=
Sa X OST IAN GL
eee
——
}
1
ONILSV 14
GNV
ONITHYG
JOVAYNSa
PREFACE
“This handbook has been written primarily with contractors, quarry
operators and mining engineers in mind, [twill bea useful tool for
‘overybody involved in the design of surface diling and blasting
for rock excavation projects, quarries and mines, and responsible
for selecting drilling equipment and blasting materials forthe job
im hand. The book also gives guidelines for estimating costs involved
in these projects and contains specifications of the Tamrock surface
rilling rigs which the reader himself may need in choosing equipment
for different jobs
This book was written during 1987—$8 while was working asa
product manager in Tamrock Trackdrils for Southeast Europe,
the Middle East and Arica. My sincere wish i that the book will be
‘worn out in the hands of the practioners of the art of rock drilling
and blasting also hope that this book willbe further developed by
its users to serve the needs of rock drilling and blasting specilists
even better inthe Future
{ would ike to extend my sincere thanks to all who have contributed
to the material in this book and its production, Iam particularly gratetul
to Leena Lchiiniemi, Peter Gregory and Andrew Gardiner, without
‘whose advice and painstaking revision this handbook would not
have bee completed
Jukka Naapuri
EditorINTENTS,
‘Section A. ESSENTIALS OF SURFACE DRILLING.
GENERAL, n
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ROCK MATERIAL 4
21. Origin of rocks 14
22. Technical properties of rock material : ST
23. Rock dillability 20
2.31. Drilling Rate index (DRI) 20
2.32. Indices for different rock types 8
2°33. Samples for deillabiity testing 35
24, Rock blastabitty so 25
241. Factors affecting rock blastability 26
2.42. Stability of rock benches 7 30
BASIS FOR BENCH DRILLING aI
3.1. Factors affecting bench dri : 3L '
3.2. Terminology used in drilling patterns 3
33. Dritihole diameter . Snanaenn 34
34. Bench height and drilthote fensth 35
35. Burden and spacin 38
3.51, Burden 38
3552. Spacing al
3.53. Drilling pattern efficie 2
36. inclination of drillholes 42
3.61. Drillhole straightness con
3.1. Drilling patern geometry
38. Horizontal oles bench ding “8
39. Drilling pattems for bench blast st
Section B: ESSENTIALS OF SURFACE BLASTING
GENERAL, “ on 64
EXPLOSIVES:
“Technical properties of explosives
Types of explosives
2.21. High explosives
2.33. Coxts
2.34. Availability
Disposal of explosives
INITIATION OF EXPLOSIVES.
31
32.
33.
34,
cord and blasting caps
on by detonating cord
Electric blast initiation
331. Electric blasting caps
3.32. Blecitic blasting citeuitry design
3.33, Testing of electric firing circui
3.36, Safety in electric blasting
Nonel detonation
LOADING OF EXPLOSIVES
HOLE CHARGING IN BENCH BLASTING
5A
52.
‘Manual loading of explosives
Paeumatic loading of explosives
nfo loading
431. Pneumatic loading of anfo
432! Anfo loading by trucks
433, Control of static electricity in pneumatic loading
Loading of emalsion explosives
Priming of explosive charges
Deck load :
Determination of explosive charges
5.11. Primers and bottom charges
5.12, Column charges
5113, Stemming and total charge in the hole
5.14, Specific charging
Control of bench blasts
5.21. Throw and seatiering
5.22’ Swelling
5.23. Blasting of different rock types
‘Charging patterns for bench blasting
FIRING SYSTEMS FOR BENCH BLASTING
6.1. Single row blasting
6.2. Multirow blasting
ROCK FRAGMENTATION
7.1, Rock characteristies
72. Biasthole straightness
73. Properties of explosives
74. Loading of blastholes
75. Specific charging
76. Firingsystem :
77. Estimation of boulder size
78. Largeboulder size
89
OT
94
94
7
100
10
102
103
los
0
Ho
HL
113
113
14
M5
6
7
lg
120
120
120
123
124
125
125
125
127
128
128
140
142
143
147
147
Lag
150.
