Building Community Resilience for Health, Vector Control and Climate Change thru Social Forestry Dr.

Homero Silva Environmental Health Advisor PAHO/WHO Jamaica Introduction Climate change is going to bring chaos to many countries in the world. Especially to those countries with low resilience, under the verge of economic collapse and with already poorly financed health sector programmes. Vector diseases will exacerbate this condition. The end result will be a gargantuan impact on public health to the general population, but especially to those in the lower income groups. The expected environmental impacts, already being felt in some areas of the world, are: higher temperatures; rising seas; increased risk of drought, fire and floods; stronger storms and increased storm damage; changing landscapes; more heat-related illness and disease; economic losses and wildlife at risk. The outcomes in health will be an increase on: cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases; vector and water borne diseases; food safety and food security related diseases; human reproduction and other diseases related to humidity and temperature. The only alternative available for poor countries is to minimize or eliminate the above problems by increasing Community Resilience. In this paper Resilience is understood as the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. By the contrary, Susceptibility is the inability to resist, absorb, accommodate (adopt or adapt) to a hazard. From here, it is logical that if we want to protect public health from climate change and vector borne diseases, then we should strengthen communities resistance by strengthen the determinants of health. Vector and Climate Change Control thru Social Forestry is oriented to indoor housing and its surroundings, by the introduction of plants and trees that while acting as mosquito repellent indoors and surroundings, (some of them act as insecticides cutting the mosquito reproductive cycle), they also can be utilized as alternative medicines, food and for employment generation. Some of the plants and trees can be used to dry wet areas and hence prevent the creation of mosquito breeding sites. Finally an additional benefit of some plants and trees is the creation of cool islands which decrease the temperature indoor and outdoor creating more comfortable conditions for its inhabitants. Reduction of temperature inside and outside the house will decrease the use of energy utilized for cooling purposes, and therefore energy savings can be of the order of 30 to 50%, according to studies done in United Sates. We foresee Social Forestry to have a high impact on the Social Determinants of Health to increase community resilience. Justification Why we should focus on Health Public health is the best strategy for all to attain health and, as a consequence, economic, social, cultural and spiritual development. In this regard, when public health is focused on human capital) it contributes largely to poverty reduction, better education, achievement of human rights, freedom as development and overall, equity. What people can achieve contributes to human capital development. In this regard, Theodore Schultz formulated his theory about development where to achieve it, human capital should be considered and not only fixed capital (human as well as fixed capital should be considered). The possibility, the capability of human beings to produce and contribute is called human capital. The two most important ingredients to achieve this are health and education. Schultz produced his ideas of human capital in the 60s as a way to explain the advantage of investing in health and education, in order to improve agricultural production. He demonstrated that human capital production in the USA economy was higher than that based on physical capital (i.e., a new plant or machine).

For Schultz, the concept of human capital implies investing in people. He argues that education, training and health investments open opportunities and options that would normally not be available to many individuals. He compares the acquisition, knowledge and skills to the acquisition of production means. Workers should not be at mercy of others. To the contrary, they can control the increase of their own productivity and income. He defends that income difference among persons is related to differences in education and health. In the past, the belief was that fixed capital investment was the most important contributor for the future growth of a country. But, Schultz has demonstrated this is wrong investment in human capital contributes up to 65% to the economic growth of a country. When we talk about poverty, or how to improve the situation of one country, we shall never forget human capital, because it contributes to the growth of wealth in a country. Health status can influence poverty itself but, contrarily, health can contribute to the productivity or wealth of a country. It is obvious that ill persons cannot contribute; their productivity is relatively low. Health is an element that impacts in wellbeing and contributes to economic growth in four ways: 1) reduces production losses by workers infirmity; 2) allows the use of natural resources that, due to diseases, were totally or practically inaccessible; 3) increases school enrollment of children and allows them to learn better; and 4) liberates, for other uses, resources needed to treat infirmity in other ways. For example, in some classical studies in Central America, in populations dedicated to agriculture, correction of anemia has shown that productivity increases greatly. Iron deficiency and anemia reduce the capacity of individuals and of the entire population causing serious economic consequences and obstacles for national development. Inversely, anemic treatment can increase national productivity in 20%. Overall, the most poor and the less educated are more vulnerable and disproportionately affected by iron deficiency. These vulnerable groups benefit most from anemia treatment. Recent studies show that improvements in workers health are associated with productivity improvements, particularly in those where income is low. There are many reasons why the relationship between productivity and health in developing countries is of special interest. Labour income is a fundamental input for wellbeing of the individual and the family, becoming as a last resource for poverty alleviation. Leibenstein showed that among poor nourished workers, those who consume more calories not only can be more productive, but in many cases very low levels of ingestion and betterment of nutrition could be associated with relatively high increases in productivity. Health plays an important role in poverty alleviation, because on one side, a healthier individual is, also, a more productive individual, and a more productive individual will see this result manifested in a higher salary. On the other hand, a healthier individual can compete in similar conditions with others. Therefore, what health does is to put individuals in situations of equal opportunities, which improves their income, but at the same time, also improves economic growth. Some studies have attempted to estimate the return on investment in health and the betterment of income in persons. Strauss and Thomas tried to describe the role of health through four health indicators, namely, weight, size, height and body mass index, and if these represented improvements in salaries in both men and women. Results were significant in low- income population groups, but not in medium- and high-income groups. This indicates that health improvements have a greater impact on the income of persons with low income, i.e., they reduce poverty on this functional group. Investment in health makes investment in education more effective. In order for the inversion in education be effective, first it is necessary that the person be alive and had good health during the rest of his life. Sick children cannot learn because of several reasons. There is evidence showing that sick children cannot learn new elements, new things or they can present behaviour problems, etc. This demonstrates that sick children cannot perform well and, hence, investments in education in sick children are not as effective as inversion in healthy children. Different studies on return investments in human capital in function of age where investment is done, have concluded this to be higher during first years than in later years, i.e., investments in health should be at infancy. Be this the reason the importance of child health and mothers education over their children. Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize in Economics, defined development as a product of freedom and the capacities to exert them. That is, development is the freedom to expand our capacities to live life we value and have reasons to value. In this context, instrumental freedoms are: political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities,

transparency guarantees and protective security. These freedoms tend to contribute to the general capacity of a person to live more freely, but they serve to complement each other. Expansion of freedoms should be seen as a primary goal as well as the main means for development. Here persons are considered as active agents of change and not mere passive recipients of benefits provided by others. What people can achieve is influenced by economic opportunities, political freedoms, social forces and permissible conditions of health and basic education. Without diminishing the importance of other freedoms to achieve development, we should focus in the agent of change, i.e., the human being, the human capital. Development of a country depends on human capital, and this depends at the same time on health and education. Parameters that measure poverty are different. This is not in relation to only economic income. Those factors, farther than the mere acquiring capacity, are our capacities, the same that allows us to have options, those who allow us to elect and to have control on our decisions. In summary, we can conclude that one of the health benefits is to allow equity, in all meanings, because health empowers people in their own development. Health plays an important role in poverty reduction, because on one side, a healthier individual is also a more productive individual, and a more productive individual sees this fact reflected in greater salaries. In addition, a healthier person can compete in similar conditions with others, so achievement of health places persons in equal opportunity situations, which improves their income, but at the same time improves the economic growth. The Social Determinants of Health Until now the reports of the impact on Climate Change have been directed to the disease not to health, as defined by WHO. Here, an analysis of Climate Change and its impact on health is presented. But rather than conducting a simplistic approach (i.e. rainfall versus vector diseases), a holistic analysis of how climate change will impact on the determinants of health will be done. Why are some persons healthy and others not? Since 1974 (Lalonde Report) work has been carried to explain that. Excellent scientific research has established that factors such as living and working conditions and how we share wealth in our societies are crucially important for a healthy population. Commonly referred to as the determinants of health, these broad factors impact on individual and population health. The determinants of health are each important in their own right, however, they interact to forcefully influence health and well being across the lifespan. Being the case, then it is obvious that in evaluating the impacts on health from climate change, the determinants of health should be used to adapt and mitigate thru the preparation of policies, plans and projects to minimize the adverse impacts on health. Although the determinants of health can be described in many ways, in this paper it is proposed to use the twelve major determinants1 of health proposed by The Public Health Agency of Canada, as follows: 1) Income and Social Status,; 2) Social Support Networks; 3) Education and Literacy; 4) Employment / Working Conditions, 5) Social Environments, 6)Physical Environments, 7) Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills, 8) Healthy Child Development, 9) Biology and Genetic Endowment, 10, Health Services, 11)Gender and 12) Culture. Income and Social Status. Health status improves at each step up the income and social hierarchy. High income determines living conditions such as safe housing and ability to buy sufficient good food. The healthiest populations are those in societies which are prosperous and have an equitable distribution of wealth. Public health researchers and epidemiologists have long known that social status wealth, educational attainment, occupational prestige and occupational status is related to health and well-being. Social Support Networks A social support network is made up of friends, family and peers. It can play an important role in times of stress. A social support network is something you can develop when you're not under stress, providing the comfort of knowing that your friends are there for you if you need them. Support from families, friends and communities is associated with better health. Such social support networks could be very important in helping people solve problems and deal with adversity, as well as in maintaining a sense of mastery
1

Public Health Agency Canada, 2003. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/index.html

and control over life circumstances. The caring and respect that occurs in social relationships, and the resulting sense of satisfaction and well-being, seem to act as a buffer against health problems. Education and Literacy Health status improves with level of education. Education is closely tied to socioeconomic status, and effective education for children and lifelong learning for adults are key contributors to health and prosperity for individuals, and for the country. Education contributes to health and prosperity by equipping people with knowledge and skills for problem solving, and helps provide a sense of control and mastery over life circumstances. It increases opportunities for job and income security, and job satisfaction. And it improves people's ability to access and understand information to help keep them healthy. Employment / Working Conditions. Unemployment, underemployment, stressful or unsafe work are associated with poorer health. People who have more control over their work circumstances and fewer stress related demands of the job are healthier and often live longer than those in more stressful or riskier work and activities.

Social Environments. The importance of social support also extends to the broader community. Civic vitality refers to the strength of social networks within a community, region, province or country. It is reflected in the institutions, organizations and informal giving practices that people create to share resources and build attachments with others. The array of values and norms of a society influences in varying ways the health and well being of individuals and populations.
Physical Environments. The physical environment is an important determinant of health. At certain levels of exposure, contaminants in our air, water, food and soil can cause a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer, birth defects, respiratory illness and gastrointestinal ailments. In the built environment, factors related to housing, indoor air quality, and the design of communities and transportation systems can significantly influence our physical and psychological well-being. Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills. Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills refer to those actions by which individuals can prevent diseases and promote self-care, cope with challenges, and develop selfreliance, solve problems and make choices that enhance health. Definitions of lifestyle include not only individual choices, but also the influence of social, economic, and environmental factors on the decisions people make about their health. There is a growing recognition that personal life "choices" are greatly influenced by the socioeconomic environments in which people live, learn, work and play. Healthy Child Development. New evidence on the effects of early experiences on brain development, school readiness and health in later life has sparked a growing consensus about early child development as a powerful determinant of health in its own right. At the same time, we have been learning more about how all of the other determinants of health affect the physical, social, mental, emotional and spiritual development of children and youth. For example, a young person's development is greatly affected by his or her housing and neighborhood, family income and level of parents' education, access to nutritious foods and physical recreation, genetic makeup and access to dental and medical care. Biology and Genetic Endowment. The basic biology and organic make-up of the human body are a fundamental determinant of health. Genetic endowment provides an inherited predisposition to a wide range of individual responses that affect health status. Although socio-economic and environmental factors are important determinants of overall health, in some circumstances genetic endowment appears to predispose certain individuals to particular diseases or health problems Health Services. Health services, particularly those designed to maintain and promote health, to prevent disease, and to restore health and function contribute to population health. The health services continuum of care includes treatment and secondary prevention. Gender. Gender refers to the array of society-determined roles, personality traits, attitudes, behaviors, values, relative power and influence that society ascribes to the two sexes on a differential basis. "Gendered" norms influence the health system's practices and priorities. Many health issues are a function of gender-based social status or roles.

Culture. Some persons or groups may face additional health risks due to a socio-economic environment, which is largely determined by dominant cultural values that contribute to the

perpetuation of conditions such as marginalization, stigmatization, loss or devaluation of language and culture and lack of access to culturally appropriate health care and services.
A more detailed explanation on the determinants of health and how they are going to be impacte is presented in Annex 1. In summary, evaluating the impacts on disease are not helping on strengthening resilience public health to be prepared for the impacts of climate change(direct effects, adaptation and mitigation measures). Evaluating impacts of climate change on determinants of health is a better approach than evaluating diseases. Climate changes impacts negatively on each one of the determinants of health. Impacts will vary disproportionately, being the poor, indigenous people, children and women the most affected;

Climate Change
As mentioned before, the expected environmental impacts, already being felt in some areas of the world, are: higher temperatures; rising seas; increased risk of drought, fire and floods; stronger storms and increased storm damage ; changing landscapes; more heat-related illness and disease; economic losses and wildlife at risk. The outcomes in health will be an increase on: cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases; vector and water borne diseases; food safety and food security related diseases; human reproduction and other diseases related to humidity and temperature. Vector Borne Diseases Vector-borne diseasesespecially malaria, dengue, and Chagascontinue compromising the health of large proportion of the regional population. Population growth, rapid expansion of agricultural borders, environmental degradation, and high migration of affected persons facilitate the transmission of the disease thru the borders. While the number of reported cases of malaria hit a peak in the late 1990s, the disease is still endemic in 21 countries and results in approximately one million cases reported annuallya significant economic impact, as two-thirds of those cases occur in working-age people. The most commonly used insecticides in the Americas are organophosphates and pyrethroids. Several countries also rely on fogging, principally to reduce Aedes aegypti, but also to decrease anopheline densities. In base of the above considerations, and taking into account the negative effects, both for public health as well as for the environment, by the intensive use of DDT, it is proposed to utilize alternative methods to DDT for the control of this disease. In this paper we call them Vector Control thru Social Forestry. The Proposal There are garden plants and trees with mosquito repellent properties. Up to know, the most common form to repel or eliminate mosquitoes has included the aspersion of high quantities of poisoning chemical products inside and outside the housing unit or in ourselves. Mosquito repellent products turn humans unappealing to mosquitoes; hence mosquitoes avoid getting close to skin areas covered with these products. These repellents do not kill mosquitoes, but avoid the contact of mosquitoes to persons. Any repellent to be considered effective should contain DEET (N, N- Diethyl m Toluamide). This chemical interrupts skin production of carbon dioxide, which attracts mosquitoes, and as consequence there is no biting. By interrupting this process, the repellent makes mosquitoes unable to locate their victims, during several hours. Human beings are so accustomed to the use of chemicals that they do not realize all the different remedies Mother Nature has against mosquitoes. Vegetal world offers a great gamut of effective insect repellents, nevertheless the chemical industry continues producing chemicals that are lethal to animal life and the influence on human health is not yet entirely understood. Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon nardus) in candles and in products designed to be used on the skin is widely known. However there are other plants and trees which have been utilized by centuries because of their insect repellent properties, those include the following: Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), leaves of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), Basil (Ocimum bacilicum), Geranium (Pelargonium roseum), Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Mint ((Mentha x piperita) and Chrysanthemum Weed (Artemesia vulgaris). Also there are some natural insecticides such as: Bitter

Buttons (Tanacetum vulgare), Spanish Chamomile (Anacyclus pyrethrum), Anise (Pimpinella anisum) and Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis). In the following paragraphs a detailed presentation is made on several plants that may be utilized as alternative vector control methods: Tanacetum

Geranium (Pelargonium roseum) It is a species in the Pelargonium genus, which is indigenous to various parts of southern Africa, and in particular South Africa. It is often called geranium as it falls within the plant family Geraniaceae, although more correctly, it is referred to as Pelargonium. This specific species has great importance in the perfume industry. It is cultivated on a large scale and its foliage is distilled for its scent. P. graveolens cultivars have a wide variety of smells, including rose, citrus, mint, coconut and nutmeg, as well as various fruits. However, the most commercially important varieties are those that have rose scents.

