ITM PRACTICAL FILE

PREPARED BY:NITESH YADAV 18419103910 MBA-1(SECTION-B)

MS DOS
Dos was developed by Microsoft primarily as a single user operating system working on Personal Computer. From 1981 till now many versions starting from Version 1.0 till 8.0 have been released. Each successive version had its enhancements aimed at improving the management of the computer resources available to the user. MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOS informally known as the Quick-andDirty Operating System or Q-DOS owned by Seattle Computer Products, written by Tim Paterson. Microsoft needed an operating system for the then-new Intel 8086 but it had none available, so it licensed 86-DOS and released a version of it as MS-DOS 1.0. Development started in 1981, and MS-DOS 1.0 was released with the IBM PC in 1982. (86-DOS, in turn, was written as an interim replacement for the delayed CP/M-86, when Seattle Computer Products' needed an operating system to sell with their 8086 processor card for the S-100 bus.) Tim Paterson is considered the original author of DOS and he is called "The Father of DOS".

MS-DOS

An example of MS-DOS's command-line interface, this one showing that the current directory is the root of drive C.

DIRECTORIES
In the DOS environment, each disk is organized into directories. Each Directory holds files. The default directory is the ROOT DIRECTORY and contains the minimum DOS Files. The Root Directory has no name in the DOS terminology. The Root Directory cannot show more than 132 files in its directory.

Commands to create a directory In order to create a directory named NITESH in the Root Directory, type in the following command: C:\>MD NITESH

Changing your working Directory In order to work with files in the directory X type the following command: C:\>CD NITESH

Removing a directory To remove a directory pleas ensure that the directory is empty and enter the command:C:\>RD NITESH

The DIR command This command enables us to view the contents of a directory. C:\>DIR THIS GIVES A COMPLETE LISTING OF FILES AND DIRECTORIES. C:\>DIR P- THIS COMMAND SHOWS THE LISTING PAGE-WISE ON THE SCREEN. C:\>DIR W THIS COMMAND SHOWS THE LISTING WIDTH-WISE ON THE SCREEN.

FILES
The most common requirement of a computer user is commands to manage his files. DOS has a naming convention for all files which states that: Files can have name upto 8 characters. This can be followed by a (.) dot and an extension of upto 3 characters. However, special characters like commas, slashes, blanks etc are not allowed in a file name. Hence MY FILE IS NOT A VALID FILE NAME. MYFILE.BAN IS A VALID FILE NAME. MY FILE IS INVALID BECAUSE OF THE BLANK.

Creating a file:C:\> COPY CON FILE NAME

Creating a file using Editor:Dos has an inbuilt editor which allows you to view, create and/or modify a file. In order to create a file named HOUSE enter the command C:\DOS> EDIT HOUSE Commands to copy files:C:\>COPY HOUSE A: (this command will copy the file named HOUSE the Root Directory to a Floppy.) C:\>COPY HOUSE NITESH (this command will copy the file HOUSE from the Root Directory to the NITESH directory.) The attribute command:C:\.>ATTRIB-R HOUSE. This command is used for making your file HOUSE as read and write, i.e. you can both read as well as write from and to the file. The following notations can be used with the Attrib command: +R: MAKES THE FILE READ ONLY +H: SUPPRESSES THE FILE IN THE DIRECTORY LISTING, I.E MAKES IT HIDDEN. -H: UNHIDES THE PREVIOUSLY HIDDEN FILE.

+A: CHANGES FILE SETTING TO ARCHIVED -A: CHANGES FILE SETTINGS TO NOT ARCHIVED +S: MARKS FILE AS DOS SYSTEM FILE. -S: REMOVES DOS SYSTEM FILE SETTING Renaming a file C:\>RENAME HOUSE GHAR This command allows us to rename HOUSE to GHAR. Deleting a file C:\>DEL HOUSE The above command will delete the file named HOUSE Erase can also be used to delete file. The DELTREE COMMAND If you wish to remove unwanted directories and their contents (files and subdirectories) use the deltree command. C:\>DELTREE NITESH Printing on screen C:\>TYPE HOUSE This command will output the contents of the file HOUSE on the screen. However, it will pause at the end of the text. As a result, you will not be able to view the total contents.

