Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
2009
1
2
3
..................................................................................... 3
.......................................................................................... 4
...................................................................................... 5
3.1
/ ................................. 5
3.2
/ ............ 6
3.3
/
........................................................................................................................ 6
3.4
/ ... 7
4
/ ...... 8
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
5
/ .................................................................. 8
....................................................................................... 10
& .................................................................... 12
.......................... 13
/ .......................................................... 14
5.1
/ ................................. 14
5.1.1
............................................................................................................ 14
5.1.2
......................................................................................................... 14
5.1.3
............................................................................................... 14
5.2
/ - .......................................................................... 14
6
........................................................... 17
6.1
6.2
6.3
7
8
.................................................................................................................. 17
...................................................................................... 18
........................................................................................................... 19
................................................................... 20
................................................................................. 23
8.1
8.2
8.3
.. ......................................................................................................... 23
........................................................................................................... 24
............................................................................................................ 25
9
/
................................................................. 26
10
/ .............................................................. 29
11
............................................................. 30
11.1
............................................................................................................... 30
11.2 /
......................................................................................................... 30
11.3 32
11.4 .. 34
12
.............................................................................. 36
12.1 ..................................................... 36
12.2
/ .............................................................................................................. 36
12.3 ............................................ 38
13
14
15
16
...........................................................................
...................................................................
.....................................................................
.........................................................................
45
47
48
49
To (),
, &
,
/ ,
(,
) :
/
10 kWp .
, ,
,
() .
, ,
.
.
: infopv@cres.gr
2
(/)
,
(..).
.
,
.
,
,
/ .
/ , .., ,
. ( ) ,
( HD384) -
..-,
/ (
EN-IEC 61215, EN-IEC 61646, IEC 61730-1 IEC 60364-7-712 Ed. 1.0).
, EN-IEC 61215
, EN-IEC
61646 , IEC
61730-1
/ IEC
60364-7-712 Ed. 1.0
/ . ,
(..) ..
/ .
(),
()
.
3
/
:
( 1079,
4/6/2009) / 5 kWp
, 10 kWp .
3.1 /
(BAPV/BIPV Building
Applied/Integrated Photovoltaics)
: ,
,
. /
,
( )
. ,
(Balance of System, B.O.S.),
/
.
.
..
,
, . E
.
.,
/ ,
. ,
(..),
( ),
.
,
.
/
(/) .
/, (/
) (/ ). /
/
.. /
,
.
,
.
3.2 /
,
/ ( 10kW)
.
(String technology)
(Multi-string
technology).
/ (
),
/ ( , ).
3.3 /
/
( 1079, 4/6/2009)
(Feed in tariff). ,
( ).
( 1)
(
),
,
.
,
.
(Feed-in tariff )
P1
..
..
()
P1
230VAC/50Hz
P2
()
1:
P2
3.4 /
/ 5 kWp, ..
,
5 kWp ( 10 kWp)
.
. ,
,
20%.
/ , /
, ,
1079, 4/6/2009. ,
.
4.1 /
/ ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
/ . /
,
90.
.
/ ,
-,
2.
2:
/
0
( ).
,
30.
/
/
(
),
/
. ( /
) (
) 10%
.
,
70 ,
0-50. 1015
.
3. 3.
/
. .
3.:
2
(kWh/m /)
/
30
90
85%kWh (max)
90%kWh (max)
50%kWh(max)
95%kWh (max)
90%kWh (max)
60%kWh(max)
kWh(max)
90%kWh (max)
60%kWh(max)
95%kWh (max)
90%kWh (max)
30%kWh(max)
60%kWh (max)
90%kWh (max)
20%kWh(max)
3.:
/
( )
4.2
/
. / / (
) /
, /
. ,
/
/ .
() () ()
,
.
,
/
, .
,
, , , ,
.
/
.
10
/
(.. , , ,
.) (
09:00 15:00), .
, /
.
/
.
,
4.
, 38.
.
4 ,
- (
),
,
.
Sun path (Latitude 38)
12 a.m
21
Altitude Angle
10 a.m.
2 p.m.
21
8 a.m.
6 a.m.
4 p.m.
21
6 p.m.
Azimuth Angle
4:
38
21 , 21
21 ,
( ).
4
( )
/ .
/ ,
.
11
4.3 &
/
, ,
.
/
,
( )
.
/ ,
, , .
,
, (Eurocodes),
,
. ,
.
,
.
,
, (
). .
.
/
/
( )
.
,
,
. ,
.
.
, .
, ,
.
.
,
, ,
(
).
12
4.4
/ ,
. ,
,
/ . ,
..
, ,
.
/ , ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
(IP) ,
.
. ,
/
( , ,
),
/
().
/ .
, ,
D384 C 364-7-712.
13
/
,
.
5.1 /
5.1.1
.
