CREATIVE MATH. & INF.

(), No. ,
Online version at http://creative-mathematics.ubm.ro/
Print Edition: ISSN 1584 - 286X Online Edition: ISSN 1843 - 441X
B ezier type curves generated by some class of positive
linear operators
OVIDIU T. POP, DAN B ARBOSU AND LAURIAN PIS CORAN
ABSTRACT. In this paper, we will consider the B ezier type curves in which the fundamental Bern-
stein basis will be replaced with other function sequences. For all the applications the graphic repre-
sentation will be done for the same ordinates of the control points. In the rst example, we consider
B ezier type curves generated by fundamental Bernstein polynomials and classical nodes x
m,k
=
k
m
and also with changed nodes y
m,k
=

k(k+1)
m
, where m = 3 and k {0, 1, 2, 3}. In the second
example, we consider B ezier type curves generated by fundamental Bleimann-Butzer-Hahn polyno-
mials and classical nodes x
m,k
=
k
m+1k
and also with changed nodes y
m,k
=

(m
2
1)k
m
2
(m+1k)
,
where m = 3 and k {0, 1, 2, 3}. In each example, the classical and changed points are close.
The obtained curves in each example are plotted in the same gure.
1. INTRODUCTION
In this section, we recall some notions and operators which we will use in the
paper.
Let N be the set of positive integers and N
0
= N {0}. For m N, let B
m
:
C([0, 1]) C([0, 1]) be the Bernstein operators, dened for any function f
C([0, 1]) by
(B
m
f)(x) =
m

k=0
p
m,k
(x)f

k
m

, (1.1)
where p
m,k
(x) are the fundamental polynomials of Bernstein, dened as follows
p
m,k
(x) =

m
k

x
k
(1 x)
mk
, (1.2)
for any x [0, 1] and any k {0, 1, . . . , m} (see [1], [4] or [8]).
In 1980, G. Bleimann, P. L. Butzer and L. Hahn introduced in [3] the sequence
of linear positive operators (L
m
)
m1
, L
m
: C
B
([0, )) C
B
([0, )), dened for
any function f C
B
([0, )) by
(L
m
f)(x) =
1
(1 + x)
m
m

k=0

m
k

x
k
f

k
m+ 1 k

, (1.3)
for any x [0, ) and any m N, where C
B
([0, )) = {f | f : [0, ) R, f is
bounded and continuous on [0, )}.
Received: 23.02.2010. In revised form: 26.04.2010. Accepted:
2000 Mathematics Subject Classication. 41A10, 41A25, 41A35, 41A36, 51N05.
Key words and phrases. Linear positive operators, convergence theorem, the rst order modulus of
smoothness, approximation theorem, B ezier curves.
1
2 Ovidiu T. Pop, Dan B arbosu and Laurian Piscoran
In what follows we consider an interval I R and we shall use the following
sets of functions: E(I), F(I) which are subsets of the set of real functions dened
on I, B(I) =

f | f : I R, f bounded on I

, C(I) =

f | f : I R, f
continuous on I

and C
B
(I) = B(I) C(I).
If f B(I), then the rst order modulus of smoothness of f is the function
(f; ) : [0, ) R dened for any 0 by
(f; ) = sup {|f(x

) f(x

)| : x

, x

I, |x

| } . (1.4)
2. PRELIMINARIES
For the following construction and the results as well, see [6]. We consider
p
m
= m for any m N or p
m
= for any m N. Let I, J [0, ) be intervals
with I J = . For any m N and k {0, 1, ..., p
m
} N
0
consider the nodes
x
m,k
I and the functions
m,k
: J R with the property that
m,k
(x) 0 for
any x J. Let E(I) and F(J) be subsets of the set of real functions dened on I,
respectively J, so that the sum
pm

k=0

m,k
(x)f(x
m,k
)
exists for any f E(I),
m,k
F(J), k {0, 1, 2, . . . , p
m
} N
0
, x J and m N.
For any x I consider the functions
x
: I R,
x
(t) = t x and e
i
: I R,
e
i
(t) = t
i
for any t I, i {0, 1, 2}. In the following, we suppose that for any
x I we have
x
E(I) and e
i
E(I), i {0, 1, 2}.
For m N let the given operator L
m
: E(I) E(J) dened by
(L
m
f)(x) =
pm

k=0

m,k
(x)f(x
m,k
) (2.1)
with the property
lim
m
(L
m
f)(x) = f(x), (2.2)
for any x J, uniformly on any compact K I J, for any f E(I) C(I).
Remark 2.1. From (2.2), for the operators (L
m
)
m1
we have that
lim
m
(L
m
e
i
)(x) = e
i
(x) (2.3)
uniformly on any compact K I J, i {0, 1, 2} and
lim
m
(L
m

