Design of Supersonic Transport (A-SST)

Aeiospace vehicle Besign
Besign of Supeisonic Tianspoit (A

Submitted to:

Submitted by:

Submission date:

Submitted to:
Mr. Sher Afgan
Submitted by:
Ahmad Ali Ansari
Aero
080101028
Submission date:
July
Mr. Sher Afgan
Ahmad Ali Ansari
Aero-07
080101028

July 14, 2011
Institute of Space Technology
Mr. Sher Afgan
Ahmad Ali Ansari
14, 2011
Besign of Supeisonic Tianspoit (A-SST)
SST)

2

I dedicate this report to my Parents who remain with me through
My thick and thin and always supported me.
And
To my friends who have been with me so long and changed my every
Distress into a smile

3
Acknow|edgement:
llrsLlv, l would llke Lo Lhanks AlmlahLv Allah for alvlna me Lhe sLrenaLh of compleLlna Lhe
deslan of A-SS1, Lhen mv mosL slncere Lhanks Lo mv lnsLrucLor Mr. Sher Afaan and hls asslsLanL
Mr. ?ousuf 8ehman for hls conLlnued supporL and auldance. l would also llke Lo show mv
humble araLlLude Lowards mv senlors Mr. Pamza Ahmad Mlr and Mr. Muhammad !unald for
sharlna me Lhe experlence of deslan of an alrcrafL. Also l would llke Lo express mv Lhanks Lo mv
dear frlends Mr. !azlb Passan and Mr. Ahmad Abdullah lavvazl for Lhelr conLlnued supporL. And
mosL of all mv deepesL love and servlLude Lo mv parenLs wlLhouL whom pravers and supporL l
would have never reached Lhls polnL.

4
1uble of Contentx
1-Introduction: ................................................................................................................................ 8
1-1 8equlremenLs: ........................................................................................................................... 8
1-1-1 ueslan roposal for A-SS1: .......................................................................................................... 8
1-1-2 Mlsslon requlremenLs:................................................................................................................. 8
1-1-3 erformance requlremenLs: ........................................................................................................ 9
1-1-4 Aerodvnamlc arameLers: ........................................................................................................... 9
1-1-3 SLablllLv 8equlremenL: ................................................................................................................. 9
2- Assessment of existing aircrafts ............................................................................................... 10
3- Design Procedure ...................................................................................................................... 12
Sction A {Dsigning Part) .............................................................................................. 13
4-Sizing from a Conceptual Sketch: ............................................................................................. 13
4-1 1akeoff WelahL 8ulldup: ............................................................................................................... 13
4-2 LmpLv WelahL LsLlmaLlon: ............................................................................................................ 13
4-J luel lracLlon LsLlmaLlon: .............................................................................................................. 14
4-3-1 Mlsslon roflle: .......................................................................................................................... 14
4-3-2 Mlsslon SeamenL WelahL lracLlons: .......................................................................................... 13
4-4 1akeoff WelahL CalculaLlon:.......................................................................................................... 17
4-3 1rade SLudles ................................................................................................................................ 18
5-Airfoil and Geometry Selection:................................................................................................ 19
3-1 Alrfoll SelecLlon ............................................................................................................................. 19
3-1-1 ueslan LlfL CoefflclenL ................................................................................................................ 19
3-1-2 1hlckness Lo Chord 8aLlo ........................................................................................................... 19
3-2 Wlna CeomeLrv ............................................................................................................................. 23
3-2-1 lnLroducLlon ............................................................................................................................... 23
3-2-2 AspecL 8aLlo (A8): ...................................................................................................................... 24
3-2-3 Wlna Sweep ............................................................................................................................... 26
3-2-4 1aper raLlo: ................................................................................................................................ 27
3-2-3 Wlna 1wlsL: ................................................................................................................................ 29
3-2-6 Wlna lncldence: ......................................................................................................................... 29
3-2-7 ulhedral: .................................................................................................................................... 29
3-2-8 Wlna 1lps: .................................................................................................................................. 29
3-3 1all ArranaemenL: ......................................................................................................................... 30
3-4 1all CeomeLrv ............................................................................................................................... 30

