first attempt to separate and have second stage fire, but missile veered out of control and was destroyed by range safety officer 57 seconds after liftoff. Traveled 160 miles . ful flight test of in first fully 2 stages. inertial success-

2O5

September

206 207

November

16

December

12

Initial flight test of new ance system successful.

guid-

1961 208 January 5

Fourth in R&D series by automatic destruct seconds of flight.

Group II destroyed system after 25

B-24

Missile No.

Date 1961

Remarks

209

January

25

All

aspects

of

launch

and

powered

flight target distant

as planned. Missile impacted on approximately 145 nautical miles after 307-second flight.

210

February

15

All aspects of launch and powered flight as planned. Missile impacted in target area approximately 145 nautical miles from pad after 309-second flight. Impacted 145 nautical successful flight. Eighth and All aspects as planned. miles from pad in

211
212

March

March

15

last of R&D series Group II. of launch and powered flight

308

April

21

First of R&D series Group III. Slicked up missile with new, more sharply tapered nose cone and more powerful motors flew an extended distance, as prescribed, for first time. Second of R&D series Group III partially successful. Destroyed by range safety officer 57 seconds after liftoff. Last of Pershing missiles tion of LOD. launched under direc-

310

May

18

B-25

mCURY/REDSTONE

(FREEDOM 7 )

MERCURY-REDSTONE

Project manned 1958. On discussed the manned 3, the space

Mercury, program,

the

first

step

in NASA's organized

long_range on October 5,

flight

was

formally

October use

6,

1958,

representatives and Jupiter

of NASA in

and

AOMC of on

of Redstone project. decided an for 8,

missiles a month with an

support later,

satellite 1958,

Approximately to proceed

November Redstone planning zation by

NASA ABMA,

eight-vehicle production formal authori-

program. and

element

of AOMC,

began

scheduling on January

the program 1959.

following

NASA The

purposes adequacy

of

the Mercury-Redstone of the Mercury of space capsule flight; experience

program and to

were

to

demonstrate methods; astronaut; for the

the

recovery the

to acquire and

knowledge

train

to acquire manned

operational flight.

in preparation

first The

orbital

progression included "Ham,"

of accomplishments a ballistic who by was

in

the Mercuryflight made by

Redstone

program named

suborbital

a chimpanzee tion; first as and with was

recovered

in excellent

condithe

highlighted B. Shepard manned

two manned the second

suborbital with

flights, I. the

Alan

and

Virgil what

Grissom Mercuryman can were

astronauts. phase useful

Both

flights

demonstrated to

Redstone perform

of Project tasks in

Mercury a space

was

ascertain--that These

environment.

flights

B-26

so highly successful that NASAcancelled the third suborbital flight

scheduled manned

and terminated the Mercury-Redstone program;

the objectives had been achieved.

Description The Redstone respects changes booster. The to the launch vehicle measured 54 feet 70 from the in air rudders and Mercury-Redstone of its vital launch vehicle yet resembled it differed the in 800 other

in many and were

components, configuration. the

in its required

general to

Approximately into

transform

missile

a man-carrying

capsule-booster approximately the spacecraft with for

adapter. 65,940

It was when The section

inches

diameter with of

weighed and with

pounds

fully

loaded was 96

fuel

attached. center

airframe elongated and

standard to

Redstone provide This the

design tankage

the the

inches oxygen.

additional to

alcohol the

liquid

modification required was which

was of by

made time an

increase a few and of

engine

burning

time The

to

length powered had

with

seconds

reserve.

vehicle engine

improved thrust

simplified 78,000 of

Rocketdyne The

A-7 general conical a towerwas

a sea

level

pounds. the

configuration capsule like 83 atop

of Mercury-Redstone the booster, above and the

consisted an escape capsule.

booster, on

rocket The

mounted complete

pylon

structure

vehicle

feet

in length.

B-27

MERCURY-REDSTONE LAUNCHES
Date 1960 MR-I November 21 First suborbital Mercury capsule test. Flight test terminated when signal triggered by ground connection shut down the Redstone's engine immediately after ignition. Escape tower rockets ignited almost simultaneously with engine shut-down carrying tower to approximately 4,000 feet, leaving capsule still joined to the launch vehicle, and landed 1,200 feet from launch pad. Vehicle lifted fraction of an inch off the pad when cutoff occurred; suffered minor damage when it settled back on the pad. (Capsule used again in MR-IA launch.) MR-IA December 19 repeat of the first flight mission was Remarks

No.

successful with all major objectives fulfilled. Ignition, liftoff, main stage and booster powered flight performed as planned. Capsule separated from the booster, oriented its position as programmed, completed re-entry and landed in target area 235 miles downrange after reaching an altitude of 135 miles and a speed up to 4,300 miles per hour. Capsule was recovered in excellent condition 48 minutes after launch. 1961 MR-2 January 31 Successfully launched fully equipped, operational Mercury capsule containing 37-pound chimpanzee named '_am" on a 16minute suborbital flight, to an altitude of 156 miles and over a distance of 420 miles. Excessive booster velocity carried spacecraft considerably higher and farther than planned, but mission objectives-flight test of capsule and its life-support system--were achieved when spacecraft and passenger were recovered in satisfactory condition. Knowledge gained from flight enabled correction of malfunction in the launch vehicle flight. in preparation for manned

B-28

No.

Date 1961

Remarks

MR-BD

March

24

Booster development test flight to verify modifications necessitated by MR-2 flight. Modified Redstone carried a boilerplate Mercury capsule to an altitude of 115 miles and a distance of 311 miles downrange; test did not call for capsule separation and recovery. Completely successful flight qualified the Redstone for manned suborbital flights. First manned suborbital flight. FREEDOM Mercury spacecraft, manned by astronaut 7,

MR-3

May

Alan B. Shepard, Jr., successfully launched. After reaching peak altitude of 116 miles and top velocity of 5,180 miles per hour, capsule landed 302 miles downrange in Atlantic Ocean following 14.8-minute flight. All phases of flight were normal. Astronaut and capsule were recovered by helicopter within 6 minutes of landing and both were aboard the recovery vessel within II minutes. Astronaut underwent 5 minutes of weightlessness and experienced maximum acceleration of II times normal gravity on re-entry. Carried out all tasks as assigned, demonstrating that man can control a vehicle during weightlessness and high G stresses, and suffered no adverse physiological effects from flight. MR-4 July 21 Second manned suborbital flight. LIBERTY BEL_ 7, manned by Mercury astronaut Virgil I. Grissom, made successful 16-minute, 11Smile-high, and 303-mile flight downrange. All phases of flight were normal, however, due to inadvertent firing of explosive hatch, capsule filled with water, increasing its weight, and recovery of spacecraft was abandoned. Astronaut was recovered and, with the exception of the missing capsule, all missions were successfully accomplished. Analysis of data indicated that the objectives of the suborbital phase of Project Mercury had been achieved and no further suborbital flights were scheduled.

B=29

SATURN (SA-1)

SATURN

The vanced

Saturn in

rocket, the for

the

largest is

launch the

vehicle large and

under rocket manned

ad-

development

free

world,

first programs heavy

developed space U.S.

specifically It

scientific to be

space the

flight space

is expected for first of moon,

major

vehicle

for

exploration concept, is capable to the

a number proposed

of years. by ABMA of space in

Utilizing the spring tons

a clusof into 1957,

tered-engine the earth Saturn orbit, In comprising Air Force,

sending and

payloads deep

several

into

December

1959,

a technical-plus-management from NASA, ARPA, DOD, ABMA, program high-energy This as the

committee, and for the Saturn,

representatives recommended upper-stage case, as liquid the a

long-range

development only oxygen) selected

including (in first to be this

engines

utilizing

propellants

hydrogen/liquid C-I,* be was

combination, initial vehicle

known

Saturn would

developed, The to

and

a stepping recommended be be

stone that employed,

to other

follow-on

vehicles. approach more

committee

also

a building-block so that the the smaller,

upper-stage developed the The number proposed

development stages of could required

easily and

first

used

atop

large be

booster, minimized. variety

engine

developments would

could yield a

building-block each These

concept using

of Saturn as

configurations, far as possible.

previously

proven were accepted

developments

recommendations

Called

Saturn

I after

February

7,

1963.

B-30

on

December

31,

1959,

and

resulted

in

the

establishment

of

10-vehicle

research

and

development

program.

The

Saturn

project

was

approved

on

January

18,

1960,

as

program

of

the

highest

national

priority.

The

primary

goal

of

the

Saturn

program

is

to

reach

operational

status

in

time

for

the

scheduled

launch

into

orbit

of

the

Apollo

manned

capsule.

The

Apollo

orbital

mission

is

the

first

of

three

major

steps

in

the

United

States'

plan

to

land

men

on

the

moon,

within In

this the

decade, 10-vehicle

and

return

them and

safely development

to

earth. flight test

research

program,

no

more

than

live

stages

were

planned

to

be

flown,

with

only of

a these

live I0

first flights

stage is

in to

the prove

first the

4.

While

the several

primary of the

purpose later

vehicle,

vehicles

will

have

secondary

missions

of

testing

early

models

of

the

Apollo

spacecraft.

Description The first Saturn configuration, now known as Saturn I,

currently

is

the

largest

U.S.

launch

vehicle.

The

vehicle

is

about

163

feet

high

and

weighs

about

410

tons

at

liftoff.

Only

the

first

stage, tested.

designated

S-l,

with

inert

upper

stages,

has

been

flight

The

first

stage

is

powered

by

cluster

of

eight

Rocket-

dyne

H-I

engines,

each

of

which

produces

188,000

pounds

of

thrust

at

sea

level, is 21.5

for

total in

thrust diameter

of and

1.5 82

million feet in

pounds. length.

The

booster

feet

B-31

The Jupiter and

H-I

engine, engines,

an was

advanced selected and the

and

compact of

offspring its

of

the

Thor early RP-I

because

relative Liquid Nine or outboard, firstoff are of malon

simplicity, oxygen separate inboard, engines stage command and

availability, (kerosene) form

proven

reliability. combination. four outer, during

propellant The four

tanks engines are

feed are

the

eight

H-I

engines. the

inner, or

rigidly to provide The

attached; direction can

movable flight.

control be

the shut

powered when

engines is

individually Since the the

a malfunction

detected.

engines number

simplified functions

adaptations during The flight

of well-proven is expected

engines, to be can low. carry

Saturn low

I configuration orbit. versions than It has of

a payload far which

of

about capabil-

ii

tons in one

into the more

earth

basically rocket

greater are

ities each

follow-on powerful

the

planned,

its predecessor.

B-32

SATURN

LAUNCHES

No.

Date 1961

Remarks

SA-I

October

27

Saturn C-I was initial launch

successfully launched in vehicle development test

flight of first stage, S-I. Its 8 clustered engines, developing 1,296,000 pounds of thrust at launch, hurled 2 dummy upper stages to peak altitude distance of 214.7 miles of 84.8 miles and downrange. Reached

maximum velocity of 3,607 miles per hour before plunging into ocean 8 minutes, 3.6 seconds after launch. Overall performance of the vehicle during flight was highly satisfactory, demonstrating its structural integrity. 1962 SA-2 April 25 Saturn launch C-I, successfully launched in second vehicle development test of first

stage, generated 1.3 million pounds of thrust. A second mission for SA-2, utilizing the 2 dummy upper stages, was a bonus experiment to the booster test called Project Highwater. The vehicle was intentionally destroyed at an altitude of about 50 miles downrange approximately 65 miles,

rupturing the upper stages to release 22,900 gallons of water. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate optical, ionospheric and meteorological effects of releasing a large mass of water at this altitude. Test objectives were satisfactorily attained.

B-33

RANGER I (ATLAS-AGENA B)

RANGER Project Ranger is the first projects of several unmanned space The Ranger program

delving into the moon's secrets.

represents America's first

attempt to obtain close-up and detailed

photographs of the moonand its topography; to secure scientific data on the composition of the lunar surface; and to learn more about lunar origin, history, and structure from an instrumented

capsule designed to survive a rough landing on the moon. On December29, 1959, NASA's Director of Vehicle DevelopmentOperations established a survey team to review the Agena vehicle to determine the feasibility vehicle for NASA missions. of utilizing this Air Force

On February 15, 1960, the team recomIn May 1960, NASA

mendedthat an Agena B program be approved. initiated missions. contract negotiations

for 16 Agena B vehicles for its

The Atlas-Agena B was to be used in Project Ranger as NASA assigned administration of the Agena B

the launch vehicle. project

to MSFC. Management f the vehicle program included reo of launch

solving the problems encountered in the integration vehicles and spacecraft,

control of changes in the system to meet of launch operations. Execution of the Ranger

NASA mission requirements, and direction LOCwas to direct the launch operations.

program was assigned to the JPL in 1960. The lunar spacecraft was designed and developed by JPL.

B-34

The Ranger project is divided into three phases. The first phase, initiated in 1961, was in the development and testing Two spacecraft, designated Ranger I and

of spacecraft technology. Ranger II, were used.

The second phase, designed to rough-land on the moona

survivable transmitting that three three a U.S. "capsule" containing was had the been to scientific most asked task instruments series and of radio events assigned of the

equipment, spacecraft

complicated to undertake. in the

NASA that

identical would be

spacecraft successful.

the

hope

one

Initially, instrumented 1961, had NASA packages announced to the which

the Ranger during that

program and

proposed 1962.

five

flights on August

of 29,

1961

However,

four

additional

Ranger program

spacecraft to insure design

flights more for These designed lunar and

been

added

lunar

exploration plans and

better manned four to

data lunar Rangers back

upon

to base adding

spacecraft to the

flight, will to up

a third

phase

program. cameras of the

carry

high-resolution fine-grain of

television pictures

send

earth to

television impact.

surface

right

the moment

Description The of two rockets. by launch The vehicle Atlas rocket for "D" Ranger the missions Agena-B. liquid the is a combination The Agena-B is It

and

powered has into

a single

engine, which position

using allows for

propellants.

a dual-start the most

capability

vehicle

to maneuver flight of the

advantageous

a successful

B-35

Ranger

spacecraft, on The the

and moon's

to attain surface.

the

objective

of

impacting

the

spacecraft

Ranger during

spacecraft the by launch

spans phase

17

feet

and

is

10.25 it

feet is in

long,

although

of the and

trajectory is about 730 the

completely diameter, The

protected 8.25 feet

a compact and

shroud

5 feet pounds.

long, hexagon as panels

weighs

approximately most of

5-foot-diameter

base well are

houses as

packaged to provide

spacecraft power when

electronics, the solar

a primary

battery

inoperative.

B-36

RANGER

LAUNCHES

No.

Date 1961

Remarks

RA-I

August

23

RANGER I was placed in low earth orbit instead of its prescribed highly elliptical orbit due to failure of Agena stage to restart. Test of spacecraft achieved. Returned scant scientific data before reentry on August II was 29, 1961. to test spacecraft

RA-2

November

18

RANGER

launched

systems for future lunar and interplanetary missions and investigate cosmic rays, radiation, and dust particles in space. Because of malfunction of Agena roll gyro, followed by premature cutoff of second burn, orbit achieved was low earth orbit rather than the deep elliptical one planned, so data was not obtained on some of the test items. Primary objective of testing the system was achieved. Re-entry on same day. 1962 RA-3 January 26 RANGER III was launched in the United States'

first attempt to rough-land a separable instrumented capsule on the lunar surface. Lift-off was normal, but a malfunction in the Atlas airborne guidance equipment 49 seconds after launch resulted in excessive velocity and an off-course trajectory, causing the spacecraft to be injected into its lunar transfer path at excessive velocity. As a result, RANGER III arrived in the area of the moon approximately 14 hours ahead of time, passed in front of its target, missing it by 22,862 miles, and then entered a solar orbit. Flight proved out many of the systems within the payload, including the mid-flight guidance mechanism, and spacecraft provided the first measurement of interplanetary gamma ray fluxo

B-37

No.

Date 1962

Remarks

RA-4

April

23

RANGER was successfully launched, went IV into parking orbit, and was put into proper lunar impact trajectory by restart of the Agena booster Failure of a timer in the spacecraft's central computer and sequencer system prevented RANGER from making a IV controlled descent onto the surface of the moonand precluded the accomplishment of the engineering and scientific experiments. Injection was accomplished with sufficient accuracy for lunar impact without benefit of spacecraft midcourse maneuver. While the full flight objectives were not achieved, the probe resulted in the first lunar impact for a U.So payload and demonstrated a high order of performance in the Atlas/Agena B/ Ranger combination.