150
152
152
153
154BLASTING SAFETY
8.1. Airblast
8.11, Hove to controlar blast
82. Ground vibrations
8.21. Ground vibration produced by «singe charge
8.22 Ground vibration caused by a multe shot
8.23. How 1o control ground vibrations
83. Fiytock
DO'S AND DON'TS WHEN BLASTING
‘Section C: APPLICATIONS OF BENCH DRILLING AND BLASTING
ERAL
CONSTRUCTION DRILLING AND BLASTING
2.1, Highway and railway construetion
2.11. Dilling patterns
212. Charging of holes
2:13. Excavation layout
Hydropower plants
2.21. Surface structures
22, Underground excavations
3.93. The Aiaturk project
2.3. Trench drilling and blasting
31. Choice ot hole diameter
2232. Placing of drillholes
2:33 Charging of blasthoes
2.34, Firing ystems.
2.35, Controlled trench blasting
24, Pipelines .
2.41. Dimensions of pipelines
242: Choice of excavation method!
2/43. Preparations along the pipeline route
25. Ground levelling .
2.51. With vertical holes
2°52, With horizontal holes
2.6. Ditch blasting ..
2.7. Small blasting jobs
28. Secondary breaking
2.81. Secondary breaking by biasting
2182. Secondary breaking by breakers
QUARRYING AND OPEN PIT MINING
3.4. Quarry layouts
3.2. Open pit layouts
33. Drilling patemns
314, Selection of drilling equipment
341. Top hammer drills
3.42. DTH drills
3.43. Rotary drills
CONTROLLED BLASTING ON CONSTRUCTION SITES
4.L. Presplit basting
42, Smooth blasting
43. Line diting
44. Charging explosives
4.5. Firing systems
415. Planning of controlled basting
47. Drilling equipment ..
WALL CONTROL BLASTING IN OPEN PITS AND QUARRIES
5.1. Presplit blasting
5.11. Presplit hole spacing
5.12, Presplit hole charging
5.13 Presplit bast timing
52. Trimblasting
UNDERWATER BLASTING
6.1. Choice of driling and biasting methods
62, Factors affecting underwater blast design
6.21. Drillbole accuracy
6.22 Faulty charges
6.23, Rock fragmentation
6.24 Swelling
6.3. Basis for underwater drilling ..
6.31, Cutspreading
64, Basis for underwater biasting
6.41. Basis for underwater blasting
6.42; Controlled blasting
65, Useof surface charges
66. Firingsystems ..
7. Salety in underwater blasting
6.11. Ground vibration
16.12. Water-borne shock waves
16.13. Rock throw and scatter
68. _ Drilling equipment
69. Drillsteel equipment
‘CRACKING AGENTS
71. General principle
72. Mixing
73. Cracking plans ..‘Section D: SURFACE DRILLING EQUIPMENT
GENERAL
TOP HAMMER DRILLING
2.1. Principle of top hammer drilling
2.2. Hydraulic top hammer diling
2 Working principle ofa hydraulic rock dri
2.3, Phoumatic top hammer drilling
2.31. Working principle of « pneumatic ruck dri
24. Hydraulic vs pneumatic drilling
2.5. Mechanism of rock breakage in drilling
2.6, Drills for quarrying, open pit mining and construction
61. Handheld drilis :
2.62. Drill packages for excavators
2.63, Wagon drills
2.64. Crawler drills
2.641. Hydraulic drills
2.642. Pheumatic drills
27. Dill stecl equipment
2.71, Thread types
2.72 Integral dill sicels
2.73. Extension drill sel .
2.731. Manulcturing of extension drill stecls
2.732. Drill bits
2.733. Extension rods
2.734. Couplings
2.735. Shank adaptors
2.74 Selection of drill bits
2.75, Tube Drilling System
2.76. Dail steel service life
2.77. Grinding and chamfering of drill steels
2.78. Do'sand don'ts about drill steel use
28. Drill automation
2.9. Working safety in drilling
2.91. Factors affecting working environment
2.92, Factors improving operator safety
2.10. Overburden drilling o
2.101, OD dling
2.102. Odex drilling
2.103. Drilling equipment
2.104. Drill steels.
DTH DRILLING
3.1. Principle of DTH driling
3.1. DTH hammer
3.12. DTH dill carriers
32. Drilling accessories
3.3. Driling environment
4. ROTARY DRILLING
4.1. Principle of erushing rotary drilling
4.1). Rotation
4.12. Thrust
4.13, Flushing
42. Drill carriers
43. Powespacks
44. Masts
4.5, Dust colicetion systems
46. Drilling accessories
461. Duill bits
4.62. Drill pipes
4.63. Shock subs
4.64 Stabilizers :
4.65. Service life of drilling accessories
4.66, Do's and don'ts when using tricone bits
47. Cutting rotary driling
48. Latestirendsin rotary deiling
‘Section E: TAMROCK IN SURFACE DRILLING
1. GENERAL :
2. TAMROCK'S PRODUCT LINE POR SURFACE DRILLING.
Section F: PLANNING OF DRILLING AND BLASTING
1. GENERAL '
2. PLANNING OF DRILLING AND BLASTING
3. DRILLING PERFORMANCE,
31. Drilling eapacity
3.2. Shift capacity