2
x
)(x) = 0 (2.4)
uniformly on any compact K I J.
Remark 2.2. From Remark 2.1 follows that for any compact K I J there are
the sequences (u
m
(K))
m1
, (v
m
(K))
m1
, (w
m
(K))
m1
depending on K, so that
lim
m
u
m
(K) = lim
m
v
m
(K) = lim
m
w
m
(K) = 0 (2.5)
uniformly on K and
|(L
m
e
0
)(x) 1| u
m
(K), (2.6)
|(L
m
e
1
)(x) x| v
m
(K), (2.7)
(L
m

2
x
)(x) w
m
(K), (2.8)
B ezier type curves generated by some class of positive linear operators 3
for any x K and any m N.
In the following, for m N and k {0, 1, . . . , p
m
} N
0
we consider the nodes
y
m,k
I so that

m
= sup
k{0,1, ,pm}N0
|x
m,k
y
m,k
| < (2.9)
for any m N and
lim
m

m
= 0. (2.10)
For m N and k {0, 1, , p
m
} N
0
we note
m,k
= x
m,k
y
m,k
. For m N
let us dene the operator K
m
: E(I) F(J) by
(K
m
f)(x) =
pm

k=0

m,k
(x)f(y
m,k
), (2.11)
for any x I.
Theorem 2.1. ([6]) For any f E(I) C(I) it follows
lim
m
(K
m
f)(x) = f(x) (2.12)
uniformly on any compact K I J.
Theorem 2.2. ([6]) If f E(I J) C(I J) then for any x K = [a, b] I J
and any m N the following inequality
|(K
m
f)(x) f(x)| |f(x)||(L
m
e
0
(x)) 1|+ (2.13)
+ ((L
m
e
0
)(x) + 1)(f;
m,x
) Mu
m
(K) + (2 + u
m
(K))(f;
m
),
holds, where

m,x
=

(L
m
e
0
)(x)[(L
m

2
x
)(x) + 2
m
(L
m
e
1
)(x) + (
2
m
+ 2x
m
)(L
m
e
0
)(x)],

m
=

(1 + u
m
(K))[w
m
(K) + 2
m
(b + v
m
(K) + (
2
m
+ 2b
m
)(1 + u
m
(K))] and
M = sup{|f(x)| : x K}.
Corollary 2.1. ([6]) If
pm

k=0

m,k
(x) = 1 (2.14)
for any x J, then for any f E(I J) C(I J), any x K = [a, b] I J
and any m N it follows
|(K
m
f)(x) f(x)| 2(f;
m,x
) 2(f;

m
), (2.15)
where

m
=

w
m
(K) + 2
m
v
m
(K) +
2
m
+ 4b
m
.
3. B EZIER TYPE CURVES
Let I = [a, b] R, a R and b R and for all m N, k {0, 1, 2, . . . , p
m
} N
0
,
the application
m,k
: J R with the property
m,k
(t) 0, for all t J.
For m N, let a = y
m,0
< y
m,1
< y
m,2
< . . . be the nodes from the set I and
the application
m
: J I dened by

m
(t) =
pm

k=0

m,k
(t)y
m,k
, (3.1)
4 Ovidiu T. Pop, Dan B arbosu and Laurian Piscoran
for all t J.
Let us consider that for the application
m
we have the property: for any y
m,p
,
p {0, 1, . . . , p
m
} N
0
, there exists t
p
J so that
m
(t
p
) = y
m,p
and also the
applications
m,k
, k {0, 1, . . . , p
m
} N
0
is continuous on J.
The last condition means that the graph of the application
m
passes through the
nodes y
m,k
, k {0, 1, . . . , p
m
} N
0
.
In the following lines, we consider as known the values of a continuous ap-
plication f : I R on the sequence of nodes