Culinary uses. Other applications include, Cake ingredient (flowers and leaves), Jam and jellies ingredient (flowers and leaves), Ice creams and Sorbets ingredient (flowers and leaves),
Salad ingredient (flowers) and Sugar flavouring (leaves) Traditional Medicine. Pelargonium distillates and absolutes, commonly known as "geranium oil," is sold for aromatherapy and massage therapy applications is sometimes used to supplement or adulterate more expensive rose oils. Rose Geranium oil can be used to help in the treatment of the following: acne, bruises, burns, cuts, dermatitis, eczema, hemorrhoids, lice, ringworm, ulcers, breast engorgement, edema, poor circulation, sore throat, tonsillitis, PMS, menopausal problems, stress and neuralgia. It's reputation as an extremely versatile essential oil is well documented. Vector Control It is a natural insect repellent. In a laboratory trial, in west-central Iran, the acaricidal effects of the essential oils (EOs) prepared from two medicinal plants, i.e. Pelargonium roseum and Eucalyptus globulus on the adult stage of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus were evaluated. The results show that both plants, particularly P. Roseum can be considered as potential candidates for biocontrol of R. (B) annulatus in the field. The insecticidal activity against the house fly, Musca domestica L. under laboratory conditions has been demonstrated. Industrial/Commercial Use. This specific species has great importance in the perfume industry. It is cultivated on a large scale and its foliage is distilled for its scent.

Anise (Pimpinella anisum)

It is also known as ans, it is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia. It is known for its flavor, which resembles liquorice, fennel and tarragon. Anise is an herbaceous annual plant growing to 3 ft (0.91 m) tall. The leaves at the base of the plant are simple, 0.52 in (1.35.1 cm) long and shallowly lobed, while leaves higher on the stems are feathery pinnate, divided into numerous leaves. The flowers are white, approximately 3 mm diameter, produced in dense umbels. The fruit is an oblong dry schizocarp, 3 5 mm long. It is these seed pods that are referred to as "aniseed". Anise plants grow best in light, fertile, well drained soil. The seeds should be planted as soon as the ground warms up in spring. Because the plants have a taproot, they do not transplant well after being established, so they should be started either in their final location or transplanted while the seedlings are still small. Anise is used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths), including the lime-speck pug and wormwood pug. Culinary Uses. Western cuisines have long used anise as a moderately popular herb to flavor some dishes, drinks, and candies, and so the word has come to connote both the species of herb and the licorice-like flavor. The most powerful flavor component of the essential oil of anise, anethole, is found in both anise and an unrelated spice called star anise. Featured prominently in South Asian, Southeast Asian, and East Asian dishes, star anise is considerably less expensive to produce, and has gradually displaced the 'original' anise in Western markets. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by 1999 world production of the essential oil of anise was only 8 tonnes, compared to 400 tonnes from star anise. Anise is sweet and very aromatic, distinguished by its licorice-like flavor.The seeds, whole or ground, are used in a wide variety of regional and ethnic confectioneries, including British aniseed balls, Australian humbugs, New Zealand aniseed wheels, Italian pizzelle, Peruvian picarones and others. It is a key ingredient in Mexican "atole de ans", which is similar to hot chocolate, and taken as a digestive after meals in India. Anise is used to flavor some alcoholic beverages. Anise, like fennel, contains anethole, a phytoestrogen. Traditional Medicine. Anise can be used to relieve menstrual cramps. Anise, like fennel, contains anethole, a phytoestrogen. In the 1860's American Civil War nurse Maureen Hellstrom used anise seeds as an early form of antiseptic. This method was later found to have caused high levels of toxicity in the blood and was discontinued shortly thereafter. According to Pliny the Elder, anise was used as a cure for sleeplessness, chewed with alexanders and a little honey in the morning to freshen the breath, and when mixed with wine as a remedy for asp bites. Vector Control. Essential oils extracted from anis were evaluated for larvicidal, adulticidal, ovicidal, oviposition-deterrent and repellent activities towards three mosquito species; Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The essential oils of Pimpinella anisum were highly effective as both larvicidal and ovicidal. The essential oil of P. anisum showed toxicity against 4th instar larvae of A. stephensi and A. aegypti with equivalent LD95 values of 115.7 microg/ml, whereas it was 149.7 microg/ml against C. quinquefasciatus larvae. Industrial/Commercial Use. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by 1999 world production of the essential oil of anise was only 8 tonnes, compared to 400 tonnes from star anise. Anise is used to flavor some alcoholic beverages.

Celery (Apium graveolens)

It is a plant species in the family Apiaceae commonly known as celery (var. dulce) or celeriac (var. rapaceum) depending on whether the petioles (stalks) or roots are eaten. Apium graveolens is used around the world as a vegetable, either for the crisp petiole (leaf stalk) or the fleshy toproot. Apium graveolens grows to 1 m tall.. In North America, commercial production of celery is dominated by the varieties called Pascal celery. Gardeners can grow a range of cultivars, many of which differ little from the wild species, mainly in having stouter leaf stems. They are ranged under two classes, white and red; the white cultivars being generally the best flavoured, and the most crisp and tender. The stalks grow in tight straight parallel bunches, and are typically marketed fresh that way, without roots and just a little green leaf remaining. The wild form of celery is known as smallage. It has a furrowed stalk with wedge-shaped leaves, the whole plant having a coarse, earthy taste, and a distinctive smell. The stalks are not usually eaten (except in soups or stews in French cuisine), but the leaves may be used in salads, and its seeds are those sold as a spice. With cultivation and blanching, the stalks lose their acidic qualities and assume the mild, sweetish, aromatic taste particular to celery as a salad plant. Culinary Uses. Celery seeds can be used as flavouring or spice, either as whole seeds or ground and mixed with salt, as celery salt. Celery salt can also be made from an extract of the roots. Celery salt is used as a seasoning, in cocktails (notably to enhance the flavour of Bloody Mary cocktails), on the Chicago-style hot dog, and in Old Bay Seasoning. Celery, onions, and bell peppers are the holy trinity of Louisiana Creole and Cajun cuisine. Celery, onions, and carrots make up the French mirepoix, often used as a base for sauces and soups. Celery is a staple in many soups, such as chicken noodle soup. Celery is widely eaten by guinea pigs, dogs, horses, humans, birds, squirrels, and small rodents. Traditional Medicine. Celery is thought to be an aphrodisiac by some people. Bergapten in the seeds can increase photosensitivity. However, this is a potentially useful action in psoriasis, with caution, and celery along with other umbellifers is one of the vegetables to be included in the diet as a source of psoralens. It should also be noted that this may constitute a risk factor in skin cancer. The oil and large doses of seeds should be avoided during pregnancy, as they can act as a uterine stimulant. A common use for the seeds is as a "blood purifier" and it is sometimes taken for arthritis. Celery is used in weight-loss diets, where it provides low-calorie dietary fibre bulk. Celery seeds are also a great source of calcium, and are regarded as a good alternative to animal products. Celery appears to provoke the most severe allergic reactions; for people with celery allergy, exposure can cause potentially fatal anaphylactic shock. The allergen does not appear to be destroyed at cooking temperatures. Celery rootcommonly eaten as celeriac, or put into drinksis known to contain more allergen than the stalk. Seeds contain the highest levels of allergen content. In the European Union, foods that contain or may contain celery, even in trace amounts, have to be clearly marked as such. Vector control. Crude seed extract of celery, Apium graveolens, has been found effective for anti-mosquito potential, including larvicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activities against Aedes aegypti. When the mosquito repellencies of four fractions of Apium graveolens seeds (one hexane, two dichloromethane and one methanolic) were investigated in the laboratory, all four were found to offer human volunteers some protection against female, adult Aedes aegypti. The hexane fraction, however, was found to exhibit the highest repellency in the laboratory, Industrial Uses. Celery seeds yield a valuable volatile oil used in the perfume and pharmaceutical industries. They also contain an organic compound called apiol.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum) It is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several trees from the genus Cinnamomum which includes all species of Evergreen trees. Cinnamon trees are native to South East Asia, and its origin was mysterious in Europe until the sixteenth century. Cinnamon has been known from remote antiquity Culinary Uses. Cinnamon bark is widely used as a spice. It is principally employed in cookery as a condiment and flavoring material. It is used in the preparation of chocolate, and desserts, as well as spicy candies, tea, hot cocoa, and liqueurs. In the Middle East, it is often used in savory dishes of chicken and lamb. In the United States, cinnamon and sugar are often used to flavor cereals, bread-based dishes, and fruits. Cinnamon can also be used in pickling. Cinnamon bark is one of the few spices that can be consumed directly. Cinnamon powder has long been an important spice in Persian cuisine, used in a variety of thick soups, drinks, and sweets. It is often mixed with rosewater or other spices to make a cinnamon-based curry powder for stews or just sprinkled on sweet treats. Its flavor is due to an aromatic essential oil that makes up 0.5% to 1% of its composition. Traditional Medicine. It has been used to treat diarrhea and other problems of the digestive system. It is high in antioxidant activity. The essential oil of cinnamon also has antimicrobial properties, which can aid in the preservation of certain foods. It has been reported to have remarkable pharmacological effects in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Cinnamon has traditionally been used to treat toothache and fight bad breath and its regular use is believed to stave off common cold and aid digestion. Pharmacological experiments suggest that the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamic aldehyde (cinnamaleugenoldehyde) activates the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response in human epithelial colon cells and may therefore represent an experimental chemopreventive dietary factor targeting colorectal carcinogenesis. Recent research documents anti-melanoma activity of cinnamic aldehyde observed in cell culture and a mouse model of human melanoma. Regular drinking of tea could be beneficial to oxidative stress related illness in humans, as the plant part contains significant antioxidant potential. One teaspoon of cinnamon contains as many antioxidants as a full cup of pomegranate juice and 1/2 a cup of blueberries. Vector Control. Cinnamon has been proposed] for use as an insect repellent, although it remains untested. Cinnamon leaf oil has been found to be very effective in killing mosquito larvae . The compounds cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, and anethole that are contained in cinnamon leaf oil were found to have the highest effectiveness against mosquito larvae. Industrial Uses. This oil is prepared by roughly pounding the bark, macerating it in seawater, and then quickly distilling the whole. It is of a golden-yellow color, with the characteristic odor of cinnamon and a very hot aromatic taste. The pungent taste and scent come from cinnamic aldehyde or cinnamaldehyde (about 60 % of the bark oil) and, by the absorption of oxygen as it ages, it darkens in color and develops resinous compounds. Other chemical components of the essential oil include ethyl cinnamate, eugenol (found mostly in the leaves), beta-caryophyllene, linalool, and methyl chavicol.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) It is a genus of about 85 flowering plants, in the family Asteraceae, commonly referred to as yarrow. They occur in Europe and temperate areas of Asia. A few grow in North America. These plants typically have frilly, hairy, aromatic leaves. Yarrow is a perennial herb, native to Europe and Asia and naturalized in North America and most other countries throughout the world. Yarrow is very common along roadsides and in old fields, pastures, and meadows in the eastern and central United States and Canada. Yarrow is easily cultivated, will survive in poor soil. It prefers a well-drained soil in a sunny position. A very good companion plant, it improves the health of plants growing nearby and enhances their essential oil content thus making them more resistant to insect predations also improves the soil fertility. Culinary Uses. The highly aromatic leaves and flowers are made into a herbal tea. Fresh leaves can be used as a substitute for sage in recipes. An aromatic tea: To 1 tsp. dried herb add 1 cup boiling water, steep for 10 min. sweeten to taste. Take at bedtime. Traditional Medicine. Yarrow is a very valuable medicinal herb, with much scientific evidence of use in alternative medicine as an antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, stimulant, and tonics, vasodilator and vulnerary. Yarrow is used against colds, cramps, fevers, kidney disorders, toothaches, skin irritations, and hemorrhages, and to regulate menses, stimulate the flow of bile, and purify the blood. Medicinal tea is a good remedy for severe colds and flu, for stomach ulcers, amenorrhea, abdominal cramps, abscesses, trauma and bleeding, and to reduce inflammation. The main constituents are volatile oils including linalool, camphor, sabinene, and chamazulene, sesquiterpene lctones, flavanoids, alkaloids including achilleine, polyacetylenes, triterpenes, salicylic acid, coumarins, and tannins which prove these uses in alternative medicine to be effective. Extracts of yarrow exhibit antibiotic activity and may also act as anti-neoplastic drugs. Externally for treating wounds and stopping the flow of blood. Vector Control. Finally, besides the above mentioned medicinal properties of yarrow herb, there are some other uses as well. This herb works as an effective mosquito repellent. Industrial Use. Yarrow oil has been traditionally used in hair shampoos. Some caution is advised , large or frequent doses taken over a long period may cause the skin to be more sensitive to sunlight. Common yarrow can be used as a blue dye in medications and food colouring. It is also added to many cosmetic and beauty products. In certain areas, it is used to reduce shore and slope erosion. It is also used by honey bees. The world production of Achillea millefolium essential oil is 800 tonnes annually, estimated to have a value of U.S.$88 million. It seems that the global yarrow market is well-developed in Europe. However, Richters Herb Catalogue states that the flower market is limited and that special equipment would be required to be competitive on the international market. In Quebec, the annual production of dried organic flowers is 100 kg, with an annual growth rate of about 15%. In 2003, the price per kilogram was $16.50 and one kg of yarrow essential oil sold for approximately $2,583.

Spanish chamomile (Anacyclus pyrethrum) It is also known as pellitory or Mount Atlas daisy is a perennial herb much like chamomile in habitat and appearance. It is found in North Africa, elsewhere in the Mediterranean region, in the Himalayas, in North India, and in Arabian countries.