B-38

~~

CENTAUR (F-1)

CENTAUR

The of strategic

Centaur

vehicle

project,

which for

evolved

from

studies global work, The was pro-

high-altitude communications, the United by

satellites and Air

early

warning,

surveillance, conceived gram was by

weather Force

reconnaissance (USAF) adopted in as 1958. a DOD until

States USAF

sponsored and

until Air

it was Force

project responsi-

by ARPA, bility 1959. July for i, the

continued

under

management

for NASA

Centaur assigned and

development

was

transferred of the sole

to NASA

on July on

i,

administration was to exercise for

project launch and

to MSFC

1960,

LOD

responsibility for subsequent

i0 vehicles vehicles A series the

required with

the R&D

phase

operational

NASA

spacecraft. encountered research 1961) until and May in the development flight addition hydrogen was attri-

of difficulties first for Centaur

program

delayed

development 1962. liquid In

(originally to unexpected as a fuel, to,

planned

January

technical slow

difficulties of its

in utilizing the sudden hydrogen Centaur

the among

development things, in and

program from

buted

other

expansion for space

a relatively into a the and

low-priorlty major Air vehicle

experiment program;

liquid

use

insufficient which had

close

liaison in

between

Force

technical in

team,

remained

California, of of the the

MSFC.

Early

1962,

however, which Office

a reorganization the transfer

Centaur Centaur effected

development Space Vehicle

program, Project

included from

California

to MSFC,

was

to correct

the

difficulties.

B-39

The

unsuccessful

initial

launch

attempt

on

May

8,

1962,

emphasized

the

need

for

further

program

evaluation.

comprehen-

sive

development

plan

was

issued

by

MSFC's

Centaur

Project

Office

in

June

1962,

placing

primary

emphasis

on

lunar

missions.

An

immediate

objective

of

this

plan

was

the

development

and

testing

of

vehicle

reliability

for

soft-landing

of

unmanned,

instrumented

payloads

on

the

moon.

Description The mating of the multipurpose Centaur second stage to

the

Air

Force-developed

Atlas

resulted

in

the

most

advanced

of

the

Atlas-based

series

of

space

carrier

vehicles,

the

Atlas-Centaur.

When

fully

developed

it

will

be

capable

of

sending

some

8,500

pounds

into Venus

an or

earth Mars.

orbit, These

2,300

pounds

to

the and

Moon,

and

1,300

pounds

to

unmanned

lunar

planetary

exploration

projects

are

beyond

the

present

capabilities

of

the

Atlas-Agena

B,

the

only

similar The

launch Centaur

vehicle second

in stage

existence. and the payload are protected

by

nose

cone

that

is

jettisoned

early

in

flight,

as

soon

as

aerodynamic

heating

is

no

longer

critical.

The

second

stage

is

built internal

of

thin-gage, framework

lightweight and pressurized

stainless to

steel,

which its

is

free The

of

maintain

shape.

overall

length

of

the

Atlas-Centaur

is

approximately

108

feet.

The

twin-engine

second

stage

Centaur

employs

a new

and

potent

fuel

combination

of

liquid

oxygen

and

liquid

hydrogen,

which

develops

over

30%

more

thrust

from

each

pound

of

propellant

B-40

consumed oxygen almost two

per

second

than

the

conventional produces thrust of

kerosene of

and 30,000

liquid pounds, of the

combination. double the has The

Centaur Agena own B's

a thrust 15,500

pounds. and

Each

engines

its

turbopump be

assembly

thrust-regulating cut off to permit

systems. coasting

engines and the

can

ignited

in space,

periods from The

restarted guidance

in accordance system. guidance

with

progran_med

instructions

specially type position

developed

system

which

uses

a on

general-purpose the vehicle's

digital and

computer, velocity in

receives flight; and, back the as to

information compares necessary, the desired this

against

previously action system space powered

stored to bring is to launching flight

information; the vehicle for

initiates flight

corrective path. This

provide, vehicle, from

first

time

in a U.S. guidance

multistage throughout

active to

self-contained payload

lift-off

injection.

B-41

CENTAUR

LAUNCH

Missile No.

Date 1962

Remarks

F-I

May 8

First R&D test flight to study formance of the vehicle systems

the perwith empha-

sis on the separation systems and two-stage structure integrity. Vehicle behaved as planned from lift-off to approximately 54 seconds of flight when an explosion, caused by structural failure, resulted in fuel tank rupture and self-destruction of vehicle.

B-42

APPENDIX

B BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akens,

David

S.,

and

Paul 1958

H.

Satterfield, MSFC

Army

Ordnance December Space 1960.

Satellite i, Flight 1962).

Program,

i November

(NASA

Reprint,

Akens, David S., Historical Origins of Marshall Cente__.__r. Huntsville, Ala.: NASA MSFC (Ml_i-l), Army Ballistic Missile Agency, Ala.: ABMA AOMC, 1959. Department Outlining Pioneer in Space.

Redstone

Arsenal,

of Defense News Release No. 223-58, Details Concerning Guided Missiles Aeronautics and Astronautics: An and Technology in the Exploration NASA HIIR-3, 1961. and F. W. Anderson, Aeronautical

March 12, 1958, and Rockets. American Chronology of Space, 1915-60.

Emme, E. M., of!Science Washington: Ermue, E. M.,

and

Astronautical by the

Events of 1961. House Committee

Washington: on Science

NASA HHR-5, 1962; printed and Astronautics, 1962. Missile and Press, 1962. Army

Jacobs, Horace, and Eunice Engelke Whitney, Pro iects Guide - 1962. New York: Plenum

Space

Medaris, Maj. Gen. J. B., "Satellite to the Sun," Di_est, Vol. 14, No. 6 (June 1959), 10-18. NASA, Astronautical NASA HHR-7, 1963. NASA, Final Report (MTP-LOD-62-5). NASA, History prepared by and Aeronautical Events of

Information

1962.

Washington:

Mercury Redstone MSFC LOD, 1962. Space 1960,

Proiect

Launch

Operations

of Marshall MSFC, MS-H,

Flight Center 1961, 1962.

(semiannual

vols.),

NASA, Proceedings of Conference (SP-29). NASA, Proceedings Uses of

the Second NASA-Industry Program Washington: NASA, 1963. the Second (SP-8). National Conference NASA, on

Plans

the

Peaceful NASA MSFC, prepared

of Space

Washington:

1962.

Saturn lllustrated by Saturn Systems

Chronology (April Office. Huntsville,

1957-April 1962), Ala.: 1962.

B-43

NASA,Semiannual
1961.

Reports to Congress, Washington: GPO, 1959, 1960,

October 1961. NASA

11

1958

- March

311

Rosholt, Robert W., Chronology of Maior Washington: NASA HHR-8, 1962. Stafford, Walter H., and Robert M. Croft, Probes_ 1961.

Launchings.

Artificial 1957-1960.

Earth Huntsville,

Satellites Ala.: NASA Toftoy, Maj. Information Twigg, John

and Successful MSFC (NASA TN

Solar D-601),

Gen. H. N., "Army Digest, Vol. ii, M., Missile History

Missile No. 12

Development," Army (December 1956), 10-34. Chart. MSFC LOD, 1961.

Reference

U.S. Army Jupiter

Ordnance Missile C; Jupiter; Juno

Command, Fact Sheet II; current 15 June

- Redstone 1958.

Missile;

U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Project Mercury: Man-in-Space Program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Report No. 1014). Washington: GPO, 1959. von Braun, Wernher, and Culture, Vol. "The Redstone, Jupiter, IV, No. 4 (fall 1963), and Juno," 452-465. Technology

Whipple, Marven R., Index July 1950 - June 1960.

of Missile Launchings by Missile Patrick AFB: AFMTC (ARDC), 1960.

Program,

White House, U.S. Aeronautical and Space Activities, with message from the President to the Congress. NASC, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962.

annual report Washington:

B-44

SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS

SUPPORTING

DOCUMENTS

II

Army-NASA Transfer Plan, Facilities, December II, Flight Launch

excerpt: 1959

Cape

Canaveral

II.

Test Responsibilities and Organization Phase of Project Mercury at AMR to be furnished Evaluation and

for

the

III.

Support Requirements Directorate to Test, i June 1960 Letter, Headquarters Program, NASA subj: 9 June 1960

by Launch Operations Firing Laboratory,

IV.

AOMC Cape

to Director Launch Vehicle Canaveral Facilities,

Operating Procedures at AMR Laboratory, August 16, 1960 Memorandum Test Wing April 18, of Agreement (DEV) in the 1961 of Pershing to TE&F Launch

between

LOD/MSFC

and

TE&F

VI.

on Participation Centaur R&D Flight

of the 6555th Test Program,

VII.

Transfer from LOD

Operations

Responsibility

Laboratory Agreement between LOD and AFMTC,

VIII.

Range Use and 17 July 1961 Agreement Site for 1961

Support

IX.

between D0D and the Manned Lunar

NASA relating to the Launch Landing Program, August 24,

Xo

MSFC-LOC Separation Agreement, June 8, 1962 Appendix A NASA Circular No. 208, March 7, 1962 Appendix B Discussion Draft, June i, 1962, subj: "Basic Concepts for Operation of the LOC at AMR." Appendix C Distribution of Personnel Spaces, FY 62

I ARMY-NASA TRANSFER PLAN CAPE CANAVERAL FACILITIES Decemberii, (Excerpt) 1959

COPY

CAPE

CANAVERAL

FACILITIES

The Army NASA its

Army

has

a continuing

requirement located of

for at

a portion

of

the

controlled contrawise missions, The Army

launch must

facilities have portions to the

Cape

Canaveral. to pursue and Firing as it now missions Juno.

these such have

in order

in addition will not in

Saturn, future at

as Mercury the same

Laboratory possesses. through technical ultimately no longer In

technical However,

capability it does

Cape to

Canaveral perform Missile its

intend

firing

a combination supervision (Pershing require light of MFL the

of NASA coupled as an

provided with

Firing

Laboratory who will

contractor become

personnel, sufficient

example)

self

and

supervision. above, as the the Pad JPL 56 complex, spin has test together with will be its

instrumentation released Redstone The R and to NASA, shots.

as well since The Pad

building, for by

this 26

area complex in Pad

been be

selected retained

Mercury the Army. transwith to

will 26 at

D instrumentation Saturn that

blockhouse an

will

be

ferred the

to NASA's

blockhouse sufficient training D will the be

appropriate

time, remains

understanding the Jupiter R and

instrumentation launches. controlled equipment, location, Canaveral by

conduct

combat Hangar

Hangar respectively. will not be

AOMC UDOP, and

and and this

NASA DOVAP

Further removed

telemetry their with

from

present other

instrumentation,

together

Cape

telemetry

COPY

stations,

will

be

transferred

to

NASA

for

use

in

connection

with

both

Army

and

NASA

missions.

An

AOMC-NASA

use

agreement

will

be

executed

with

the

understanding

that

equipment

requi_ed

for

Redstone,

Jupiter,

and

Pershing

firing

not

be

impaired.

The

Army to

further NASA for

agrees Saturn

to test

give and

unrestricted checkout

use subject:

rights to

of

Hangar

non-interferences

of

firings

required

to

complete

the

Redstone

and

.Jupiter

firing

programs The

and

further

to

assist and

in

early

and

Pershing in the

firings. indus-

warehouse

building

other

structures

trial

complex

will

pass

to

the

control

of

NASA.

However,

upon

equitable therein

division limited

between storage will

the be

Army

and

NASA the

of Army

the by

stocks NASA until

provided

stock

liquidation The second

by floor

the of

Army the

occurs. E&L Building with its separate

entrance

will

remain

with

the

Army

to

the

extent

now

assigned

as

office

space

for

weapons

system;

however,

building

control

will

pass

to The

NASA. Pershing Complex will be retained under Army control.

Control

of

the

Saturn

complex

will

pass

to

the

control

of

NASA.

II FLIGHT AND TEST RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE LAUNCH AT AMR

ORGANIZATION OF PROJECT

PHASE

MERCURY

COPY

PROJECT FLIGHT FOR THE 1.0 INTRODUCTION

MERCURY

TEST RESPONSIBILITIES AND ORGANIZATION LAUNCH PHASE OF PROJECT MERCURY AT AMR

i.I The purpose of this sibilities and to outline the organization for the REDSTONE at AMR. 1.2 It framework is the intent of of the NASA/ABMA

document is to define the responprocedures and implementing launch phase of Project MERCURY

the

this document relationship,

to establish, within procedures which are

in consonance with the established procedures for ABMA operations at AMR. In this way, the current ABMA organization and operating experience can best be utilized to insure success of the launch operation, while at the same time recognizing the NASA sibility for accomplishing the over-all objectives. 1.3 The launch organization shall be divided into respon-

three

teams. One team, which has the responsibillty for preparation, checkout and launch of the REDSTONE vehicle, shall be provided by ABMA. The organization and procedures already developed by ABMA for this purpose shall be fully utilized. A second team, which has the responsibility for the preparation, checkout and determination of readiness of the capsule system, shall be provided by NASA and its contractors. A third team, which shall have the responsibility for pilot readiness and aeromedical monitoring during the prelaunch phase, shall be designated by NASA. 2.0 FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES LAUNCH OPERATIONS will exercise overall DURING TEST PREPARATION AND

2.1 NASA operations. 2.1.1

control

of

flight

test

Operations

Director

(NASA)

has

overall

mission

responsibility. He is present in the Space Control Center during launch operations. He will have a representative in the blockhouse and in the AMR Central Control who will be fully informed on all aspects of the launch operations. The operations director receives status reports from the tracking and data acquisition network, the recovery organization, the NASA blockhouse representative and/or the Launch Director. When problems arise indicating a possible compromise of NASA test objectives, he determines the appropriate course of action.

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2.1.2 Launch Director (ABMA)has technical supervision of the launch operation. He is responsible to the Operations Director for technical readiness of the complete booster vehicle system and launch complex for accomplishment of launch objectives. Whentechnical problems related to the booster vehicle and launch complex readiness arise, he determines and executes the appropriate course of action. Technical problems arising with reference to the capsule and the astronaut are referred to the Operations Director for decision. Whentest termination, test scheduling, or AMRrange operations are involved relative to the launch operation, the Launch Director will make the appropriate recon_nendationsto the Operations Director who will take appropriate action with AMR. 3.0 GENERAL

3.1 Detail organization and procedures already developed by ABMA for launch of the REDSTONE ballistic missile shall be used to the fullest extent possible in the MERCURY booster vehicle launch.

ABMA /s/

J. J.

A. A.

Barclay BARCLAY General, USA

DATE

ii Dec

1959

Brigadier Commander NASA

/s/ Richard E. Horner RICHARD E. HORNER Associate Administrator

DATE

1 Jan

1960

D of D Rep, Proj MERCURY Spt Opns /s/ D. N. Yates

DATE

12 Jan

1960

III MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE THE ARMY BALLISTIC AND MISSILE FLIGHT AGENCY CENTER

NASA

MARSHALL SUPPORT

SPACE

REQUIREMENTS

LAUNCH

to be furnished by OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE to AND I June FIRING 1960 LABORATORY

TEST s EVALUATION

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PREFACE On the Army Army 1 July 1960, the Development Agency the Operations will be Division (DOD) the of

Ballistic At

Missile that

transferred for by

from the

to NASA. now

time,

responsibility or controlled

Army be

programs transferred

performed, to Research

directed and and

DOD of

will ABMA.

Development

Operations (TE&F), ABMA and

Test, R&D The

Evaluation will these

Firing

Laboratory for all TF_F for

an/element

of

Operations, purpose of

be

responsible

launch Launch

operations. Operations uninter-

agreements is the

between

Directorate rupted

(LOD)

NASA, of

to provide Army all programs of the

continuing, TF_F

performance for

until

builds

up and

the to

capability cover the The those firings PERSHING, NIKE-ZEUS These Army-NASA Secretary also

performing LOD

required

functions

support scope of

requires

of ABMA. is specifically assigned This limited and to

these

agreements are

missile at the

systems Atlantic

which

currently Range.

require REDSTONE,

Missile CTL and

includes service on

JUPITER Targets.

(LST),

consulting

the

agreements agreement Brucker

provide dated

detailed

implementation 1959, signed by These the R.

of Dr.

the Glennan,

Ii December Secretary of the Barclay,

and

Acting

Douglas. from Gen

agreements

provide

implementation AOMC, Maj Gen

letter to Maj

Deputy Ostrander, letter

Commander, Dir, Launch

Don

Vehicle

Programs,

dated

9 June

1960.

This

COPY

assigns control ABMA will

of the Industrial

Area to LODand states that

provide 18 months notice to LODfor any hangar space systems. LODwill supply

requirements generated by new missile

hangar requirements for ABMA within NASAIndustrial provide new facility. Office space will

Area, or

be provided TE&Fin the E&L building at AMR. This amounts to with an

as

outlined in Section V, Facilities

approximately 1630 square feet on the second floor, additional 345 square feet of joint

usage with LOD, until

October of I_61.

ii

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CONTENTS SECTION: Administrative Transportation Supply Security Facilities NASA-ABMA at AMR Operations at AMR Operational Planning Support Data Test, at AMR Services at AMR at AMR

Io

II. III. IV. V. Vl. Vll. Vlll.

Program-Budget Requirements Evaluation

for Military Personnel for and Firing Laboratory at AMR

iii

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SECTION Administrative I. The Army Ballistic

I at AMR and the Launch military respectively.

Services Agency

Missile

Operations Directorate shall provide all civilian and personnel office services for Army and NASA personnel No cross-servicing will be required.