4. DRILL STEEL CONSUMPTION
5. WORK SCHEDULE
6. DRILLING AND BLASTING CosTS
GA, Diilling costs
6.11 Investment
6.12, Maint
6.13. Drill steel
6.14, Fuel
6.15. Labour
6.16. Total driling cost
62. Blasting cost
7. CASESTUDY
8. CONVERSION FACTORS ,
References,
361
362
362
364
366,
366,
367
368,
369)
370
370
442
443
445
446,
452
434
455
456
456
438
439
= 461
462
403
463
465
a3
408Section A
ESSENTIALS OF SURFACE DRILLINGAl. GENERAL
tn sucface operations, drilling is per
formed for one oF the follows
Foconstruet space in the wock,
to exploit the sock material being
excavated, or
lo use the drilled holes for pur
coher than blast
Constiuction operations — involve
many types af rock excavation; they con-
sist of highway amd railvay cuts, trench
incl ditch hkisfing for pipelines, sub-
harbor ponds and
channels, fevelling in building founda:
tions and contour bls smooth
surfaces. Fxeepting large scale dam con
siruetion, the holes drilled are less than
27 mm (5°) in diameter because of the
need for relatively even distribution of
explosives and adequately fine fragmen
ration,
Furthermore, the use of small
diameter blastholes reduces the amount
‘of explosives per hate thus reducing the
ground vibration problem, To provide
Sufficient diling accuracy, the holes are
normally drilled at beach hcights of less
tan 20'metres,
Operations, where rock is drilled in
‘onder to exploit its mineral content, are
— open pit mines,
‘open cast mines for coal and other
minerals
In quarries all the material extracted is
ly consumed asanend produet. The
area excavated is relatively. unlimited,
and the rock can be exiraeted where itis
best available, Depending on the topo
raphy. quazry maybedeveloped on the
side of a hill, using conventional bench
Grilling and blasting, Where the area is
hilly and the rock outcrops, the quay
will be developed by opening a face inte
the side of the hill, When the terrain isa
to ramp down
a quarry that is en
ce of the surround
most flat, iis neces
into the scam creat
firey bx
ing terrain,
w the sur
Inopen pit mines the oreistimited toa
certain bedrock type, and the removal of
the surrouncling Fock is required for the
continence of mining on the actual
orebody. Open pit mines are tl
somewhat deeperthan quarries, ane! spe
cial bench drilling and. blasting tech:
niques and pit slope design must be ap-
plied so that ore can be extracted, After
the minerals of economic value have
been removed from the ore, che rem
ing waste material must be disposed of
fore
For both quarries and open pit mines
the blasting pattern is determined by the
geology of the material to be broken, the
Fragmentation required, the hole
diameter and depth, and the type of ex-
plosive. The technique of smooth bbast-
ing is utilized as well as normal bench
drilling and_ blasting, with holes @
SL__.381 mm (2°...15°)al bench heights
between 10 and 30 metres,
A
Dailling operations, where the hole is
punched for other than rock extraction
purposes, may include:
= water well dri
~ anchor hole deli
= cable line drilling,
~ prospecting drill
oil drilling
The task of the operation usualy
determines the size of the drillhole and
the type of machinery neededA2. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES
OF ROCK MATERIAL.
The ability to tell whether a roek will he
easy or hard (0 drill is sila matter of ex-
perience, often Jeamed the hard way —
theo and etvor. The various char
acteristics typical of any given rock type
‘can be interpreted to indicate how the
rock will drill, but there are still times
when laboratory analysis is the only
‘means of distinguishing one type of rock
from another. “The specific technical
properties of the rock, which must be
considered in the planning and perfor
mance of rock excavation, depend on
how the rock developed during its forma
ion. This, together with the method used
and the purpose of the excavation, cleter=
‘mine the breaking characteristics of the
rock material
A2.1 Origin of rocks
The geological classification of ro
based on their origin; rocks are
divided into three major groups:
— igneous,
— sedimentary,
— metamorphic
IGNEOUS ROCKS:
Igneous rocks are emplaced in a molten
state either deep in the earth’serust or on
the surface, through surface eruptions
The depth of emplacement determines
the rate of cooling and thus the grain siz.