The variety depressus (sometimes considered a separate species, Anacyclus depressus), called mat daisy or Mount Atlas daisy, is grown
spring-blooming, low-water ornamental. Culinary Uses. None reported Traditional Medicine. This herb contains an essential volatile oil and alkaloid, pellitorin or pyrethrin. It has alkamides, lignane (including sesamine), inulin (fructosan) and tannins. Alkamides includes deca-2,4acid-isobutylamide, anacycline, and dehydroanacycline.

as a an dien

Medicinally, pellitory root has a pungent efficacy in relieving toothache and promoting a free flow of saliva. An oils is prepared by a method known as pit extraction. This oil can be applied over the penis to get firm erection. It induces heat, tingling and redness when applied to the skin. It is believed that application of this herb to
the skin stimulates the nerve ends that may result in redness, and irritation accompanied by a hot, burning sensation. Root of this herb is a valuable sialogogue. It is often used as a tonic to the nervous system. It is powerfully irritant. It is also used for rheumatic conditions, and to aid in digestion. Also useful for toothaches (use as a gargle). Other applications include treatment for epilepsy, paralysis, hemiplegia, and for sore throat and tonsils. Some herbalists suggest that this herb may be useful for diabetes. Boil 35 grs. in water. It is given as drink in diabetes. Vector Control. It contains pyrethrin, and It is used as an insecticide. Roots are also used as insecticide and anti-mycosis. In mixture with cade oil, the powder is used against moth or ringworm. The oleat prepared by mixing the powder of the rot with olive oil is used to treat phtiriasis and vermin of the head and pubis. Industrial Use. This herb contains an essential volatile oil and an alkaloid, pellitorin or pyrethrin. It has alkamides, lignane (including sesamine), inulin (fructosan) and tannins. Alkamides includes deca-2,4-dien acidisobutylamide, anacycline, and dehydroanacycline.

Basil (Ocimum bacilicum) Basil is of the family Lamiaceae (mints), is a tender low-growing herb. Basil is a culinary herb prominently featured in Italian cuisine, and also plays a major role in the Southeast Asian cuisines of Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The plant tastes somewhat like anise, with a strong, pungent, sweet smell. There are many varieties of basil. That which is used in Italian food is typically called sweet basil, as opposed to Thai basil, lemon basil and holy basil, which are used in Asia. While most common varieties of basil are treated as annuals, some are perennial in warm, tropical climates, including African Blue and Holy Thai basil. Basil is originally native to Iran, India and other tropical regions of Asia, having been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years. Culinary Uses. Basil is commonly used fresh in cooked recipes. It is generally added at the last moment, as cooking quickly destroys the flavour. The fresh herb can be kept for a short time in plastic bags in the refrigerator, or for a longer period in the freezer, after being blanched quickly in boiling water. The dried herb also loses most of its flavour, and what little flavour remains tastes very different, with a weak coumarin flavour, like hay. Basil is one of the main ingredients in pestoa green Italian oil-and-herb sauce. Its other two main ingredients are olive oil and pine nuts. The most commonly used Mediterranean basil cultivars are "Genovese", "Purple Ruffles", "Mammoth", "Cinnamon", "Lemon", "Globe", and "African Blue". The Chinese also use fresh or dried basils in soups and other foods. In Taiwan, people add fresh basil leaves to thick soups. They also eat fried chicken with deep-fried basil leaves. Basil is commonly steeped in cream or milk to create an interesting flavor in ice cream or chocolates. Basil is sometimes used with fresh fruit and in fruit jams and saucesin particular with strawberries, but also raspberries or dark-colored plums. Arguably the flat-leaf basil used in Vietnamese cooking, which has a slightly different flavour, is more suitable for use with fruit. Traditional Medicine. Scientific studies have established that compounds in basil oil have potent antioxidant, anti-cancer, antiviral, and anti-microbial properties. In addition, basil has been shown to decrease the occurrence of platelet aggregation and experimental thrombus in mice. It is traditionally used for supplementary treatment of stress, asthma and diabetes in India. In Siddha medicine, it is used for treating pimples on the face, but noted that intake of the seeds in large quantities is harmful for the brain. Basil, like other aromatic plants such as fennel and tarragon, contains estragole, a known carcinogen and teratogen in rats and mice. While human effects are currently unstudied, the rodent experiments indicate that it would take 1001000 times the normal anticipated exposure to become a cancer risk. Vector Control. Basil repels flies and mosquito. It avoids the entrance of insects into home, when they are planted near doors or windows either in ground or pots. In garden plots it is planted besides the tomatoes plants to repel attacking insects. To repel the flying insects in a room, a basil clay pot is placed causing mosquitoes to leave the room because they do not like the odor being expelled by the plant. A leaf-extract of Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) was used in formulating an aerosol and mosquito coil, and their efficacy tested against adult mosquitoes. The formulations had potencies of 93 4 and 95 5% for the aerosol and coil, respectively. The efficacy of the formulations depended on the duration of fumigation. The formulations also included the synergist, piperonyl butoxide. The plant can, therefore, serve as a substitute for some expensive synthetic insecticides which have toxic residual effects. Industrial Uses. When soaked in water the seeds of several basil varieties become gelatinous, and are used in Asian drinks and desserts such as fallooda or Sherbet.

Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) They are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. Cloves are native to Indonesia and now harvested in Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India and Vietnam. The clove tree is an evergreen which grows to a height ranging from 812 m, having large square leaves and sanguine flowers in numerous groups of terminal clusters. The flower buds are at first of a pale color and gradually become green, after which they develop into a bright red, when they are ready for collecting. Cloves are harvested when 1.52 cm long, and consist of a long calyx, terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals which form a small ball in the center. Culinary use. Cloves are used as a spice in cuisines all over the world. Cloves can be used in cooking either whole or in a ground form, but as they are extremely strong, they are used sparingly. Cloves are used in Indian cuisine, in almost all rich or spicy dishes, for sweet or spicy dishes, but rarely in everyday cuisine. Dried cloves are also a key ingredient in Indian spiced tea. In the US, it is often sold under the name of "chai" or "chai tea". In Mexican cuisine, cloves are best known as "clavos de olor", and often used together with cumin and cinnamon. Due to the Indonesian influence, the use of cloves is widespread in the Netherlands. Cloves are used in cheeses, often in combination with cumin. Traditional Medicine. Cloves are used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine, and western herbalism and dentistry, where the essential oil is used as an anodyne (painkiller) for dental emergencies. Cloves are used as a carminative, to increase hydrochloric acid in the stomach and to improve peristalsis. Cloves are also said to be a natural anthelmintic. Cloves are also an important incense material in Chinese and Japanese culture. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy when stimulation and warming are needed, especially for digestive problems. Topical application over the stomach or abdomen are said to warm the digestive tract. The use of a clove in toothache is also said to decrease pain. It also helps to decrease infection in the teeth due to its antiseptic properties. Clove oil, applied to a cavity in a decayed tooth, also relieves toothache. In Chinese medicine cloves are considered acrid, warm and aromatic, entering the kidney, spleen and stomach meridians, and for warming the middle, direct stomach qi downward, to treat hiccough and to fortify the kidney yang. Because the herb is so warming it is contraindicated in any persons with fire symptoms and according to classical sources should not be used for anything except cold from yang deficiency. As such it is used in formulas for impotence or clear vaginal discharge from yang deficiency, for morning sickness together with ginseng and patchouli, or for vomiting and diarrhea due to spleen and stomach coldness. This would translate to hypochlorhydria. Clove oil is used in various skin disorders like acne, pimples etc. It is also used in severe burns, skin irritations and to reduce the sensitiveness of skin. Cloves may be used internally as a tea and topically as an oil for hypotonic muscles, including for multiple sclerosis. Western studies have supported the use of cloves and clove oil for dental pain. However, studies to determine its effectiveness for fever reduction, as a mosquito repellent and to prevent premature ejaculation have been inconclusive. Clove may reduce blood sugar levels. Tellimagrandin II is a ellagitannin found in S. aromaticum with anti-herpesvirus properties. Vector Control. Cloves along with citronella, can be one of the most effective natural ingredients to use as an insect repellent. In lab and field tests, undiluted clove oil repelled multiple species of mosquitoes for up to two hours. However, undiluted clove oil may also cause skin rash in sensitive people. Industrial Use. The spice is used in a type of cigarettes in Indonesia. They have been smoked throughout Europe, Asia and the United States. In 2009, clove cigarettes were outlawed in the US. Clove essence is commonly used in the production of many perfumes. During Christmas, it is a tradition in some European countries to make pomanders from cloves and oranges to hang around the house. This spreads a nice scent throughout the house and acts as holiday decorations.

Fennel oil (Foeniculum vulgare) It is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum (treated as the sole species in the genus by most botanists). It is a member of the family Apiaceae. It is a hardy, perennial herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It is generally considered indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean, but has become widely naturalised elsewhere and may now be found growing wild in many parts of the world, especially on dry soils near the sea-coast, on river-banks, along roadsides, in pastures, and in other open sites. Fennel is a perennial herb. Fennel is widely cultivated, for its edible, strongly-flavoured leaves and fruits, which are often mistermed "seeds". Fennel can be found in many regions: northern Europe, United States, Southern Canada, Asia and Australia. It propagates well by seed, and is considered an invasive species and a weed in Australia and the United States. Culinary Uses. The bulb, foliage, and seeds of the fennel plant are widely used in many of the culinary traditions of the world. Fennel pollen is the most potent form of fennel, but also the most expensive. Dried fennel seed is an aromatic, anise-flavoured spice, brown or green in colour when fresh, slowly turning a dull grey as the seed ages. For cooking, green seeds are optimal. The leaves are delicately flavored and similar in shape to those of dill. The bulb is a crisp, hardy root vegetable and may be sauteed, stewed, braised, grilled, or eaten raw. Fennel features prominently in Mediterranean cuisine, where bulbs and fronds are used, both raw and cooked, in side dishes, salads, pastas, vegetable dishes such as artichoke dishes in Greece, and risottos. Many egg, fish, and other dishes employ fresh or dried fennel leaves. Florence fennel is a key ingredient in some Italian and German salads, often tossed with chicory and avocado, or it can be braised and served as a warm side dish. It may be blanched or marinated, or cooked in risotto. Florence fennel or finocchio is a selection with a swollen, bulb-like stem base that is used as a vegetable. Traditional Medicine. Fennel contains anethole, which can explain some of its medical effects: it, or its polymers, act as phytoestrogens. Fennel is chiefly used medicinally with purgatives to allay their side effects, and for this purpose forms one of the ingredients of the liquorice powder. Fennel water has properties similar to those of anise and dill water: mixed with sodium bicarbonate and syrup, these waters constitute the domestic 'gripe water', used to ease flatulence in infants; it also can be made into a syrup to treat babies with colic or painful teething. Long term ingestion of fennel preparations by babies is a known cause of thelarche. For adults, fennel seeds or tea can relax the intestines and reduce bloating caused by digestive disorders. Essential oil of fennel has these properties in concentration. Fennel tea, also employed as a carminative, is made by pouring boiling water on a teaspoonful of bruised fennel seeds. Ancient Romans and in the Indian subcontinent, fennel seeds said to improve eyesight. Extracts of fennel seed have been shown in animal studies to have a potential use in the treatment of glaucoma. Some people use fennel as a diuretic, and it may be a potential drug for treatment of hypertension. There are historical anecdotes that fennel is a galactogogue. This use, although not supported by direct evidence, is sometimes justified by the fact that fennel is a source of phytoestrogens, which promote growth of breast tissue. There is a single case report of fennel tea ingested by a breastfeeding mother resulting in neurotoxicity for the newborn child. Syrup prepared from fennel juice was formerly given for chronic coughs. Vector Control. It is one of the plants which is said to be disliked by fleas, and powdered fennel has the effect of driving away fleas from kennels and stables. Several studies have shown some constituents of fennel oil to have mosquitoe repellent properties. The insecticidal activities of materials derived from the fruit of fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, against adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus chinensis and Lasioderma serricorne using direct contact application and fumigation methods could be useful for managing field populations of S oryzae, C chinensis and L serricorne. Industrial Uses. Fennel seed is a common ingredient in Italian sausages and meatballs and northern European rye breads. It was one of the three main herbs used in the preparation of absinthe, an alcoholic mixture which originated as a medicinal elixir in Switzerland and became, by the late 19th century, a popular alcoholic drink in France and other countries.

Garlic

(Allium sativum)
It is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and rajjyo. The garlic plant's bulb is the most commonly used part of the plant. With the exception of the single clove types, the bulb is divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves. Culinary Uses. The cloves are used for cloning, consumption (raw or cooked), or for medicinal purposes, and have a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking. The leaves, and flowers (bulbils) on the head are also edible, and being milder in flavor than the bulbs, they are most often consumed while immature and still tender. Additionally, the immature flower stalks of the hardneck and elephant types are sometimes marketed for uses similar to asparagus in stir-fries. Traditional Medicine. In test tube studies garlic has been found to have antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity. However, these actions are less clear in humans. In 1858, Louis Pasteur observed garlic's antibacterial activity, and it was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World War I and World War II. Garlic is also claimed to help prevent heart disease (including atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure) and cancer. Animal studies, and some early investigational studies in humans, have suggested possible cardiovascular benefits, reduced accumulation of cholesterol on vascular wall, and aortic plaque deposits. Another study showed that supplementation with garlic extract inhibited vascular calcification in human patients with high blood cholesterol. However the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States in 2007 found that the consumption of garlic in any form did not reduce blood cholesterol levels in patients with moderately high baseline cholesterol levels. The findings underscore the hazards of meta-analyses made up of small, flawed studies and the value of rigorously studying popular herbal remedies." In 2007, the BBC reported that Garlic may have other beneficial properties, such as preventing and fighting the common cold. This assertion has the backing of long tradition in herbal medicine, which has used garlic for hoarseness and coughs. The Cherokee also used it as an expectorant for coughs and croup. Garlic has been found to reduce platelet aggregation and hyperlipidemia. It is also alleged to help regulate blood sugar levels. Regular and prolonged use of therapeutic amounts of aged garlic extracts lower blood homocysteine levels and has shown to prevent some complications of diabetes mellitus. People taking insulin should not consume medicinal amounts of garlic without consulting a physician. Garlic has been used reasonably successfully in AIDS patients to treat cryptosporidium in an uncontrolled study in China. It has also been used by at least one AIDS patient to treat toxoplasmosis. Garlic supplementation in rats, along with a high protein diet, has been shown to boost testosterone levels. Garlic is known for causing halitosis as well as causing sweat to have a pungent 'garlicky' smell. Some people suffer from allergies to garlic and other plants in the allium family. Garlic can also cause indigestion, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It thins the blood (as does aspirin). There have been several reports of serious burns resulting from garlic being applied topically for various purposes, including naturopathic uses and acne treatment,. However, garlic has been consumed for several thousand years without any adverse long-term effects, suggesting that modest quantities of garlic pose, at worst, minimal risks to normal individuals. Garlic may interact with warfarin, antiplatelets, saquinavir, antihypertensives, calcium channel blockers, and hypoglycemic drugs, as well as other medications. Vector Control. Because of the Allyl methyl sulfide in the bloodstream, it is believed by some to act as a mosquito repellent. However, there is no evidence to suggest that garlic is actually effective for this purpose. Other studies have found a repellent effect of garlic oil against haematophagous arthropods. Moreover it has found insecticide properties for C. maculates. Industrial Use. The sticky juice within the bulb cloves is used as an adhesive in mending glass and china. Clinical trials found that a mouthwash containing 2.5% fresh garlic shows good antimicrobial activity, although the majority of the participants reported an unpleasant taste and halitosis.

Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) It is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae cultivated as an important forage crop. In the UK, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand it is known as lucerne and as lucerne grass in south Asia. It resembles clover with clusters of small purple flowers. Alfalfa is a cool season perennial legume living from three to twelve years, depending on variety and climate. The plant grows to a height of up to 1 metre (3 ft), and has a deep root system sometimes stretching to 4.5 metres (15 ft). This makes it very resilient, especially to droughts. It has a tetraploid genome. This plant exhibits autotoxicity, which means that it is difficult for alfalfa seed to grow in existing stands of alfalfa. Therefore, it is recommended that alfalfa fields be rotated with other species (for example, corn or wheat) before reseeding. Culinary Uses. Humans also eat alfalfa sprouts in salads and sandwiches. Dehydrated alfalfa leaf is commercially available as a dietary supplement in several forms, such as tablets, powders and tea. Alfalfa is believed by some to be a galactagogue, a substance that induces lactation. Traditional Medicine. Alfalfa has been used as an herbal medicine for over 1,500 years. Alfalfa is high in protein, calcium, plus other minerals, vitamins in the B group, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin K. In early Chinese medicines, physicians used young alfalfa leaves to treat disorders related to the digestive tract and the kidneys. In Ayurdevic medicine, physicians used the leaves for treating poor digestion. They made a cooling poultice from the seeds for boils. At the time, alfalfa was also believed to be helpful towards people suffering from arthritis and water retention. Vector Control. The nectar of the alfalfa flower attracts the male mosquitoes, killing them from the toxic properties of the nectar. This plant has a high attraction to mosquitoes. This property was utilized in Russia, thru a campaign, to control mosquitoes in highly infected regions. Industrial uses. Its primary use is as feed for dairy cattlebecause of its high protein content and highly digestible fiberand secondarily for beef cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) The genus includes annuals, herbaceous plants, sub shrubs and small shrubs. The native range extends across the Canary Islands, North and East Africa, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, Arabia and India. Lavenders are widely grown in gardens. Flower spikes are used for dried flower arrangements. The fragrant, pale purple flowers and flower buds are used in potpourris. Dried and sealed in pouches, they are placed among stored items of clothing to give a fresh fragrance and to deter moths. Culinary use. Flowers also yield abundant nectar from which bees make a highquality honey. Monofloral honey is produced primarily around the Mediterranean, and is marketed worldwide as a premium product. Flowers can be candied and are sometimes used as cake decorations. Lavender flavors baked goods and desserts (it pairs especially well with chocolate), as well as used to make "lavender sugar". Lavender flowers are occasionally blended with black, green, or herbal tea, adding a fresh, relaxing scent and flavour. Though it has many other traditional uses in southern France, lavender is not used in traditional southern French cooking. In the 1970s, an herb blend called herbes de Provence and usually including lavender was invented by spice wholesalers and lavender has more recently become popular in cookery. Lavender lends a floral and slightly sweet flavor to most dishes, and is sometimes paired with sheep's-milk and goat's-milk cheeses. For most cooking applications the dried buds (also referred to as flowers) are used, though some chefs experiment with the leaves as well. Only the buds contain the essential oil of lavender, which is where the scent and flavour of lavender are best derived. The French are also known for their lavender syrup, most commonly made from an extract of lavender. In the United States, both French lavender syrup and dried lavender buds make lavender scones and marshmallows. Medicinal use. Lavender is used extensively in herbalism and aromatherapy. Essential oil of lavender has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. It was used in hospitals during WWI to disinfect floors and walls. According to folk wisdom, lavender has many uses. Infusions of lavender soothe and heal insect bites. If applied to the temples, lavender oil soothes headaches. In pillows, lavender seeds and flowers aid sleep and relaxation. An infusion of three flowerheads added to a cup of boiling water soothes and relaxes at bedtime. Lavender oil (or extract of Lavender) heals acne when used diluted 1:10 with water, rosewater, or witch hazel; it also treats skin burns and inflammatory conditions. Vector Control. Bunches of lavender repel insects. It can be prepared to repel ants in plants: 300 grams of lavender leaves in a liter of boiling water. Once it is cool it can be sprayed to plants. An insect repellent cream can be prepared by mixing lavender oil with body oil or cream, it is an excellent and pleasant lotion. Lavender can be used as a home remedy, as an anti mosquito lotion. Industrial Uses. . It yields an essential oil with sweet overtones, and can be used in balms, salves, perfumes, cosmetics, and topical applications. These extracts are also used as fragrances for bath products.

Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) It is a plant in the mint genus, within the family Lamiaceae. Crushed Pennyroyal leaves exhibit a very strong fragrance similar to spearmint. Pennyroyal is a traditional culinary herb, folk remedy, and abortifacient. The essential oil of pennyroyal is used in aromatherapy, and is also high in pulegone, a highly toxic volatile organic compound affecting liver and uterine function. Culinary Uses. Pennyroyal was commonly used as a cooking herb by the Greeks and Romans. The ancient Greeks often flavored their wine with pennyroyal. A large number of the recipes in the Roman cuisine use pennyroyal, often along with such herbs as lovage, oregano and coriander. Although still commonly used for cooking in the Middle Ages, it gradually fell out of use as a culinary herb and is seldom used so today. Traditional Medicine. Pennyroyal tea is the use of an infusion made from the herb. The infusion is widely reputed as safe to ingest in restricted quantities. It has been traditionally employed and reportedly successful as an emmenagogue (menstrual flow stimulant) or as an abortifacient. The most popular current use of the tea is to settle the stomach. Other reported medicinal uses through history include treatment for fainting, flatulence, gall ailments, gout, and hepatitis (presumably Hepatitis A), and as a lung cleanser, a gum strengthener and, when ground with vinegar, a tumor remedy. Pennyroyal essential oil is extremely concentrated. It should not ever be taken internally because it is highly toxic; even in small doses, the poison can lead to death. The metabolite menthofuran is thought to be the major toxic agent. Complications have been reported from attempts to use the oil for self-induced abortion. The oil can be used for aromatherapy, a bath additive and as an insect repellent. There are numerous studies that show pennyroyal's toxicity to humans and animals. Since the U.S. Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in October 1994, all manufactured forms of pennyroyal have carried a warning label against its use by pregnant women. This substance is not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Vector Control. As an easily-made poison, pennyroyal has had a long historical use. Early settlers in colonial Virginia used dried pennyroyal to eradicate pests. So popular was pennyroyal, that the Royal Society published an article on its use against rattlesnakes in the first volume of its Philosophical Transactions. Pennyroyal oil should not be used as a natural flea repellent due to its toxicity to pets, even at extremely low levels. Romans used to burn pennyroyal because they believe the smoke kept insects away from home, especially fleas which were killed by the smoke. Today we can use pennyroyal to avoid or repel the attack of skin parasites, (especially fleas, flies, louses or mosquitoes). This can be achieved by rubbing a branch of this plant over legs or any other body part. Another way to produce a natural repellent is by preparing a coction with two spoons of dry leaves in half litter of water, let it cool and store in a spray bottle. Once prepared you can spray the area where you will stay. In this way a natural repellent is obtained. In case of walking thru a place infested with mosquitoes or fleas, the coction can be applied in some skin portions to keep away these parasites. Industrial Uses. The oil can be used for aromatherapy, a bath additive and as an insect repellent.

Catnip (Nepeta) It is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. The members of this group are known as or catmint because of their effect on catsnepeta pleasantly stimulates cats' pheronomic receptors, typically resulting in temporary euphoria. The genus is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is now also common in North America. Most of the species are herbaceous perennial plants, but some are annuals. They have sturdy stems with opposite heart-shaped, green to grayish-green leaves. The flowers are white, blue, pink or lilac and occur in several clusters toward the tip of the stems. The flowers are tubular and spotted with tiny purple dots. Nepeta species can be subshrubs, herbaceous perennials or annual herbs. They are usually aromatic Culinary Uses. By 1265 it was a grown in kitchen gardens in England. In 15th century England, catnip leaves were used for rubbing meats before cooking, and in mixed green salads. Before Chinese tea became available, catnip tea was consumed in England. Catnip has a minty, pungent, bitterish taste. Fresh-picked leaves can be used for teas. The principal culinary use of catnip is as a tea, which is said to have sedative and sleep-inducing properties. Fresh or dried leaves can also be used for flavoring sauces stews, soups, and cooked foods. Traditional Medicine. Catmints are also used in herbal medicine for their mild sedative effect on humans. Catnips is high in Vitamins A, B Complex and C. It also contains magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, sodium and traces of sulfur. At present is thought to be good for different ailments: headaches due to migraine, fevers, as sleep inducer, to induce sweating without increasing body temperature, for children convulsions, to prevent colds, for restlessness, as pain killer, fatigue, and circulation improvement, miscarriage prevention and symptoms flu related. Vector Control. Oil isolated from catnip by steam distillation is a repellent against insects, in particular mosquitoes, cockroaches and termites. It has bee demonstrated that is an excellent repellent for Aedes Aegypti. I also has been demonstrated to be effective to repel german male roaches. Research suggests that in a test tube, distilled nepetalactone, the active ingredient in catnip, repels mosquitoes ten times more effectively than DEET, the active ingredient in most insect repellents, but that it is not as effective a repellent when used on the skin. Additionally, catnip and catnip-laced products designed for use with domesticated cats are available to consumers. Catnip oil can be used as natural insecticide. Thymol extracted from catnip can be used as fungicide and preservative. Thymol is a crystalline phenol with aromatic odor and antiseptic properties. Industrial uses. Catnip oil can be used as natural insecticide.

Common Rue (Ruta graveolens) It is also known as Herb-of-grace, is a species of rue grown as an herb. It is native to southern Europe. It is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, especially because of its bluish leaves, and also sometimes for its tolerance of hot and dry soil conditions. It also is grown as both a medicinal herb and as a condiment. Culinary Uses. Rue does have a culinary use if used sparingly, however it is incredibly bitter and severe gastric discomfort may be experienced by some individuals. Although used more extensively in former times it is not a herb that typically suits modern tastes, and thus its use declined considerably over the course of the 20th century to the extent that it is today largely unknown to the general public and most chefs, and unavailable in grocery stores. Rue leaves and berries are an important part of the cuisine of Ethiopia and rue is also used as a traditional flavouring in Greece and other Mediterranean countries. In Istria, there is a grappa/rakija recipe that calls for a sprig of rue. The plant produces seeds that can be used for porridge. The bitter leaf can be added to eggs, cheese, fish, or mixed with damson plums and wine to produce a meat sauce. Traditional Medicine. In European folk medicine, rue is said to relieve gas pains and colic, improve appetite and digestion, and promote the onset of menstruation, uteral contractions, and preventing the Black Death. For this reason the refined oil of rue has been cited by the Roman historian Pliny the Elder and the gynecologist Soranus, as a potent abortifacient (inducing abortion). Rue contains pilocarpine which is used in horses to induce abortion, and is a traditional abortifacient among Hispanic people in New Mexico. Rue can also be made into an ointment for external use against gout, arthritis, rheumatism and neuralgia. Brushing against it with cuts can result in burn like bubbles (Chronic actinic dermatitis). Rue is also grown as an ornamental plant, both as a low hedge and so the leaves can be used in nosegays. Most cats dislike the smell of it and therefore it can be used as a deterrent to them. Vector Control. A good insect repelent can be prepared by smashing 200 grams of Rue, add some sage leaves in a litre of water, let it rest for 48 hours and then use it. In Mxico and several Central American countries even today it is common practice to treat pests with plants known for their insecticidal properties as far back as the era of the Aztecs and Mayans. A case in point is the use of a mixture of corn and beans with chili peppers (Capsicum frutescens; Solanaceae), rue (Ruta graveolens; Rutaceae) or garlic (Allium cepa; Alliaceae). Industrial Uses. None reported.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) It is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaves. It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which also includes many other herbs. Since it is attractive and tolerates some degree of drought, it is also used in landscaping, especially in areas having a Mediterranean climate. It is considered easy to grow for beginner gardeners, and is pest-resistant. Rosemary grows on friable loam soil with good drainage in an open sunny position, it will not withstand water logging and some varieties may be susceptible to frost. It grows best in neutral - alkaline conditions pH (pH 7-7.8) with average fertility. Rosemary is easily pruned into shapes and has been used for topiary. Culinary Uses. The fresh and dried leaves are used frequently in traditional Mediterranean cuisine; they have a bitter, astringent taste and are highly aromatic, which complements a wide variety of foods. A tisane can also be made from them. When burned they give off a distinct mustard smell, as well as a smell similar to that of burning which can be used to flavor foods while barbecuing. Rosemary is extremely high in iron, calcium, and Vitamin B6. Traditional Medicine. Rosemary has a very old reputation for improving memory. One modern study lends some credence to this reputation. When the smell of rosemary was pumped into cubicles where people were working, those people showed improved memory, though with slower recall. The results of a study suggest that carnosic acid, found in rosemary, may shield the brain from free radicals, lowering the risk of strokes and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Lou Gehrig's. Rosemary contains a number of potentially biologically active compounds, including antioxidants such as carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid. Other bioactive compounds include camphor (up to 20% in dry rosemary leaves). When rosemary is harvested appropriately and used within recommended guidelines, side effects are minimal. A few instances of allergic skin reactions to topical preparations containing rosemary have been reported. Recent European research has shown that rosemary interferes with the absorption of iron in the diet, which indicates that it should not be used internally by persons with iron deficiency anemia. Toxicity studies of the plant on rats has shown hepatoprotective and antimutagenic activities, however, precaution is necessary for those displaying allergic reaction or prone to epileptic seizures. Rosemary essential oil may have epileptogenic properties, as a handful of case reports over the past century have linked its use with seizures in otherwise healthy adults or children. Rosemary essential oil is potentially toxic if ingested. Large quantities of rosemary leaves can cause adverse reactions, such as coma, spasm, vomiting, and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) that can be fatal. Avoid consuming large quantities of rosemary especially if pregnant or breastfeeding. Natural medicine relates Rosemary with stimulant, tonic, antioxidant and cleansing properties. It is consumed as infusion to favor digestion, to treat food poisoning, disinfect wounds or disinfect polluted water. Its high iron content prevents anemia and its use to treat arthrosis, by applying it as Rosemary alcohol. Halitosis is improved with mouthwash using the liquid prepared by a mixture of water and dried leaves. The essential oil is used as muscle relaxant applying it as local massage for rheumatism and joint pain. Vector Control. The strong aroma of Rosemary is excellent to drive away fleas and the oil is a good mosquito repellent. This property has been used for centuries. It is an economical and attractive way to improve landscaping and to have at hand a natural mosquito repellent. Laboratory bioassay results indicated that pure rosemary oil could cause complete mortality of spider mites and whiteflies at concentrations that are not phytotoxic to the host plant. Industrial uses. Rosemary extract has been shown to improve the shelf life and heat stability of omega-3 rich oils, which are prone to going rancid. In cosmetics it is used for capillary treatment, body and facial creams, and as a base for multiple perfumes. It was used externally and prepared by mixing fresh rosemary tops into spirits of wine.