2. The ABMA and LOD shall provide their own travel arrangements including Travel Orders and T/R's, carrier reservations, local transportation arrangements, motel reservations. No crossservicing will be provided in this area, since the systems are different. 3. payroll 4. The ABMA services. The LOD and LOD shall provide, their own timekeeping and

will

provide

photographic

and within

reproduction its capability

services to ABMA and in accordance a. services ABMA for

on a reimbursable basis with the following:

such

will comply with LOD procedures regarding classified and unclassified work. shall establish services. priorities for all photographic

and

b. LOD reproduction

cards

of

c. The ABMA will supply LOD with names individuals (including Army Contractors

and signature or other

government agency personnel on Army programs) authorized to approve photographic and reproduction work orders. These cards will be kept current by the Army. 5. The LOD will provide regular mail and messenger service to Army elements located within the NASA Industrial Area. The ABMA and LOD shall provide their own classified material control and internal distribution. 6. Office supplies will be furnished to Army by LOD on the same basis as other expendable supplies. This will be established in a separate memorandum of agreement. Office furniture will be provided Army personnel within NASA controlled facilities by LOD. Office furniture within the PERSHING Complex will be provided by ABMA. 7. and The ABMA and LOD office services. will provide their own clerical person-

nel

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8. Con_nunicationsservices will be provided for Army personnel within the NASAfacilities in accordance with Rangeagreements. Local and long distance telephone calls are charged direct to the user. Classified TWXservices will be provided by the Army on a
non-reimbursable basis. The Army will provide unclassified TWX services until NASA can hire and train its own operators. Replacement will be on a one-for-one basis. Paging services within the NASA Industrial Area will be performed by LOD without charge.

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SECTION II Transportation at AMR

I. The Launch Operations Directorate will provide transportation for all NASA personnel at AMR within its capabilities. LODwill also provide transportation for all equipment, missiles, spares and supplies, and working crews for NASA conducted launches. This will include such Army personnel as are assigned as part of the work crews. 2. The Army will provide transportation for all Army personnel at _MR, Army will also provide transportation for all equipment, missiles, spares and supplies, and working crews for all Army conducted launches. This will include LODpersonnel assigned as part of the launch crews or as advisors. 3. Transportation of Armypersonnel assigned as observers or on a training basis to NASA conducted launches will be a responsibility of the Army. 4. During the transfer phase, defined as 1 July 1960 to i October 1960, the Army will continue to support the LODwith vehicles and drivers as currently assigned until LODcan obtain its own. 5. Currently assigned vehicles will be transferred to NASA or retained by the Army as provided in a separate agreement on equipment. 6. Parking area for operational vehicles in the motor pool lot will be shared by LODand Armyuntil separate facilities are provided the Army. 7. Temporaryvehicle maintenance shelters and equipment currently located in the Industrial Area will be d_vided between LODand Army until such time as NASA can prgvide separate permanent shelter for LOD. At that time, all temporary shelters will be removed from the Industrial Area. Minor maintenance will be provided to Army by LODon a reimbursable basis within the capability of LODand on a "space and time available" basis.

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SECTION III Supply at AMR i. The Launch Operations Directorate will issue supplies, exFendable and non-expendable, to ABMA AMR. at a. Expendable supplies will samemanneras to LODpersonnel. be issued to ABMA the in

b. Non-expendable items to be retained within the Industrial Area will be issued on a hand-receipt basis. Such items will not be removed from the Industrial Area. c. Industrial These will Non-expendable items to be taken outside the Area will be issued on a transfer of accountability. becomethe property of the ABMA.

2. Issues will be madewith or without reimbursement in accordance with agreement between the Army and NASA Hu=tsville, at and these issues will be part of that agreement. Further issues beyond the sc.opeof that agreement will be reimbursable. 3. ABMA will comply with LODprocedures'in supplies and equipment. requisitioning

4. ABMA will furnish and maintain current (on a quarterly basis) a list of personnel authorized to requisition supplies and signature cards for these personnel.

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SECTION IV Security Operations at AMR i. The Launch Operations Directorate will services and control within the NASA Industrial and Complex 56 and all SATURNaunch Areas. L 2. within provide Security Area, Complex 26

The Army will provide Security services and control the PERSHINGrea (Complex30 and related areas.) A

3. During the transfer phase, defined as the period from i July 1960 to i October 1960, the Army will retain its currently assigned Security organization and provide support and training to NASA Security personnel as requested. 4. During the transfer phase, the Army and NASA will mutually develop procedures and agreements covering areas of overlap or mutual support. 5. During the transfer phase, NASA will provide office space as currently assigned to the Army. Subsequent to I October 1960, the Army Security Office will relocate into other quarters as assigned to the Army under Section V of this document.

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SECTION V Facilities at AMR

i. The PERSHING Launch Facility (Complex30 and related areas) will remain under the control of the Army. 2. Complex 26 and Complex 56 will be under the control of LODbut will be utilized as necessary in the accomplishment of currently assigned ArmyMissile Systems Programs. 3. The Industrial Area will be under the control of LOD. LODwill provide space to the Army within the Industrial Area as necessary to perform the Launch programs currently assigned at AMR. The space required will be determined by mutual agreement between the Launch Operations Directorate and Test, Evaluation and Firing Lab. a. Roomsin the E&L building numbered1212, 1213, 1217 and 1207, which are the offices now assigned as Military, Chrysler, Martin and Picatinny will be assigned Test, Evaluation and Firing Lab on i July 1960. Room1209 will be shared by LODand TE&Ffor transient personnel. After i October 1961TE&F and LODwill both require additional office space. b. In the event additional space is required by ABMA for new programs at AMR,at least 18 months lead time notice will be provided to LOD. LODwill then budget for construction of a new hangar or arrange for assignment of an existing hangar at AMR ABMA. to 4. Other facilities and equipment not covered under paragraph I., 2., and 3. above, but procured for the PERSHINGrogram P will be retained by the Army. All equipment and severable facilitie{ procured by Army funds which becomesurplus to LOD requirements will be offered to ABMA before other disposition is made. The mobile service structure planned for use on the NIKE-ZEUS Target Programwill remain the property of the Army.

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SECTION Vl NASA-ABMA Operational Support i.

exercise TECHNICAL technical CONTROL: control The Director, TE&F Laboratory over the activities covered by will this and of

Memorandum coordination management ABMA

of Agreement. This control includes program within the Army and between the Army and LOD, of the activities at AMR. Policies and procedures directed toward the discharge

responsibilities 2. ESTABLISHED

POLICIES:

estab-

lished by LOD (previously MFL) which pertain to relations between LOD and Martin Co., CCMD, Picatinny Arsenal, DOFL, etc., will remain in full force. Changes thereto will be mutual agreement 3. between LOD LOD and TE&F FOR Laboratory. PERSHING LAUNCH ACTIVITIES: provide complete necessary to TE&F Laboratory

RESPONSIBILITY

a. General: The Director, LOD will technical supervision, direction, and support launch PERSHING Missiles until such time that

has acquired a capability to assume same. It is anticipated that TE&F Laboratory will have acquired a capability to assume the full responsibility for technical supervision and direction of PERSHING Launch Operations within the 2nd Quarter of FY 62. However, TE&F will review their projected capability in Jan 1961 and notify LOD when they will assume complete responsibility, this assumption of responsibility being not before i July 1961. b. Coordination with AMR: LOD shall perform all

necessary coordination and liaison with AMR concerning PERSHING Launchings through the Army's delegated representative to AMR. However, in order that TE&F Laboratory be apprised of range , coordination requirements and in order that a capability be established in this area, a TE&F designated representative will participate Coordinator in these activities jointly with the until such time that TE&F Laboratory LOD Project assumes complete

responsibility. ,c. Support by LOD Supervision and Direction}: necessary to launch PERSHING limited to the following: (i) (2) Preparation, Operation (During Period LOD Retains Technical LOD will provide the support Missiles which includes_but is not

check-out, of Hhngar "D"

and

launch

of missiles. Station.

Telemetry

COPY

ment.

(3)

Operation of UDOP Beat-Beat Tracking Equip&

(4) Provision of "Quick-Look" data including reproduction of tapes and preparation of oscillograms. (5) Scheduling of all tests.

(6) Determination of the on-board equipment and range instrumentation required to meet the objectives of each missile launch. Publish these requirements in the form of the Instrumentation Plan (Part of the Firing Test Report.) Martin furnishes one man-year to assist in this effort. (7) Coordinate flight safety requirements.

(8) Collect data and photographic requirements and distribute gathered data and film in accordance with distribution coordinated with TE&FLaboratory. (9) Process work orders and other facility change requests through the Army's delegated representative to AMR. Martin will furnish all the required engineering for each change request. d. Support Technical Supervision will provide support technical supervision following:
(i) required. (2) required. (3) Provide consulting services upon request. the availability of LOD personnel will determine the extent of the services provided. (4) when requested. (5) Support not explicitly covered herein unforeseen requirement arises. The availability will determine the time and extent of services but for of LOD provided. Perform accuracy checks on ST-120 platforms Operate Hangar "D" _elemetry station if by LOD (Subsequent to the Assumption of and Direction by TE&F La_or_tory_: LOD to TE&F Laboratory after the assumption of and control by TE&F which includes the

Operate

UDOP

and

Beat-Beat

tracking

sites

if

However, time and

which an personnel

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4.

LOD

RESPONSIBILITIES

FOR

REDSTONE

LAUNCH

ACTIVITIES:

a. General: technical supervision, the remaining REDSTONE

The Director, LOD will direction, and support missiles at A_.

provide complete necessary to launch

b. Coordination with AMR: LOD shall perform all necessary coordination and liaison with AMR concerning REDSTONE launchings through the Army's delegated representative to AMR. However, in order that TE&F be apprised of range coordination requirements and in order that a capability be established in this area, a TE&F designated representative will participate these activities Jointly with the LOD project coordinator. 5. LOD RESPONSIBILITIES FOR JUPITER CTL LAUNCH in

ACTIVITIES: with Missile

Memorandum

LOD responsibilities shall be in accordance of Agreement between U. S. Army Ballistic

Agency and Marshall Space Flight Center for support of the U. S. Air Force JUPITER Combat Training Launch Program, dated 23 May 1960. In addition, LOD shall train TE&F personnel (Military, Civilian, or Contractor) who will be assigned to LOD by mutual agreement and who will be under the technical supervision and direction of LOD. 6. LOD RESPONSIBILITIES FOR JUPITER LST LAUNCH ACTIVITIES:

direction, Activities.

LOD will provide complete technical supervision, and support necessary for the JUPITER L_ST Launch

Details of the agreement between Flight Center have not been completed but made an addendum to this document. 7. RESPONSIBILITY FOR NIKE-ZEUS

ABMA upon

and Marshall Space completion will be

TARGET

LAUNCH

ACTIVITIES:

TE&F will assume complete responsibility for JUPITER Target Launch Activities on I July 1960. LOD will supply consultatory services to TE&F as requested within the limitations of the level of effort stipulated in Section VII. 8. TRAINING a. The OF TE&F PERSONNEL: structure for the TE&F Launch

organizational

Branch will be'similar to that of LOD. There will be a project engineer assigned for each Army project and sections in the Launch Branch will correspond to the branches within LOD.

COPY

b.

TE&Fproject engineers will

perform a dual function. and supervision of the

(i) Train under the direction corresponding LODproject engineer.

(2) Serve as an assistant to the Chief, TE&FLaunch Branch, with responsibility (as contact point between TE&Fand LOD) for coordinating all activities of an operational nature between TE&Fand LOD. c. Technical personnel from operating sections with the TE&FLaunch Branch will be assigned to the corresponding LOD Branch for training in the LODArea under the technical supervision and direction of LOD.

i0

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SECTION VII Program-Budget Planning Data TE&FLab Anticipated to ABM_: a.

PERSHING

level of effort

for LODsupport

FrY 61 Man-quarters Civilian ist 2nd 3rd Qtr Qtr Qtr 40 40 30

per

quarter

(Direct_ Tota____._l 56 56 46

Military* 16 16 16

4th TOTAL

Qtr - Man-years personnel will be not be reimbursed

2{) 32.5 supplied to LOD by for these services.

i___6 16.

3____6 48.5

*Military MSFC will

ABMA. Therefore, In the event support within reimbursed

that ABMA is unable to maintain this to LOD, LOD will substitute civilian the limitations of LOD by ABMA accordingly. b. REDSTONE personnel

level of military effort therefore and will be

strength

FY ist 2nd 3rd 4th Qtr Qtr Qtr Qtr - 42 - 42 - 42 man-quarters man-quarters man-quarters

61 Man-quarters

per

quarter

(Direct_

- 18 man-quarters 36

Man-years

ii

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c.

JUPITER

TARGET

Man-quarters ist Qtr 2nd 3rd 4th TOTAL Qtr Qtr Qtr - Man-years 4 4 4 4 4

per

quarter

.(Direct_

d. within LOD in programs

Actual expenditures will be recorded by program and furnished monthly to TE&F for review. Adjustments will be made by TE&F on a quarterly basis.

12

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SECTION VIII Requirements for Military Personnel at TE&FLab at AMR

Since LODhas madeformal request for TE&FLab to maintain the current level of military personnel at AMR during the phasing period of i July 1960 - I October 1960, TE&FLab agrees to maintain the current TD until I October 1960. TE&FLaboratory takes the position that these functions should be performed by civilians and that the use of enlisted personnel should be phased out as soon as civilian spaces and qualified applicants are available. Fourteen of the enlisted personnel required are for motor pool and transportation activities. Action is being initiated by TE&FLaboratory to arrange for this service to be performed by contract. Part A of this section is a tabulation of the military personnel requirements by function, shown separately for officers and enlisted. TE&FLaboratory plans to maintain the eighteen technical. military personnel and three crypto personnel at least through FY 61 or until civilian replacements are obtained, and the six S&Psuntil expiration of enlistment.

13

"

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MILITARY PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS JEST, EVALUATION AND FIRING LABORATORY AT ATLANTIC MISSILE RANGE

Part

- Requirements

by

Function Enlisted Personnel Required 4 14 3

Officers Administrative Detachment A and Clerical: Officers

& Warrant Required

- overhead and Motor Operators Pool

Transportation Teletype-Crypto Scientific Program Firing Networks Guidance Project Technical: Tracking Photography Firing Measuring Instrumentation and

Professional:

Coordinator

Engineer

12 i 3 1 1

14

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/s/ William WILLIAM Director, Firing

L. L.

Grafton GRAFTON Test Evaluation &

/s/ Kurt KURT

H. H.

Debus DEBUS Operations

Laboratory

Director, Launch Directorate

15

IV
LETTER, HEADQUARTERS AOMC TO CAPE DIRECTOR CANAVERAL 1960 LAUNCH VEHICLE PROGRAM, NASA

SUBJECT:

FACILITIES

9 JUNE

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U.

S. ARMY

HEADQUARTERS ORDNANCE MISSILE Arsenal,

COMMAND

Redstone ORDXM-CM

Alabama 9 Jun 1960

Major General Don R. Ostrander Director, Launch Vehicle Program National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1520 H Street, Northwest Washington 25, D. C.

Dear

General

Ostrander:

Your letter of 3 May 1960 has been given considerable thought both by General Schomburg and me. It is recognized that the continuation of effective launch operations at AMR is of primary concern to both the Army and NASA. It has already been agreed that Dr. Debus will have operational control of all facilities in the Industrial complex at AMR. In this respect, Dr. Debus will be responsible for planning, utilization and operation of all facilities in the Industrial area. In addition, I believe it would be mutually beneficial to NASA and the Army if Launch Complex 26 were taken over completely by NASA rather than being retained by the Army under the operational control of Dr. Debus. I recognize that this latter proposal is not in accordance with the Army/NASA Transfer Plan of ii December 1959. This Command has initiated action requesting Department of Army approval in the complete transfer of Launch Complex 26 to NASA, as a change to the Army/NASA Transfer Plan. I assume that Dr. Glennan will agree with this position. The agreement with respect to operational control by Dr. Debus and the proposal to completely turn over to NASA Launch Complex 26 is predicated upon our ability to reach detailed agreements with Marshall Space Flight Center (Dr. Debus) with respect to his continued support of Army programs. I have delegated responsibility for reaching agreement in this area to the Commander, ABMA. It is planned that this detailed agreement on operations at AMR would become an appendix to the over-all operating agreement now being negotiated between this Command and Marshall Space Flight Center.

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ORDXM-CM

Confirming my recent telephone conversation with you, this Command agrees to give Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA) eighteen (18) months notice in the event US AOMC desires the use of Hangar R which will be under the operational control of Dr. Debus. This agreement will allow NASA to develop and implement a master facilities plan at AMR with respect to Hangar R with the understanding that should the Army need Hangar R they will have enough lead-time to either provide it or an equal replacement. I appreciate your concern that the work of Dr. his expanded activities, must proceed without undue to either the Army or NASA programs. Let me assure members of this Command will do everything in their accomplish this aim. Sincerely (Signed) J. A. J. yours, A. BARCLAY Debus, under interruption you that power to

BARCLAY

Major General, USA Deputy Commanding General

V OPERATING BETWEEN LOD/MSFC AUGUST PROCEDURES AND 16, TE&F 1960 AT AMR

LABORATORY

COPY

APPENDIX TO AGREEMENT BETWEEN

III

USAOMC

AND

MSFC*

OPERATING

PROCEDURES AT

ATLANTIC

MISSILE

RANGE

BETWEEN LAUNCH OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER AND TEST, EVALUATION R&D ARMY AND FIRING OPERATIONS MISSILE LABORATORY, AGENCY

BALLISTIC

* Historian's

Note:

Original

Agreement

dated

August

16,

1960.