3
6-Thrust-to-Weight Ratio and Wing Loading ............................................................................... 32
6-1 lnLroducLlon: ................................................................................................................................. 32
6-2 ApproxlmaLe ueLermlnaLlon of uraa olar: .................................................................................. 32
6-3 ConsLralnL Analvsls: ...................................................................................................................... 34
6-4 8eflned WelahL Slzlna: .................................................................................................................. 37
7-Geometry Sizing ........................................................................................................................ 38
7-1 luselaae: ....................................................................................................................................... 38
7-2 Wlna: ............................................................................................................................................. 38
7-3 1all: ................................................................................................................................................ 39
7-4 Summarv: ...................................................................................................................................... 40
7-3 CeomeLrv (urawlna) ..................................................................................................................... 41
7-6 ConLrol Surfaces: ........................................................................................................................... 42
8-Configuration and Layout:......................................................................................................... 43
8-1 lnlLlal LavouL ................................................................................................................................. 43
9-Special Consideration in Configuration Layout: ....................................................................... 44
9-1 luselaae ueslan: ........................................................................................................................... 44
9-2 Cabln ueslanlna: ........................................................................................................................... 47
9-2-1 Cverall SeaLlna arranaemenL ..................................................................................................... 49
9-2-2 Carao rovlslon: ......................................................................................................................... 30
10-Propulsion and Fuel System Integration: ................................................................................. 51
10-1 luel volumes and Lnalne Slzlna calculaLlons.............................................................................. 31
10-2 lnleL aeomeLrv and poslLlon ....................................................................................................... 32
10-3 CapLure Area: .............................................................................................................................. 33
11-Landing Gear and Subsystems: ............................................................................................... 54
11-1 Landlna aears arranaemenL and slzlna ....................................................................................... 34
11-2 8raklna: ....................................................................................................................................... 33
11-3 Shock absorber ........................................................................................................................... 33
11-4 Summarv: .................................................................................................................................... 37
11-3 SubsvsLems ................................................................................................................................. 37
Sction B {Analysis Part) .................................................................................................. 59
12-Aerodynamic Analysis ............................................................................................................ 59
12-1 WeLLed Area ueLermlnaLlon ....................................................................................................... 39
12-2 LlfL CoefflclenL ............................................................................................................................. 60
12-2-1 Subsonlc LlfL Curve Slope: ....................................................................................................... 60

6
12-2-2 Supersonlc LlfL Curve Slope: .................................................................................................... 60
lla12.1 LlfL curve Slope vs Mach no ................................................................................................... 61
12-2-3 Maxlmum Subsonlc LlfL CoefflclenL: ........................................................................................ 61
12-3 uraa CalculaLlon: ......................................................................................................................... 63
12-3-1 araslLe draa (Zero LlfL) uraa:.................................................................................................. 63
12-3-1-1 Subsonlc lllahL ...................................................................................................................... 63
12-3-1-2 Supersonlc lllahL .................................................................................................................. 69
12-4 ConLrlbuLlon of varlous ComponenLs Lowards araslLe uraa:.................................................... 71
12-3 8uS Analvsls: ............................................................................................................................... 72
12-6 Summarv ..................................................................................................................................... 72
12-7 Aerodvnamlc efflclencv (uraa olar) .......................................................................................... 73
13-Propulsion analysis .................................................................................................................. 74
14-Structural Analysis .................................................................................................................. 76
14-1 v-n ulaaram: ............................................................................................................................... 76
14-2 CusL Loads: ................................................................................................................................. 76
15-Performance and Flight Mechanics ......................................................................................... 79
13-1 1hrusL 8equlred v/s veloclLv: ...................................................................................................... 79
13-2 uraa olar ................................................................................................................................... 80
13-3 L/u v/s veloclLv: .......................................................................................................................... 81
13-4 1hrusL varlaLlon wlLh alLlLude ..................................................................................................... 81
13-3 ower 8equlred vs veloclLv v~(fL/sec) ...................................................................................... 82
13-6 8aLe of Cllmb: ............................................................................................................................. 82
13-7 PodoCraph :................................................................................................................................ 83
13-8 Clldlna erformance ................................................................................................................... 83
13-9 ower Avallable and ower 8equlred vs veloclLv : .................................................................... 84
13-10 8aLe of cllmb varlaLlon wlLh PelahL (AbsoluLe Celllna):............................................................ 84
13-11 1akeoff/Landlna performance .................................................................................................. 83
13-12 Level 1urnlna lllahL ................................................................................................................... 86
13-13 Lnerav maneuverablllLv meLhods ............................................................................................. 86
13.14 erformance Analvsls 1able ...................................................................................................... 88
16-Stability and Control ................................................................................................................ 90
16-1 CC LocaLlon: ................................................................................................................................ 90
16-2 Aerodvnamlc varlaLlon of Wlna: ................................................................................................ 91
16-3 uA1CCM+: .................................................................................................................................. 92