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) It is a species complex of elder native to most of Europe, northwest Africa southwest Asia, and western North America. It is most commonly called Elder, Elderberry, Black Elder, European Elder, European Elderberry, European Black Elderberry, Common Elder, or Elder Bush when distinction from other species of Sambucus is needed. It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations. As a horticultural or ornamental plant the species, subspecies, and cultivars are used in Wildlife gardens, Natural landscaping themed public landscapes and private gardens. Culinary Uses. The dark blue/purple berries can be eaten when fully ripe but are mildly poisonous in their unripe state. All green parts of the plant are poisonous, containing cyanogenic glycosides. The seeds of red elderberries are toxic and must be removed before eating red elderberries or food products from red elderberries. The berries are edible after cooking and can be used to make jam, jelly, chutney and Pontack sauce. Also when cooked they go well with blackberries and with apples in pies. The flowers can also be dipped into a light batter and then fried to make elderflower fritters. In Scandinavia and Germany, soup made from the elder berry (e.g. the German Fliederbeersuppe) is a traditional meal. Traditional Use. This plant is traditionally used as a medicinal plant: root extracts are used to treat bronchitis, cough, upper respiratory cold infections, fever. A small (N=60) double blind clinical trial published in 2004 showed reduction in both duration and severity of flu-like symptoms for patients receiving elderberry syrup versus placebo. Elderberry flowers for relief of congestion, specifically as an expectorant to relieve dry cough and make it productive. The dried flowers are simmered for 15 minutes; the resulting flavorful and aromatic tea is poured through a coffee filter. Some individuals find it better hot, others cold, and some may experience an allergic reaction. The flowers can be used to make an herbal tea as a remedy for inflammation caused by colds and fever. It is one of the best sweat producer, blood cleansers, diuretic and antinflammatory. In compress form is used to treat skin conditions, eczema and other dermatitis. Some authors recommend it for hemorrhoid treatment and light burns, conjunctivitis, eye washing for quit smoking (cigarettes made with elderberry leaves) Vector Control. The strong-smelling foliage was used in the past, tied to a horse's mane, to keep flies away while riding. Burn leaves are used as insecticides and infusion of leaves for mosquito repellent. Industrial Uses. The flower heads are commonly used in infusions, syrup or cordial, soft drink, and berries to prepare soup, wine, liqueur and brandy.

Sage (Salvia officinalis) It is the largest genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, with approximately 700-900 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. It is one of several genera commonly referred to as sage. The genus is distributed throughout the Old World and the Americas, with three distinct regions of population: Central and South America (approx. 500 species); central Asia/Mediterranean (250 species); eastern Asia (90 species). Common sage is grown in parts of Europe for distillation of an essential oil, though other species, such as Salvia fruticosa may also be harvested and distilled with it. Cuisine Uses. As a kitchen herb, sage has a slight peppery flavor. In Western cooking, it is used for flavoring fatty meats, Sage Derby cheese, poultry or pork stuffing, Lincolnshire sausage, and in sauces. Sage is also used in Italian cooking, in the Balkans, and the Middle East. Traditional Medicine. Modern evidence shows possible uses as an anhidrotic, antibiotic, antifungal, astringent, antispasmodic, estrogenic, hypoglycemic, and tonic. In a double blind, randomized and placebocontrolled trial, sage was found to be effective in the management of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. The strongest active constituents of Sage are within its essential oil, which contains cineole, borneol and thujone. Sage leaf contains tannic acid, oleic acid, ursonic acid, ursolic acid, cornsole, cornsolic acid, fumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, niacin, nicotinamide, flavones, flavonoid glycosides, and estrogenic substances. Caution is indicated when using sage in conjunction with central nervous system stimulants or depressants. Vector Control. The plant is used in perfumes and cosmetics and as a natural insect repellent. It is used in combination with other chemicals in spray and cream repellents. The essential oils have shown to be insecticides. Industrial Uses. The plant is used in perfumes and cosmetics and

Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum) There are several Old World plants of the genus Chrysanthemum which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads. Pyrethrum is also the name of a natural insecticide made from the dried flower heads of C. cinerariifolium and C. coccineum. Both genera are members of the daisy (or aster) family, Asteraceae. They are all perennial plants with a daisy-like appearance and white petals. C. cinerariifolium is called the Dalmatian chrysanthemum, denoting its origin in that region of the Balkans (Dalmatia). It looks more like the common daisy than other pyrethrums. Its flowers, typically white with a yellow center, grow from numerous fairly rigid stems. Plants have blue-green leaves and grow to between 45 to 60 cm in height. The plant is economically important as a natural source of insecticide. C. coccineum, the Persian chrysanthemum, is native to Caucasus and looks somewhat like a daisy. It produces large white, pink or red flowers. The leaves resemble those of ferns, and the plant grows to between 30 and 60 cm in height. The flowering period is June to July in temperate climates (Northern hemisphere). Common names for Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium include: Pyrethrum, Pyrethrum daisy, Dalmatian pyrethrum, Dalmatian chrysanthemum, Dalmatian Insect Flower and Dalmatian pellitory. Common names for Chrysanthemum coccineum include: Pyrethrum, Pyrethrum daisy, Painted daisy, Persian chrysanthemum, Persian Insect Flower, Persian pellitory, and Caucasian Insect Powder Plant Culinary Uses. None reported. Traditional Medicine. Pyrethrum was used for centuries as an insecticide, and as a lice remedy in the Middle East ("the Persian Insect Powder"). It was sold worldwide under the brand Zacherlin. Vector Control. Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum (pyrethrins); one common example is permethrin. A common formulation of pyrethrin is in preparations containing the synthetic chemical piperonyl butoxide: this has the effect of enhancing the toxicity to insects and speeding the effects when compared with pyrethrins used alone. These formulations are known as synergized pyrethrins. Because of the natural insecticidal properties of the pyrethrums, they are used as companion plants, to repel pest insects from nearby crops and ornamental plants. They are thought to repel aphids, leafhoppers, spider mites, harlequin bugs, ticks, pickleworms and imported cabbage worms, among others that are in gardens and farms. For example, they are planted among broccoli plants for protection from several common insect pests. The flowers are pulverized and the active components called pyrethrins, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. When not present in amounts fatal to insects, they still appear to have an insect repellent effect. They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides and are non-persistent, being biodegradable and also breaking down easily on exposure to light. They are considered to be amongst the safest insecticides for use around food. Kenya produced 90% (over 6,000 tonnes) of the world's pyrethrum in 1998, called py for short. Production in Tanzania and Ecuador is also significant. C. coccineum also contains insecticidal pyrethrum substances but it is a poor source compared to C. cinerariifolium. Other species such as C. balsamita and C. marshalli also contain insecticidal substances, but are less effective than the two species mentioned above. Oil of Chrysanthemum is mixed with other oils to produce a mosquito repellent solution. The other oils are Hedeoma Pulegioides and Pimpinella Anisum. Industrial Use. None reported

Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) Vanilla is a flavoring derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. Etymologically, vanilla derives from the Spanish word "vainilla", little pod. Originally cultivated by Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican peoples, Spanish conquistador Hernn Corts is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s. Attempts to cultivate the vanilla plant outside Mexico and Central America proved futile because of the symbiotic relationship between the tlilxochitl vine that produced the vanilla orchid and the local species of Melipona bee; it was not until 1837 that Belgian botanist Charles Franois Antoine Morren discovered this fact and pioneered a method of artificially pollinating the plant, but it was too expensive. In 1841, a 12-year-old French-owned slave (Edmond Albius), discovered the plant could be hand pollinated, allowing global cultivation of the plant. There are currently three major cultivars of vanilla: Vanilla planifolia (syn. V. fragrans), grown on Madagascar, Reunion and other tropical areas along the Indian Ocean; V. tahitensis, grown in the South Pacific; and V. pompona, found in the West Indies, Central and South America. The majority of the world's vanilla is the V. planifolia variety, which is produced in a small region of Madagascar and in Indonesia. Vanilla is the second most expensive spice after saffron, due to the extensive labor required to grow the vanilla seed pods.

Culinary Uses. Despite its high cost, vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking, perfume manufacture and aromatherapy. There are three main commercial preparations of natural vanilla: whole pod; powder (ground pods, kept pure or blended with sugar, starch or other ingredients); and extract (in alcoholic or occasionally glycerol solution, both pure and imitation forms of vanilla contain at least 35% alcohol). Vanilla flavoring in food may be achieved by adding vanilla extract or by cooking vanilla pods in the liquid preparation. A stronger aroma may be attained if the pods are split in two, exposing more of a pod's surface area to the liquid. In this case, the pods' seeds are mixed into the preparation. Natural vanilla gives a brown or yellow color to preparations, depending on the concentration. Good quality vanilla has a strong aromatic flavor, but food with small amounts of low quality vanilla or artificial vanilla-like flavorings are far more common, since true vanilla is much more expensive. A major use of vanilla is in flavoring ice cream. It is also used to enhance the flavor of other substances, to which its own flavor is often complementary, such as chocolate, custard, caramel, coffee and others. The food industry uses methyl and ethyl vanillin. Ethyl vanillin is more expensive, but has a stronger note. Traditional Medicine. In old medicinal literature, vanilla is described as an aphrodisiac and a remedy for fevers. These purported uses have never been scientifically proven, but it has been shown that vanilla does increase levels of catecholamine (including adrenaline), and as such can also be considered mildly addictive. In an in-vitro test vanilla was able to block quorum sensing in bacteria. This is medically interesting because in many bacteria quorum sensing signals function as a switch for virulence. The microbes only become virulent when the signals indicate that they have the numbers to resist the host immune system response. The essential oils of vanilla and vanillin are sometimes used in aromatherapy.
Vector Control. Vanilla that grows in Japan and other northwestern regions is used for scaring away mosquitoes since ancient times. The locals put bunches of dried vanilla leaves around their homes to protect from mosquitoes. Also fresh grinded leaves can be used directly on skin. It is strange that vanilla likes the same places as mosquitoes: dark misty areas, with minimum sun and much moisture. One of the best natural insect repellants that have been discovered is made from the clear real vanilla (not the grocery store vanilla extract which is mostly alcohol). Use half vanilla and half water and find that it works great for mosquitoes and ticks. It's nice that you don't smell like a chemical plant but a cookie. Industrial Uses. The cosmetics industry uses vanilla to make perfume. The food industry uses methyl and ethyl vanillin. Ethyl vanillin is more expensive, but has a stronger note.

Common Verbena (Verbena officinalis), It is a perennial herb native to Europe. It grows up to a metre/yard high, with an upright habitus. The lobed leaves are toothed, the delicate spikes hold mauve flowers. This plant prefers limey soils; it is occasionally grown as an ornamental plant but perhaps more often for the powerful properties some herbalists ascribe to it. Propagation is by root cuttings or seed. It is widely naturalised outside its native range, for example in North America. It is also known as Simpler's Joy or Holy Herb, or more ambiguously as "mosquito plant" or "wild hyssop". The common name "Blue Vervain" is also sometimes used, but properly refers to V. hastata. And of course, being the only member of its genus in much of its range, it is also simply known as "the vervain" locally. Culinary Uses. Flowers; Leaves; Tea. Leaves - parboiled, seasoned and then eaten. The leaves can be

used as a tea substitute. The flowers can be used as a garnish

Traditional Medicine. Common Vervain is held in high esteem since the Classical Antiquity; it has long been associated with divine and other supernatural forces, and it has an equally long-standing use as a medicinal plant. Medical use of Common Vervain is usually as a herbal tea. Among others effects, it may act as a galagtogue and possibly sex steroid analogue and abortifacient; it is reputed to help against nervousness and insomnia. "Vervain", presumably this species, is one of the original 38 Bach flower remedies, prescribed against "over-enthusiasm". In the Modern Era, it is sometimes considered a powerful "ally" of poets and writers, as its relaxing effects can relieve writer's block. As noted above, it cannot be considered safe to use during pregnancy as it might cause miscarriages. While Common Vervain is not native to North America, it has been introduced there and the Pawnee have adopted it as an entheogen enhancer and in oneiromancy, and is often referred to as the North American version of Calea zacatechichi.

It is used as an Analgesic; Antibacterial; Anticoagulant; Antispasmodic; Antitumor; Astringent; Bach; Birthing aid; Depurative; Diaphoretic; Diuretic; Emmenagogue; Galactogogue; Stimulant; Tonic; Vulnerary.
Therefore, it is used for arthritis, rheumatism, etc.; cutaneous, subcutaneous parasitic infection; dropsy, swellings, oedema, gout; fabrifuges; generally healing; genital stimulants/depressants; malnutrition, debility; menstrual cycle; pain-killers; pulmonary troubles. Vector Control. It contains alkaloids with poisonous or repellent properties. It is one of the ingredients used in some spray repellents.

Flossflowers (Ageratums) As garden plants. They are planted for their flowers, especially the Ageratum houstonianum. Many of them are used for bordering and bedding in rock gardens. Most widespread flossflowers, for instance Hawaii when full grown is very short, 6-8 inches. You can find tall flossflowers in seed catalogues, but it is difficult to find them in retail stores. They have blue flowers and height of 18 inches. There also exist a snowcapped variety of medium height, blue flowers and white top. The blue flossflowers are the most popular and common, but there exist the other colours violet, pink and white. The colour and size of Flossflowers make them a good applicants for flower beds, containers and rock gardens. Flossflower grows well on partial shade or sun, from early summer to first frost. They are easy to grow and all season long produce a profusion of fluffy flowers. These are the excellent plants for beginner gardeners. Culinary Uses. Not Reported. Traditional Medicine. Not Reported Vector Control. Ageratum is the great plant to repel mosquitoes. These plants produce coumarin which has the horrible scent that repulses the mosquitoes. Coumarin is widely used in commercial insecticides. Ageratum is a great plant for landscaping and its flowers come in pale blue and white.

Hummingbird Mint (Agastache Cana) It is a bushy-type perennial in the mint (Lamiacea) family. This species is commonly found in Texas and New Mexico in southern mountains at elevations from 5,000-6,000 feet and prefers a well drained soil, in full sun with medium amounts of water. A. cana is rated for USDA Zones 5-10, but has been shown drought tolerant down to zone 3. Agastache cana is an erect perennial with ovate leaves having a scent of bubblegum and camphor. Its blooming period is June-September. Agastache cana is also known by its synonyms: Brittonastrum canum (section Brittonastrum), and Cedronella cana. Its common names include: grayish white giant hyssop, hummingbird mint, mosquito plant, double bubblemint. It grows to a height of 24"-36" and a width of 18" making it ideal for mixed borders and herb gardens. The stems are approximately 20-100cm. in length and bear dark pink to rose-purple blooms, 12-25mm long, in whorls on compact spikes. Some popular varieties include the following: Anise Hyssop (A. foeniculum) - this variety bears violet-blue flowers and grows to about 3 feet tall. Their anise-scented foliage can also be used in making an herbal tea, or as a flavor for baking cookies or cakes. They do best when planted in USDA zones 7 to 10, but can be grown as a half-hardy annual in colder zones. Heather Queen (A. cana ) - Heather Queen seeds can be planted in the spring and will have blooms from early summer until late fall. They are also an excellent choice for long-lasting cut bouquets. This variety grows to about 3 feet in height and bears striking 10 to 12 inch pink flower spikes. A. mexicana - In Zones 8 to 11, A. mexicana will thrive in most well-drained soils. This variety loves full sun and will grow to about 3 feet tall, spread about 1 foot, and sport crimson flower spikes from late summer until fall. Hummingbirds really go for this variety as they can easily see the bright, nectar-rich blossoms. Culinary Uses. Anise Hyssop (A. foeniculum) anise-scented foliage can be used in making an herbal tea, or as a flavor for baking cookies or cakes.. Traditional Medicine. Not Reported Vector Control. Mosquito Plant has gained recognition for attracting rufous and broad-tailed hummingbirds, various species of butterflies, bees, and certain sphinx moths. Goldfinches also enjoy eating the seeds of Agastache cana. Butterflies are primarily attracted to the scent of flowers, while hummingbirds prefer tubularshaped blossoms of bright reds or purples. Mosquito plant is a versitle and aromatic perennial. The plant has been touted by some for repelling mosquitoes when its foliage is crushed and rubbed on skin or clothing.

