And 12

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course
Math 343: Course Introduction

Bret Benesh
College of St. Benedict/St. Johns University Department of Mathematics
Math 343
Bret Benesh
Bret Benesh
Bret Benesh
Bret Benesh
Bret Benesh
This class is about understanding what was really going on in calculus.
Bret Benesh
This class is about understanding what was really going on in calculus. We all know the ideas from calculus, but how do we accurately communicate them.
Bret Benesh
This class is about understanding what was really going on in calculus. We all know the ideas from calculus, but how do we accurately communicate them.
Bret Benesh
This class is about understanding what was really going on in calculus. We all know the ideas from calculus, but how do we accurately communicate them. (e.g. What does I could care less about Justin Bieber" mean?"
Bret Benesh
This class is about understanding what was really going on in calculus. We all know the ideas from calculus, but how do we accurately communicate them. (e.g. What does I could care less about Justin Bieber" mean?" Is that what it says?)
Bret Benesh
This class is about understanding what was really going on in calculus. We all know the ideas from calculus, but how do we accurately communicate them. (e.g. What does I could care less about Justin Bieber" mean?" Is that what it says?) For instance, what do we accurately say what is meant by limit?"
Bret Benesh
This class is about understanding what was really going on in calculus. We all know the ideas from calculus, but how do we accurately communicate them. (e.g. What does I could care less about Justin Bieber" mean?" Is that what it says?) For instance, what do we accurately say what is meant by limit?"
Bret Benesh
This class is about understanding what was really going on in calculus. We all know the ideas from calculus, but how do we accurately communicate them. (e.g. What does I could care less about Justin Bieber" mean?" Is that what it says?) For instance, what do we accurately say what is meant by limit?" Try to come up with a denition with a partner.
Bret Benesh
This class is about understanding what was really going on in calculus. We all know the ideas from calculus, but how do we accurately communicate them. (e.g. What does I could care less about Justin Bieber" mean?" Is that what it says?) For instance, what do we accurately say what is meant by limit?" Try to come up with a denition with a partner.
Bret Benesh
God created the integers, all else is the work of man." Leopold Kronecker
Bret Benesh
God created the integers, all else is the work of man." Leopold Kronecker
Bret Benesh
God created the integers, all else is the work of man." Leopold Kronecker The rationals were pretty easy for man" to create . . .
Bret Benesh
God created the integers, all else is the work of man." Leopold Kronecker The rationals were pretty easy for man" to create . . . . . . but what the hell are irrational numbers?
Bret Benesh
God created the integers, all else is the work of man." Leopold Kronecker The rationals were pretty easy for man" to create . . . . . . but what the hell are irrational numbers?
Bret Benesh
God created the integers, all else is the work of man." Leopold Kronecker The rationals were pretty easy for man" to create . . . . . . but what the hell are irrational numbers? Understanding the irrational numbers will be essential to understanding limits (and the rest of calculus).
Bret Benesh
God created the integers, all else is the work of man." Leopold Kronecker The rationals were pretty easy for man" to create . . . . . . but what the hell are irrational numbers? Understanding the irrational numbers will be essential to understanding limits (and the rest of calculus). Much of this class will be devoted to this.
Bret Benesh
But do we even need irrational numbers?
Bret Benesh
You need irrational numbers if you believe:
Bret Benesh