(y
m,k
)
k{0,1,...,pm}N0

mN
, that
means f(y
m,k
) = z
m,k
for any k {0, 1, . . . , p
m
} N
0
and for any m N.
Denition 3.1. Let m N. The points a
m,k
= (x
m,k
; z
m,k
) J R and b
m,k
=
(y
m,k
; z
m,k
) J R, where k {0, 1, . . . , p
m
} N
0
are the classical, respectively
changed control points of m order.
For more on B ezier curves topic see [2], [5], [7] and [9].
Denition 3.2. Let m N. The classical B ezier curve of m-order, respectively
L-B ezier curve of m-order, which correspond to control points a
m,k
,respectively
b
m,k
, k {0, 1, . . . , p
m
} N
0
are:
B
m
(t) =
pm

k=0

m,k
(t)a
m,k
=

pm

k=0

m,k
(t)x
m,k
;
pm

k=0

m,k
(t)z
m,k

, (3.2)
B
m
(t) =
pm

k=0

m,k
(t)b
m,k
=

pm

k=0

m,k
(t)y
m,k
;
pm

k=0

m,k
(t)z
m,k

, (3.3)
for any t J.
Remark 3.1. Let m Nand p {0, 1, . . . , p
m
}N
0
. Taking into account the above
relations, it follows:
B
m
(t
p
) =

pm

k=0

m,k
(t
p
)y
m,k
;
pm

k=0

m,k
(t
p
)z
m,k

= (y
m,p
; z

m,p
),
where z

m,p
=
pm

k=0

m,k
(t
p
)z
m,k
.
In the following it will be of interest to compare the point z

m,p
with f(y
m,p
) =
z
m,p
and on the other hand to compute z
m
(t) =
pm

k=0

m,k
(t)z
m,k
. Finally, we will
give graphic representations of these L-B ezier curves. For the B ezier graph, the
curves will be blue and for the L-B ezier graph they will be red.
Next, we will consider an operator sequence (L
m
)
m1
, which veries
(2.1)(2.8).
In the applications in the last part of this paper, we will consider the operators
from Introduction.
Let us consider that the sequence of nodes

(y
m,k
)
k{0,1,...,pm}N0

nN
veries
the conditions (2.9)(2.10). From (3.2) one obtains that the ordinate of B
m
(t),
according to (2.11) is (K
m
f)(t), and then, for the sequence of operators (K
m
)
m1
we can apply Theorems 2.12.2 and the Corollary 2.1. Theorem 3.3 and 3.4 are
B ezier type curves generated by some class of positive linear operators 5
immediate consequences of Theorems 2.12.2 and Corollary 2.1, these theorems
are theorems of approximations and convergence.
Theorem 3.3. The following convergences
lim
m
z
m
(t) = f(t) (3.4)
and
lim
m
pm

k=0

m,k
(t)x
m,k
= lim
m
pm

k=0

m,k
(t)y
m,k
= t (3.5)
are uniform on any compact K I J.
Suppose that
pm

k=0

m,k
(t) = 1 (3.6)
for any t J.
Theorem 3.4. For any t K = [a, b] I J and any m N, the inequalities
|z
m
(t) f(t)| 2(f,

m
) (3.7)
and

pm

k=0

m,k
(t)y
m,k
t

m
(3.8)
holds, where

m
=

w
m
(K) + 2
m
v
m
(K) +
2
m
+ 4b
m
.
In the following lines, we will consider m = 3, z
3,0
= 1, z
3,1
= 2, z
3,2
= 4 and
z
3,3
= 3.
Application 3.1. If I = J = [0, 1], E(I) = F(J) = C([0, 1]), K = [0, 1], p
m
= m,
x
m,k
=
k
m
,
m,k
(t) = p
m,k
(t), t [0, 1], m N, k {0, 1, . . . , m}, we obtain
the Bernstein operators. We consider the nodes y
m,k
=

k(k+1)
m
, m N, k
{0, 1, . . . , m}. In this case, the operators (K
m
)
m1
have the form
z
m
(t) =
m

k=0
p
m,k
(t)f

k(k + 1)
m

,
f C([0, 1]), t [0, 1] and m N.
In this application, the control points are a
0
= (0, 1), a
1
=