Citronella Grass Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon winterianus) is similar to the species above but grows to 2 m and has red base stems. Lemon grass is native to India. It is widely used as a herb in Asian cuisine. It has a citrus flavor and can be dried and powdered, or used fresh. Culinary Uses Lemon grass is commonly used in teas, soups, and curries. It is also suitable for poultry, fish, and seafood. It is often used as a tea in African and Latin American countries (e.g., Togo, Mexico, DR Congo). Besides oil production, citronella grass is also used for culinary purposes, in tea and as a flavoring Traditional Medicine. Research shows that lemon grass oil has anti-fungal properties. These species are used for the production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as an insect repellent in insect sprays and candles, and also in aromatherapy, which is famous in Bintan Island, Indonesia. The principal chemical constituents of citronella, geraniol and citronellol, are antiseptics, hence their use in household disinfectants and soaps. In 2006, a research team from the Ben Gurion University in Israel found that lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) caused apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. Through in vitro studies, the researchers examined the effect of citral, a molecule found in lemon grass, on both normal and cancerous cells. Using concentrations of citral equivalent to the quantity in a cup of tea (one gram of lemon grass in hot water), the researchers observed that citral induces programmed cell death in the cancerous cells, while the normal cells were left unharmed. Vector Control.Lemon Grass Oil, is used as a pesticide and a preservative. Lemon Grass Oil, used as a pesticide and preservative, is put on the ancient palm-leaf manuscripts found in India as a preservative "Pelargonium citrosum" is marketed as a mosquito plant, or citrosa geranium in stores in the United States and Canada, but research indicates Pelargonium citrosum is ineffective against Aedes aegypti mosquitos. "Not only was the plant ineffective at protecting humans against Aedes mosquito bites, the mosquitoes were seen landing and resting on the citrosa plant on a regular basis." Among its uses the following can be found: 1. Keeps roaches away: It is placed in the corners of closets, kitchen cabinets, bathrooms, storage rooms and vehicles (front and back seats). It is replaced in one or two weeks, when the fragrance is gone; 2. Keeps mosquitoes away. It is place near or underneath the bed and close to open windows. It is replaced every week. 3. Keeps flies and bugs away. It should be planted near the dustbins and backyard gardens; 4. Aromatherapy, the relieving effect helps to cure nervous tension and stress. When you feel stressed, squeeze a leave in his hands, place it near the nose and deeply inhale.

Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis) It is a plant in the genus Calendula (marigolds), in the family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and may possibly be of garden origin. It is also widely naturalised further north in Europe (north to southern England) and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world. Calendula officinalis is widely cultivated as a herb and can be grown easily in sunny locations in most kinds of soils. Although perennial, it is commonly treated as an annual plant, particularly in colder regions where its winter survival is poor. Numerous cultivars have been selected for variation in the flowers, from pale yellow to orange-red, and with 'double' flowerheads with ray florets replacing some or all of the disc florets. Examples include 'Sun Glow' (bright yellow), 'Lemon' (pale yellow), 'Orange Prince' (orange), 'Indian Prince' (dark orange-red), 'Pink Surprise' (double, with inner florets darker than outer florets) and 'Chrysantha' (yellow, double). A cultivar 'Variegata' with the leaves variegated yellow has also been selected. Culinary Uses. The leaves and petals of the Pot Marigold are edible, with the petals added to dishes as a garnish and in lieu of saffron. The leaves can be sweet but are more commonly bitter, and may be used in salads. It was used in ancient Greek, Roman, Arabic and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb as well as a dye for fabrics, foods and cosmetics. Traditional Medicine. It is used for the treatment of skin disorders and pain, and as a bactericide, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory. The petals and pollen contain triterpenoid esters (an anti-inflammatory) and the carotenoids, flavoxanthin, and auroxanthin (antioxidants, and the source of the yellow-orange coloration). The leaves and stems contain other carotenoids, mostly lutein (80%) and zeaxanthin (5%), and beta-carotene. Plant extracts are also widely used by cosmetics, presumably due to presence of compounds such as saponns, resins and essential oils. Along with Equisetum arvense, marigold is one of the few plants which is considered astringent despite not being high in tannins. Vector Control. To prepare a mosquito repellent put to boil 15 grams of dried marigold in a liter of water. The obtained liquid is placed with a compress in those areas we want to protect from mosquito bites. Also is effective to alleviate the biting symptoms.

Bitter Buttons (Tanacetum vulgare) It is a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant of the aster family that is native to temperate Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to other parts of the world and, in some areas, has become invasive. It is also known as Common Tansy, Bitter Buttons, Cow Bitter, Mugwort, or Golden Buttons. Tansy is a flowering herbaceous plant with finely divided compound leaves and yellow, button-like flowers. The scent is similar to that of camphor with hints of rosemary. Culinary Uses. Tansy was formerly used as a flavoring for puddings and omelets, but is almost unknown now. Tansy was well known as pleasant in taste, recommended for sweetmeats as an especial thing against the gout. In Yorkshire, Tansy and caraway seeds were traditionally used in biscuits served at funerals. Tennessee whiskey magnate Jack Daniel enjoyed drinking his own whiskey with sugar and crushed Tansy leaf. The leaves and flowers are said to be poisonous if consumed in large quantities. During the American colonial period, meat was frequently rubbed with or packed in common Tansy to repel insects and prevent decay. Traditional Medicine. Common Tansy has a long history of many uses. Tansy was first recorded cultivated by the ancient Greeks, in the eighth century A.D. for a variety of medicinal purposes. Tansy is highly toxic to internal parasites, and has been used by herbalists to expel worms for centuries. Although most of common Tansys medicinal uses have been discredited, it is still a component of some medicines in the early 21st century and is listed by the United States Pharmacopeia as a treatment for fevers, feverish colds, and jaundice. Tansy contains volatile oils which can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals and, if taken internally, result in toxic by-products being produced in the liver and digestive tract as the plant's oils are broken down. The chemical compounds in common Tansys volatile oils can be divided into four groups; 1,8-cineole, transthujone, camphor, and myrtenol, with the presence and amounts of each of these groups varying greatly from season to season and from one individual plant to the next. The 1,8-cineole compound is a toxin produced in the leaves of Tansy believed to defend against herbivores. The 1,8-cineole compound has a long list of biological activities; allelopathy, anesthetic, antibacterial, carcinogenic, fungicide, herbicide, insectifuge, nematicide, sedative, testosterone hydroxylase inducer, and others . Thujone is a compound found in some alcoholic beverages, is a GABA receptor antagonist that allows neurons to fire more easily, and has the reported effects of being an aphrodisiac, increasing brain activity, and causing hallucinations, spasms, convulsions, and even death. Because of that the U.S. FDA limits Tansy use to alcoholic beverages, and the final product must be thujonefree. Camphor is another compound with various uses; manufacture of plastics, used in lacquers and varnishes, in explosives and pyrotechnics, as a moth repellent, as a preservative in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, medially used to relieve itching and pain creating a cooling effect on the skin, as an injectable antibacterial for root canals in dentistry, a food flavor enhancer, and is an active ingredient in Vicks VapoRub. Finally, Myrtenol has been used as an insect pheromone in insect trapping, as a beverage preservative, a flavoring and a fragrance. Vector Control. Tansy is an effective insecticide, and is highly toxic to arthropods. In England tansy is placed on window sills to repel flies, sprigs placed in bed linen to drive away pests, and was also used as an ant repellent. Common tansy is planted alongside potatoes to repel the Colorado potato bug, one study finding tansy reduced the potato bugs population by 60-100%. Tansy can be used as in companion planting and for biological pest control in organic gardens and sustainable agriculture. In the 1940s distilled common tansy oils mixed with fleabane, pennyroyal, and diluted alcohol was a well known mosquito repellent, with collectors paying five cents a pound for tansy in full bloom. Research has found that tansy extracts do indeed repel mosquitoes, but not as effectively as products containing diethyltoluamide. In 2008, researchers in Sweden investigated the use of tansy to repell ticks. Their data presented a 64-72% repellency for each oil constituent. However it has been shown that both sexes of some species of mosquitoes (e.g. Culex pipiens) obtain sugar from Tansy flower. Some insects, notably the Tansy beetle, have evolved resistance to Tansy and live almost exclusively on it.

Vetiver Grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) It is commonly known as Vetiver, is a perennial grass of the Poaceae family, native to India. In western and northern India, it is popularly known as khus, giving the earlier English names cuscus, cuss cuss, kuss-kuss grass, etc. Vetiver can grow up to 1.5 meters high and form clumps as wide. The stems are tall and the leaves are long, thin, and rather rigid; the flowers are brownish purple. Unlike most grasses, which form horizontally spreading mat-like root systems, China: One year old with 3.3m deep root vetiver's roots grow downward, 24 meters in system (These roots have a tensile stre ngth Thailand: One year depth. The world's major producers include Haiti, equivalent to 1/6 mild steel old, 3.3m long reinforcement) India, Java, and Reunion. Culinary Uses. Roots are used to make "khus water" for flavoring candy and fruit drinks in India. In the hot summer months in India, sometimes a muslin sachet of vetiver roots is tossed into the earthen pot that keeps the household's drinking water cool. Like a bouquet garni, the bundle lends its distinctive flavor and aroma to the water. Traditional Medicine. The main action of vetiver oil is on the nervous system and it is both sedating and strengthening in effect. It is excellent in the treatment of depression, nervous tension, debility, insomnia and many stress-related diseases, and acts as an aphrodisiac where there is a clear connection between impotence or frigidity and stress. Vetiver oil has been found to be best treatment for ADHD/ADD. It may be used in massage blends and the bath; it has a rather powerful smell but is very pleasant when diluted. It stimulates the circulatory system and makes a useful massage oil for elderly or debilitated people with poor circulation. It also helps to stimulate the production of red blood cells and is thus beneficial for anemia. It makes a useful warming and pain-relieving rubbing oil, suitable for deep massage of muscular aches and pains, sprains, stiffness, rheumatism and arthritis. It may be added to sports oil blends and massaged into muscles before and after sports. In skin care, it helps to balance the secretion of sebum. It is also a useful antiseptic and is slightly stringent. It is used in lotions, compresses and baths for the treatment of oily skin, acne and weeping sores. Vetiver oil revitalizes the body by fortifying the red blood corpuscles crucial in transporting oxygen to all parts of the system. It is particularly useful for jet lag, and for grounding and clarity while traveling. Vetiver oil is helpful during emotional stressful times, and has been used a s tonic for women suffering postmenstruation syndrome. In Sri Lanka and India, it is known as the oil of tranquility. It is used in massage and in baths to relieve stress, anxiety, nervous tension and insomnia. It also helps to ground people who live much in their head (ADD). It helps to clear acne, and because it promotes skin regeneration and strengthens the connective tissue, it assists with wound healing and benefits aging skin. It also aids the reproductive system; it is used to promote fertilization of the female egg. Furthermore, its relaxing quality may have some effect on tension arising from sexual problems. Vector Control. Vetiver oil is known to repel insects; people in India and elsewhere have placed vetiver root among their clothes to keep insects away. It also repels flies and cockroaches and may make a useful ingredient in insect repellents. It has been used to repel moths. The two tricyclics esquiterpenoids zizanal and epizizanal isolated from vetiver oil show insect repelling activity. Some of the components of vetiver oil, such as nootkatone a sesquiterpene, which has been found to repel and even kill termites, may have important industrial applications , as insecticide or insect repellent, or eventually, other products may be developed. It also has some anti-fungal properties. Mats made by weaving vetiver roots and binding them with ropes/cords are used in India to cool rooms in a house during summer. The mats are typically hung in a doorway and kept moist by spraying with water periodically and cool the passing air as well as a cool and refreshing aroma.

Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica) It is a tropical evergreen tree native to India and is also found in other southeast countries. The neem tree is noted for its drought resistance. Normally it thrives in areas with sub-arid to subhumid conditions, with an annual rainfall between 400 and 1200 mm. It can grow in regions with an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such cases it depends largely on ground water levels. Neem can grow in many different types of soil, but it thrives best on well drained deep and sandy soils. It is a typical tropical to subtropical tree and exists at annual mean temperatures between 21-32 C. It can tolerate high to very high temperatures and does not tolerate temperature below 4 C. Neem is a life-giving tree, especially for the dry coastal, southern districts of India. It is one of the very few shade-giving trees that thrive in the drought-prone areas. The trees are not at all delicate about the water quality and thrive on the merest trickle of water, whatever the quality. In India it is very common to see neem trees used for shade lining the streets or in most people's back yards. Neem is considered an invasive species in many areas where it is non-native. Culinary Uses. The tender shoots and flowers of the neem tree are eaten as a vegetable in India. Neem flowers are very popular for their use soup-like in the South Indian States and in Tamil Nadu. Neem is also used in parts of mainland Southeast Asia, particularly in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam and is used to cook the salad: gi su u). Even lightly cooked, the flavour is quite bitter and thus the food is not enjoyed by all inhabitants of these nations, though it is believed to be good for one's health. Neem Gum is a rich source of protein. In Myanmar, young neem leaves and flower buds are boiled with tamarind fruit to soften its bitterness and eaten as a vegetable. Pickled neem leaves are also eaten with tomato and fish paste sauce in Myanmar. Traditional Medicine. In India, neem has been used for more than 4,000 years and is known as the village pharmacy because of its healing versatility. The seeds, bark and leaves contain compounds with proven antiseptic, antiviral, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antifungal uses. It also contains vitamin E, other essential amino acids and some percentages of fatty acids. Neem oil is used for treating many skin diseases viz. eczema, psoriasis, skin allergies, etc. and is being studied for making contraceptives in India. Neem oil is derived by pressing the seed kernels of the neem tree. A single seed may contain up to 50 percent oil by weight. It is an excellent moisturizing oil and contains various compounds that have insecticidal and medicinal properties. It is used in making shampoos, toothpaste, soaps, cosmetics, mosquito repellants, creams and lotions, pet products like pet shampoo, etc. Vector Control. Neem oil has been used for hundreds of years in controlling plant pests and diseases. A compound found in Neem Oil and neem leaves extract- 'Salannin', has been proven to be safer but more effective insect repellant than DEET. Neem provides protection from not only mosquitoes, but also from biting flies, sand fleas, ticks, mealybugs, spidermites, etc.. The spray solution of neem oil helps to control common pests like white flies, aphids, scales, mealy bugs, spider mites, locusts, thrips, and Japanese beetles, etc. Neem oil also works as a fungicide and helps control powdery mildew. Some people have also experienced good results with neem oil spray on black spot. One of the main ingredients in neem seed oil is Azadirachtin that works as an insect growth regulator, thus preventing the larval stage to molt into an adult. As neem is very bitter in taste, it also works as an antifeedant thus making the leaves sprayed with it very distasteful for the bugs to eat, and the bugs choose to starve themselves than eat the leaves treated with neem. Neem oil is bio-degradable and has proven to be non-toxic to mammals, birds, bees or earthworms. It is biodegradable and breaks down easily and quickly. Neem has also proven to be not harmful to adult beneficial insects, since it primarily affects only plant sap-sucking insects, which feed upon the treated plants. Care should be taken not to spray neem oil solution when honey bees and the larvae of beneficials like ladybugs, etc. are present and can also burn leaves if sprayed in sun. Of the 25 active ingredients at least 9 affect the growth and behaviour of insects and spiders.