The scandisk command C:\>SCANDISK ALL This command available in dos 6.2 version analysis and repairs logical and physical disk error.

Bat files This is also a user define file, which contains DOS commands to be executed before the user actually starts his session on the computer. CD The CD command is used to the change the directories which may be on the same or other drives. CD DRIVE PATH CHKDSK The CHKDSK command analyses, diagnoses and optionally corrects common hard disk errors. CHKDSK can also be made to work on a specific file to check whether it is contiguous (stored in adjacent areas of the disk) or noncontiguous (scattered over separate areas of the disk) CHKDSK DRIVE PATH FILE SWITCHES CLS The CLS command clears the screen and only the operating system prompt on the top left corner is displayed. COPY As the name suggests the copy command is used to copy file from one destination to another. COPY SOURCE_DRIVE PATH FILE TARGET_DRIVE PATH FILE

DATE If the date command is used without any parameters, DOS display the current system date and prompt the user to enter another. If after the DATE command, the date is included DOS changes the date.

DELTREE The deltree command is used to remove an unwanted directory, plus all files on it and all subdirectories nested below it, in a single command.

Introduction to HTML

Introduction
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is used to create document on the World Wide Web. It is simply a collection of certain key words called Tags that are helpful in writing the document. It is a platform independent language that can be used on any platform such as Windows, Linux, Macintosh, and so on. To display a document in web it is essential to mark-up the different elements (headings, paragraphs, tables, and so on) of the document with the HTML tags. The elements may include one or more attributes that are included inside the tag.

For Example: attribute - align (left, right, centre and justify) can be used to align the text inside paragraph. To view a mark-up document, user has to open the document in a browser.HTML also provides tags to make the document look attractive using graphics, font size and colors. User can make a link to the other document or the different section of the same document by creating Hypertext Links also known as Hyperlinks.

The essential tags that are required to create a HTML document are: <HTML>-------</HTML> <HEAD>-------</HEAD> <BODY>-------</BODY>

 HTML Tag <HTML> The <HTML> tag encloses all other HTML tags and associated text within your document. It is an optional tag. You can create an HTML document that omits these tags, and your browser can still read it and display it. But it is always a good form to include the start and stop tags.

The format is: <HTML> Your Title and Document (contains text with HTML tags) goes here </HTML> Most HTML tags have two parts, an opening tag and closing tag. The closing tag is thesame as the opening tag, except for the slash mark. The slash mark is always used inclosing tags. An HTML document has two distinct parts HEAD and BODY.

The Format is: <HTML> <HEAD> ---------------------</HEAD> <BODY> ---------------------</BODY> </HTML>

 HEAD Tag <HEAD> HEAD tag comes after the HTML start tag. It contains TITLE tag to give the document a title that displays on the browsers title bar at the top. The Format is: <HEAD> <TITLE> Your title goes here </TITLE> </HEAD>

BODY Tag <BODY> The BODY tag contains all the text and graphics of the document with all the HTML tags that are used for control and formatting of the page. The Format is: <BODY> Your Document goes here </BODY> An HTML document, web page can be created using a text editor, Notepad or WordPad. All the HTML documents should have the extension .htm or .html. Its required a web browser Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator/Communicator to view the document.

BGCOLOR: used to set the background color for the document Example: <BODY BGCOLOR=yellow> Your document text goes here. </BODY> TEXT: used to set the color of the text of the document Example: <BODY TEXT=red> Document text changed to red color </BODY> MARGINS: set the left hand/right hand margin of the document LEFTMARGIN: set the left hand margin of the document Example: <BODY LEFTMARGIN=60> This document is indented 60 pixels from the left hand side of the page. </BODY> TOPMARGIN: set the left hand margin of the document Example: <BODY TOPMARGIN=60> This document is indented 60 pixels from the top of the page. </BODY>

BACKGROUND: used to point to an image file the files with an extension .gif(Graphic Interchange Format), .jpeg(Joint Photographic Expert Group) that will be used as the background of the document. The image file will be tiled across the document.