7
16-4 LonalLudlnal SLablllLv and ConLrol: ............................................................................................. 93
16-4-1 LvaluaLlon of CoefflclenLs ........................................................................................................ 93
16-4-2 CalculaLlon of LonalLudlnal 1ransfer funcLlon for LlevaLor ulsplacemenL .............................. 93
16-4-3 LvaluaLlon of shorL perlod and phuaold response: ................................................................. 94
16-3 LaLeral SLablllLv and ConLrol: ...................................................................................................... 96
16-3-1 LvaluaLlon of CoefflclenLs ........................................................................................................ 96
16-3-2 CalculaLlon of LaLeral 1ransfer funcLlon for 8udder ulsplacemenL ......................................... 96
16-3-3 CalculaLlon of LaLeral 1ransfer funcLlon for Aeleron ulsplacemenL ........................................ 97
16-6 Cverall 8esponse of AlrcrafL: ...................................................................................................... 98
16-6-1 AaalnsL 8udder ueflecLlon ....................................................................................................... 98
16-6-2 AaalnsL Alleron ueflecLlon ....................................................................................................... 98
17-Cost Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 99
References: .................................................................................................................................. 101
Appendix-I .................................................................................................................................. 102
Appendix-II ................................................................................................................................. 106
Appendix-III ............................................................................................................................... 107
Appendix-IV ............................................................................................................................... 110
Appendix-V................................................................................................................................. 114
Appendix-VI ............................................................................................................................... 116

8
1-Introduct|on:

1odav ls Lhe aae of advancemenL and Lechnoloav. LvervLhlna ls aeLLlna lnLo Lransformed ln accordance
wlLh modern aae. 1hls ls addlna more comforL Lo human belnas. 1he world ls movlna wlLh areaL pace.
Lvervone ls ln a hurrv. 1lme has now become llLerallv monev, wasLlna lL means vou are wasLlna vour
preclous Lhlna. Also Lhe world has become alobal vlllaae. lL has now become a common pracLlce Lo
Lravel from one naLlon Lo oLher. lor savlna Llme ln Lravel, fasL mean of LransporLaLlon ls requlred. 1hls
requlremenL ls belna fulfllled bv alrllners. 8uL Lo Lravel from one conLlnenL Lo oLher conLlnenL and even
from one counLrv Lo oLher counLrv, sLlll consume hours of fllahL. lor persons who sLlll don'L have such
credlL of Llme Lo Lhelr pockeL sLlll requlre a blL fasLer mean of LransporLaLlon. 1hls can be fulfllled bv
Supersonlc 1ransporLaLlon ConcepL.
1-1 kequ|rements:

WlLh Lhe onlv requlremenL LhaL ls speclfled belna Lhe number of passenaers, a areaL dearee of flexlblllLv
ls avallable ln Lerms of accepLable soluLlons. lrom plcklna up an exlsLlna deslan and worklna ouL lLs
parameLers Lo deslanlna afresh uslna avallable Lrends Lo onlv conflrm a new deslan ln lLs feaslblllLv, were
some of Lhe posslblllLles. 1he deslan ls a llLLle of boLh.
1-1-1 Des|gn roposa| for A-551:
lL ls proposed Lo deslan a supersonlc lona-ranae LransporL alrcrafL. lL ls lnLended Lo have a crulse Mach
no. of 1.3 (990 mll/hr) and a crulse alLlLude of 46,000 feeL. lLs celllna helahL would be 30,000 feeL and lL
can ao for 4300 nm wlLh a full pavload. lL nonexpendable pavload would conslsL of cabln crew,
passenaers and baaaaae, wlLh a LoLal welahL of 23,000 lbs. uependlna on Lhe lnLernal lavouL, Lhls wlll
comforLablv accommodaLe 93 Lo 103 passenaers. 1he maxlmum Lakeoff welahL ls esLlmaLed Lo be
800,000 lbs. CLher feaLures of deslan lnclude a delLa wlna planform and Lhe use of conLrol canards.
Advance maLerlal Lechnoloav wlll be used exLenslvelv Lo reduce Lhe sLrucLure welahL.
1-1-2 M|ss|on requ|rements:
1he proposed mlsslon proflle ls shown ln lla 1.1 . lL ls a Lvplcal mlsslon proflle for a clvll LransporL.