5.1.2
,
1.25.
,
.
1.25
(
1000W/m2).
.
5.1.3
/ ,
, 70C,
/ .
, 80-90C.
/
,
,
(
).
5.2 / -
/ .
,
.
, .
, /
() ,
.
14
/
. ,
, (S.T.C).
(
) 25C.
/ ()
/ . ,
().
/
,
.
-5C -10 C (
/ ).
/ ,
,
/ .
/
.
(V/C),
/ , .
/
,
( )
/ .
.
/ .
/
110%
.
,
/
..
, /
(Thin-film)
(Back contact) .
,
15
( ).
,
,
.
16
6.1
,
.
, .,
D384.
/
. , ..
D384.
.
/
/ .
:
) / , /
.
/
.
( ). ,
.. ,
/
. /
.
)
, /
. , /
.
..
:
) ( )
) (
)
) ( )
17
6.2
5
/ ,
.
ISC1
ISC2
IA
ISC3
IF=ISC1 +ISC2 +ISC3
5:
.
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
/
/ ,
.
/ .
:
)
-1 ,
/ . / ,
3 .
) (
)
.
18
,
.
6.3
,
/.
( SELV PELV). /
120 VDC.
,
.
/ Class
( EN 61730,
[Application Class A]
120 V), Class II /
.
,
/ Class ,
Class (ground fault and short
circuit proof installation). ,
,
. IEC EN 61730
.
/ , ,
1000V,
Class .
IEC EN 61730 / .
19
( , )
(HD384). 6
/ .
,
...
..
/ . /
( , back
contact) ,
. , / (thin film)
(a Si) (CdTe),
(superstrate
technology),
TCO,
.
, / .
, , /
thin film (.. CIS). /
back contact, ( )
.. .
.
/ ,
( /)
. ,
.. ,
, /
. ,
/ .
, ,
. ,
, .. .
/ (..
/ ) .
.
20
..
R
N
..
Gnd
()
/
. .
R
N
..
Gnd
()
/
..
R
N
..
Gnd
()
6:
/
(,,)
6. /
/ ..
.. .
( )
.. ,
,
(
).
Class II IEC EN 61730. ,
( ..),
.
6. /
/
.. .. ,
..
, (
) ..
( ),
.. .
,
21
.
6. /
/ ..
.. ,
( ) ..
..
( ).
. ,
(
, ).
/
( IEC
364-4-41 ),
.,
,
.
,
.
,
.
. , /
,
.
.
22
8.1 ..
/
Class II.
/ ,
,
/ , ..
, .
(
PVC).
70C
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
/ (bypass diodes),
.
. /
.
Class II.
, .
.
.
.
.
23
.
,
/ 70C.
70C
90C 0.58.
1.72 (=1/0.58),
.
.
..
1% / .
.
( )
/ .
(
).
( ).
8.2 ..
..
D384.
,
.
.
..
( )
HD384. ,
/,
( IEC 364-7-712).
.
.,
. n,
HD384, /
,
( ,
24
). ,
30 mA
/ . ,
.
,
.. ..
.
8.3
/ .
.
25
,
(),
() (IEC) .
470 (5 2004) 3 6,
, (
),
,
61643.
.
,
/ 10 kWp
,
,
. ,
( 62305).
/
..
..
7:
7
/
.
(..
).
62305
62305
50164.
50164
26
.
61643
.
62305-2. , /
,
.
,
62305-3.
,
/ .
(.. , ,
, , ..).
,
62305-3,
.
62305-4.
,
, 8.
1m2
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
8:
10
20
30
40
(m)
50
1m2
27
/
(...)
(0.5-1 ) /
, /
... (
).
...
28
10
/
9:
/ IEC 60364-7-712
29
11
11.1
(/)
.,
.
,
. ,
.. , , ,
.
,
,
, 61000
IEC
() ()
50160,
.
,
(
).
, .
,
/
,
.
11.2 /
10
..
., .,
.
30
..
3 1
AC
3 1
DC
3 1
10:
/
..
/
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
,
.
/
, ,
1.
31
1:
-20% (184V) +15% (264.5V)
.
,
0.5 s
0.5Hz
.
,
0.5 s.
3 .
5%.
0.5%
11.3
,
/
.
,
. ,
, (..
, ), (..
),
(.. , ),
. ,
1kHz
. ,
,
( ).
, .
32
/
.
,
/
IEC 61000-3-2.
16/
..
/ .
,
(.. ). ,
50081-1
50082-1
,
.
, ,
, (Total Harmonic
Distortion, T.H.D.)
5%, (Power Factor, PF) 0.95
50%
(
)
0.5% .
( )
.
/ ,
,
. 2
IEC 61727
/ .
33
()
()
3-9
4.0%
11-15
2.0%
17-21
1.5%
23-33
0.6%
,
25%,
(T.H.D.)