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SECTION GENERAL I. INTRODUCTION:

The Test, Evaluation and Firing Laboratory (TE&F), an element of Research and Development Operations, ABMA, will be responsible for all ABMA Launch Operations at Atlantic Missile Range. Until such time that TE&F establishes the capability to perform the required launch operation functions, the Launch Operations Directorate (LOD), Marshall Space Flight Center will support, as defined herein, ABMA programs. These procedures are specifically limited to the REDSTONE, PERSHING, JUPITER (LST), and JUPITER (CTL) systems. This agreement supersedes and cancels the agreement between NASA, MSFC and ABMA on Support Requirements to be furnished by LOD to TE&F Laboratory dated i June 1960. It is expected that for in this section 2. SERVICES: will provide photographic within its capability and and reproduction in accordance with the requirements will not extend for the services beyond 31 December provided 1961.

a. The LOD services to TE&F the following: (I) services

such

TE&F will comply with LOD procedures regarding for classified and unclassified work. priorities for all photographic

and

(2) LOD shall establish reproduction services.

b. TE&F will supply LOD with names and signature cards of individuals (including Army Contractors or other Government Personnel on TE&F programs) authorized to approve photographic and reproduction work orders and requisitions for supplies and equipment. These cards will be kept current by TE&F. c. LOD will provide regular mail within the LOD Industrial Area on own and messenger service to a non-reimbursable basis. classified material

TE&F

TE&F and LOD will each provide its control and internal distribution.

d. Classified message service will be provided by TE&F a non-reimbursable basis. Paging services within the NASA Industrial Area will be performed by LOD on a non-reimbursable basis.

on

COPY

e. The Launch Operations Directorate will issue supplies, expendable and non-expendable which are not available from AFMTC,to ABMA AMRas requested. at (i) Expendable supplies will samemanneras to LODpersonnel. Industrial items will Industrial These will 3. be issued to ABMA the in

(2) Non-expendable items to be retained within the Area will be issued on a hand-receipt basis. Such not be removed from the Industrial Area. (3) Non-expendable items to be taken outside the Area will be issued on a transfer of accountability. becomethe property of the ABMA.

TRANSPORTATION: LOD will Complex) provide for all local transportation equipment, missiles, LOD as (PAFB-Cape spares and

a. Canaveral

supplies, and working crews for will include such TE&F personnel work crews.

conducted firings. This are assigned as part of the

b. TE&F will provide local transportation (PAFB-Cape Canaveral Complex) for all equipment, missiles, spares and supplies, and working crews for all TE&F conducted firings. This wi]l include LOD personnel assigned as part of the firing crews or as advisors. c. Transportation of ABMA personnel assigned conducted as launches

observers or on a training basis to NASA will be a responsibility of the ABMA.

d. Parking area for operational vehicles pool lots will be shared by LOD and TE&F until are provided TE&F. 4. FACILITIES:

in the separate

motor facilities

These Operating Procedures are predicated upon an agreement being reached by the parties as to the assignment by the Air Force of facilities at AMR for use by the parties in carrying out their obligations hereunder.

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SECTION OPERATIONAL I. TECHNICAL CONTROL: exercise technical control

II SUPPORT Laboratory will covered by these

The Director, TE&F over the activities

procedures. This control includes program coordination within the ABMA and between the TE&F and LOD, and management of the activities directed toward the discharge of ABMA responsibilities at AMR. 2. by ESTABLISHED POLICIES: Policies and procedures established which pertain to relations between LOD and Martin Co., Arsenal, will be DOFL, etc., will remain in full force. by mutual agreement between LOD and

LOD

CCMD, Picatinny Changes thereto TE&F

.

Laboratory. LOD RESPONSIBILITY FOR PERSHING LAUNCH ACTIVITIES:

a. General: The Director, LOD will provide technical supervision, direction, and support necessary to laurnch PERSHING missiles until such time that TE&F Laboratory has acquired a capability to assume same. It is anticipated that TE&F Laboratory will have acquired a capability to assume the full responsibility for technical supervision and direction of PERSHING Launch Operations within the 2nd quarter of FY 62. However, TE&F will review their projected capability in January 1961 and notify LOD when they will assume complete responsibility, this assumption of responsibility being not before I July 1961. b. Coordination with AMR: LOD shall perform all necessary coordination and liaison with AMR concerning PERSHING Launchings through the USAOMC Field Office at AMR (AMRAFO). However, in order that TE&F Laboratory be apprised of range coordination requirements and in order that a capability be established in this area, a TE&F designated representative will participate in these activities jointly with the LOD Project Coordinator until such time that TE&F Laboratory assumes complete responsibility. c. Support by LOD (During Period LOD Retains Technical

Supervision and Direction): LOD sary to launch PERSHING Missiles to the following: (I) (2) Preparation, Operation

will provide the support neceswhich includes but is not limited

check-out of Hangar "D"

and

launch

of missiles. Station.

Telemetry

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(3)

Operation of UDOP Beat-Beat Tracking Equipment. & reproduc-

(4) Provision of "Quick-Look" data including tion of tapes and preparation of oscillograms. (5) Scheduling of all tests.

(6) Determination of the on-board equipment and range instrumentation required to meet the objectives of each missile launch. Publish these requirements in the form in the Instrumentation Plan (Part of the Firing Test Report). Martin furnishes one man-year to assist in this effort. (7) Coordinate flight safety requirements.

(8) Collect data and photographic requirements and distribute gathered data and film in accordance with distribution coordinated with TF_F Laboratory. (9) Process work orders and other facility change requests through USAOMC'selegated representative to AMR. Martin d will furnish all the required engineering for "eachchange request. d. Support by LOD (Subsequent to the Assumption of Technical Supervision and Direction by TE&F Laboratory): LOD will provide support to TE&F Laboratory after the assumption of technical supervision and control by TE&F which includes the following:
(i) (2) Operate Operate UDOP Hangar and Beat-Beat telemetry Tracking station sites if if required.

"D"

required.

(3) Provide consulting the availability of LOD personnel extent of the services provided. (4) requested. Perform accuracy

services upon request. However, will determine the time and

checks

on ST-120

platforms

when

(5) Support not explicitly covered herein but for which an unforeseen requirement arises. The availability of LOD personnel will determine the time and extent of services provided.

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4.

LOD a.

RESPONSIBILITIES General: The

FOR

REDSTONE LOD

LAUNCH will

ACTIVITIES: technical launch the

Director,

provide to

supervision, direction, and remaining REDSTONE missiles b. Coordination with

support at AMR. AMR:

necessary

LOD

shall

perform

all

necess-

ary coordination and liaison wiLh AMR concerning REDSTONE launchings through the USAOMC Field Office at AMR (AMRAFO). However, in order that TE&F be apprised of range coordination requirements and in order that a capability be established this area, a TE&F designated representative will participate these activities jointly with the LOD project coordinator. 5. LOD RESPONSIBILITIES FOR JUPITER CTL LAUNCH ACTIVITIES: in in

LOD responsibilities shall be in accordance with Memorandum of Agreement between U. S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency and Marshall Space Flight Center for support of the U. S. Air Force JUPITER Combat Training Launch Program, dated 23 May 1960. In addition, LOD shall train TE&F personnel (military, civilian, or contractor) who will be assigned to LOD by mutual agreement and who will be under the technical supervision and direction of LOD. 6. LOD RESPONSIBILITIES provide technical for the JUPITER OF TE&F will be TE&F FOR JUPITER LST LAUNCH ACTIVITIES: and support

LOD will necessary 7.

supervision, direction, LST Launch Activities.

TRAINING a. There

PERSONNEL: a TE&F project project engineer will assigned perform for a dual

each ABMA function:

project.

engineers

(i) corresponding

Train LOD

under

the

direction

and

supervision

of the

project

engineer.

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(2) Serve in TE&FLaunch Branch, with responsibility (as contact point between TE&Fand LOD) for coordinating all
activities of an operational nature between TE&F and LOD. b. Technical for training under of LOD. personnel of TE&F may be the technical supervision assigned to LOD and direction

/s/ William WILLIAM

L. L.

Grafton GRAFTON_ & Firing

/s/ Director Lab,

Kurt

H.

Debus

Test, Eval R&D Opns

KURT H. DEBUS_ Director Launch Operations Directorate

/s/ R. R.

M. Hurst M. HURST General, USA

Brigadier Commander

VI MEMORANDUM OFAGREEMENT ONPARTICIPATION OF THE6555th TESTWING(DEV) IN THE CENTAUR R&DFLIGHTTESTPROGRAM APRIL 18, 1961

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April MEMORANDUM OF OF AGREEMENT ON PARTICIPATION

18,

1961

THE 6555th TEST WING (DEV) IN THE CENTAUR R&D FLIGHT TEST PROGRAM

I.

PURPOSE: To identify those portions and areas of the CENTAUR R&D Wing of

Flight Test Program which are of concern and jointly agree on the responsibilities the 6555th Test Wing, in order to: i. Maintain integrity of the ATLAS

to the 6555th Test and participation

booster,

2. Insure that vehicles and facilities are compatible with future military and civilian missions involving the CENTAUR vehicle, 3. atives. II. PROGRAM RESPONSIBILITIES: And, still retain NASA's development and test prerog-

NASA is responsible for the R&D phase of the CENTAUR Program. The Launch Operations Directorate has been designated by NASA to exercise launch responsibility for the i0 R&D Vehicles and for subsequent operational vehicles with NASA Spacecraft. 6555th Test Wing will exercise launch responsibility for operational CENTAUR Vehicles with DOD missions. The present responsibility assignments and certain histor-

ical facts, as stated in the Addendum hereto, such as funding by DOD for certain CENTAUR facilities and joint use of contractors, establish areas of interest and participation by the 6555th Test Wing on which agreement is reached as indicated below. III. AREAS A. booster as OF INTEREST: NASA is interested in the ATLAS launch platform for the CENTAUR

ATLAS Booster. The a tested, reliable

stage. The Air Force is vitally interested of the ATLAS booster.

has an identical interest and, in addition, in protecting the reputation and integrity The Air Force is also interested in minForce

imizing undue procedural changes during the test program which would either affect booster integrity or complicate future Air use of the ATLAS/CENTAUR combination.

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B. CENTAUR Stage. As indicated above, the development and initial test of this stage are NASA prerogatives. A NASA management organization is responsible for the conduct of this
program. The DOD is vitally interested in the expeditious, successful prosecution of the program in order that the CENTAUR may be applied to critical areas of military necessity. C. FACILITIES. NASA and the Air Force plan joint use of a large number of facilities in connection with the CENTAUR Program. Complex 36, to include Pads 36A and 36B, and Hangar H will be used initially by NASA and later by both NASA and the Air Force. Other facilities such as Hangars J and K will be shared by the CENTAUR, AGENA-B, MERCURY, and Air Force ATLAS Weapon Systems Programs contracted to Convair. (In this connection the Air Force has attempted to prevent redundancy in facilities by requiring maximum use of existing weapons _ystem facilities in the prosecution of other programs such _ENTAUR, AGEN_-B and MERCURY.) IV. AREAS OF PARTICIPATION:

as

A. ATLAS Stage. The i0 vehicle CENTAUR test program will use the ATLAS D booster, generally accepted as a developed utility space booster, as a launch platform. The 6555th Test Wing will assign personnel, as necessary, for the supervision and direction of Convair's processing of these I0 boosters, while performing similar functions on other such boosters for the numerous programs using them. LOD will also monitor the processing and checkout of these boosters and, in some cases, may require additional or more rigid checkout procedures than are required by the Air Force. The 6555th Test Wing will integrate these requirements into the check-out process when requested by the LOD CENTAUR Group. During launch operations, an officer of the 6555th Test Wing will be made available as a consultant to the launch director. B. CENTAUR Stage. In the interest of providing efficient and rapid application to military missions, the 6555th Test Wing will participate as follows: In the development of test and checkout procedures, for training purposes; in field modifications to the CENTAUR stage, as a matter of interest and education; and in test documentation, from the standpoint of coordination. C. FACILITIES. will LOD be sole will

98er

i. During the CENTAUR R&D Program LOD of the CENTAUR facilities at AMR; therefore,

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exercise management ontrol of these facilities. c

facilities will also be used by later date: (a) modifications the 6555th to CENTAUR

Since these Test Wing at some facilities and equip-

ment will be performed only after appropriate coordination with the 6555th Test Wing, (b) modifications to ATLAS facilities and equipment will be performed only after appropriate concurrence with the 6555th Test Wing, and (c) normal or preventative maintenance, requests for facility modification, normally performed by agencies other than Convair, will be processed by 2. LOD through the existing 6555th Test Wing be channels. coordi-

All

con_nunications CENTAUR

requirements Project Office

will and

nated by the CCMTA, NASA, to Convair for processing. D. SECURITY.

submitted

i. Industrial security will be the responsibility of Convair; however, LOD will have the authority to badge personnel as required for access to Complex 36 and Hangar H. Requests for badging LOD personnel for Hangars J and K will be coordinated with Convair prior to submitting the badge request to PAA Security. 2. Access a special FOR to a Complex access list HANDLING during approved OF operations by LOD. JOINT will be

governed
V*

by

PROCEDURES A. A NASA representation

MATTERS

CONCERN: 6555th Test

Wing

CENTAUR Project Office, to include will be set up at CCMTA for: joint problem resolution. coordinated areas and

action

I. Identifying as appropriate for 2. Providing concern. Coordinating

initiating

contractor

direction

on

points

of

joint 3.

and

directing

facility

modifications. used for more

than

one

4. Coordinating access to facilities program through Convair Security Office.

the

B. The NASA prime mechanism

CENTAUR Launch Operations Group will act as for coordinating flight operations during

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the R&Dflight test program. This group will be chaired by NASA,and the 6555th Test Wing will provide a member.

APPROVED:

APPROVED:

/s/

Kurt H. KURT H. Director

Debus DEBUS

Launch Operations Directorate Marshall Space Flight Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration

/s/ Paul R. Wignall PAUL R, WIGNALL Colonel USAF Commander 6555th Test Wing (Dev)

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April

18, 1961

ADDENDUM TO MEMORANDUM OFAGREEMENT ONPARTICIPATIONF THE6555th TEST O WING(DEV) IN THECENTAUR R&DFLIGHTTESTPROGRAM BackgroundHistory of CENTAUR Program The development program for CENTAUR consists of a i0 vehicle flight test program. Unlike the ATLASand SATURN development programS, where one agency initiated and developed a vehicle to fulfill its ownneeds, there has been continuous Air Force interest in the CENTAUR program since its conception. The program was conceived by ARDC and sponsored by the Air Force until it was adopted as a DOD project by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Subsequent to this, the program was managedfor ARPA the Air Force until it was by transferred for development to the NASA. The Air Force has placed officers on loan to NASA for program managementn order i to maintain development continuity. The ATLAS/CENTAUR test facilities were built under Air Force direction with Depart_ ment of Defense funds initially for unspecified launch vehicles, then for VEGA and CENTAUR, then CENTAUR only after cancellation of VEGA. After development, this vehicle will be used by NASAfor various space missions. Initially, the Air Force developed ATLASwill be used as a launching platform for the CENTAUR stage. Later it is expected that this stage will be combined with other boosters such as the NASASATURN, There is also considerable DOD interest in the CENTAUR development program since several military programs are presently projected to use the ATLAS/CENTAUR vehicle as a developed space booster system.

Vll TRANSFER PERSHING OF LAUNCH OPERATIONS RESPONSIBILITY FROM LODTO TE&FLABORATORY

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GEORGE

C. MARSHALL HUNTSVILLE,

SPACE

FLIGHT

CENTER

ALABAMA

MEMORANDUM TO FROM SUBJECT

Distribution M-LOD-DIR ORDAB-RT Transfer of PERSHING Launch Test Operations Evaluation Responsibility and Firing DATE June 2, 1961

From NASA-LOD Laboratory

to ABMA,

REFERENCE: Memorandum

of Understanding Between NASA Launch fOperations Directorate and ABMA, Test Evaluation Firing Laboratory, dated 15 May 1961, subject as accordance with the referenced Memorandum

and above.

i.

In

of Under-

standing, the responsibility for PERSHING Launch Operations at Cape Canaveral was transfe_re_ from Launch Operations Directorate, MSFC, to the Test Evaluation and Firing Laboratpry_ ABMA, on The details of this transfer are contained referenced Memorandum which is enclosed. LOD the will continue to support following major areas: the PERSHING 19 May in the 1961.

