Cog Review 1

Donders

   

  Ebbinghaus       James Watson and behaviorism Skinner            Memory consolidation 

Wundt

Tolman rat maze

Noam Chomsky Selective attention experiment Memory consolidation behaviorist

Studied decision making Measured reaction time = how long it takes to respond to presentation of a stimulus Simple reaction time task= press button at presentation of light Choice reaction time task = push one button when light on left cam on and then another when light on right came on o Shows that mental response includes perceiving the light and deciding which button to push o Takes longer than simple reaction time Presenting stimulus causes a mental response, leads to a behavioral response Mental responses cannot be measure directly, has to be inferred Memory and how information is lost over time Used non-syllable words so that memory wouldn t be influenced by meaning Savings curve = savings as a function of retention interval Memory drops rapidly after first 2 days Structuralist= overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience (sensations) Analytic introspection = participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli Wrote Principles of Psychology Classical conditioning Operant conditioning How behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers Used behavior to infer mental processes When rat initially experienced the maze, created a cognitive map of the maze layout Saw language development as being determined by an inborn biological program that is constant across cultures Found that when people focus attention on message in one ear, not very aware of message presented to unattended ear Attended vs unattended message Information could become strengthened and transformed into a strong memory that is more resistant to interference Immediately presenting the second list interrupted formation of stable memory for the first group Immediate sleep helps strengthen memory in hypothalamus

physiological Neuron doctrine

                     

Recording from a neuron

Localization of function Temporal lobe

Occipital lobe Parietal love Frontal lobe

Module Feature detectors Specificity coding Distributed coding Perception

Bottom up processing

Principle of componential recovery Top down processing Feedback signals Size constancy Perceiving odor intensity Speech segmentation

     

Individual cells transmit signals in the nervous systems These cells are not continuous as thought by the nerve net theory Action potential causes dot to go up and then come back down Each line in record represents action potential Specific functions served by specific areas of the brain Electrical signals from receptors in the ear reach the auditory receiving area in this lobe Taste, smell Damage in lower part results in prospagnosia Primary receiving area for vision Sense, touch, temperature, and pain Signals from all sense Perception Coordinates information received through two or more senses Area specialized for specific function Respond to features that make up objects Representation of specific stimulus by firing of specific neuron that just respond to that face Code that indicates a specific face is distributed across a number of neurons Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses Process Occurs in conjunction with action Physiological o Fire to specific characteristics of object Behavioral o Recognition by components o Geons = perceptual building blocks o Can recognize an object if you can perceive a few of its geons If we can recover (see) an object s geons, we can identify the object Processing that begins with a person s prior knowledge or expectations Signals that travel down from higher centers to influence incoming signal Tendency to perceive objects as remaining the same size even when they move to different distances Perception depends on not just what goes on at the receptors, but also on additional sources of information Ability to tell when one words ends and when the next begins

Theory on unconscious inference

 

Likelihood principle Physical regularities Oblique effect Light from above heuristic Semantic regularities Mirror neurons Cognitive load Flank compatibility task

                             

Automatic processing Controlled processing

Inattentional blindness Change blindness Exogenous attention Endogenous attention Overt attention Stimulus salience Scene schemas Covert attention Object based attention Feature integration theory Illusory conjunctions Balint s syndrome

Some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment Ability to create perceptions form stimuli that can be seen in more than one way Perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment People can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations Assume that light is coming from above Characteristics associated with function carried out in diff types of scenes Neuron s response to watching something occur is the same as if one were performing the action Amount of person s cognitive resources needed to carry out a particular task Focus attention on specific stimuli and to ignore other stimuli Even though they were told to ignore flankers, they still processed information form them Processing that occurs without intention and at a cost of only some of cognitive resources Used in harder tasks Had to pay close attention at all time and had to search for target among distractors Not noticing something even though it is in clear view Usually caused by failure to pay attention Difficulty in detecting changes in scenes Attraction of attention by sudden visual or auditory stimulus Consciously determined attention Consciously decide to scan the environment Shifts in attention accompanied by eye movement Can affect attention Physical properties of stimulus Observers knowledge about what is in a scene Has been studied using precueing Spatial cueing cog lab When attention is directed to one place on an object, enhancing effect of this attention spreads throughout the object Perceive initially separate objects as part of the same object Combinations of features form different stimuli Parietal lobe damage Inability to focus attention on individual objects Lack of focused attention results in inability to combine features of an object