‘The slow cooling-rate of deep-seated in-
trusive magmas allows for the formation
of large, well-developed crystals and a
coarse grained texture results. Extrusive
mas, which flow onto the earth's sur-
from eruptions coo! rapidly and are
fine grained,
Igneous rocks are generally hed, but
sive; they are relatively easy to drill
with the percussion method, provided
they are not too badly fissured and/or de~
composed.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
fedimentary rocks are formed thro
theaccumulation and successive lay
oof broken and decomposed rock ma
terial, The materials may be derived from
the eroding landmass and transported by
water or wind £0 be deposited in layers
Sedimentary formations may also result
from the accumulation of shells or other
organic material, or they may be com
posed of minerals precipitated by chemi
cal reaction. As successive layers of secl-
ment accumulate, the buried layers lose
water and are compacted. The mineral
_gfainsare often cemented togetherby cit
culating fluids, Almost all sedimentary
rocks have a preferred fabric orientation
and hence their properties are direction
sensitive
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic rocks form when existing
rocks are subjected to physical or chem
cal forces and new minerals and/or tex-
tures are developed, Although sedimen-
tary rocks (from which metamorphic
rocks are partly derived) undergo minor
changes during compaction, the original
Features are clearly preserved, However,
iftheseorigneousrocksbecomeinvolved
in major earth movements, where the
temperature and pressure undergo dras-
es, new minerals are formed; at
time other features, such as
banding, with characteristics of the new
environment, are imprinted on them, All
of these changes occur without complete
melting, and the new racks, being differ-
cent in origin from igneous rocks, are
tolerred to.as metamorphic (~ changed
Metamosphicrocksare generally har
(o very hard, and
usually req
cussive drilling
All the common racks are formed
From silicate minerals, with the exception
of limestones, which consist of calcium
:)sbur rock-for-
ming minerals tend to ecurin fairly well-
defined associations. Quartz, Feldspars
and miasare common constituents inal
bree main rock groups, whereas amphi-
bboles and pyroxenes are rae in sedi
Figure A peal sedimentary (coal formation.
tary rocks but common among both ig
‘us and metamorphic rocks, Olivines
garnets are practically confined toig
hheous and metamorphic rocks respee-
Lively, and calcite is widespread among
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks but
is not a major constituent of igneous
rocks. Tables 1 and 2 list mineralogical
and chemical correlations for common
types of rock,
‘Whilemetamorphic racks havechemi-
cal compositions similar to igneous and
sedimentary rocks, they may have quite
different mineralogical compositions
(he main exceptions are marbles and
quartzites which are metamorphosed
limestones and sandstones). Meta
‘morphism is primar stallization
process, whereby ts are_redis
tributed into new minerals; there is ony
fement into or out of the
iemical composition t=
ame asin the orig-
rock and so the
mais essentially
inal sock,TUble2 Compostionafcommon ack pein terns oh
"ns of chemistry.
tnwnns | metnonptie [——saimemany
Miner aes a
a ssc tan [te | soit | she | San | Eine
ita 60. s = = Z Ms i
Dlagloclase 5 42 § S : !
pyisrene = ae eee ee
sani = 50, = : =
“olivine: = = “ =|
notte : 5 - es -
niscovite = fd Aducaeda.
| a 1 1 _
Statolie eee ae seabed e|
clay minerals = - 50 = 7
Total ; m0 a
100100100190 a a)
eee _
; Amphi] and |
Grane Bast pote | sci | sate | Si [ Ee
708 | 490 | 493 63.3 cal
Neer
45] 182 | 169 17.9 | 16.6 LL OB
16 3.2 36 36 3.2. 04
18. 6.0) 68 26 2. :
09 | 76} 70] 16 25 on
ie WO 95 19 17 16
aI 3 25 2.9 43 09 Ol
09] tt Pay
08 04 15 26 32 03
99 998 998 O93
A2.2 Technical properties
of rock material
Important engineering properties of rock
material, which have an overall effect on
rock drilling,
= hardness,
= abrasiveness,
— texture,
= structure,
— breaking characteristis,
HARDNESS
Hardness is the resistance of a smooth
pine surface to abrasion. Itis often used
1s 4 measure ofthe engineering proper-
Liesof rock material, and can be classified
in several ways. To the engineer who is
eying to quantify rock behavior, a rock's
hnytdness indicates how much stress is
necessary to cause failure within the rock
(ic. the tock breaks). Table 3 shows de-
rec of hardness as a function of Moh’s
hhasdness’ and uniaxial compressive
strength (Protadyakonow classification).
