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FOREIGN AFFAIRS

left Laos and partly from exiles who seek to return. Pledges of support for the resistance have come from China and, at times, from Thailand. ZIA'S PAKISTAN: POLITICS AND STABILITY IN A FRONTLINE STATE. Edited by Craig Baxter. Boulder (Colo.): Westview Press, 1986, 122 pp. $16.50 (paper). This is a very competent collection of essays seeking to evaluate the stability of the present military government in Pakistan. The conclusion by Robert LaPorte is that Zia still commands support from most of the Pakistani elite. The dynamic economysix percent growth per year in recent yearshas helped him, as has the fact that millions of Pakistani workers earn foreign exchange in the Persian Gulf states and remit a substantial part of their earnings. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan has been a unifying factor, and has led to considerable financial support of Pakistan from foreign countries, including the United States, the Gulf states and several European countries. Finally, Zia's efforts to provide limited political participation have appealed to at least a portion of the urban classes. Still, most of the authors hedge their bets in various ways and are particularly wary of the effects of an economic downturn.

Africa Jennifer Seymour Whitaker

THE POLITICS OF AFRICA S ECONOMIC STAGNATION. By Richard Sandbrook. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 180 pp. $10.95 (paper). This lucid exploration of Africa's crisis focuses on the absence of welldefined economic classes in Africa and the dynamic operation of ethnic groups there. Within this political-economic context^ Sandbrook demonstrates, regimes characterized by personalist leadership have almost everywhere presided over the deterioration of African economies. Readable and concise, the study illuminates the economics much less than the politics of Africa's crisis, but it is from within the latter, arguably, that the chief remedies must originate. ECONOMIC CRISIS IN AFRICA: AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS. Edited by Adebayo Adedeji and Timothy M. Shaw. Boulder (Colo.): Lynne Rienner, 1986, 290 pp. This collection brings a stunning array of African expertise to bear on the economic dilemmas of Africa. Focusing on the Lagos Plan, the authors make a persuasive case for strong regional links as a sine qua non for reducing dependency. They also explore the reasons why so little progress has been made heretofore in establishing regional links, and in several instances display considerable skepticism about the desirability of aid. The best among these first-rate essays include Adebayo Adedeji's, G.E.A. Lardner's and S.K.B. Asante's five-year assessments of the Lagos Plan, Amir Jamal on aid and self-reliance, and George M. Kimani on industrialization. CRISIS AND RECOVERY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. Edited by Tore Rose. Paris: OECD Development Centre, 1985, 335 pp. A group of scholars from Britain's Institute of Development Studies and France's Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Developpement Interna-