1
that you can create a right triangle with legs of length 1, and
Bret Benesh

1
that you can create a right triangle with legs of length 1, and any one of the many proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem.
Bret Benesh
Theorem The number represented by
2 is irrational.
Bret Benesh
Theorem The number represented by Proof. Suppose not.
2 is irrational.
Bret Benesh
Theorem The number represented by Proof. Suppose not.
2 is irrational.
Bret Benesh
Theorem The number represented by Proof. Suppose not. Suppose that
2 is irrational.
a 2 = b,
Bret Benesh
Theorem The number represented by Proof. Suppose not. Suppose that
2 is irrational.
a 2 = b , where
a b
is in lowest terms
Bret Benesh
Theorem The number represented by Proof.
2 is irrational.
a a Suppose not. Suppose that 2 = b , where b is in lowest terms (i.e. no prime number divides both a and b).
Bret Benesh
2 is irrational.
a a Suppose not. Suppose that 2 = b , where b is in lowest terms (i.e. no prime number divides both a and b). Then 2 = a b
Bret Benesh
2 is irrational.
a a Suppose not. Suppose that 2 = b , where b is in lowest terms (i.e. no prime number divides both a and b). Then 2 = 2 = a b a2 b2
Bret Benesh
2 is irrational.
a a Suppose not. Suppose that 2 = b , where b is in lowest terms (i.e. no prime number divides both a and b). Then a b a2 2 = b2 2 2b = a2 2 =
Bret Benesh
2 is irrational.
a a Suppose not. Suppose that 2 = b , where b is in lowest terms (i.e. no prime number divides both a and b). Then a b a2 2 = b2 2 2b = a2 2 =
Bret Benesh
Continued. This means that a2 is even;
Bret Benesh
Continued. This means that a2 is even;
Bret Benesh
Continued. This means that a2 is even; since 2 is a prime number, this implies that 2 divides a,
Bret Benesh
Continued. This means that a2 is even; since 2 is a prime number, this implies that 2 divides a, so a = 2n for some integer n.
Bret Benesh
Continued. This means that a2 is even; since 2 is a prime number, this implies that 2 divides a, so a = 2n for some integer n. Then 2b2 = a2
Bret Benesh
Continued. This means that a2 is even; since 2 is a prime number, this implies that 2 divides a, so a = 2n for some integer n. Then 2b2 = a2 2b2 = (2n)2
Bret Benesh
Continued. This means that a2 is even; since 2 is a prime number, this implies that 2 divides a, so a = 2n for some integer n. Then 2b2 = a2 2b2 = (2n)2 2b2 = 4n2
Bret Benesh
Continued. This means that a2 is even; since 2 is a prime number, this implies that 2 divides a, so a = 2n for some integer n. Then 2b2 = a2 2b2 = (2n)2 2b2 = 4n2 b2 = 2n2
Bret Benesh
This means that b2 is even;
Bret Benesh
This means that b2 is even; since 2 is a prime number, this implies that 2 divides b,
Bret Benesh
This means that b2 is even; since 2 is a prime number, this implies that 2 divides b, so b = 2m for some integer m.
Bret Benesh
This means that b2 is even; since 2 is a prime number, this implies that 2 divides b, so b = 2m for some integer m.
Bret Benesh
Continued. But this means that

a b
2n 2m
Bret Benesh

a b
2n 2m
Bret Benesh

a b
2n 2m
n m.
Bret Benesh

a b
2n 2m
n m.
So
a b
was not in lowest terms,
Bret Benesh
Continued.
a But this means that b = which is a contradiction. 2n 2m
n m.
So
a b
Bret Benesh
Continued.
n m.
So
a b