1
3
, 2

, a
2
=

2
3
, 4

and a
3
= (1, 3),respectively b
0
= (0, 1), b
1
=

2
3
, 2

, b
2
=

6
3
, 4

and b
3
=

3
3
, 3

. Then
B
3
(t) = (1 t)
3
a
0
+ 3t(1 t)
2
a
1
+ 3t
2
(1 t)a
2
+ t
3
a
3
=

t; 4t
3
+3t
2
+3t+1

,
6 Ovidiu T. Pop, Dan B arbosu and Laurian Piscoran
B
3
(t) = (1 t)
3
b
0
+ 3t(1 t)
2
b
1
+ 3t
2
(1 t)b
2
+ t
3
b
3
=

6+
2

3
3

t
3
+

62

t
2
+

2t; 4t
3
+3t
2
+3t+1

,
so, the B ezier and the B-B ezier curves in the examples above are given paramet-
rically by

x(t) = t
y(t) = 4t
3
+ 3t
2
+ 3t + 1, t [0, 1],
respectively

x(t) =

6 +
2

3
3

t
3
+

6 2

t
2
+

2t
y(t) = 4t
3
+ 3t
2
+ 3t + 1, t [0, 1].
The graphs of these curves are given in the following gure:
Application 3.2. We consider I = J = [0, ), E(I) = F(J) = C
B
([0, )), K =
[0, b], p
m
= m, x
m,k
=
k
m+1k
,
m,k
(t) =
1
(1+t)
m

m
k

t
k
, m N, k {0, 1, . . . , m},
t [0, ). In this case we obtain the Bleimann-Butzer-Hahn operators.
We consider the nodes y
m,k
=
(m
2
1)k
m
2
(m+1k)
, m N and k {0, 1, . . . , m}. The
operators (K
m
)
m1
have the form
z
m
(t) = (1 + t)
m
m

k=0

m
k

t
k
f

(m
2
1)k
m
2
(m+ 1 k)

,
where t [0, ), m N, f C
B
([0, )).
In this case, the control points are: a
0
= (0, 1), a
1
=

1
3
, 2

, a
2
= (1, 4) and
a
3
= (3, 3), respectively b
0
= (0, 1), b
1
=

8
27
, 2

, b
2
=

8
9
, 4

and b
3
=

8
3
, 3

.
Then

x(t) =
t+3t
2
+3t
3
(1+t)
3
y(t) =
1+6t+12t
2
+3t
3
(1+t)
3
, t [0, ),
B ezier type curves generated by some class of positive linear operators 7
for the B ezier curve and

x(t) =
8
9
t+
8
3
t
2
+
8
3
t
3
(1+t)
3
y(t) =
1+6t+12t
2
+3t
3
(1+t)
3
, t [0, ),
for the BBH-B ezier curve. We have the graphical representation of these curves:
REFERENCES
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[2] Ahn, Y.J., Kim, H.O., Lee, K.Y., G1 arc spline approximation of quadratic B ezier curves, Computer-
Aided Design, 1998, Vol.30, No.8, 615-620.
[3] Bleimann, G., Butzer, P. L. and Hahn, L. A., Bernstein-type operator approximating continuous func-
tions on the semi-axis, Indag. Math., 42 (1980), 255-262
[4] Bernstein, S. N., D emonstration du th eor` eme de Weierstrass fond ee sur le calcul de probabilit es, Com-
mun. Soc. Math. Kharkow (2), 13 (1912-1913), 1-2
[5] Piscoran, L. I., Elemente de geometrie computational a, Editura Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca, 2008 (Roma-
nian)
[6] Pop, O. T. and F arcas, M. D., About a class of linear positive operators obtained by choosing the nodes,
J.Inequal.Pure Appl. Math., 10(1)(2009), Art.30, 9pp
[7] Riskus A., Approximation of a cubic B ezier curve by circular arcs and vice versa, Information Technol-
ogy and control, 2006, Vol.35, No.4
[8] Stancu, D. D., Coman, Gh., Agratini, O. and Trmbitas, R., Analiz a numeric a si teoria aproxim arii, I,
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[9] Walton, D.J., Meek, D.S., Approximation of quadratic B ezier curves by arc splines, Journal of Compu-
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NATIONAL COLLEGE MIHAI EMINESCU
5 MIHAI EMINESCU STREET
SATU MARE 440014, ROMANIA
E-mail address: ovidiutiberiu@yahoo.com
NORTH UNIVERSITY OF BAIA MARE
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
VICTORIEI 76, 430122 BAIA MARE, ROMANIA
E-mail address: barbosudan@yahoo.com
E-mail address: plaurian@yahoo.com