5%
50% (PF)
0.9
0.5%
2:
85%-110%
(196V -253V)
(50 0,5)Hz
/
10kW
IEC 61727
11.4
,
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
... .
,
/ ,
.
.
,
34
,
,
(
),
. , ...
( ,
, ,
...),
,
.
:
) ,
,
.
)
,
... ( ,
)
.
VDE 0126-1-1
IEC 62116.
( ),
/
(
),
.
/
. VDE
0126-1-1 / 30kVA
. VDE 0126-1-1
.
35
12
12.1
,
, /
. , /
.
, /
,
( ).
..
.
.
,
.
,
EN-IEC 61215 (/ ),
EN-IEC 61646 (/ ).
12.2
/
/ ,
.
,
IEC 364-4-41.
17 100V (
). ,
/
,
.
.
,
:
:
/ . ,
.. .
36
.
,
.
.
:
.
.
:
/
.
:
.
(Class II construction).
,
.
/ :
/
.
.
.. :
(
)
. ,
-
- .
.
:
.
37
12.3
/ :
.
:
VDE
0126-1-1 (
)
(-,
- )
THD 5%,
()
/
..
0.5% ,
().
38
1: ,
/
1: ,
/
/ .
1: ,
/
, ,
,
.
39
1:
No : ........................
/ .: .....................
kWp
( )
(-)
()
/
/
( kWp)
( )
( )
:
:
:
kWh
kWh/*
*
.
.
Pmp(Wp)
Thin film:
Isc (A)
Voc(V)
Imp (A)
IEC 61646:1996
61730-1:2007, 61730-2:2007
CE
IEC 61215:2005,
EN 61215:2005
IEC 61646:2008
(2400 Pascal)
(5400 Pascal)
40
Vmp(V)
.. ( )
/
I max (A)
CE
Vmax (V)
PDC nom (W)
CE
:
:
(>5 )
:
1
( DIN1055)
:
/ :
/:
41
/ :
:
, :
, :
/ :
, :
, :
1.
:
():
:
& :
..........
:
..
( )
/
:
:
/
( )
..
..
/
:
:
42
:
.
1: /
( )
10
14
11
15
12
16
13
17
18:
19:
20:
21:
. ( )
1:
2:
3:
4:
43
44
13
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[1] IEC 61730, 2005, 2007, part1 and 2: Photovoltaic (PV) module
safety qualification.
IEC 61000-3-2:2000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3: LimitsSection 2: Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current
16A per phase).
IEC 61000-3-3:1994/A1:2001 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part
3: Limits-Section 3: Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in lowvoltage supply systems for equipment with rated current 16A.
IEC 364-4-41 Electrical installations of buildings, Part 4: Protection for
safety, Chapter 41: Protection against electric shock.
IEC61727 Ed.2.0 (2004): PV systems - Characteristics of the utility
interface (for PV systems <10kVA).
IEC 62116 Test procedure of islanding prevention measures for utilityinterconnected photovoltaic inverters.
IEC-EN 61173: Overvoltage protection for photovoltaic (PV) power
generating systems. Guide.
IEC 62446: Grid connected photovoltaic systems Minimum requirements
for system documentation, commisioning tests and inspection.
IEC 60364-7-712: Electrical installations of buildings, Part 7-712:
Requirements for special installations or locations Solar photovoltaic
(PV) power supply systems (IEC 60364-7-712:2002).
EN-IEC 61215: Crystalline Silicon Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules
Design Qualification and Type Approval
EN-IEC 61646: Thin-film Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules Design
Qualification and Type Approval
50081-1: Electromagnetic Compatibility Generic Emission Standard
Part1: Residential, Commercial and Light Industry.
50081-2: Electromagnetic Compatibility Generic Emission Standard
Part1: Residential, Commercial and Light Industry.
EN 50160: Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public
distribution systems, CENELEC 1999.
VDE 0126-1-1: Automatic disconnection device between a generator and
the public low-voltage grid.
HD384 .
50160: 1995
.
EN 61000.03.02:1995 (EMC) 3: - 2: (
16 ).
EN 61000.03.03:1996 (EMC) 3: - 3:
=< 16 .
50082-1:
1: ,
.
50081-1:
1: ,
.
45
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
46
14
/
1
2
3.
3.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
/
/
(kWh/m2/)
/
/
( )
38
1m2
/
HD 60364-7-712
/
..
47
.
7
8
9
10
11
18
21
26
27
29
31
15
/
1
2
/ 10kW
IEC 61727
48
.
32
34
16
BAPV
BIPV
B.O.S.
DC
EN
IEC
In
I.P.
PELV
P.F
PVC
RCD
SELV
S.T.C
T.H.D.
VDE
..
/
..
..
/
..
49