Moh’s test assigns numbers to different
minerals to indicate their relative hard
ness. In Moh’sscale,amineral willseratch
all those with a lower rating.
HARDNESS | Mohs [MPa
(MN/m?)
Extremely hard [7— | 200—
Hard 6=7_| 120-200)
[Medium hard |45~6 [60-120
Quite soft 5245 30-60
‘Soft 2=3 [10-30
Extremely soft [1-2 | -10
Table 3 Rack hardvess and compresive
strength
ABRASIVENESS
Abrasiveness is a time dependent par-
meer for drillbit wear depends on the
mineral composition of the rock, which
drill wearis propotionalto, Thequartz
contentis usually considered asa reliable
indicator ofdrilistect wear. Table 4 shows
thequartzcontentofeommon rock types,
Rock Rock ‘Quartz
ype type content %
Amphibolite 008 Mica gneiss 0.30
‘Anorthosite 0 Mica schist 15...38
Diase 0.5 Norite 0
10...20 Pepmatite 15...30
0 Phylite 10...25
Gneiss 15...50 Quartzite 60.100
Granite 20...35 Sandstone 25...90)
Greywacke 10.25 Slate
Limestone 005 Shale 0.20
Marble 0 Taconite 010
aed
‘Average quarts content of common rack pes.HON TUNE
*Festute refers te te givin ntrvetincutihe
fiek alia lwelosltedhyaach nop
Hes We pestesity, lovnetns, density andl
vl is AM thw hive w vetinite veka
Fry
STRUCTURE
joints, bedding planes, schistosity and
tock type contacts, dip and sire all in-
Muence the structural strength ofthe rock
‘miterial and therefore affect drill hale
straightness and drill bit penetration
Spinel | ae
Surat joss |
lecmerlfacess
ont
‘crushed 0
i
enn 204
imylonitized
very ti
(recently sound) A
lina
{slightly wheathered)
edinm,
(wheatherel)
soft
(leteriorsted)
Spacing of joints 1000 em 100 10 1 oa
‘A Strong rock B Medium rock C Weak rock Very weak rock
gure 3. Setar properties and their effect on the siengih of rock mera,
BREAKING CHARACTERISTICS Breaking characteristics of different
Stiuctural properties such as. faults,
Breaking characteristics describe rock
behavior when struck with a hammer,
each rock type has a typical manner and
degree of breakage relate! to its texture,
‘mineral composition and structure
tock typesare often described in terms of
the Los Angeles co-efficient, which is a
relative measure for determining the re-
sistance of rock to crushing. Table 5 gives
Los Angeles values for common rack
types.
Rock ype LA value® Rock ype LAvalu® |
Amphibolite 19 Limestone 66 |
Diorite 24 Mica pnciss 45
Paylite 1 Mica schist, 48
Gabioro 31 Quarts 36
Granitegneiss [52 Pegmatte n
Grey granite 33 Granite 56
vals For rock samples tested in Finland 1961 —65
Table 5, Los Angeles values for common rock ypes
Is
Table 6 shows important engineering general grouping of rocks according fo
properties of rock types according to hardness and abrasiveness is shown it
their origin-basedl classification. A Table 7
in [Swell | Compressive]
Rocktype [Specific [Grain |S:
avily ize factor | sirength
| Eaves [mn MPa!
i jor 265-285 |15-3 [1s |170—300
| mns® | Granite oi=2 |t6 [200-350
| IGNEOUS Txpdesit ot [6 [300-400
Essie. [at oy jis |zs0-an0
Rhyolite or 1s | 20
Trachyte oi [rs 330
IG 2 1s fi40
Sonne d1mt JS 60-255
SEDIMEN- | Shale Vo fes |,
TARY Dolomite 12 [16 |
ee es
Geiss 2 15 [140-300
METAMOR- | Quartzte ar=2.|1ss — |160—22
PLC Schist ai-1 jis Joo
ee Serpentine = 4 30-150
slate or [as [iso
{MPa = UMN Hhglem= 22 ps
{able Prapenies of rock pes according to oigin-bused classication.