Eucalyptus

It is a diverse genus of flowering trees (and a few shrubs) in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia. There are more than 700 species of Eucalyptus, mostly native to Australia, and a very small number are found in adjacent areas of New Guinea and Indonesia and one as far north as the Philippine archipelago and Taiwan. Only 15 species occur outside Australia, and only 9 do not occur in Australia. Species of Eucalyptus are cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics including the Americas, Europe, Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Eucalyptus has attracted attention from global development researchers and environmentalists. It is a fast-growing source of wood. Outside their natural ranges, eucalypts are both lauded for their beneficial economic impact on poor populations and derided for being invasive water-suckers, leading to controversy over their total impact. Culinary Uses. None reported.
Traditional Medicine. The medicinal Eucalyptus Oil is probably the most powerful antiseptic of its class, especially when it is old, as ozone is formed in it on exposure to the air. It has decided disinfectant action, destroying the lower forms of life. Internally, it has the typical actions of a volatile oil in a marked degree. Eucalyptus Oil is used as a stimulant and antiseptic gargle. Locally applied, it impairs sensibility. It increases cardiac action. Its antiseptic properties confer some antimalarial action, though it cannot take the place of Cinchona. An emulsion made by shaking up equal parts of the oil and powdered gum-arabic with water has been used as a urethral injection, and has also been given internally in drachm doses in pulmonary tuberculosis and other microbic diseases of the lungs and bronchitis. In croup and spasmodic throat troubles, the oil may be freely applied externally. The oil is an ingredient of 'catheder oil,' used for sterilizing and lubricating urethral catheters. In large doses, it acts as an irritant to the kidneys, by which it is largely excreted, and as a marked nervous depressant ultimately arresting respiration by its action on the medullary centre. For some years Eucalyptus-chloroform was employed as one of the remedies in the tropics for hookworm, but it has now been almost universally abandoned as an inefficient anthelmintic, Chenopodium Oil having become the recognized remedy. In veterinary practice, Eucalyptus Oil is administered to horses in influenza, to dogs in distemper, to all animals in septicaemia. It is also used for parasitic skin affections. The dose of the oil is 1/2 to 3 minims. Eucalyptol may be given in similar doses and is preferable for purposes of inhalation, for asthma, diphtheria, sore throat, etc. As a local application for ulcers and sores, 1 OZ. of the oil is added to 1 pint of lukewarm water. For local injections, 1/2 OZ. to the pint is taken. The Fluid Extract is used internally, the dose 1/2 to 1 drachms, in scarlet fever, typhoid and intermittent fever.

Vector Control. Eucalypts have also been used as a way of reducing malaria by draining the soil in Algeria, Lebanon, Sicily, elsewhere in Europe, and California. Drainage removes swamps which provide a habitat for mosquito larvae, but can also destroy ecologically productive areas. This drainage is limited to the soil surface only, because the eucalyptus roots have up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) length, not reaching the phreatic zone; thus rain or irrigation can wet the soil again.
Of the eucalyptus species blue gums were first used, but their size and aggressive root system made them more of a liability than an asset. Their roots tore up sidewalks and streets. They were too big to prune, and dripping water from them made the graveled roads muddy. Many were removed. It was simply a problem of finding the proper species. For insect repellent purposes boil some eucalyptus leaves, filter them and the liquid is put in small recipients which are placed in the different rooms, food shed and closets.

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) It is a hybrid mint, a cross between the watermint and spearmint. The plant, indigenous to Europe, is now widespread in cultivation throughout all regions of the world. It is found wild occasionally with its parent species. Peppermint typically occurs in moist habitats, including stream sides and drainage ditches. Being a hybrid, it reproduces only vegetatively, spreading by its rhizomes. If placed, it can grow anywhere, with a few exceptions. Outside of its native range, areas where peppermint was formerly grown for oil often have an abundance of feral plants, and it is considered invasive in Australia, the Galpagos Islands, New Zealand, and in the United States. Peppermint generally thrives in moist, shaded locations, and expands quickly by underground stolons. It is often grown in containers to restrict rapid spreading. It grows best with a good supply of water, and is often planted in areas with part-sun to shade. Culinary Uses. Peppermint has a high menthol content, and is often used as tea and for flavouring ice cream, confectionery, chewing gum, and toothpaste. The oil also contains menthone and menthyl esters, particularly menthyl acetate. It is the oldest and most popular flavour of mint-flavoured confectionery. Peppermint can also be found in some shampoos and soaps, which give the hair a minty scent and produce a cooling sensation on the skin. Traditional Medicine. Peppermint has a long tradition of medicinal use, with archaeological evidence placing its use at least as far back as ten thousand years ago. In 2007, Italian investigators reported that 75% of the patients in their study who took peppermint oil capsules for four weeks had a major reduction in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms, compared with just 38% of those who took a placebo. A second study in 2010, conducted in Iran, found similar results. Similarly, some poorly designed earlier trials found that peppermint oil has the ability to reduce colicky abdominal pain due to IBS with an NNT (number needed to treat) around 3.1, but the oil is an irritant to the stomach in the quantity required and therefore needs wrapping for delayed release in the intestine. This could also be achieved by using the whole herb or leaves rather than the volatile components alone. Peppermint relaxes the gastro-esophageal sphincter, thus promoting belching.] The leaves and flowering tops are used, they are collected as soon as the flowers begin to open and then are carefully dried. The wild form of the plant is less suitable for this purpose, with cultivated plants having been selected for more and better oil content. Seeds sold at stores labelled peppermint generally will not germinate into true peppermint, but often produce a less intensely scented spearmint-like plant. The toxicity studies of the plant have received controversial results. Some authors reported that the plant may induce hepatic diseases, while others found that it is of protective functions against the liver damages which are caused by heavy metal inductions. In addition to that, the toxicities of the plant seem to vary from one cultivar to another and are dose dependent. This is probably attributed from the content level of pulegone. Some of the toxic components may come from herbicides. Vector Control. Peppermint flowers are large nectar producers and honey bees as well as other nectar harvesting organisms forage them heavily. A mild, pleasant varietal honey can be produced if there is a sufficient area of plants. Peppermint oil is used by commercial pesticide applicators, in the EcoSmart Technologies line of products, as a natural insecticide. Also has been found to be a mosquito repellent.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Common Thyme is a Mediterranean perennial which is best suited to well-drained soils and enjoys full sun. Thyme is widely cultivated for its strong flavor, which is due to its content of thymol. It is generally planted in the spring and thereafter grows as a perennial. It can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or by dividing rooted sections of the plant. It tolerates drought well. The plants can take deep freezes and are found growing wild on mountain highlands. Thyme is a well-known culinary and medicinal herb. In common usage the name may refer to: any or all members of the plant genus Thymus common thyme, and some other species that are used as culinary herbs or for medicinal purposes Thyme-like species such as Caribbean Thyme (Plectranthus amboinicus) Culinary Uses. Thyme is a good source of iron and is widely used in cooking. The herb is a basic ingredient in Lebanese, Syrian, Jordanian, Indian, Italian, French, Albanian, Persian, Portuguese, Assyrian, Spanish, Greek, Nigerian, and Turkish cuisines, and in those derived from them. It is also widely used in Caribbean cuisine. Thyme is often used to flavour meats, soups and stews. It has a particular affinity to and is often used as a primary flavour with lamb, tomatoes and eggs. Thyme, while flavourful, does not overpower and blends well with other herbs and spices. Thyme is sold both fresh and dried. The fresh form is more flavourful but also less convenient; storage life is rarely more than a week. While summer-seasonal, fresh thyme is often available yearround. Fresh thyme is commonly sold in bunches of sprigs. Thyme retains its flavour on drying better than many other herbs. Traditional Medicine. Ancient Egyptians used thyme for embalming. The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples, believing that thyme was a source of courage. It was thought that the spread of thyme throughout Europe was thanks to the Romans, as they used it to purify their rooms and to "give an aromatic flavour to cheese and liqueurs". The essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is made up of 20-54% thymol. Thymol, an antiseptic, is the main active ingredient in Listerine mouthwash. Before the advent of modern antibiotics, it was used to medicate bandages. It has also been shown to be effective against the fungus that commonly infects toenails. A tea made by infusing the herb in water can be used for cough and bronchitis. Medicinally thyme is used for respiratory infections in the form of a tincture, tisane, salve, syrup or by steam inhalation. Because it is antiseptic, thyme boiled in water and cooled is very effective against inflammation of the throat when gargled 3 times a day. The inflammation will normally disappear in 2 5 days. The thymol and other volatile components in the leaf glands is excreted via the lungs, being highly lipid-soluble, where it reduces the viscosity of the mucus and exerts its antimicrobial action. Other infections and wounds can be dripped with thyme that has been boiled in water and cooled. In traditional Jamaican childbirth practice, thyme tea is given to the mother after delivery of the baby. Its oxytocin-like effect causes uterine contractions and more rapid delivery of the placenta. Thyme essential oil kills intestinal worms. Vector Control. Thyme essential oil keeps away mosquitoes, fleas, lice, bed bugs, beetles, moths and parasites. It can destroy them as well.

Lemon mint (Monarda citriodora), It is also called purple horse mint or lemon beebalm, is, as the names imply, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), which has a citrus smell when crushed, reminiscent of the fruit of the actual lemon plant, and which has purple flowers that prove irresistible to both bees and hummingbirds. Sometimes, especially late in the season, the odor is described as resembling oregano more than lemon. This widespread plant grows in prairies, roadsides and other sunny habitats from California to Florida, and from Nebraska to Texas. It prefers soils with a high percentage of clay, such as the vertisols and mollisols typical of tallgrass prairies, where it sometimes forms impressive blankets of summer flowers. Light Requirements: Full sun to partial shade. Horsemint has a scent similar to citronella. Horsemint grows wild in most of the Eastern United States, from Mexico, Texas up to Minnesota to Vermont. It is partial to sandy soils and will grow in USDA Zones 5-10. Culinary Uses. Most recipes bearing the name "lemon mint" actually use spearmint and the juice or other components of the actual fruit of the lemon plant rather than this plant. However, lemon mint is occasionally used in herbal teas. Aromatic herb with a lemon-like aroma, Add flower petals and chopped leaves to salads, fruit cups and fruit drinks, Add to pork and game dishes, Freeze chopped/ or single flowers in ice cubes, Make a tea

Traditional Medicine. Native Americans used it as a treatment for colds and flu. It has natural fungicidal and bacterial retardant properties because it's essential oils are high in thymol. Cosmetic: Facial steam. Aromatherapy Vector Control. The crushed leaves of this plant were used by native Americans as insect (mosquito) repellent. The hummingbirds, bees and butterfly's love them though. Leaves contain citronellol effective
insect repellent when rubbed on the skin.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) It should not to be confused with bee balm, Monarda species, is a perennial herb in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. It grows to 70150 cm tall. The leaves have a gentle lemon scent, related to mint. During summer, small white flowers full of nectar appear. These attract bees, hence the genus name Melissa (Greek for 'honey bee'). Its flavour comes from citronellal (24%), geranial (16%), linalyl acetate (12%) and caryophyllene(12%). This herb can be easy to cultivate in Plant Hardiness Zones 4 to 9 according to the United States Department of Agriculture. In zone 4, it needs well-drained sandy soil and a winter mulch or adequate snowcover to survive. In zone 7, it can be harvested at least until the end of November. While it prefers full sun (as described on most plant tags), it is moderately shade-tolerant, much more so than most herbs. In dry climates, it grows best in partial shade. It can also be easily grown as an indoor potted herb. In North America, Melissa officinalis has escaped cultivation and spread into the wild. Lemon balm requires light and at least 20 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit) to germinate, so it is best to plant indoors or in spring and not to cover the seeds. Lemon balm grows in clumps and spreads vegetatively as well as by seed. In mild temperate zones, the stems of the plant die off at the start of the winter, but shoot up again in spring. It can be easily grown from stem cuttings rooted in water, or from seeds. Under ideal conditions, it will seed itself prolifically and can become a nuisance in gardens. There are many cultivars of Melissa officinalis, some of the more common ones being: M. officinalis 'Citronella', M. officinalis 'Lemonella', M. officinalis 'Quedlinburger', M. officinalis 'Lime' Culinary Uses. Lemon balm is often used as a flavouring in ice cream and herbal teas, both hot and iced, often in combination with other herbs such as spearmint. It is also frequently paired with fruit dishes or candies. It can be used in fish dishes and is the key ingredient in lemon balm pesto. Traditional Medicine. Lemon balm is also used medicinally as a herbal tea, or in extract form. It is claimed to have antibacterial and antiviral properties (it is effective against herpes simplex). It is also used as an anxiolytic, mild sedative or calming agent. At least one study has found it to be effective at reducing stress, although the study's authors call for further research. Lemon balm extract was identified as a potent inhibitor of GABA transaminase, which explains anxiolytic effects. The major compound responsible for GABA transaminase inhibition activity in lemon balm is rosmarinic acid. Lemon balm and preparations thereof also have shown to improve mood and mental performance. These effects are believed to involve muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. [8] Positive results have been achieved in a small clinical trial involving Alzheimer patients with mild to moderate symptoms. [9] Its antibacterial properties have also been demonstrated scientifically, although they are markedly weaker than those from a number of other plants studied.[10] The extract of lemon balm was also found to have exceptionally high antioxidant activity.[11] Lemon balm is mentioned in the scientific journal Endocrinology, where it is explained that Melissa officinalis exhibits antithyrotropic activity, inhibiting TSH from attaching to TSH receptors, hence making it of possible use in the treatment of Graves' disease or hyperthyroidism.[12]

Lemon balm essential oil is very popular in aromatherapy. The essential oil is commonly co-distilled with lemon oil, citronella oil, or other oils. Lemon balm is used in some variations of the Colgate Herbal toothpaste for its soothing and aromatic properties.[13] Lemon balm should be avoided by those on thyroid medication (such as thyroxine), as it is believed the herb inhibits the absorption of this medicine.[14] Despite extensive traditional medicinal use, melissa oil was initially prohibited by the International Fragrance Association (IFRA)'s 43rd amendment,[15] but this restriction appears to have been revisited and relaxed in the 44th amendment.[16] One traditional use of lemon balm tea was in extending age, although this effect has not been proven.
[citation needed]

Lemon balm contains eugenol, which kills bacteria and has been shown to calm muscles and numb tissues. It also contains tannins that contribute to its antiviral effects, as well as terpenes that add to its soothing effects. Traditionally this herb has been used as a sedative, and as an antispasmodic. The crushed leaves, when rubbed on the skin, are used as a repellant for mosquitos.

