Animal Organization and Homeostasis Outline Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Organs Organ Systems Homeostasis

Negative and Positive Feedback Types of Tissues Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar function. Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized function. Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning together. An organism contains a collection of organ systems. Four major vertebrate tissue types. Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue forms a continuous layer over body surfaces, lines inner cavities, forms glands, and covers abdominal organs. Three types  Squamous Flat cells  Cuboidal - Cube-shaped cells  Columnar Pillar-shaped cells Exocrine glands - Secrete products intoducts or cavities. Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstream. Connective Tissue Connective tissue contains fibroblasts separated by a matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers. Loose fibrous connective tissue  Allows organs to expand Dense fibrous connective tissue  Strong connective tissue  Tendons  Ligaments Adipose Tissue

Insulates the body and provides padding. Cartilage Cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) separated by matrix.  Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrix. Bone Matrix of inorganic salts is deposited around protein fibers.  Compact Bone  Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals).

Blood Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes. Connective tissue in which cells are separated by plasma.  Red blood cells - erthrocytes  White blood cells - leukocytes Muscular Tissue Contractile tissue composed of muscle fibers. Contain actin and myosin filaments.  Skeletal Muscle  Voluntary - Long, striated fibers.  Smooth Muscle  Involuntary - No striations.  Cardiac Muscle  Striated, but mostly involuntary.  Bound by intercalated disks. Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue contains neurons. Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.

 Long axons covered by myelin.  Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers form nerves. Neuroglia support and nourish neurons. Nervous system has three functions Sensory input Data integration Motor output Nerves conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and the brain where integration occurs. Organs Skin The skin covers and protects underlying body regions, helps regulate body temperature, and contains sensory receptors. Regions of Skin Epidermis - Outer, thinner region. Stratified squamous epithelium.  New cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed off. Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment). Nails grow from specialized epidermal cells. Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermis. Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers. Contains:  Hair follicles  Sebaceous glands  Receptors  Nerve fibers  Blood vessels Subcutaneous Layer - Loose, connective tissue located below dermis. Organ Systems Body Cavities Each organ system has a particular distribution within the human body. Smaller dorsal cavity  Brain, spinal cord Larger ventral cavity Ventral Cavity During development, the ventral cavity develops into an upper (thoracic) cavity and a lower (abdominal) cavity.

Homeostasis The internal environment of an animal s body consists of tissue fluid, which bathes the cells. Organ systems of the body contribute to maintenance of internal conditions (homeostasis).  Ultimately controlled by nervous system.