Program

in

a,

Receive transmitted telemetry data, make playbacks, etc.; with the LOD Hangar D Telemeter Station in much the same manner as was done for PERSHING missiles in the past. missiles with the LOD UDOP system.

b.

Track

PERSHING

C.

Perform laboratory for approximately Missile 308. Provide, on consultation Laboratory.

checkouts of ST-120 20 platforms starting

platforms with

do

a non-interference basis, technical services when requested by TE&F

eo

Provide minor support in the photographic, reproduction, and range safety areas on an emergency basis.

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15 May 1961 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN NASA LAUNCH OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE ANDABMA, TESTEVALUATION ANDFIRING LABORATORY SUBJECT: Transfer of PERSHING Launch Operations Responsibility from NASA-LOD ABMA,Test Evaluation and Firing to Laboratory i. Reference: Memorandum Agreement between the Army of Ballistic Missile Agency and the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Support Requirements to be furnished by Launch Operations Directorate to Test, Evaluation and Firing Laboratory date i June 1960. 2. Time of Subject Transfer:

LODwill retain PERSHING Launch Operations responsibility through the completion of the launch operation for Missile No. 310 or until i July 1961, whichever is sooner. This date is known as T-Time. For missile operation No. 311, LODpersonnel will be available on a standby basis for assistance and guidance to Test, Evaluation and Firing Laboratory personnel if requested. All Launch Operations for Missiles 311 and up will be the responsibility of TE&FLaboratory. 3. LODTelemetry Ground Station Support:

LODwill provide telemetry support to PERSHING Launch Operations throughout the existing PERSHING Programwith the I Hangar D Telemetry Ground Station in accordance with working agreement attached as Addendum i. 4. UDOP Support:

Operation of downrangeUDOP stations will be accomplished by the AFMTC RangeContractor. Uprange (Cape Canaveral Area) tracking will be accomplished by LODthroughout the existing PERSHING Program in accordance with working agreement attached I as Addendum 2. 5. Firing Sequencer:

LODwill continue to makeavailable the sequencer located in Complex 56 as required for support of PERSHING Operation. I

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6.

Photographic Support:

LODwill honor requests on an emergencybasis from Chief, AMR Branch, TE&FLab for Photographic Support when it is deemedthat such support is not readily available from the AFMTC RangeContractor. 7. Reproduction Support: LODwill honor requests from Chief, AMRBranch, TE&FLab for Reproduction Support on a non-interference basis. The TE&F Lab and Martin-Cocoa will develop the necessary capability in this area as soon as possible. 8. Battery Activation Facilities:

LODwill makeavailable the Hangar D battery activation facilities for joint use by TE&FLab until TE&FLab can establish its ownfacilities. 9. Flight Instrumentation Planning:

LODwill provide PERSHINGlight Instrumentation Support F after T-Time during the period that Hangar D Telemetry and UDOP support is required. Present Martin-Cocoa Engineering support will remain with LODunder TE&FLab control. i0. will Range Safety Support: Until TE&FLab has acquired the necessary capability, continue Range Safety Support after T-Time, assisting
Range Safety problems. LOD continuing routine support. will not

LOD
TE&F be

Lab in special AFMTC requested to provide ii. Supply Support:

LOD will support TE&F Lab with common items (expendable type) on an emergency basis after T-Time (Item 2 above), when such items ate not readily available from PAFB Supply Stocks. Nonexpendable items to be retained in the industrial area will be issued on a hand receipt basis when required by TE&F Laboratory. 12. ST-120 Checkout Support: Division, MSFC, of the ST-120 with

LOD

In accordance with a request from the G&C will continue to perform laboratory checkouts for approximately 20 platforms starting

platforms

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Missile 308. The G&CDivision will assist LODin performing these checks when LODmanpoweris heavily committed elsewhere. In the event laboratory checks of ST-120 platforms are required after 20 units, additional negotiations will be required. The first 20 units are now scheduled to be completed by i April 1962. All checkouts and data pertinent thereto will be accomplished on a time basis compatible with the missile work schedules furnished by the TE&FLaboratory. 13. Interim Storage Area for TE&FLab:

LODwill provide storage space for TE&FLab on request from Chief, AMRBranch, until such time as storage area is made available from AFMTC. 14. Teletype Service:

LODand TE&FLab will continue joint operation of teletype services as currently established. However, LODand TE&FLab will initiate action to provide separate facilities. 15. Hurricane Plan:

In the event of an impending hurricane, LODwill assist TE&FLab in protecting their property in every way possible. 16.
files

Files

Transfer: to retain current REDSTONE for transfer to TE&F Lab. after and PERSHING Such file transfer

LOD agrees until screened

transfer action date established 17. LOD

is to be completed 60 days in Paragraph 2 above. Technical Consultation

Support:

technical

LOD will provide, on a non-interference basis, consultation services when requested by TE&F Lab.

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18. Agreement (referenced above) will continue to remain i_ effect except as modified by this Memorandum Understanding. of

/s/

Kurt H. KURT H. Director

Debus DEBUS

/s/ William WILLIAM Director

L. L.

Grafton GRAFTON and Firing

Launch Operations Directorate

Test, Evaluation Laboratory

CONCURRENCE:

/s/

Charles CHARLES

W. W.

Parker PARKER

Date

15 May

1961

Chief, AMR Branch Test Evaluation and

Firing

Lab

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WORKING AGREEMENT ONTELEMETER GROUND STATION SUPPORT BE PROVIDEDHE TO T TE&FLAB BYLODAFTERT-TIME I. The LODHangar D Telemeter Station will provide support throughout the existing PERSHING Program. LODwill receive I transmitted data, make playbacks, etc., in the samemanner as they do presently but they will not check each measurementfor proper function. 2. The responsibility for operation and maintenance of the Blockhouse 30 Telemeter Station, and on-board TM and RF equipment and associated check-out equipment will be transferred to the Test, Evaluation and Firing Laboratory at T-Time. 3. The Test, Evaluation and Firing Laboratory will designate a single point of contact (whomaybe a representative of the TE&FLaboratory or the Martin Company)for LODTMpersonnel. This person, or his alternate, will be the only one authorized to request support by the LODTM station except through scheduling. Requests for data received and processed by the TM station will be forwarded to the LODData Office. 4. LODwill receive open-loop telemetry and provide three sets of quick-look records on the plug-drop overall test and simulated flight test which will be distributed to Test, Evaluation and Firing Lab, Martin, and Picatinny Arsenal Field Engineering Unit. Playback records will be provided by LODfor all other overall tests. Six (6) sets of quick-look records plus two (2) copies of tapes will be provided for flight tests which will be distributed as follows by Test, Evaluation and Firing Lab (Cape). Oscillograms I. 2. 3. 4. 5. TE&FLab (Cape) Martin-Cocoa Picatinny TE&F- Comp.Lab (Huntsville) Martin-Orlando i 1 1 2 i Tapes

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will

5. Mr. White (LOD-UDOP) Mr. McMath (LOD-Telemetry) and be membersof the Test, Evaiuation and Firing Laboratory

Scheduling Committee and will attempt to work out schedule conflicts with Test, Evaluation and Firing Laboratory and Martin personnel. Scheduling conflicts which cannot be resolved in the aforementioned scheduling committee will be resolved by the LOD Scheduling Committee and Mr. Charles Parker, Chief, AMR Branch, Test, Evaluation and Firing Laboratory, Mr. Parker, or his designated representatives, will attend the AMR Scheduling Meeting on Thursday of each week to assist in the resolution of any conflicts which may develop in this meeting.

Addendum

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WORKING AGREEMENT ONUDOP SUPPORT

TO BE PROVIDED BY LOD AFTER T-TIME I Program as LOD will stations

in

i. LOD will support the existing PERSHING the present manner with the LOD UDOP System. all stations including Central Control. and of

operate and maintain in Blockhouse 30 and

those

2. All on-board UDOP equipment equipment will be the responsibility after T-Time.

transponder checkout the TE&F Laboratory

3. The TE&F Laboratory will designate a single point of contact (who may be a representative of the TE&F Laboratory or the Martin Company) for LOD UDOP personnel. The person so designated will become thoroughly familiar with the UDOP ground equipment used for PERSHING and will be the recipient of all information re_arding the status of the equipment and possible failures. This individual together with other members of the TE&F part of the Laboratory will make the Go-No-Go UDOP System is inoperative. d_cision if any

4. Mr. White (LOD-UDOP) and Mr. McMath (LOD-Telemetry) will be members of the TE&F Laboratory Scheduling Committee and will attempt to work out schedule _onflicts with TE&F Laboratory and Martin personnel. Scheduling conflicts which cannot be resolved in the aforementioned scheduling committee will be resolved by the LOD Scheduling Committee and Mr. Charles Parker, Chief, AMR Branch TE&F Laboratory. designated representative, will attend the Meeting on,Thursday of each week to assist any conflicts which may develop in this Mr. Parker, or his AMR Scheduling in the resolution of

meeting.

"

Addendum

Vlll RANGE USEANDSUPPORT AGREEMENT BETWEEN LODANDAFMTC 17 JULY1961

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RANGE AND USE

SUPPORT

AGREEMENT

BETWEEN

THE

LAUNCH CENTER, SYSTEMS

OPERATIONS NASA, AND COMMAND,

DIRECTORATE, GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT THE AIR FORCE MISSILE TEST CENTER, AIR FORCE USAF, AT PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA.

I.

PURPOSE.

This

agreement

describes

the

relatiohship

between

Air Force Missile Directorate (LOD) and services Administration

Test Center (CENTER) and the Launch Operations as they concern the provisions of facilities and Space and contractors this agreement for services, the Center. achievement and of economy.

to LOD, other National Aeronautics activities and related agencies

at the Atlantic Missile Range. Additionally, describes procedures by which NASA requirements facilities and support will be transmitted to Finally, support 2. this agreement is to promote with optimum objectives consistent maximum

efficiency

REFERENCES:

a. Public Law 60, 81st Congress, Act of II May 1949, which authorizes establishment of a joint long-range proving ground for guided missiles, and for other purposes. b. 1958. Public Law 85-568, National Aeronautics and Space Act of

c. dated

Air Force Regulation I0 June 1960.

172-3,

Host-Tenant

Relationships,

d. NASA Management Manual, Part I, Number 2-2-9, dated i July 1960, signed by Dr. Glennan, NASA Administrator, which delegates to the Director, LOD, authority to deal with the Atlantic Missile Range and Pacific Missile Range. e. Air Force Agreement. Regulation 70-4, 5 December 1960, Air Force

NASA

f. Air Force Regulation 80-37, Furnished the NASA, 19 August 1958. g. DOD memoranda Policy, on the

as

amended,

Air

Force

Aircraft

following and Space

subjects: Ground Support, dated 8

June

(i) 1960.

Ranges

14 August

(2) Coordination 1960.

with

National

Missile

Ranges,

dated

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(3)
dated

Policy, Missile
1960. Range

and Space Vehicle Flight

Planning and Related

Safety,
Policy,

21 November

dated

(4) National 19 January 1961. h. Overall Operations, Plan 15

Funding

- Department January

of

Defense

Support

to

Project

MERCURY 3.

1960.

DEFINITIONS: a. Test of Direction test is the direction the by a Range User of over test the

execution

programs

including

determination

programs,i preparation tests, the evaluation and reorientation of b. respect Oenter c. Center Test Control

of test articles, pursuance of test data, reporting of test program based on these is the control exercised and by

of article test results, evaluations. the Center of the with

to testscheduling, to support a test

range program.

safety

readiness

Common-Servicing refers in support of Range Users

to functions performed for which reimbursement

by the is not

required. d. Cross-Servicin_ of Range refers Users to functions which performed reimbursement by the is

Center in support required. e. Joint-Use

for

refers and

to

facilities, for

services, the use

systems

and of two

equipments maintained or more Range Users.

operated

or benefit

f. SinKle-Use refers to facilities, services, equipments maintained and operated for the exclusive benefit, and to meet special or unique requirements, Range User.

systems and use or of a single

g. Facilities are divided into three categories: Support, DOD furnished mission, and NASA furnished mission. "Support facilities" means land utility systems, office buildings and the like which though made available to LOD are not peculiar to their needs. "DOD furnished mission facilities" means property other than land originally belonging to the Air Force but which is _ique to the needs of LOD. "NASA furnished mission facilities" m_ans property other than land originally belonging to NASA and _hich is unique to the program needs of LOD.

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h.
support directly

Services

are

administrative, Excludes use.

technical and

or professional materials issued

by the Center. to LOD for its

supplies

i. Utility communications, 4.

Systems are electric power, administrative transportation and similar systems. OF NASA THE LAUNCH OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE. with test the Center. of or

RESPONSIBILITIES a. b. Provide Exercise the

single launch

point-of-contact direction by and LOD or

overall

direction agencies

assigned programs, whether performed contractors authorized by NASA. C. current

other

Request necessary support from list of individuals authorized

the Center. Furnish a to authenticate requests. to

d. Submit NASA test schedules and support requirements the Center. Coordinate on Center Program Support Plans for adequacy in meeting test objectives.

e. Procure and operate equipment to be tested, integral, special purpose or related instrumentation, special ground support equipment, supplies, and special purpose vehicles peculiar to the test and not normally furnished by the Center accordance with Ref 2g(4). Title and rights to this equipment funded or provided by NASA shall remain in NASA.

in

f. Establish and provide security requirements, restrictions, and safeguards pertaining to NASA operations and enforce those security regulations and orders established by the Center Security Program which are necessary to safeguard Center operations. g. Reimburse the Center for costs which are reimbursable under this agreement on receipt of billing on Standard Form 1080. h. Budget for NASA reimburse the Center. i. Supervise in accordance j. disposal Classify, requirements for which LOD is required

to

LOD,

the operation with Center and transfer with

of Center procedures. surplus

vehicles

assigned

to

property 6, i.

to

the

Center

for

in accordance

Paragraph

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k. Return, in the samecondition as received except for normal wear and tear, Center property loaned to LOD. i. Loan LODproperty to the Center, as required in connection with LODprograms, or other programs by mutual agreement. m. Coordinate NASA activities safety program. with the Center ground

n. Provide for and implement precautionary measures prescribed in the Hurricane Plan. o. Prepare and release public information pertaining to NASA missions and operations. Public information which may reflect adversely on the Center will be coordinated with the Center Director of Information prior to release. p. Furnish the Center with available LODdata required by the Center Commander support the operations of LOD. to q. Provide the Center with future planning data and estimates sufficient to enable the Center to provide adequate and timely support. Whensufficient time is not available for the Center to provide support, or when it is determined by NASAto be more advantageous, LODwill provide general equipment and supporting services for NASAoperations. r. Control the internal assignment and use of single-use DOD furnished mission facilities and support facilities assigned to LOD. Provisions of paragraph 6f apply to assignment, use, and reassignment of such items. s. Develop criteria for design and construct new NASA furnished mission facilities at the Center. Proposed site plans and specifications will be submitted for review by the tenter prior to project advertising. This review will be limited to insuring compatibility of the planned facility with Center plans for development of the AMR and conformance with minimumUSAFconstruction standards. If requested by NASA,the Center will provide design and construction services on a cross-servicing basis. Design release and directives to the construction agency will be madeby NASA. Upon completion of construction, the facility will be incorporated in the Center Real Property Accountability Records. (LODmay be represented at all general meetings of the Center Facilities Utilization Board).

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t. Alter, relocate or modify DOD and NASAfurnished mission facilities. Inform the Center of modifications, alterations, and relocations. u. Be responsible for labor relations in all NASA activities and keep the Center informed of NASA policies and practices relating thereto. v. Receive, process and act as host for visitors from other than NASAorganizations of high position in the Government (membersof Congress, Executive Branch personnel of Cabinet rank, Ambassadorsand foreign visitors of equivalent rank) who desire briefings, tours, etc. on NASA projects or areas only. The Commander, FKrC, will be notified, and unless the visit concerns A an internal NASA matter exclusively, will participate as co-host. Important visitors who desire to visit NASAand Air Force operations or areas simultaneously will be received by the Commander, FMTC, A and the Director, LOD, as co-hosts. The details of the visit will be handled by the AFMTC Staff Secretariat. If information concerning the visit is received by LOD, it will be forwarded to the Staff Secretariat for action. LODProtocol Staff will be notified, if information is received by the AFMTC. w. Receive, process (including security clearance, when necessary) and act as host for non-VIP NASAofficials, employees, consultants and contractors visiting NASAfacilities. The NASA contact point, the LODProtocol Staff, will be responsible for briefings, tours, billeting and transportation as requested by the visitors. Other visitors to NASA will be handled in accordance with Center visitor control procedures. x. Provide range safety devices which will be installed in LODspace vehicles or systems in accordance with Center Range Safety policies and procedures. injury y. Settle and pay claims for property damageor personal resulting from NASA activities.

z. Brief visiting dignitaries on NASA programs when LOD decides that the standard Center briefing will not suffice. 5.
PROJECT MERCURY OPERATIONS. Original agreements concerning Department of Defense support to MERCURY Operations are contained in a document entitled "Overall Plan - Department of Defense Support for Project MERCURY Operations", dated 15 January 1960. This plan, with subsequent modifications, will be used for support of the MERCURY program through all currently scheduled flights.