I|g 1.1 In|t|a| M|ss|on prof||e

9
1-1-3 erformance requ|rements:

1he performance requlremenLs as deLermlned from Lhe mlsslon proflle and a comparlson wlLh exlsLlna
alrcrafLs of Lhe same or maLchlna aross welahL speclflcaLlon are as shown below ln 1able 1.1.
Var|ants Descr|pt|on
1ype of A|rcraft Supersonlc 1ransporL
kange 3300 nm
ay|oad 100 passenaers
5
1C
/5
Land
3000 fL
Lo|ter Palf hour
Ce|||ng ne|ght 30,000 fL
Max Mach 1.3
1ab|e 1.1 kequ|red erformance parameters
1-1-4 Aerodynam|c arameters:

Conslderlna Lhe mlsslon requlremenLs, some values were esLlmaLed for lmporLanL aerodvnamlc
parameLers ln Lhe lnlLlal phases of Lhe deslan.

Arodynamic Paramtr Rquird valus
L]D
max
7
C
L,max
1.6
C
d,o 0.02-0.04
1ab|e 1.2 kequ|red Aerodynam|c arameters
1-1-5 5tab|||ty kequ|rement:

ldeallv, lL ls deslred LhaL Lhe alrcrafL be sLaLlcallv sLable so as Lo avold Lhe use of a dlalLal fllahL conLrol
svsLem. Powever, Lhe areaL dearee of maneuverablllLv requlred off Lhe alrcrafL caused areaLer sLress Lo
be pald on lLs conLrollablllLv, whlch ln Lhe case of A-SS1 ls noL requlred. A sLaLlc maraln of 10 ls deemed
accepLable for Lhls alrcrafL.

10
2- Assessment of ex|st|ng a|rcrafts

A supersonlc LransporL (SS1) ls a clvlllan supersonlc alrcrafL deslaned Lo LransporL passenaers aL speeds
areaLer Lhan Lhe speed of sound. 1he onlv SS1s Lo see reaular servlce were Concorde and Lhe 1upolev
1u-144. 1he lasL passenaer fllahL of Lhe 1u-144 was ln !une 1978, and Concorde's lasL fllahL was on
november 26, 2003. lollowlna Lhe permanenL cessaLlon of flvlna bv all Concorde, Lhere are no SS1s ln
commerclal servlce. 8esldes Lhese SS1s, Lhere were deslaned supersonlc LransporLs bv 8oelna and
Lockheed namelv 8oelna 2707 and Lockheed L-2000 respecLlvelv. 1he followlna Lhree SS1s are selecLed
for nomlnaLlon of 8eference AlrcrafL
Concord
1u-144
Lockheed L-2000-7A
Analvsls ls alven ln Labular form as

1ab|e 2.1 Compar|son of ex|st|ng a|rcrafts
Cn Lhe basls of above analvsls, Concorde sulLs Lhe besL. So Concorde ls selecLed as 8eference AlrcrafL.
1he deLalled speclflcaLlons of Concorde ls alven below
General characteristics
Crew: 3 (plloL, co-plloL, and fllahL enalneer)
CapaclLv: 92-120 passenaers
(128 ln hlah-denslLv lavouL)[222]
LenaLh: 202 fL 4 ln (61.66 m)
Wlnaspan: 84 fL 0 ln (23.6 m)