Example: <BODY BACKGROUND=filename.gif> Your document text goes here </BODY>

Container and Empty Tags

All HTML tags are enclosed in angle brackets < and > i.e. Opening Tag: <HTML> and closing tag: </HTML> same as opening tag except a /(slash) mark. Tags are not casesensitive i.e. there is no difference in small and capital letters in tags.

There are two types of tags: 1. Container Tags: Those tags which have both the opening and closing i.e. <TAG> and </TAG> are called container tags. They holds the text and other HTML tags in between the tags. The <HTML>, <HEAD>, <TITLE> and <BODY> tags are all container tags. Example: <TAG> This is a container tag. It holds both the text and HTML tag </TAG>

2. Empty Tags: Tags, which have only opening and no ending, are called empty tags. The <HR>, which is used to draw Horizontal, rule across the width of the document, Line break <BR> tags are empty tags.

Formatting Web page

HTML tags used for formatting a web page are: SECTION HEADING: <H1>--------<H6> HTML has six header tags <H1>, <H2>------<H6> used to specify section headings. Text with header tags is displayed in larger and bolder fonts than the normal body text by a web browser. Every header leaves a blank line above and below it when displayed in browser. H1 shows the font in the largest size while h6 in the smallest size.

Using paragraph tag: <P>

This tag <P> indicates a paragraph, used to separate two paragraphs with a blank line. Example: <P> Welcome to the world of HTML </P> <P> First paragraph. Text of First paragraph goes here </P>

Using Line Break Tag: <BR>

The empty tag <BR> used, where the text needs to start from a new line and not continue on the same line. To get every sentence on a new line, it is necessary to use a line break.

Using Preformatted Text Tag: <PRE>

<PRE> tag can be used, where it requires total control over spacing and line breaks such as typing a poem. Browser preserves your space and line break in the text written inside the tag.

Using Horizontal Rule Tag: <HR>

An empty tag <HR> basically used to draw lines and horizontal rules. It can be used to separate two sections of text.

Using List in Web Page

HTML Supports several ways of arranging items in lists. The most commonly used are: Ordered List (Numbered List) Unordered List (Bulleted List)

Ordered List <OL> Ordered list also called as Numbered list, is used to present a numbered list of item in the order of importance or the item (paragraph) is marked with a number. Nested Order List One ordered list might contain one or more ordered list that is called as Nested Order lists. Unordered List <UL> Unordered List also called as bulleted list, used to present list of items marked with bullets. An unordered list starts with in <UL> followed by <LI> (List Item) tag. Use of <UL> is very similar to <OL> (ordered list).

Using Graphics in Web Page <IMG>

Images can be placed in a web page by using <IMG> tag. There are many image formats available today, but the most widely used among them are gif and jpeg. The gif format is considered superior to the jpeg format for its clarity and ability to maintain the originality of an image without lowering its quality. Using tools such as GIF constructor or Adobe Photoshop images can be created. It is an empty tag (only start tag, no end tag) and is written as: <IMG SRC = image_URL> SRC Source of the image file image_URL represents the image file with its location.

Linking (jumping) to a specific place within the same document

Sometimes, it is required to jump different sections in the same document. For this it needs two steps, first; identify section with a name and then jumps to the location using the name used. The syntax is: 1. <A HREF=#section_name> link to another section of the same document </A> This link text jumps to the section named with HREF on click. The # symbol before the section name is must. 2. <A NAME=section_name> Beginning of the section </A> The NAME attribute is used to identify a section with a name. It is a unique identifier within the document for the anchor. One can also jump to a specific section of different document specifying the path on HREF attribute.

Example: Within the same document: <A HREF=#section_name> Same folder, but different document: <A HREF=document.html#section_name> Different folder, different document: <A HREF=folder/document.html#section_name> A different server: <A HREF=http://www.nios.ac.in/foldername/document.html#section_name>