Parsley (Petroselinum) It is a bright green biennial herb, often used as spice. It is common in Middle Eastern, European, and American cooking. In modern cooking, parsley is used for its leaf in much the same way as coriander (which is also known as Chinese parsley or cilantro), although parsley is perceived to have a milder flavor. Two forms of parsley are used as herbs: curly leaf (P. crispum) and Italian, or flat leaf (P. neapolitanum). Curly leaf parsley is often used as a garnish. One of the compounds of the essential oil is apiol. The use of curly leaf parsley may be favored by some because it cannot be confused with poison hemlock, like flat leaf parsley or chervil. Parsley grows best in moist, well drained soil, with full sun. It frequently has difficulties germinating because of Furanocoumarins in its seed coat. If the leaves are not harvested, the plant eventually ceases to produce them in abundance and grows a thicker central stalk with small flowers instead. Parsley attracts winged wildlife. The swallowtail butterfly uses parsley as a host plant for its larvae. Caterpillars are black and green striped with yellow dots, and will feast upon parsley for two weeks before turning into butterflies. Bees also visit the blooms. Seed eaters such as the lesser goldfinch feed on the seed. Parsley is widely used as a companion plant in gardens. Like many other members of the carrot family, it attracts predatory insects, including wasps and predatory flies to gardens, which then tend to protect plants nearby. For example, they are especially useful for protecting tomato plants as the wasps that kill tomato hornworms also eat nectar from parsley.

In cold climates, parsley is biennial, not blooming until its second year. It offers protection even in its first year as the strong scent of the parsley leaves appear to mingle with the tomato scent and confuse the search paradigms of the tomato moth.
In Central and Eastern Europe and in West Asia, many dishes are served with fresh green chopped parsley sprinkled on top. Green parsley is often used as a garnish. The fresh flavor of the green parsley goes extremely well with potato dishes (french fries, boiled buttered potatoes or mashed potato), with rice dishes, with fish, fried chicken, lamb or goose, steaks, meat or vegetable stews. Freshly chopped green parsley is used as a topping for soups, green salads or salads like on open sandwiches with cold cuts or pts. Parsley is a key ingredient in several West Asian salads. Parsley is the most abundantly used herb in the Spanish cuisine. Its preferred uses are in paste and dressing. Root parsley is very common in Central and Eastern European cuisines, where it is used as soup vegetable in many soups and in most meat or vegetable stews and casseroles. Parsley has the following Medicinal uses: Tea may be used as an enema. Chinese and German herbologists recommend parsley tea to help control high blood pressure. Cherokees used it as a tonic to strengthen the bladder. It is often used as an emmenagogue. Parsley also appears to increase diuresis by inhibiting the Na+/K+-ATPase pump in the kidney, thereby enhancing sodium and water excretion while increasing potassium re absorption. It is also valued as an aquaretic. When crushed and rubbed on the skin, parsley is said to reduce itching of mosquito bites. It's commonly believed that when chewed, parsley can freshen bad breath, especially from eating garlic. However, some people regard this as a myth - it is no more effective than chewing any other substance (such as chewing gum). The essential oil appiole found in all parts of parsley are a proven kidney stimulant.

Parsley appears to enhance the body's absorption of manganese, which is important to help build bone. The absorption appears to be especially enhanced when parsley is eaten in conjunction with copper and zinc rich foods such as shellfish and organically grown whole grains. Health risks Parsley should not be consumed as a drug or supplement by pregnant women. Parsley as an oil, root, leaf, or seed could lead to uterine stimulation and preterm labor. Parsley is high (1.70% by mass) in oxalic acid, a compound involved in the formation of kidney stones and a causal agent in some types of mineral deficiencies. Parsley oil contains furanocoumarins and psoralens which leads to extreme photosensitivity if used to excess, either topically or orally.

Parsley seeds contain a high level of apiole oil and are a diuretic.

Parsley oil sometimes is used in perfumes and soaps, and parsley juice has been used as an insecticide. Bruised leaves are applied to bites and stings of insects.

Cajeput Tree
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (February 2009) Cajeput tree is the common name used for certain members of the genus Melaleuca, native to Australia. Primarily it refers to M. leucadendra, M. linariifolia, M. viridflora and M. quinquenervia. The cajeput trees are the source of cajeput oil, an essential oil used in aromatherapy. All of these trees are evergreens with pointed leaves and white,red or green flowers. The flexible trunk has a white spongy bark that flakes off easily. The trees, and especially the essential oils, are held in high regard throughout the East. The essential oil of the Cajeput trees have many aromatherapeutic and herbal uses. Cajeput trees grown in Australia are well known for having the most powerful therapeutic properties. Compared to other countries, Australia's Cajeput contains the highest anti-infectious properties (cineol, pinene and others), Thus, Australian Cajeput is a favorite amongst health professionals when choosing the finest Cajeput in the world.
Possible Uses: Asthma, bronchitis, coughs, muscle aches, oily skin, rheumatism, sinusitis, sore throat, spots. [Julia Lawless, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils (Rockport, MA: Element Books, 1995), 58-63.] Constituents: a-pinene, B-pinene, myrcene, a-terpinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, y-terpinene, pcymene, terpinolene, linaolool, terpinen-4-ol, a-terpineol. [L. Williams, "The Composition and Bactericidal Activity of oil of Melaleuca alternifolia," International Journal of Aromatherapy, Vol 1., No. 3, 15, cited in Salvatore Battaglia, The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy (Australia: The Perfect Potion, 1997), 147.]

Cajeput's vapours are decongestant and expectorant, making it a good antiseptic for respiratory ailments such as laryngitis. The refreshing action also clears headaches and tiredness associated with influenza. Cajeput is also an effective treatment for urinary and digestive infections, especially if these are recurring. Cajeput oil can also be used as a warming muscle rub to ease stiffness and rheumatic aches. In this instance the Cajeput oil would be blended with either Rosemary or Marjoram oil. It is also an effective natural remedy against head lice or pet fleas.

Pain Reliever
While cajeput oil works well for treating the source of infections, it also works as pain reliever for several ailments. Davis writes that she uses cajeput oil to help relieve pain from sore throats and it can also provide some relief from laryngitis. This pain-relieving benefits also extend to other parts of the body. If you have sore and achy muscles or joints, cajeput's pain relieving properties might provide some relief, according to Lawless.

Insect Repellent
If you spend time outdoors or want to keep your home free from insects but don't want to use any of the available chemical insect repellents, cajeput oil provides a natural alternative. A 2006 study in the journal Parasitology Research found that cajeput oil worked as a repellent against mosquitoes. The New Zealand Dermatological Society also lists cajeput as an insect repellent. To help keep the bugs out of your home or yard you can diffuse the oil through the air. You can also include diluted cajeput in an oil blend and directly apply it to your skin.

Allspice (Pimenta dioica) Allspice, also called Jamaica pepper, kurundu, myrtle pepper, pimenta, or newspice, is a spice which is the dried unripe fruit ("berries") of Pimenta dioica , a mid-canopy tree native to the Greater Antilles, southern Mexico and Central America, now cultivated in many warm parts of the world. The name "allspice" was coined as early as 1621 by the English, who thought it combined the flavour of cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves. The fruit is picked when it is green and unripe and, traditionally, dried in the sun. When dry, the fruits are brown and resemble large brown peppercorns. The whole fruits have a longer shelf life than the powdered product and produce a more aromatic product when freshly ground before use. The leaves of the allspice plant are also used in Island cooking. For cooking, fresh leaves are used where available: they are similar in texture to bay leaves and are thus infused during cooking and then removed before serving. Unlike bay leaves, they lose much flavour when dried and stored and so do not figure in commerce. The leaves and wood are often used for smoking meats where allspice is a local crop. Allspice can also be found in essential oil form. Allspice is one of the most important ingredients of Caribbean cuisine. It is used in Caribbean jerk seasoning, in mole sauces, and in pickling; it is also an ingredient in commercial sausage preparations and curry powders. Allspice is also indispensable in Middle Eastern cuisine, particularly in the Levant, where it is used to flavor a variety of stews and meat dishes. In Palestinian cuisine, for example, many main dishes call for allspice as the sole spice added for flavoring. In America, it is used mostly in desserts, but it is also responsible for giving Cincinnati-style chili its distinctive aroma and flavor. Allspice is commonly used in Great Britain and appears in many dishes, including cakes. Even in many countries where allspice is not very popular in the household, such as Germany, it is used in large amounts by commercial sausage makers. Allspice is also a main flavor used in barbecue sauces. In the West Indies, an allspice liqueur called "pimento dram" is produced. Allspice has also been used as a deodorant. Volatile oils found in the plant contain eugenol, a weak antimicrobial agent. Allspice is also reported to provide relief for indigestion and gas. Allspice can be a small scrubby tree, quite similar to the Bay Laurel in size and form. It can also be a tall, canopy tree, sometimes grown to provide shade for coffee trees that are planted underneath them. It can be grown outdoors in the tropics and subtropics with normal garden soil and watering. Smaller plants can be killed by frost, although larger plants are more tolerant. It adapts well to container culture and can be kept as a houseplant or in a greenhouse. The plant is dioecious, meaning plants are either male or female and hence male and female plants must be kept in proximity in order to allow fruits to develop. To protect the pimenta trade, the plant was guarded against export from Jamaica. It is reported that many attempts were made at growing the pimenta from seeds, all failed. At one time it was thought that the plant would grow nowhere else except in Jamaica, where the plant was readily spread by birds. Experiments were then performed using the constituents of bird droppings; however, these were also totally unsuccessful. Eventually it was realized that passage through the avian gut, either the acidity or the elevated temperature, was essential for germinating the seeds. Today Pimenta is spread by birds in Tonga Hawai'i, where it has become naturalized on Kaua'i and Maui. A cream with essential oil of Pimenta dioica was investigated with the aim of knowing its efficacy as insect repellent. In the final evaluation, the cream made of Pimenta kept the repellent action in 100% of cases and the difference obtained with the use of the placebo cream was statistically significant.

Wormwood

(Artemisia absinthium)
It is a species of wormwood, native to temperate regions of Eurasia and northern Africa. It is a herbaceous perennial plant, with a hard, woody rhizome. The stems are straight, growing to 0.8-1.2 m (rarely 1.5 m) tall, grooved, branched, and silvery-green. Its flowers are pale yellow, tubular, and clustered in spherical bent-down heads (capitula), which are in turn clustered in leafy and branched panicles. Flowering is from early summer to early autumn; pollination is anemophilous. The fruit is a small achene; seed dispersal is by gravity. It grows naturally on uncultivated, arid ground, on rocky slopes, and at the edge of footpaths and fields. The plant can easily be cultivated in dry soil. They

should be planted under bright exposure in fertile, mid-weight soil. It prefers soil rich in nitrogen. It can be propagated by growth (ripened cuttings taken in March or October in temperate climates) or by seeds in nursery beds. It is naturalized in some areas away from its native range, including much of North America.
The word "wormwood" comes from Middle English "wormwode" or "wermode". The form "wormwood" is influenced by the traditional use as a cure for intestinal worms. It is an ingredient in the spirit absinthe, and also used for flavouring in some other spirits and wines, including bitters, vermouth and pelinkovac. A wine can also be made by macerating the herb. It is also available in powder form and as a tincture Wormwood is the traditional color and flavor agent for green songpyeon (a type of steamed dumpling/'cookie' made of fine rice flour), eaten during the Korean thanksgiving festival of chuseok in the Autumn. It is also an additional ingredient to mint tea in moroccan tea culture. The leaves and flowering tops are gathered when the plant is in full bloom, and dried naturally or with artificial heat. Its active substances include silica, two bitter elements (absinthin and anabsinthine), thujone, tannic and resinous substances, malic acid, and succinic acid. It is also used medically as a tonic, stomachic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, febrifuge and anthelmintic. Its use has been claimed to remedy indigestion and gastric pain. For medicinal use, the herb is used to make a tea for helping pregnant women during pain of labor. A dried encapsulated form of the plant is used as an anthelmintic. The oil of the plant can be used as a cardiac stimulant to improve blood circulation. Pure wormwood oil is very poisonous, but with proper dosage poses little or no danger. Wormwood is mostly a stomach medicine. The plant's characteristic odor can make it useful for making a plant spray against pests. In the practice of companion planting, because of the secretions of its roots, it exerts an inhibiting effect on the growth of surrounding plants, thus weeds. It can be useful to repel insect larvae but it need only be planted on the edge of the area of cultivation. It has also been used to repel fleas and moths indoors. It has also recognized to repel rodents. Pieces of wormwood plant have been used as moth and rodent repellents. But, these pieces are only effective for a relatively short period of time, typically a few days. It has generally attributed the repellent characteristics of the wormwood and other plants to the presence of alkyloids in the plant. Apparently, these alkyloids are poisonous. However, thujone oil, a natural oil of the wormwood plant and a component of cedar leaf oil from the cedar tree, not alkyloids, will repel rodents. Various kinds of Wormwood are also useful in fight against mosquitoes. Their aromatic smell repels insects very effectively. In fresh grinded mixture you can use wormwood directly on skin. However there are a lot of recipes how to apply it as repellent.

Pineapple weed (Matricaria discoidea) It is an annual plant native to North America and Northeast Asia but which has become a cosmopolitan weed. It is in the family Asteraceae. The flowers exude a chamomile/pineapple aroma when crushed. They

are edible and have been used in salads (although they may become bitter by the time the plant blooms) and to make herbal tea. Pineapple weed has used for medicinal purposes, including for relief of gastrointestinal upset, infected sores, fevers, and postpartum anemia.

been

The pinnately dissected leaves are sweet-scented when crushed (Fir Island, Washington). The flower head is cone-shaped, composed of dense-packed yellowish-green corollas, and lacking ray-florets. The leaves are pinnately dissected and sweet-scented when crushed. The plant grows 2 to 16 inches (5.1 to 41 cm) high. Flowerheads are produced from May to September. The plant grows well in disturbed areas, especially those with poor, compacted soil. It can be seen blooming on footpaths, roadsides, and similar places in spring and early summer. In the USA, it can be found from central Alaska down to California and all the way to Nova Scotia. Pineapple weed flowers used to be gathered for food by children, although most find it too bitter to consume raw. The plant also showed its effectiveness in fighting mosquitoes. You can find it everywhere on

lawns, near the roads, etc. Fresh leaves, pressed and crushed, can serve as a ready-made repellent for applying directly on skin

Since ancient times, plant products were used in various aspects. However, their use against pests decreased when chemical products became developed. Recently, concerns increased with respect to public health and environmental security requiring detection of natural products that may be used against insect pests. In this study, 41 plant extracts and 11 oil mixtures were evaluated against the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston), and the filariasis and encephalitis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) using the skin of human volunteers to find out the protection time and repellency. The five most effective oils were those of Litsea (Litsea cubeba), Cajeput (Melaleuca leucadendron), Niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Violet (Viola odorata), and Catnip (Nepeta cataria), which induced a protection time of 8 h at the maximum and a 100% repellency against all three species. This effect needs, however, a peculiar formulation to fix them on the human skin