11
PelahL: 40 fL 0 ln (12.2 m)
luselaae lnLernal lenaLh: 129 fL 0 ln (39.32 m)
luselaae wldLh: maxlmum of 9 fL 3 ln (2.87 m) exLernal 8 fL 7 ln (2.62 m) lnLernal
luselaae helahL: maxlmum of 10 fL 10 ln (3.30 m) exLernal 6 fL 3 ln (1.96 m) lnLernal)
Wlna area: 3,836 fL2 (338.23 m2)
LmpLv welahL: 173,300 lb (78,700 ka)
useful load: 243,000 lb (111,130 ka)
owerplanL: 4 8olls-8ovce/SnLCMA Clvmpus 393 Mk 610 afLerburnlna Lurbo[eLs
urv LhrusL: 32,000 lbf (140 kn) each
1hrusL wlLh afLerburner: 38,030 lbf (169 kn) each
Maxlmum fuel load: 210,940 lb (93,680 ka)
Maxlmum Laxllna welahL: 412,000 lb (187,000 ka)
erformance
Maxlmum speed: Mach 2.04[223] (=1,330 mph, 2,172 km/h) aL crulse alLlLude
Crulse speed: Mach 2.02[223] (=1,320 mph, 2,124 km/h) aL crulse alLlLude
8anae: 3,900 nml (4,300 ml, 7,230 km)
Servlce celllna: 60,000 fL (18,300 m)
8aLe of cllmb: 3,000 fL/mln (23.41 m/s)
llfL-Lo-draa: Low speed- 3.94, Approach- 4.33, 230 kn, 10,000 fL- 9.27, Mach 0.94- 11.47, Mach
2.04- 7.14
luel consumpLlon: 46.83 lb/ml (13.2 ka/km) operaLlna for maxlmum ranae
1hrusL/welahL: 0.373
Maxlmum nose Llp LemperaLure: 260 l (127 C)

ro[ect|on of Concorde

I|g 3.1 ro[ect|on ofConcord

12
3- Des|gn rocedure
Slnce 8avmer

ls Lhe prlmarv reference, Lhe deslan procedure followed resembles Lhe baslc ouLllne alven
ln lL. A flauraLlve descrlpLlon ls shown below.

I|g 3.1 Des|gn rocedure
Initial
Sizing
Wigbt
Estimation
T]W AND
W]S
Layout and
Configuration
Rfind Wigbt
Estimation
Comtry
Sizing
Componnt
Slction
Propulsion
Engin
slction
Ful Stors
Intgration
Propulsion
analysis
Final Wigbt
Statmnt
Arodynamic
Analysis
Prformanc
Analysis
Stability
Analysis
Structural
Analysis

13
Sction A {Dsigning Part)
4-5|z|ng from a Conceptua| 5ketch:
4-1 1akeoff We|ght 8u||dup:

1he LoLal welahL of Lhe alrcrafL as lL bealns Lhe mlsslon for whlch lL was deslaned ls known as Lhe
ueslan 1akeoff Cross WelahL". 1hls mav or mav noL be same as Lhe Maxlmum 1akeoff WelahL". 1he
svmbol W
0
ls used Lo represenL Lhe ueslan WelahL. lL can be represenLed as:

w
o
= w
ccw
+w
puyIoud
+ w
]ucI
+ w
cmpty

1he crew and pavload welahLs are alven ln Lhe deslan requlremenLs. luel WelahL and Lhe empLv
WelahLs are Lhe unknowns. 8oLh of Lhese can be expressed ln Lerms of Lhe fracLlons of Lhe LoLal Lakeoff
welahL.

w
o
= w
ccw
+ w
puyIoud
+ |
w
]
w,
1 w, + |
w
c
w,
1 w,

8v arranalna and solvlna for W
0
:

w
o
- |
w
]
w,
1 w, - |
w
c
w,
1 w, = w
ccw
+ w
puyIoud

w
o
= (w
ccw
+w
puyIoud
) |1 - |
w
]
w
o
1 -|
w
c
w
o
1

W
0
can be found ouL lf fuel welahL and empLv welahL fracLlons can be esLlmaLed.

4-2 Lmpty We|ght Lst|mat|on:

lor lnlLlal purposes, Lhe empLv welahL fracLlon can be esLlmaLed from Lhe flaure 4.1 and 1able 4.1.