a b
Since the only assumptions we made were that terms
is in lowest
Bret Benesh
Continued.
n m.
So
a b
a Since the only assumptions we made were that b is in lowest terms (which we know if true; all fractions can be written this way)
Bret Benesh
Continued.
n m.
So
a b
a Since the only assumptions we made were that b is in lowest terms (which we know if true; all fractions can be written this way) and 2 is rational
Bret Benesh
Continued.
n m.
So
a b
a Since the only assumptions we made were that b is in lowest terms (which we know if true; all fractions can be written this way) and 2 is rational (which we did not know was true),
Bret Benesh
Continued.
n m.
So
a b
a Since the only assumptions we made were that b is in lowest terms (which we know if true; all fractions can be written this is way) and 2 rational (which we did not know was true), it must be that 2 is not a rational number.
Bret Benesh
Triangles need irrational numbers.
Bret Benesh
Triangles need irrational numbers. Irrationals ll holes" in number lines.
Bret Benesh
Triangles need irrational numbers. Irrationals ll holes" in number lines. You have been brainwashed.
Bret Benesh
The triangle inequality
Denition The function | | : R R is dened by |x| = x if x 0, and |x| = x if x < 0.
Bret Benesh
Denition The function | | : R R is dened by |x| = x if x 0, and |x| = x if x < 0.
Bret Benesh
Denition The function | | : R R is dened by |x| = x if x 0, and |x| = x if x < 0. Theorem Let x, y R. Then |x + y | |x| + |y |.
Bret Benesh
Denition The function | | : R R is dened by |x| = x if x 0, and |x| = x if x < 0. Theorem Let x, y R. Then |x + y | |x| + |y |.
Bret Benesh
Denition The function | | : R R is dened by |x| = x if x 0, and |x| = x if x < 0. Theorem Let x, y R. Then |x + y | |x| + |y |. We will not prove this, although I recommend that you do Exercise 1.2.4 to help you understand this EXTREMELY valuable property.
Bret Benesh
Denition The function | | : R R is dened by |x| = x if x 0, and |x| = x if x < 0. Theorem Let x, y R. Then |x + y | |x| + |y |. We will not prove this, although I recommend that you do Exercise 1.2.4 to help you understand this EXTREMELY valuable property. Intuitively, think of triangles.
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0.
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y .
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y .
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y . Then |x y | =
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y . Then |x y | = |x x| = 0
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y . Then |x y | = |x x| = 0 <
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y . Then |x y | = |x x| = 0 < for every > 0.
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y . Then |x y | = |x x| = 0 < for every > 0. Now suppose that |x y | < for every > 0.
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y . Then |x y | = |x x| = 0 < for every > 0. Now suppose that |x y | < for every > 0. For a contradiction, suppose that x = y .
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y . Then |x y | = |x x| = 0 < for every > 0. Now suppose that |x y | < for every > 0. For a contradiction, suppose that x = y . Then choose 0 to be |x y |
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y . Then |x y | = |x x| = 0 < for every > 0. Now suppose that |x y | < for every > 0. For a contradiction, suppose that x = y . Then choose 0 to be |x y | = 0.
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y . Then |x y | = |x x| = 0 < for every > 0. Now suppose that |x y | < for every > 0. For a contradiction, suppose that x = y . Then choose 0 to be |x y | = 0. But then |x y | < 0 , a contradiction.
Bret Benesh
Epsilons!
Theorem Let x, y R. Then x = y if and only if |x y | < for every > 0. Proof. Suppose that x = y . Then |x y | = |x x| = 0 < for every > 0. Now suppose that |x y | < for every > 0. For a contradiction, suppose that x = y . Then choose 0 to be |x y | = 0. But then |x y | < 0 , a contradiction. So it must be that x = y .
Bret Benesh
With a partner, prove the following:

1
For all x, y R, |x y | |x| + |y |.
Bret Benesh
With a partner, prove the following:

1 2
For all x, y R, |x y | |x| + |y |. For all x, y R, ||x| |y || |x y |.
Bret Benesh
Homework
Read the draft of the syllabusall of it (on the Moodle site).
Bret Benesh
Homework
1 2
Read the draft of the syllabusall of it (on the Moodle site). Look at website for textbookmake a note of all of the typos.
Bret Benesh
Homework
1 2
Read the draft of the syllabusall of it (on the Moodle site). Look at website for textbookmake a note of all of the typos. Watch video for section 1.3.
Bret Benesh
Homework
1 2
Read the draft of the syllabusall of it (on the Moodle site). Look at website for textbookmake a note of all of the typos. Watch video for section 1.3. Read section 1.1, 1.2 (these should go quickly) and 1.3 (take your time on this).
3 4
Bret Benesh
Homework
1 2
Read the draft of the syllabusall of it (on the Moodle site). Look at website for textbookmake a note of all of the typos. Watch video for section 1.3. Read section 1.1, 1.2 (these should go quickly) and 1.3 (take your time on this). Do practice questions for section 1.3.
3 4
Bret Benesh

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About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

This class is about understanding what was really going on in calculus.

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

But do we even need irrational numbers?

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

But do we even need irrational numbers?

You need irrational numbers if you believe:

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

But do we even need irrational numbers?

You need irrational numbers if you believe:

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

But do we even need irrational numbers?

You need irrational numbers if you believe:

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course

Theorem The number represented by

Math 343: Course Introduction

About Math 343 Two HUUUUUGE ideas for this course