3.

3 Orthogonality
5. Find a unit vector that is orthogonal to both u = (I, 1, 0) and v=(-I,O,I). 6. (a) Show that v = (0 . b) and w = ( - b , a) are orthogonal vectors. (b) Use the result in part (a) to find two vectors th at a re o r thogonal to v = (2, - 3). (c) Find two un it vectors th at are orthogonal to (-3 ,4). 7. DothepointsA(I,I,I),B(-2 ,O,3),a ndC(-3,-I.I)form th e vertices of a right triangl e? Explain your answer. S. Repeat Exercise 7 for the points A(3, 0, 2), 8(4,3 , 0), and C(S, 1, -1). In Exercises 9-12 , find a point-normal form of the equation of Ihe plane passing throu gh P and having n as a norma l. In Exercises 29-32, find th e distance between the poi nt the line. <4 . 29. (- 3, I) ; 4x+3y+4=0 30. (- I, 4); x - 3y

+2 = 0 +2

31. (2. -5); Y = - 4x 32. (1,8); 3x+y=5

In Exercises 33-36, find th e distance between the point a nd the plane. 33. (2. I , - 3); 2x - y - 2z

=6

34. (- 1, - 1.2); 2\+5 )' - 6 z =4 35. (-1 ,2 ,1); 2x+3,)'-4z=1 36. (0.3, -2);

9. P(2 ,3 .-4); n= ( 1.-1.2)

10. P(I,I . 4); n= ( I ,9, 8) 11. P ( I , I .I); n= (2,O.0)

x- y - z=3

In Exercises 37-40, find the distance between the give n parallel planes.

12. prO , 0, 0) ; n

= ( 1. 2, 3)

37. 2x - y - z = 5 and -4x

3S. 3x - 4y
39. -4 x

+ 2y + 2z

= 12 3
= 0

In Exercises 13-16, determine whether the given planes are para ll el.
13 . 3x - 2 y

+z=

I and 6x - 8y

+ 2z = + 6z
- I

+z

= 6 and 2x - y

+ 4z

= 0

+y

- 3z = 0 and 8x - 2y
= 1 and 2x - y

14. x - 4y - 3z - 2 = 0 and 3x - 12y - 92 - 7 = 0

40. 2x - y

+z

+z=

15. 2 y = 8x - 4z

+ 5 and x

}< + *y

16. (-4 , 1,2) (x, y, z) = 0 and (8, -2, - 4) . (x, y, z) = 0 In Exercises 17-1S, determine whether the give n p lanes are perpendicula r. . J
17. 3x

+y -

2z - 6 = 0 and 2x - 4y -2x

+z-I

41. Let i, j, and k be un it vectors along the positive x, y , and z axes of a rectang ular coordinate system in 3-space. Ifv = (a . b , c) is a nonzero vector, then the ang les ex , {3, and y between vand the vectors i, j , and k, respectively, are called the direction angles of v (Figure Ex-4 I ), and th e numbers cos ex, cos {3, and cos yare called the direction cosines of v. (a) Show that cos ex =

5 = 0

a/ llvll.

IS. x - 2y

+ 3z = 4,

+ 5y + 4z =

(b) Find cos {3 and cos y. (c) Show that

In Exercises 19-20, find Ilproj. u II. 19. (a) u

v/II " II

= (2,4). a = ( I , I)
= (5,6), a = (2, -I )

(d ) Show that cos 2 ex

= (cos ex. cos{3. cosy). + cos 2 {3 + cos 2 Y = I.

(b) u = (I , - 1,0). a = (2,0, I) 20. (a) u

k

(b) u= (3, - 2,6), a= (1 , 2, -7) In Exercises 21-2S, find the vector co mponent of u along a and the vector co mponent of u orthogonal to a. 21. u = (6,2), a 23. u 24. u 25. u
y

= (3, =

9)

22. u = (- I. - 2) , a

= (-2,3)

.r

-4 Figure Ex-41

(3. -I, 2). a

( I. 0, 0) , a

(I , 3, 0)

(4,3,8)

= (I. I , I ) , a = (0,2, -I )
=
(2, 1. 1,2 ) , a = (4, -4 ,2. -2)

42. Use the resu lt in Exercise 41 to estimate, to th e nearest de gree, the angles that a diagonal of a box with dime ns ions 10 cm x 15 cm x 25 cm makes with the edges of the box. 43. Show that if v is orthogonal to both WI and W2, then v is orthogonal to kiWI + k1W2 for a ll sca l.ars kl an d k 2 . 44. Let u and v be nonzero vectors in 2- or 3-space, and let k = Ilul l and 1= Ilvll . Show that the vector w = lu + kv bi sects the angle betwee n u and v.

26. u= (2,O, I), a= ( 1,2,3) 27. u

2S. u = (5,0, -3, 7), a

(2. I , - I. - I)