Fig 4.1 Empty weight trend

14

Table 4.1 Empty weight fraction Vs Wo

lor !eL LransporL wlLh flxed sweep:
A = 1.u2 , C = -u.u6 , K
s
= 1.u

w
c
w
o
= Aw
o
c
K
s

w
c
w
o
= 1.u2w
o
-0.06

4-l Iue| Iract|on Lst|mat|on:

lor flndlna Lhe fuel fracLlon esLlmaLlon, Lhe slmple sLaLlsLlcal meLhods wlll noL work. 1he
requlred amounL of Lhe mlsslon fuel depends upon Lhe mlsslon Lo be flown, Lhe enalne's fuel
consumpLlon and Lhe aerodvnamlcs of Lhe alrcrafL. As a flrsL approxlmaLlon, fuel fracLlon ls assumed Lo
be lndependenL of W0.

4-3-1 M|ss|on rof||e:

luel fracLlon can be esLlmaLed based on Lhe mlsslon Lo be flown uslna approxlmaLlons of Lhe
aerodvnamlcs and fuel consumpLlon. A Lvplcal mlsslon proflle of Supersonlc 1ransporL alrcrafL ls alven
below

I|g 4.2 M|ss|on rof||e

13
4-3-2 M|ss|on 5egment We|ght Iract|ons:

1he varlous mlsslon seamenLs, or leas", are numbered for analvsls, wlLh zero denoLlna Lhe sLarL
of Lhe mlsslon. Lea one", for flrsL order esLlmaLlon, ls usuallv enalne warmup and Lakeoff. We assume
LhaL Lhere ls no pavload drop ln our lnlLlal esLlmaLlon, so Lhe alrcrafL loses welahL onlv bv burnlna fuel.

Table 4.2

4-3-2-1 Warm up and take off segment:

Warmup and Lakeoff welahL fracLlon can be esLlmaLed uslna hlsLorlcal Lrends alven ln 1able 3.2.
1hese values mav varv dependlna on Lhe Lvpe of alrcrafL buL for lnlLlal purposes, Lhese values are qulLe
reasonable.

w
1
w
0
= 0.97

4-3-2-2 Climb segment:

Cllmb WelahL fracLlon ls also Laken from 1able 3.2.

w
2
w
1
= u.98S

4-3-2-3 Cruise segment:

Crulse WelahL fracLlon ls found uslna Lhe 8reaueL 8anae equaLlon:

w
3
w
2
= c
-RC
v(L)

lor Lhe flrsL crulse seamenL, ranae ls:
R = 4Suunm = 27S6u,uuu t

Speclflc luel ConsumpLlon (C) value ls Laken from Lhe lla 3.3.

C = 1.1 1Er = u.uuuSuS6 1scc bbbbbbbbb

A/c wlll be deslaned Lo crulse aL M=1.3, so:
I = Ho = 14S1.S1tscc

16

(L/u)crulse ls Laken as 86.6 of (L/u)max uslna hlsLorlcal Lrends for [eL alrcrafLs. (L/u)max lles
somewhere beLween 7 and 12 for alrcrafLs havlna supersonlc speed, so (L/u)crulse ls selecLed as
|
I
1
cusc
= 1u - u.866 = 8.66

w
3
w
2
= 0.6632

4-3-3-4 Loiter segment:

LolLer WelahL fracLlon ls found ouL from Lhe endurance equaLlon:
w
3
w
2
= c
-LC
(L)

1he endurance for lolLer ls usuallv noL more Lhan 30 mlnuLes for [eL LransporL. So,
E = 6umin = S6uu s

Speclflc luel ConsumpLlon (C) value ls Laken from Lhe lla 3.3.