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Subsequent extensions later negotiations. 6. RESPONSIBILITIES a. b. Exercise Prepare LOD test and

or

follow-on

programs

will

be

subject

to

OF

THE

AIR

FORCE

MISSILE pursuance plans

TEST of

CENTER. LOD tests. of

control

in the Center

implement

in support

established

requirements. of with

c. Prepare Center Operational Directives in support established LOD requirements and implement in accordance Center range scheduling procedures.

d. As mutually agreed, maintain facilities upon completion or installation and operate and maintain instrumentation and equipment funded or provided by LOD and not an integral part of the launch vehicle or aerospace system. e. Provide instructions. f. Assign LOD with applicable Center regulations, orders

and

to LOD,

DOD

furnished

mission

facilities

and

support facilities needed for the accomplishment of NASA activities. NASA will have exclusive use of any single-use NASA furnished mission facilities. Upon termination of use NASA, the facility able to the Center and for integral equipment will be use without reimbursement.

by

made availShould NASA

have a requirement for use of the same facility, or a similar facility, at a later date, the Center will assign the same facility, or a similar facility, or an acceptable existing facility should such be available. If such a facility is not available, a new facility will be provided in accordance with Ref 2c. g. Control the use, access and security of jointly by LOD and the Center as mutually agreed. facilities used

h. Include LOD security requirements in the Center security program not to include LOD's special and internal administrative security. Provide -- on a reimbursable basis -- security guards, not otherwise normally furnished, as LOD may request. (Responsibility for industrial security is established by the agreement between the Secretary of Defense and the Administrator of NASA, dated 9 June 1959.)

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i. Advise LOD of the Center's policies required to insure efficient and economical Center facilities and services. j. request k. special Assist by LOD, in the processing of as mutually agreed. civilian

and procedures planning and use

of

personnel

on

Provide, as available and appropriate, general and purpose vehicles and equipment to support LOD activities.

i. Dispose of surplus property in accordance with Federal Law, on a cross-servicing basis. It is agreed that the proceeds from disposal of such property shall be treated in all cases as equal to the Center's cost in effecting disposal and shall constitute full reimbursement to the Center of such cost. m. normal Return, wear and in the same condition as tear, LOD property loaned received except to the Center. for

n. Include LOD in the Center Ground Safety (accident and exposure sunmmries of LOD will not with those of the Center.) o. Be responsible for tions, including maintenance and structures. p. provision Prepare the Center for LOD therein.

Program be consolidated

normal fire prevention and testing of related

and inspecequipment

Hurricane

Plan

and

make

adequate

by

q. Assist in the LOD public information LOD to the extent of Center capability. r. Store explosives and similar hazardous

program

on

request

materials. with the

s. Provide regulation cited t. Center's Make long

support to NASA aircraft in paragraph 2f.

in accordance

provisions for range planning.

support of NASA programs in the In this regard, an observer from Utilization information

LOD may participate in meetings of the Facilities Board and will be furnished copies of notices and on actions concerning LOD activities. u. Advise procedures. LOD of Center labor relations

policies

and

COPY

v. Provide base housing for NASApersonnel on the same basis as for other personnel at the Center. w. Provide emergencymedical services for NASApersonnel on the samebasis as for other personnel at the Center. x. Be responsible for missile and space vehicle flight safety in accordance with Ref 2g (3) or as otherwise directed by higher authority. y. Furnish base-level claims service on the samebasis as for other Range Users, including conduct of claims investigations and preparation of claims officer's report. z. Provide Purchasing and Contracting services as requested by LOD. aa. Coordinate with NASArelease of information which might reflect adversely on NASA operations. ab. Prepare and present to visiting dignitaries a standard briefing pertaining to operations of the AMR. Briefing will conform to a standard format and the briefing script on NASA programs will be coordinated in advance with the appropriate NASAoffices. 7.
BUDGET/FUNDING POLICY. funding policies apply: The following basic budget and

a. The AMR configuration, its facilities and services, assets in place, or Center funded at the time a LOD program assigned, will be made available to LOD on a con_non-service according to priority precedence of NASA programs.

and is basis,

b. The Center will budget and fund for the procurement, installation, operation and maintenance of joint-use range facilities, instrumentation, equipment and systems required for LOD programs, provided that time permits normal budgeting to be effected. c. LOD will budget and fund for the procurement and installation of single-use instrumentation, equipment, facilities or systems. The operation and maintenance of single-use instrumentation or facilities will be provided on a common service basis, except when such requirements are placed on the Center too late to bebudgeted for by the Center, and cannot be provided within USAF funds and resources. LOD will fund the costs until such time that budgeting can be effected.

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d. Within the framework of the above basic policies, and consistent with applicable references in paragraph 2, the Center and LODagree to the following: logistic (I) The Center will support to LOD. budget and fund for normal base

(2) The Center will budget and fund for instrumentation, plant development, and related research and development programs required to maintain instrumentation capabilities current with anticipated requirements. (3) Range overtime ience or because of technical on a cross-servicing basis. technical program objectives basis. scheduled primarily for the convendifficulties of LODwill be provided Overtime required because of valid will be provided on a common-service

(4) The Center will furnish supplies and equipment on a cross-servicing basis when requested by LOD. (5) Reduction of technical data collected by the Range will be provided as a common-service. Reduction of data collected by other sources will be provided without reimbursement if facilities permit on a non-interference basis. (6) Photographic services requested by LODwill provided as a common service. be

(7) Recovery services to locate and retrieve components, reentry bodies and instrumentation packages will be provided as a common service within Range capabilities. In the event LODrequires recovery services beyond normal Rangecapability, the Center will obtain the necessary assistance, the costs to be borne by LOD. (8) Flight safety will be provided as a common-service in accordance with Ref 2g(3) or as directed by higher authority. Range safety devices installed in a LODsystem are the funding responsibility of LOD. (9) The Center will of launch operations. provide weather services in Support

(i0) Joint-use Rangecommunications will be provided as a common service. Single-use communications will be provided on a cross-servicing basis. Other communications services will be provided in accurdaLlcewith the regulation cited in paragraph 2c, or as directed by higher authority.

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(ii) Organizational and field maintenance of LOD ground support equipment will be provided, as requested by LOD, on a cross-servicing basis. (12) Satellite tracking after injection into final orbit will be provided as a common service within Center capability. (13) Items of local procurement requested by LODwill be furnished on a cross-servicing basis. (14) The Center Commander waive requirements for may reimbursement when considered appropriate and consistent with DOD policy. 8.
EFFECTIVE DATE. The terms of this agreement shall become effective upon signature by the Commander, Air Force Missile Test Center, and Director, Launch Operations Directorate. This agreement may be changed or revised by mutual consent. Such changes will be accomplished by written amendments hereto.

/s/

Kurt KURT

H. H.

Debus DEBUS LOD

/s/

L.

I. Davis General

Director,

L. I. DAVIS, Major Commander, AFMTC

17 July DATE

1961

17 July DATE

1961

i0

_X
AGREEMENT THE LAUNCH SITE BETWEEN FOR THE AUGUST DOD AND NASA LUNAR 1961 RELATING LANDING TO PROGRAM

MANNED 24,

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FOROFFICIALUSEONLY AGREEMENT BetweenDOD and NASA Relating to The Launch Site for the MannedLunar Landing Program To accomplish MannedLunar Landing at an early date, new major launch facilities are required, and these facilities are important items in fixing the rate at which the program can proceed. It is in the national interest that the Department of Defense and NASA pool their resources in a manner which makes effective use of the services and facilities of the Atlantic Missile Range. In the past, t_e burden of expansion of range capabilities had been assumedbY the Department of Defense under its obligation to operate the Atlantic Missile Range as a national asset for all users. Newmission facilities which are peculiar to a given program such as launch pads, blockhouses, and assembly buildings have been provided by the agencies sponsoring the missile or space vehicle program. It is recognized that the MannedLunar Landing Program, because of the overall magnitude of the project, has a great impact on the Atlantic Missile Range. A large parcel of land is to be acquired that is undeveloped and needs basic improvements such as roads and utilities. The agreed roles and responsibilities of the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration in their range-operator/range-user relationship at the Atlantic Missile Rangewill be continued, unless changedby mutual agreement. It is agreed that:

(i) The launch site will be operated as a joint DOD/NASA venture under one managerin order to prevent duplication and promote efficiency. (2) NASA will seek appropriations for the land acquisition. NASA will purchase the land using the services of the Corps of Engineers. (3) NASA will seek appropriations for all improvements, facilities, and equipment as it may require on all of the land referred to under (2) above. FOROFFICIALUSEONLY

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(4) NASA will be responsible for the design, construction, and operation of all mission facilities and equipment for NASA programs. (5) NASA will seek appropriations for the providing of all mission and range support facilities and equipment as are required solely for the MannedLunar Landing Program, irrespective of their location and their use. (6) A single agency will manageand direct all range operations to include range safety, launch scheduling, and the provision of range operations services. The Department of the Air Force is assigned this management responsibility. This excludes technical test control of NASAlaunch operations for which NASA will be responsible. (7) As agent for NASA,the Department of the Air Force will: (a) Prepare and maintain a master plan of all facilities on the new site, to include the selection of sites for mission and range support facilities. NASA will be represented on the Master Planning Board. (b) Prepare design criteria for all land improvements and range support facilities subject to NASA approval; and arrange for the construction thereof. (c) Design, develop, and procure all corm_unications, range instrumentation, and range support equipment required in support of NASAat or near the launch area. (8) The DOD will makeavailable existing DOD facilities for use by NASA accord with the present agreement for the use of in such facilities at Cape Canaveral by DOD and other agencies. Similarly, NASA will makeavailable to DOD all facilities at the new site which have a common utility. (9) The DOD will provide at Cape Canaveral and along the Atlantic Missile Rangesuch facilities and equipment required for the common use of DOD and NASA. Whenprovided, these will be available for use by NASAin accord with present agreement for the use of such facilities of the Atlantic Missile Range by DOD and other agencies. (I0) NASA will defray the costs of all operation and maintenance at the new site. DOD will defray the operation and maintenance cost at Cape Canaveral in accordance with existing arrangements for the common use of the installation including the Atlantic Missile Range. The cost of operation and maintenance of any part of the Atlantic Missile Rangewhich is solely required for the Manned Lunar Landing Program will be defrayed by NASA.

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(II) NASA will makeavailable to the DOD such amounts as may be required to defray the cost of operation and maintenance incurred under this joint venture and cha_geable to NASAin accordance with the terms of this agreement:
/s/ ROSWELLGILPATRIC Department August 24, of Defense 1961 /s/ JAMES E. National WEBB Aeronautics

and

Space Administration August 24, 1961

X MSFC-LOCEPARATION S AGREEMENT JUNE8, 1962

Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C

- NASA Circular No. 208, March 7, 1962 - Discussion Draft, June i, 1962, Subject: "Basic Concepts for Operation of the LOCat AMR." - Distribution of Personnel Spaces, FY 1962

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MSFC-LOC

SEPARATION

AGREEMENT

June

8,

1962

/s/

Eberhard FOR Wernher Director Marshall

F. M. von

Rees

/s/ Kurt

H.

Debus DEBUS Operations Center

Braun Flight Center

KURT H. Director Launch

Space

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MSFC-LOCEPARATION S AGREEMENT June 8, 1962

INDEX
Page SECTION I No.

Introduction Organization Organization (Chart i) Organization Operations Summary SECTION II Data Processing Services Supplies 8 9 i0 12 13 16 Administration Spaces 17 18 and Missions Launch Operations Center

Chart,

Chart, Interim Launch Division (Chart 2) Basic Concepts

Vehicle

of NASA

Document

Automatic

Communication Equipment Facilities Finance Maintenance Personnel Personnel and

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Index (continued)
Pa_e No.

Photographic Services Procurement and Contracts Records Administration Security Technical Documentation Technical Reports Technical Library Transportation and Travel

20 21 23 24 25 26 27 28

APPENDIX

NASA Circular No. 208, March 7, 1962, Subject: "Establishment of the Launch Operations Center at AMR and the Pacific Launch Operations Office at PMR."
i

APPENDIX

B -

NASA

Headquarters

Discussion

Draft,

June

I,

1962,

Subject: "Basic Concepts Launch Operations Center ,! Range.. APPENDIX C Distribution Distribution of Personnel of Personnel

for the Operation'of the at the Atlantic Missile

Spaces, Spaces,

FY FY

1962 1963"

Historian's Note: Although listed was not included in the Appendix.

in

the

index,

this

chart

ii

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SECTION

Introduction

NASA

Circular

208,

dated

March

7,

1962,

(Appendix

A)

dis-

continued

the

Launch

Operations

Directorate

of

Marshall

Space

Flight

Center,

and

established

both

the

Launch

Operations

Center

as

new

independent

field

installation

of

NASA,

and

the

Launch

Vehicle

Operations

Division

as

a new

division

of

the

MSFC.

Ef-

fective bilities

July of

i, MSFC

1962, shall

certain be

resources, to

activities, the new LOC.

and

responsi-

transferred

This

agreement

summarizes

that

transfer

and

the

subsequent

relationship

between

MSFC

and

LOC.

The

relationship

is

established

on

an

interim

basis

pending

finalization

of

basic

operational

concepts

and

missions

of

LOC

and

is

predicated

on

similar

relationships

existing Missile

between Range.

LOC The

and June

other 1,,1962

NASA

Centers "Basic

utilizing Concepts

the for

Atlantic the

draft

Operation

of

the

Launch

Operations

Center

at

the

Atlantic

Missile

Range"

(Appendix

B)

serves

as

the

basic

guideline

for

the

functional

division

of

MSFC

and

LOC

although

changes

to

this

document

are

being

recommended

by

both

MSFC

and

LOC.

The

recommended

changes

will

not

affect

the

planned

separation.

series

of

detailed

MSFC-LOC

Separation

Plans

covering

COPY

Introduction each and of shall the

(continued) areas the discussed basis Plans, dates for in this Agreement the have been prepared (reference

form

implementing 25, 1962,

separation

MSFC-LOC

Separation and is the

May are

M-DEP-R&D). therein. transfer, a

Action Although MSFC will

responsibilities July phase status. The on an I, 1962, its

designated date of the

effective of LOC

out

support

as LOC

attains

self-supporting

Director, basis

LOD, in

is

authorized the

to utilize

LVOD

personnel

interim

executing between

missions are

of LOC. offered on a

Supporting non-reimbursable

services basis

Centers

unless

specifically

stated

otherwise.

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Organization The below and LOC as

and and

Missions LVOD on organization the charts basis on and the missions following final as stated are of

shown on an

pages

established the LOC

interim and

pending

resolution

organization Launch

missions. Center with at AMR will serve as the for as

The central all

Operations at AMR

NASA

activity

general

responsibility serving and the

phases

of NASA point

launch

operations, for

including preparation and for

the NASA of all with

of coordination for such launch

submission negotiations i for planned

requirements to fulfill chart,) Launch

support

AMR

requirements.

(See

Chart

organization The as the

Vehicle with

Operations

Division, for

MSFC, all

will

serve of MSFC other

MSFC

activity

responsibility at LOC, Centers,

phases

launch MSFC

operations divisions, a. b. c. d. Launch

activities LOD and NASA

in coordination including planning checkout and stage

with

related:

vehicle

operations and

scheduling

Pre-flight Pad

preparation

countdown control operations

Flight

COPy

Organization and Missions (continued) In addition, sition LVOD will provide tracking and data acqui-

instrumentation

during launch operations for MSFC,LOC (See Chart 2 for planned

and other NASA Centers are required. organization chart.)

COPY

_,_ _0 Z Z

_ P-,_l

O_ OMH

_1 _1
oN!
---r--"

oI
_

_1

zz
T

_
r_

-1--O

000 z _ H i--I u H _F_ o_0 z o H u 1 Z P4 0

_.
M_H

__
H Z 0

_m

Hr.._ E.-IO t"4 H I--I H _l_o r._ H_

O _ U

<

la4 o I,-4

O L_ i

i
.A 11...-4 I_1_o i-4 I _-.1 _-_ _ _;H

_
_4-_
o0_ HHO HZZ

b_m

_
r_

z_N
II

O_ o_ 0

I-4 H H

!t

_b

r..)_ OH

O I.-.4

I
_0

m
OO _rm O H _ H

_u
i i

I_1 _I_Y---,_ _ I I _,_ o_,_

" r._ o_ r.,_ 0

E-.t_ r_ I-4

I-.4 r_

COPY

I _J u o_ =j_ r._ u

,--4 U 0 U 0 ,.4.,-4 l=i

,-.4 I_ .,-4

__

4J
m 0 4J I_ ml:W

z
0 H = 0 t_ I.-4

>
0 t_

0 o4 _2 U 0 -r4 *J tO Q,I 0 0 0 4J U OJ _ "_ 0

"_

U I-4

Z
I--4

>

o o o .,-_ _J 4J 4J

mO "o

_
m .,-i m m i-,-t _ o 0"_ O_ ,-I,--I 0 0

I
I__

COPY

Summary

of The

NASA

Basic

Concepts is a sun_ary the

Document of the of the June i_ 1962 draft of

following for

"Basic Center concepts current plishing

Concepts at the listed status the

Operation Missile are not

Launch (Appendix

Operations B) The the in accom-

Atlantic therein of basic separation

Range." final

but

represent followed

guidelines of LOC from

being MSFC.