MARDNESS AND ABRASIVENESS
Igneous rocks
Hard and abrasive [Intermediate Lessabrasive | Decomposed
lite fivinebasalt | Andesite Serpentine
fae Baste Bast Roo basa
rei Danite Trachyte | Kaolinized
Graneliorite | Olivine gabbro | Dolerite ‘granite
Pepaive Ovaredionte Dit
waste porphyr
Chante Syenite
w[Hard and abrasive
rocks,
Granulite
Ouiartz schist
Quarizite
Gneiss
Mica gnciss|
Dolomite
Hornblendeschist
Mica schist
Phite
| Enotes
| Mate |
fo
Metamorph rocks
Conglomerate _| Agglomerate
Abrasive | Abrasive “Abrasive Non Non
Hard Leshard | Frable abrasive [abrasive |
Hard Sofi |
Siistone | Fable Limestone | Mar
Voici ash [sandstones | Mudstone | Madtone
Siliceous “aleareous | Freestones | Shale
limestones | sandstones | Chali.
Tlf Grits Coal
Quarts Gritstone Oolite
“Table 7 Hardness and abrasives of 100k 1p
A2.3 Rock dritlability
Rock lillabiltyisdefinedas thepenetra-
tion rte ofa cil bit into the rock. isa
property that cannot be accurately
{tned by any single mechanic
property of the sock (for example com-
pressive o tensile strength) Lisa func
tion of several rock properties such as
mineral eomposition, texture, grain size,
degree of weathering, et. ‘Thus several
empirical methods have been developed
forpredictingdrllingperformanceindi-
ferent rocks. Typical indices for rock dri
labiy include
— Drilling Rate Index (DRI),
— classification of rock types based on
the drillabiity of Barre granite,
= Mohs test,
— Protodyakonow classification.
A2.31 Drilling Rate Index (DRI)
The Drilling Rate Index is not acizeet
dicationofdrilingsateinthetield, butitis
‘lative meastureof the penetration rate,
Way algo be viewed asa parameter for
the maximum resistance of the rock
drilling. ‘The methoxt was developed at
the University of Trondheim (Norway)
and has uso been accepted for use a8 @
Standard test procedure atthe Helsinki
University of Technology (Finland). In
both countriesagreatdeal of data relating
to practical tests and drilling rates has
‘been collected and this indicates the DRI
method is relatively reliableand accurate
for predicting sock dilability The DRI is
determined on the basis of twa parame-
ters: (I) friaility value Sy, and (2) Sie-
swers value (SI value)
“The frailty vali is measured in
the brittleness test (gute 4), which is &
measure of rock resistance to crushing
diac to repeated weight-drop impacts,
agate volume of the rock
sample tested corresponds o that of 0.5
te with a density of 2.65 tons/
16.0 mm, The
Irinbiity value Sp equals the percentage
of undersized material which passes
through an 11,2mm mesh after theaggre
gate test crushing in a mortar with 20
‘weight-drops. The mean value fora mini-
mum of three to four parallel tests is
chosenastheS,, valueof the rock sample
We Itkg
7
R= Rock sample aggregate
W= Weight (14 ko)
s.
0 16.0mm
D112 imme
ae
leness value after 20 impacts
igure 4, Brees est for measuring ability value Sap
SI value is given by @ miniature drill
reston a precut rock sample (figure 5),
The SI value isa measure of drilhole
dlepth expressed in. 1/10 mm after 200
‘evolutionsin the miniataredtil tet. The
tua value ford to 8 drill holesis chosen
astheSI value, Theorientationof thepre-
cut rack surface tothe foliation is essen-
tial forthe measurement; when the Drill
ing Rate Index is calculated, driling is
‘usually performed parallel to the flia-
tion 16 determine the SI value.W= Weight 20 kg)
D= Minature drill ipped with tongsten carbide
R= Rock sample, precut
igure 5. Minianure dil et for detennining the SE value
The Drilling Rate Index (DRI) can be
calculated by using figure 6. DRI can be
tunderstood as the brittleness value of the
sock sample corrected far its SI value.
100
‘The Drilling Rate Index equals the Say
vvalueequalling 10;thisisacommon value
For granite
0
*0
70
oo
so
0
30
DRILLING RATE INDEX DRI
20
10
0 20 30
40 0 60-1 80
BRITTLENESSS,
Figure 6, Determination of Dring Rate Index wh ability value (Sy and SI value are known,
2
‘Table 8 presents the classification of
Drilling Rate Index
Drilling Ratelndex___DRT
Exicemely low 2
Very low 28
Low 3
Medium 49
High 65
Very high 86
Extremely high nd
‘Table 8. Classification of Drilling Rate Index
CCRT}
i
t
TRE | CRESON
A2.32 Indices for different
rock types
Besides the Drilling Rate Index (DRI)
method, rock deillabiliy is often deter-
mined by & classifiation based on the