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Technical Seminar 19th March 2011 Hong Kong University By: Pawel Barmuta
Senior Associate
Fault Zones & Their Influence on Construction Detecting Faults Ahead of the Tunnel Face During Construction
Marine Clay
CDG
Granite
Marine Clay
CDG
Granite
Examples of minor faults in Sandy Bay and Cyberport shafts of HATS2 project Even a narrow band of cohesion-less material may become a difficulty when with presence of water under pressure
Sub-vertical fault zone contoured by the Geologist on 10m diameter shaft face in Sandy Bay Shaft of HATS2 C/2007/24 project
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Sources of Uncertainties
Time lag between encountered geological feature and flush appearance difficulty to locate the feature and to determine its span Effect of drilling pressures on Penetration Rate can not be separated Human factor in the observations and records due to extremely hard working condition
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Content of fines
Probe depth
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On SSDS project tunnels AB and C the whole alignment of 10.1 km was covered by probe drilling The probe hole length was typically 50 m of probes were Totally around drilled in 2 years and logged by Geologist Reports from every probe drillings were timely prepared and distributed by Geological Team
57 km
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Lesson learned from HATS1 tunnels AB & C Visual logging of percussion drilling is very effective and reliable tool to identify the weakness zones ahead of the tunnel. It is recommended for single cases in particular.
Never do it again!
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Parameters Logged Automatically on Drilling Machine Hammer Pressure - PH Torque Pressure - PTq Thrust Pressure (Feed Pressure) - PTh Instant Penetration Rate PR Collar co-ordinates Depth Orientation (Vertical and Horizontal angle to tunnel axis) Water pressure Current and Voltage
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Advantages of Analysis of Automatic Logs of Percussion Drilling No disruption to production cycle the analysis is carried out on logs of regular production drill holes (grout holes) No problems with safety hazards There are no personnel present at the tunnel face when drilling
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PR and PTq are the indicators of rock resistance Systematic dependences between PTq, PTh, PTH, steel length and PR which are not related to rock properties have to be detected and filtered out from PR and PTq record.
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Regression analysis
Detecting systematic dependence Th, Tq, PR vs. depth
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Normalized PR and PTq parameters after after scaling are dimensionless and need to be calibrated against factual rock condition e.g. represented by Q- value or by rock grade of decomposition
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First step:
filtering out from the records all excessive reading related to stoppages, collaring, changing drill bit and adding drill rods
Pressure [bar]
depth [m]
PR [m/min]
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depth [m]
depth [m]
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PR vs PH
4 PR [m/min] 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 PH [bar] 170 190
PR vs PTh
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PR [m/min]
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
PTh [bar]
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Tq vs Th
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120
PTq [bar]
100
80
60
40
20
PTh [bar]
100 110
Geotechnical interpretation: Higher torque pressure is required when the tool penetrates deeper into the rock due to higher thrust pressure
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PTh vs depth
120
PTh [bar]
No relation between PTh and drill hole depth due to computer control of PTh
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80
60
40
20
depth [m]
0 0 5 10 15 20
PR vs Tq
4.5
PR [m/min]
4 3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
PTq [bar]
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
The equation of regression line PR vs. PTh and PR vs. PH are used to compensate each raw PR measurement in a sample towards average value of the population.
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PTh corrected
1.5
Raw data
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Depth [m]
0 5 10 15 20
In tunnel applications the statistical analysis has to be first carried out on a large sample covering all rock condition expected along the tunnel i.e. provide appropriate MIN, MAX and regression lines The trends of interdependence between PTq, PTh, PR, L & PH can be assumed machinery specific hence used across projects
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Q1
Q2
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For tunneling purposes normalization and scaling should be based on initial large sample covering all kinds of rock condition expected along the tunnel
Initial Sample Parameters for normalization & scaling Application on single probe hole
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Rock module by Bever Control used on HATS2 DC/2007/24 Cylindrical plane of logged grout holes ahead of the tunnel unfolded Red color represents weak rock. Potential fault zone can be contoured by the Geologist
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Rock mass resistance reflects two distinguished lithological types of rock: Syenite - (Hard) Shist - (Weak)
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Rock Module by Bever Control used on HATS2 DC/2007/24 Cylindrical plane of logged grout holes unfolded Fracturing intensity is represented by RMS of normalized PTq
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Specific Energy parameter reflects properties of particular rock and drilling method
i.e. Is specific for rock and method.
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Energy spent to drill a section of drill hole can be calculated from discrete records of pressures PTh, PTq and PH as well as from records of electric current and voltage when drilling.
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Summary
1 Visual logging of percussion probes is an efficient tool for detecting bad ground condition ahead of tunnel face 2 Automated logging eliminates safety hazards related to presence of staff at the tunnel face 3 Automated logging largely eliminates disruption to production cycle 4 Automated probing combined with data statistical interpretation provide reliable contouring of weakness zones ahead of tunnel face
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Marine Clay
CDG Granite
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Thank You.
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