The NASA Launch Operations Center is responsible for the overall planning and supervision of the operational integration, checkout and launch of space flight vehicle systems at the AMR. This responsibility pertains to all NASA projects with the exception as may be Department of Mercury and such elements of the excluded by agreements between NASA of Defense. Gemini Project and the

The Launch Operations Center will provide a single point at the AMR for range support required at AMR for NASA projects. The LOC will provide administrative and technical support, and facilities to the AMR in accordance Vehicle and extent such facilities with existing NASA-DOD spacecraft development are not provided agreements. centers with by

elements and

located at AMR will readiness of vehicle

retain responsibility and spacecraft for

for preparation launch.

COPY

SECTION

II

Automatic MSFC computers contract MSFC will

Data will are for

Processin_ continue rental of computers At that at LOC time ADP LOC until will and new

installed computers for

in August. in the

non-scientific computers. personnel until MSFC

field

contract

scientific computation with that MSFC time

General continue in under

Electric contract 1962. At for

at LOC

will

contract will

expiration for and LOC

September,

contract services

personnel will

required for

scientific

computation for

contract

personnel at Cape MSFC

required

non-scientific

computation LOC ments in

services will the support

Canaveral. non-scientific area, and and MSFC computation will support requireLOC

Cape

Canaveral

requirements in the

for both

scientific

non-scientific

computation

Huntsville

area.

COPY

Communication MSFC services and July lease I,

Services provides communication services circuits, Following will be for LOD. These management, of LOC,

include of 1962,

communications equipment. services

frequency the

radio these

separation in the

provided

following

manner: a. circuits and LOC will by assume LOC. at responsibility This all will for all communication the circuits

desired

include

leasing

terminal b.

facilities will by

terminals. for all communication the circuits

MSFC desired

assume MSFC. at by

responsibility This all either will

circuits and

include

leasing

terminal c.

facilities

terminals. LOC or MSFC will be coordinated

Requirements other LOC Center will at

with

the d.

to avoid

duplication. for all radio equip-

assume

responsibility

ment

located e. LOC

LOC. assume responsibility equipment. for frequency manage-

will

ment

of LOC

operational

COPY

Equipment The will be a. LOD will

and

Supplies of equipment and supplies from MSFC to LOC

transfer

without

reimbursement. equipment to LOC July in I, the separate by account of a of

Non-expendable be transferred of transfer

1962,

means and

certificate

of property

accountability

responsibility. b. account of Expendable LOD will of supplies be and materials to LOC in the July inventory by and means

transferred of

I, 1962,

of a certificate responsibility. Following provided a. direct MSFC in the Dues-in

transfer

property

accountability

the

separation

of LOC,

supply

services

will

be

following equipment to LOC dues-in

manner: and supplies on order and marked by completed. and for

delivery until b. all

will are

continue received

to be and

administered work I, is

paper

Equipment at LOC will

purchased be

by MSFC on

after the

July

1962, o5

located LOC and c. located books

maintained

property

books

will

reflect

MSFC

ownership. by LOC will LOC be after July i, 1962, on the and

Equipment at MSFC,

purchased

Huntsville, will reflect

maintained

property

of MSFC

and

ownership.

i0

COPY

Equipment and Supplies (continued) d. MSFC will furnish LOCorganization elements located required expendable supplies and materials

at MSFC,Huntsville,

on a non-reimbursable basis. e. LOCwill furnish MSFC organizational elements located

at AMR required expendable supplies and materials on a nonreimbursable basis.

Ii

COPY

Facilities MSFC required for shall by LOC be responsible Huntsville for providing Area. by LOC MSFC all facilities be responsible area.

in the

shall in for

providing MSFC will

all

facilities LOC

required with

the AMR technical by launch

provide

requirements

facilities vehicle and will

as well

as design LOC and

criteria will prepare

determined final for in as

requirements. direct design

design

Criteria related planning MSFC

construction participate insofar

all

project

facilities and will

at AMR. review

MSFC

will

facility affect

design

criteria

these

systems.

12

COPy

Finance Internal LOC Internal Budget Review has Review and LOC financing be been operating after and will continue has to been operate an

Program

separation

completed.

Pro_rammin_ will all be responsible for support programming, activities for budgeting at and AMR. for MSFC and will the to

institutional for

responsible

programming, and travel

budgeting costs of MSFC

financing assigned

personal the Cape. LOC facilities assigned

services

personnel

will

program and

and for

budget those

for R&D

all

project for its

related which LOC is

at AMR management known

projects will make

control. to LOC funds in

MSFC time be

facilities in for the LOC

requirements Budget. execution. for which will

for

incorporation to LOC all

Authorized MSFC it is be will

will

allotted budget for

project

program

and

R&D

projects Authorized

assigned

project to MSFC R&D

management for and project C of

control. execution.

funds

allotted for

Requests

special

F project

accomplishment

13

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Budget and Programming (continued) by LOCfor MSFC,not specifically initiated budgeted for by LOC, will be

by MSFCissuing a written work request and issuing a

sub-allotment of funds for such accomplishment.

Division of Funds Headquarters FY 1963, is determining the appropriate missions made division assigned

NASA of Funds

for and

in accordance (A determination of those to LOC FY

with

the be

to MSFC MSFC's which

to LOC. end be review

will 1962

during funds of

year must

or prior

years' by LOC

transferred

for

continuation

projects Other

previously

initiated

by MSFC.)

Functions LOC will for assume the responsibility personnel to bill for funding, to LOC. July i, costing MSFC 1962. to LOC. will and

reimbursing notify NASA Open MSFC will MSFC Treasury LOD.

military

assigned LOC after be

Headquarters Customers

Orders

(Work) of

will

transferred

notify will

customers notify NASA

change. to transfer in through at

Headquarters Fund

the

$5,000.00

Imprest

presently

operation

14

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Other Functions (continued) Each Center will service the other with regard to travel at the other

(TDY) for those personnel with a duty station Center. This will

be funded by each Center issuing a sub-

allotment of funds to the other. Each Center will costing for all provide payroll services and labor geographical

NASA personnel stationed in its

area, in accordance with NASA Headquarters' instructions.

15

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Maintenance

Following nance ties, services motor

the at

separation for

of LOC,

LOC

will

provide grounds,

mainteutili_

AMR

buildings,

structures,

vehicles, and

materials

handling

equipment,

office

machines, MSFC to budget

reproduction furnish LOC for

equipment. information above required for to enable LOC"

will and

program located of

the

services

MSFC

organiza-

tional

elements Maintenance

at AMR. and Ground Support Equip-

Instrumentation

ment of as

at AMR

is a responsibility Force and Range

of LOC. at

Maintenance AMR will be

facilities utilized and Ground

the Air much

Contractors of

as possible. Equipment

Maintenance

Instrumentation

Support

at Huntsville contracts

is a responsibility elements for located

of MSFC. at AMR of be

Maintenance will be funded and

for MSFC by

administered

LOC

maintenance that cannot

individual performed

items by the

or categories Air Force

of equipment

or Range for LOC and

Contractors. elements located by MSFC at MSFC_ for maintecannot

Maintenance Huntsville, nance be of will

contracts be funded items

administered

individual in-house

or categories existing

of equipment

that

performed

or by

contract.

16

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Personnel

Administration

MSFC

shall

provide

personnel

services

including

recruit-

ment,

placement,

clsssification,

employee

relations,

training

program,

etc.,

for

LOC

personnel

located

in

the

Huntsville

area.

LOC

shall

provide

similar

perBonnel

services

for

MSFC

personnel

loc_ted

in

the

Cape

Canaveral

area.

MSFC

and

LOC

shall

retain

responsibility

to

insure

that

the

full

scope

of

personnel

program other's

services facility.

are

providedlto

their

employees

located

at

the

Personnel be transferred

files to LOC

for (when

MSFC LOC

personnel Personnel

stationed Office is

at

LOC

will

operational)

and

files

of

LOC

personnel

stationed

at

MSFC

will

remain

with

MSFC,

with

alternate

"dummy

files"

being

maintained

at

the

home

center.

The

MSFC

Personnel

Office

will

provide

personnel

support

to

LOC

until

the

LOC

Personnel

Office

is

sufficiently

staffed

to

assume

activities.

Individual

personnel

are

being

assigned

to

LOC

or

MSFC

according functions

to

function

in

accordance A

with complete

the

organizational listing of individ-

previously

discussed.

ual

assignments

will

be

made

by

June

ii,

1962,

and

transfer

of

personnel

will

be

effective

July

I,

1962.

17

COPY

Division

of Personnel of FY

Spaces '62 personnel with spaces the 375 286 5 666 Total* _paces shall be divided shall be made as of

Division July i, 1962,

in accordance LOC MSFC PLOO

following:

FY as

'62 summer

employee

personnel

follows: LOC MSFC PLOO 14 19 3 36 Total

Division in the MSFC

of FY

'63 personnel

spaces

which

were

included be

budget when was the made

submission final prior

for LOD

requirements is made. of LOC the FY

shall This and

determined submission reflect LVOD.

appropriation to the creation requirements of Of

budget not and

does LOC

actual The

personnel

combined '63

following

is a division

the

See

Appendix

C for

detailed

breakdown.

18

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Division

of

Personnel

Spaces

(continued)

submission,

for

information

only,

based

on

the

percentage

division

of

FY

'62

spaces: LOC 462

MSFC

361

PLOO

828

Total

The

above

division

of

personnel

spaces

has

been

made

according

to

the

functional

concepts

and

missions

described

previously.

The

personnel

space

or

spaces

for

particular

function

are

being

assigned

to

that

organization

having

responsibility The

for division

the of

function. functions between two centers will result

in

a higher

combined

personnel

requirement

for

the

two

centers.

19

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Photographic Following be provided a. services b. as early

Services the the will separation following submit in of LOC, manner: to LOC for photographic at AMR. on new MSFC projects and photographic services will

in

MSFC

requests

required MSFC will

support

of MSFC LOC

projects data

furnish to

planning that design

as possible are MSFC included will

insure in the

special criteria

camera

positions

mountings c. tional d. bution

of new

facilities. organiza-

provide

photographic

support

to LOC

elements LOC

located provide

at MSFC,

Huntsville. services located and make and distri-

will

photographic elements

to MSFC as

organizational requested.

at AMR

Huntsville

20

COPY

Procurement

and

Contracts and Contracts Office, were are MSFC will transfer by MSFC in for to

Procurement LOC thirteen (13)

contracts These

which

initiated

support which

of LOC. the

contracts is being will begin

related

to activities to LOC. and will One The be (i)

responsibility of contracts on a phased

transferred June 4, 25, 1962

transfer completed, additional

basis,

on June by MSFC

1962.

contract

originated

is already Launch are and

in LOC. Facilities and

Five Support MSFC, MSFC

(5) contracts, Office

related activities

to LOD which

Equipment will be

remaining finalization

with by

retained and

for

administration Office. and

Procurement In addition,

Contracts

the

Procurement to suppoKt

Contracts

Offices of

of the

each

Center

will Centers

continue located

other others'

elements

respective region. The from MSFC

in each

geographical

time

phasing is as

of

the

contracts

being

transferred

to LOC

follows: 4, 1962 NAS8-46 NAS8-523 NASS-1660 NAS8-1661 NAS8-1633

June

21

COPY

Procurement

and

Contracts June

(continued) ii, 1962 NAS8-2435 NAS8-2436 NAS8-2454 NAS8-2408 NAS8-2472 NAS8-1666 NAS8-1504 NAS8-1596

June

18,

1962

June

25,

1962

22

COPY

Records

Administration MSFC directs the records and records administration maintenance management services program files, at LOC.

This

includes

organization and related

files Folprovided

disposition, lowing in the the

functions. will be

separation

of LOC,

these

following a.

manner: July of I, 1962, LOC will assume responsibility

Effective administration LOC will

for

the b.

files MSFC, roll

of LOC. prior of all to December research and 31, 1962, a

furnish

first project

generation case c. LOC

microfilm on NASA

development

files will and

projects. responsibility for i, all for the custody, documents

assume

accountability that are charged of

responsibility as of of July

classified All form

to LOC type

1962. receipt

receipts, used, will will be be

regardless valid and

the

classified

authentic. in accordance

Transfer with

of classified NASA Policies

documents and

processed

Procedures.

23

COPY

Security LOC security tive July shall have LOC responsibility and MSFC shall for for administering located at personnel AMR for effecadminin

for both i, 1962.

personnel have LOC

MSFC

responsibility personnel

istering Huntsville.

personnel

security

stationed

Administration conducted contractors by MSFC except

of contractor for MSFC as

security and on

programs by an LOC for

shall LOC

be

contractors agreed

otherwise

individual be

basis. by

Security LOC and MSFC

classification for their

instructions projects

shall and

issued

respective

contracts.

24

COPY

Technical

Documentation

The by

technical

documentation funded of

function and

at AMR

is by

performed MSFC. specifiparts lists, this The

contractor

personnel,

administered

contractor cations, and

provides engineering

microfilm orders,

released

drawings, lists,

drawing Following

release the

associated will a. be

documents. provided as

separation

of LOC,

service

follows: Center will I, assume 1962, responsibility by contract

Launch

Operations

for

microfilm

service

effective

July

arrangement. b. tional MSFC will provide microfilm support for LOC organiza-

elements c. LOC

located will

at MSFC

in Huntsville. support for MSFC organiza-

provide at

microfilm AMR.

tional

elements

located

25

COPY

Technical LOC tion, Cape and

Reports will provide technical services will report for MSFC the preparation, elements reproduclocated for at LOC

distribution MSFC

Canaveral. located

provide

same

services

elements

in Huntsville.

26

COPY

Technical

Library services personnel. through the at Cape MSFC Central Canaveral will provide will be provided services for LOC by

Library LOC for MSFC

library Library)

(eventually personnel

AOMC-MSFC

in Huntsville. and documents in the the books acquired possession property and through of LOC of LOC. the MSFC Technical at Cape at the

Books Library Canaveral Cape AOMC burse

which will

are

personnel LOC

remain have

personnel out from

Canaveral Technical AOMC in

documents at

charged LOC

Library this

valued

$3,500.00.

will

reim-

amount.

27

COPY

Transportation

and

Travel and airlift, travel local services, ground including commercial cargo

Transportation travel, executive

transportation, and scheduled

transportation, airlift for LOC will be

marine provided

transportation on a mutually and by

contract basis at by MSFC Cape

supporting LOC for

at Huntsville, Florida. the

Alabama,

MSFC

Canaveral,

Generally, basis. However, to the

services cost

provided of tickets center

will and

be

on a non-reimbursable cars will with be the

actual

rental

chargeable cost

employee's on the

home

in accordance travel of orders. the

accounting MSFC will

code be

individual's for

responsible Route,

management

Scheduled scheduling basis own will

Contract and be

Airlift

MARSHALL Executive

including on each

programming,

reporting. programmed

aircraft by

a non-scheduled Center for will its be

for

and

managed

requireon

ments. "space

Reciprocal available" Arrangements

non-reimbursable basis. for shipping by LOC MSFC

service

provided

and and

MSFC

cargo

physically for MSFC The on a

located and LOC

at MSFC cargo Center

will

be made

arrangements will be made

physically will

located and

at LOC fund

by LOC.

shipping

program

for

outgoing

shipments

non-reimbursable

basis.

28

COPY

NASA CIRCULAR

NO. 208 Reference 2-2-9 Date March 7, 1962

SUBJECT: ESTABLISHMENT OFTHELAUNCH OPERATIONS CENTERT AMR A ANDTHEPACIFICLAUNCH OPERATIONS OFFICE PMR AT i.
PURPOSE This Circular establishes two new independent field lations and a Launch Vehicle Operations Division of George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. 2. ESTABLISHMENT a. Launch Operations The Launch Installations Operations Directorate of George C. instalthe

(1)

Marshall Space Flight Center, is hereby discontinued as a component of that installation and there is hereby established the Launch Operations Center at the Atlantic Missile Range as a field installation of NASA within the meaning of General Management Instruction 2-0-2.1. Dr. Kurt H. Debus is appointed Director of the Launch Operations Center; he will report to the Director, Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA Headquarters. (2) The NASA Test Support Office, Point Mugu, California, is hereby discontinued and there is hereby established the Pacific Launch Operations Office at the Pacific Missile Range as a field installation of NASA within the meaning of General Management Instruction 2-0-2.1. Commander Simon J. Burttschell is appointed Acting Director of the Pacific Launch Operations Office; he will report to the Director, Office of Space Sciences, NASA Headquarters.
be

Launch Vehicle Operations Division. There is hereby established a Launch Vehicle Operations Division of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Dr. Hans F. Gruene is appointed Director of the Division.

APPENDIX

COPY

3.

FUNCTIONAL

STATEMENTS

AND

ORGANIZATION

CHARTS

me

Launch Operations Installations. The Directors of the two launch operations installations will submit a functional statement and an organization chart for their respective activities for approval of the Administrator, NASA, in accordance with General Management Instruction 2-0-1. Launch Vehicle Operations Division. The Director of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center will submit through appropriate channels a functional statement for the Launch Vehicle Operations Division of that Center.

Do

RECISION a. b. General General 1960. All Management Management Instruction Instruction 2-2-9 2-2-9.1 of July i, 1960. 27,

of October

c.

other

instructions

inconsistent

with

this

Instruction.

/s/

Hugh L. Dryden Deputy Administrator

COPY

Discussion Draft June 1, 1962

BASIC LAUNCH General CONCEPTS CENTER Launch FOR AT THE THE OPERATIONS ATLANTIC OF THE MISSILE RANGE OPERATIONS

ResponsibilityThe NASA Launch and

Operations Center of the

Center is responsible integration, at for the

Operations supervision vehicle

over-all and launch

planning of

checkout,

space This

flight

systems pertains such

the Atlantic to all of NASA the projects Gemini

Missile with the

Range.

responsibility and

exception as may NASA be

of Mercury, excluded the will by

elements existing

project between

presently

agreements general as to and of their ensure

and

Department be

of Defense. in such

LOC's a manner spacecraft,

responsibilities that developers retain systems

exercised vehicle

of launch

stages, for the

components individual General i.

responsibility and and subsystems. Reporting

performance

Direction The will Space Launch report

Relationships Center is headed of the by a Director, of Manned who

Operations to

the Director

Office

Flight. Operations Missile projects. Center Range will for provide range a single support point

2.

The at

Launch the

Atlantic for NASA

required

at AMR does

This

general with the

responsibility Commander of AMR

not

include

relationships

APPENDIX

COPY

in

his

role

as

DOD

representative

on

Mercury

as

presently

defined.

Specific

Responsibilities

- Launch

Operations

Center

i.

Technical

and

Administrative

Support

Services

The

Launch

Operations

Center

will

provide

all

NASA

ele-

ments with

located public

in

the

area

of

the

Atlantic service,

Missile community

Range

relations,

visitors'

relations,

and

industrial

relations,

legal

security,

purchasing

and

contracting,

transportation,

financial

management, services.*

administrative

and

technical

support

Vehicle

and

spacecraft

development

Centers

with

elements

located

at

AMR

will

retain

responsibility

for:

a.

Supervision contractors.

of

launch

vehicle

stage

and

spacecraft

b.

Provision

of

technical

support

peculiar

to

vehicle

stages

and

spacecraft

needs

and

not

common

to

other

NASA

Center

requirements.

*This the have

responsibility extent to be the

includes of

the such LOC

Jet

Propulsion are in

Laboratory consistent agreements with will

to

provision

services and JPL

NASA-CIT

contractual developed

relationships. between

Detailed

this

area.

COPY

c.

Development

and

submission

of

technical

and

administrative LOC at AMR.

support

requirements

to

be

met

by

d.

Maintenance

of

a minimum

number

of

technical

an8

administrative

personnel

at

AMR

to

serve

as

points

of

liaison

and

coordination

with

LOC

on

support

requirements.

Institutional

Support

Facilities

LOC

will

be

responsible

for

obtaining,

integrating,

and

meeting

user as

requirements buildings,

for

such

general

purpose

facilities

office

warehouses,

maintenance

shops,

utilities,

and

roads

to

the

extent

such

facil-

ities

are

not

provided

by

AMR

in

accordance

with

existing

NASA-DOD

agreements.

LOC

will

budget

and

provide

justification

for

such

facilities

to

the

Office

of

Manned

Space

Flight

and

receive

allotments

of

approved

funds

directly

from

NASA

headquarters.

Program

Facilities*

All

program

facility

requirements

(e.go,

Apollo

Spacecraft

Operations

and

Checkout

Facility)

will

*LOC action

has to

drafted obtain

detailed of the

procedures user Centers. of

for the

handling LOC has, Centers on

the also,

program initiated draft

facility

requirements

concurrence

these

procedures.

COPY

be

coordinated

by

the

Launch

Operations by the

Center launch design obtain

based

on

functional and

requirements Centers. functional criteria

developed LOC will

vehicle criteria approval

spacecraft these design Launch

prepare and

to meet of the The

requirements from the user will

Center. be responsible for

Operations of NASA

Center

construction Ground The physical AMR for LOC Group which a Support Launch

facilities

at AMR.

Equipment* Operations Center is responsible support for the at

integration the will various prepare

of NASA space

ground

equipment

flight

vehicle

systems. Working

through concept

a Launch and and

Operations

facilities will be

specifications concurred document in by will

document, all

coordinated affected. between

organizations responsibility ground support

This

delineate and LOC for

development

centers

equipment.

*Steps have already been taken to delineate in detail the GSE interface problems between the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Division of MSFC and LOC (Launch Support Equipment Office). It is planned MSC. to initiate immediately similar action between LOC and

COPY

A basic guideline all

in preparation of this documentwill

be that

ground support equipment which is related to more than one fuel storage systems, feeder and
and high launch by that which pressure site the systems), will based stage

stage or spacecraft (e.g., general

be on or service by utility LOC as

lines, part

provided

of the

facilities launch

requirements spacecraft

or criteria Center. All

furnished equipment and be

vehicle to a

is peculiar LOC by agrees the

particular provided agency. as

stage

or spacecraft, will

cannot

be

con_non GSE,

furnished support of by

development will of be all

Coordination by panels, and

of ground composed chaired and

equipment

accomplished affected

representatives

agencies, Launch

LOC. development earliest Centers possible as are time of is to

vehicle

spacecraft LOC, with at as the

responsible (preliminary their ensure ground

for

providing stage)

design support

full and

knowledge

possible This the avail-

equipment of

plans these

requirements. into

effective

integration

requirements and

operational able

capabilities constructed

of the

facilities

equipment

or being

at AMR.

COPY

Tracking LOC with AMR

and will

Data act

Acquisition as NASA's representative to tracking for for AMR. for tracking attached and in dealing data

on matters and services Centers will

pertaining make

and

acquisition and of data all

arrangements required at

tracking operations

and

support

NASA

or activities LOC's

Specifically, data acquisition

responsibility as follows

are

defined

(see

chart): a. At the Cape Area for tracking or and data acquisition on the Cape

(i) Requirements services, area ing will LOC)

equipment be

facilities by NASA

generated Program LOC

Centers and

(includwill be

and/or

Offices, will

submitted with AMR

to LOC. and make

coordinate to

these these

arrangements

satisfy

requirements. (2) New be (3) LOC or equipment provided will data or to meet arranged for for these for requirements by LOC. any services will

arrange required

or provide mission and

execution. justifications be generated by

(4) Budgetary for the

estimates above

funding will

requirements

f_

0 >

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0 0

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6a

COPY

LOC

and

submitted Funds for

to will

OMSF be

for

budgetary by

action

or

funding. to LOC
b,

allotted or citing the AMR and

Headquarters as required. Range_

utilization -Within for

to AMR Complex

Off

the

Cape

Area

_Down

(i) Requirements services, the be AMR

tracking or not

data

acquisition that Cape are area LOC) within will and/

equipment, complex but

facilities within the

generated

by NASA Offices

Centers will

(including be submitted

or Program LOC will

and

to LOC. with AMR.

coordinate for new

these

requirements or AMR

(2) Requirements will be

equipment, by LOC with

facilities, and then

coordinated to OTDA. for for

submitted (3) Requirements and

services by LOC for

will with the

be

coordinated

arranged

AMR. above requirements, responsibility agreement, to OTDA will will for be

(4) Budgetary when as be they

estimates become by

a NASA

financial

defined generated

the Webb-Gilpatric by LOC or and submitted

budgetary

action

funding.

Funds

COPY

allotted AMR
,

to LOC, required. Integrated

by Headquarters,

for

citing

to

as of

Development Operating checkout developed by LOC, of by

Test for

and

Checkout of

Procedures tests will and be chaired

procedures integrated the

the

conduct

space

flight

vehicles

appropriate LOC,

integration and

panels,

on which

spacecraft be

launch

vehicle

development LOC the

Centers

will

represented. the over-all of supervision the space and of flight agreed

is responsible integration AMR in

for

physical at

and

checkout with

vehicle upon
.

accordance

predetermined

procedures. Countdown final and Launch and under readiness the for launch of the of the

Final

The space LOC. space status exercise lack of The addition such

countdown will each will be

vehicle However, vehicle of his

over-all

supervision for the will

Center maintain

supplying a "veto"

equipment right over LOC

equipment "veto" for

during power

countdown. for

over-all readiness mission

a specific

vehicle's

launch. which takes as into account by (in LOC)

direction vehicle over-all

to space as the

readiness world-wide

supplied weather,

areas

astronaut

COPY

condition, manned project

,

etc.,

will and

be for

the

responsibility missions,

of MSC the

for

missions, manager. Flight

unmanned

designated

Range

Safety safety must remain the or by the responsibility of for, LOC is of

Range the AMR

flight

Commander. for

However,

Director

responsible safety is also

providing, required

arranging AMR. AMR of The

flight of LOC

information responsible and

Director safety

for_reviewing in terms with AMR

flight

procedures flights may

,

policies

their

effect

on NASA that

and

negotiating

changes

or waivers

be

required. Responsibility* will be responsible the be Out pad of for abort of manned personnel. accordance and the Flight the spacecraft This with MSC abort

Abort

LOC prior

to clearing

working in

responsibility arrangements Operations

will worked

exercised with the

Range

Director. will

After rest in

clearing the MSC

pad,

responsibility Director.

Operations

*For proposed modifications and alternatives to the concepts set forth in items 7 and 9, see letter from Kurt H. Debus to D. Brainerd Holmes on the subject of "Operational Control Centers, Functions and Responsibilities."

COPY

Ma_or

Responsibilities In addition and launch to

of Development the

Centers described Centers will above, be the

responsibilities development

spacecraft responsible I.

vehicle

for: or supervising and at AMR. spacecraft and of and launch at the vehicle launch preflight site and prior launch the conduct on of all inspections from

Conducting of

spacecraft

vehicles

receipt

contractors 2. Conducting preparations to 3. 4. assembly out

checkout

the

integrated equipment.

space

flight

vehicle.

Checking Preparing occupants

crew

and for

inserting experimental of

astronaut

crews

(or animal

flights,) respective countdowns over-all checkout, systems, and sub-

5.

Conducting systems, readiness LOC. opment bility In

checkout and for the

their during

components flight case of

deciding of

under

the

supervision the devel-

integrated retain

Centers for

will

specific operating vehicle

technical under

responsiover-all

their for

equipment space

LOC's

management

the

integration

process.

i0

COPY

6.

Providing the LOCLaunch Director with launch objectives and criteria limitations).

and others concerned (e.g., launch time

7.

Conducting countdowns for other mission responsibilities, such as spacecraft tracking networks beyond the limits of the launch site.

8.

Arranging for recovery of spacecraft, vehicles, and data capsules.

astronauts,

_aunch

In situations

where the

assistance of AMR required, is will 9. be madethrough LOC.

the necessary arrangements

Evaluating performance of systems, sub-systems, and componentswhich have been developed by the Center or by contractors under the technical Center. supervision of the

i0.
Budget

Supporting LOC's integration

and LOC Finance will be responsible plans, for

test program.

consolidating all NASA

budget

estimates facilities permawill be

and

financial

operating and

including funds, for of the

personnel, activities

construction, nently followed and located

development An

at AMR.

outline

procedures

that

in handling of

budget are

estimates, /_si!/ set

financial forth in

operating Exhibit A.

plans,

allotments

funds

ii

COPY

Support

from When

PMR NASA flights the PMR the from AMR require of AMR support. Launch placed meeting attached the PLO0 Operations upon of PMR such and office AMR. support will from arrange the directly

Pacific with the

Missile

Range, of keep

Commander for this

Commander LOC will

Pacific

informed

of support PLO0 will by

requirements facilitate or PMR will the (see

requirements

as requested

LOC

chart.) meeting through reach will of PMR. agreement the in support

Likewise, requirements placed

LOC

facilitate AMR by

upon

the

Whenever behalf to the of NASA Director

the with

Director the AMR who

of LOC Commander, will take

cannot he or

refer

issue

of OMSF for

initiate

whatever

action

is required

resolution.

12

COPY

Channel from PMR

for Obtaining for Launchings

Support at AMR

CENTER GROUPS AT AMR i LOC

i
i

i
CENTER GROUPS AT AMR PLO0 -----_ PMR

Groups .....

Project requirements for concerned at AMR through Project support plans

PMR LOC

support and AMR

flow from to PMR. responses to LOC

Center

or equivalent PMR through AMR

to requireand Center

ments for support Groups concerned

flow from at AMR.

..... Channel for (i) sending information copies of all requirements placed on PMR by NASA elements at AMR to PLOO or appropriate Center group at PMR (2) PLOO to obtain interpretations and decisions needed by PMR from NASA elements at AMR, and (3) NASA elements at AMR to obtain through PLOO (a) status reports or other information and (b) expediting actions. NASA - PMR channel of conTnunication.

Note: Center groups at AMR may deal directly with AMR and likewise at PMR within policies and procedures prescribed by the Directors of the respective launch installations.

In

addition, Center groups at one range may deal directly with Center groups at another range on range support matters in accordance with procedures accepted or prescribed by Directors of the respective launch installations.

COPY

Exhibit OUTLINE RELATED

OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES TO ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATION OF THE LAUNCH OPERATIONS for CENTER AT AMR the NASA budget activities Space

NASA LOC estimates at AMR Flight. Personnel and will and be

responsible

consol_idating plans Office for all

financial

operating these to the

submitting following

of Manned will apply:

The

general

procedures

Services

Manpower travel various request be

and

manpower will

dollar

requirements, by elements

including of in the budget also

requirements, NASA of Centers

be estimated at AMR and

located

included requirements

the will

their

parent for

Center.

These

submitted

to LOC for its

consolidation and NASA

with

LOC's

personnel to

requirements show total

program

support

activities The all

requirements estimates at AMR will

for NASA for be

personn_l

at AMR. for

consolidated activities the Director

personnel submitted of Manned

services by the

NASA to

Director Flight.

of LOC

of the

Office

Space

Institutional

Support* support submit requirements estimates for will these be determined to

Institutional by the LOC and LOC will

requirements

Director

OMSF.

* Costs other appropriation

than object Class i0 and and old Support of Plant

travel costs.

in

the

old

S&E

COPY

Research

and Research

Development and

Program

Funds program funds requested by LOC will

development

be

submitted

to

the

cognizant

Program

Offices

for

inclusion

in

the

cognizant

Headquarters

Program

Office's

request

to

the

Associate

Administrator.

General

Purpose General

Facilities purpose facilities requirements, such as office

buildings, will be

warehouses, determined by

maintenance LOC in

shops,

utilities, with user

and

roads,

coordination

organizations

and

LOC

will

include

estimates

for

these

requirements

in

its

request

that

will

be

submitted

to

the

Director

of

OMSF.

Program

Facilities LOC will prepare and submit to the cognizant Headquarters

Program

Director

budget

justifications

and

funding

requirements

for

all

program

facilities

to

be

constructed

at

AMR.

These

justifications

and

funding

requirements

will

be

based

on

require-

ments

developed

by

the

user

Centers.

Unforeseen

Requirements and administrative support services required by

Technical

user

activities

will

be

met

by

LOC

in

the

above

manner

providing

the

user

has

identified of

his these

requirements requirements

in

sufficient in the normal

time

to

permit

consideration

budget

and

financial

Operating

Plan

formulation

cycles.

COPY

Additional from the

requirements requesting on

will

be met

by

transfer via NASA OMSF

of or

resources as otherwise

organization case

to LOC basis by

determined Funding

a specific

Headquarters.

Procedures LOC will receive direct allotments and from of NASA all Headquarters LOC personnel, to the

to (2) Air

finance total Force

(I) personnel institutional for range from all

services support

travel (3)

at LOC,

reimbursement authority offices,

support, NASA general

(4) R&D

program program and

assigned and (5) for

directly

to LOC of

Headquarters purpose

construction NASA at AMR. The allotment their own

program

facilities

other to LOC

Centers to

involved

will

issue

single and for

subtravel and Funds Center at of

finance

(I) personnel stationed to LOC

services at AMR for

personnel

permanently

duty,

(2) R&D to cover personnel the

program

authority services on

delegated and

execution. of be other

personnel serving Center.

travel duty

expenses will

temporary

at AMR

retained

parent

Reporting To
f

Requirements facilitate copy reporting of each on the total NASA activity to LOC at LOC, will be

an

information to NASA

sub-allotment (Code BFF) by

issued the

sent

Headquarters special

issuing be made

center. on to the be status issued

Additionally, of by each NASA

monthly in

reports

will with

sub-allotment Headquarters.

accordance

procedures

COPY

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or

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_ _-_

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4..1 .'4 [-4

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APPENDIX