C = 1.u 1Er = u.uuu2778 1scc bbbbbbbbb

value of (L/u)max ls used for Lhe lolLer mlsslon seamenL.
|
I
1
mux
= 1u

w
4
w
3
= u.99S

4-3-3-5 Landing segment:

Landlna WelahL fracLlon ls Laken from 1able 3.2.

w
5
w
4
= u.99S

4-3-3-6 Fuel Fraction Estimation:

8v mulLlplvlna Lhe above welahL fracLlons, Lhe LoLal mlsslon welahL fracLlon W3/W0 can be deLermlned.

w
5
w
0
=
w
1
w
0
-
w
2
w
1
-
w
3
w
2
-
w
4
w
3
-
w
5
w
4

w
5
w
0
= u.S721

So Lhe LoLal fuel fracLlon uslna a 6 allowance for reserve fuel comes ouL Lo be:

w
]
w
o
= 1.u6 - |1 -
w
5
w
0
1 -
w
]
w
o
= u.4SS78

17
4-4 1akeoff We|ght Ca|cu|at|on:

uslna Lhe above values of fuel fracLlon and empLv welahL fracLlon, we can esLlmaLe Lhe Lakeoff aross
welahL uslna Lhe followlna equaLlon.
w
o
= (w
ccw
+w
puyIoud
) |1 - |
w
]
w
o
1 -|
w
c
w
o
1
Crew (||ot, co-p||ot, f||ght
eng|neer and A|r-hostess)
6
assengers 100
Average We|ght of a erson (|b) 134
A||owab|e Luggage (|b/person) 66
Wcrew (|b) 924
Wpay|oad (|b) 22000
1ab|e 4.3
uslna Lhe above formula, a auess value of 476903.33 lbs ls used for esLlmaLed welahL and Lhen Lhe
calculaLed welahL ls deLermlned Lhrouah lLeraLlons. LxCLL was used Lo perform Lhe lLeraLlons. 8oLh
welahLs are ln lbs.
CalculaLed ueslan 1akeoff Cross WelahL = 47,6903.33 lb (Approx)

1ab|e 4.4
5|z|ng Graph:

I|g 4.3
799,900
799,930
800,000
800,030
800,100
800,130
800,200
1 2
Graph|ca| 5|z|ng
W0 (Cuess)
Wo(CalculaLed)

18
4-5 1rade 5tud|es
1he evaluaLlon and reflnemenL of Lhe deslan requlremenL wlLh Lhe cusLomer ls an lmporLanL
parL of concepLual deslan. So a Lrade sLudv of dlfferenL lmporLanL parameLers ls requlred.
A ranae Lrade" can be calculaLed Lo deLermlne Lhe lncrease ln Lakeoff aross welahL lf Lhe
requlred ranae ls lncreased. lor Lhls purpose, Lhe welahL fracLlon for Lhe crulse seamenL ls recalculaLed,
uslna arblLrarllv selecLed ranaes.
kange(nm) W0 (|b)
2000 133996.2734
3500 317171.1197
4000 477062.0961
4500 800041.2608
1ab|e 4.5
ay|oad (assengers) W0(|b)
100 800041.2608
120 877322.1803
140 931693.97
1ab|e 4.6

I|g 4.4 kange 1radeoff I|g 4.5 ay|oad 1radeoff

0
100000
200000
300000
400000
300000
600000
700000
800000
900000
0 2000 4000 6000
G
r
o
s
s

1
a
k
e
o
f
f

W
e
|
g
h
t
(
|
b
)
kange (nm)
790000
800000
810000
820000
830000
840000
830000
860000
870000
880000
890000
93 100 103 110 113 120 123
G
r
o
s
s

1
a
k
e
o
f
f

W
e
|
g
h
t

(
|
b
)
ay|oad (assengers)

19
5-A|rfo|| and Geometry 5e|ect|on:
5-1 A|rfo|| 5e|ect|on
Alrfoll selecLlon ls a crlLlcal process ln wlna deslanlna. 1aklna lnLo conslderaLlons of fllahL
condlLlons and alrcrafL parameLers, search for alrfoll was seL. Slnce lnLended alrcrafL ls
supersonlc [eL, Lherefore lL has Lo crulse aL supersonlc speed (M=1.3). 8avmer suaaesLs nACA
64A serles Lo be Lhe besL for Lhe lnLended purpose.
lor searchlna opLlmum 64A serles for our alrcrafL, some parameLers are evaluaLed as,
5-1-1 Des|gn L|ft Coeff|c|ent
C
I
=
1
o
|
w
S
1
LsLlmaLed WelahL = 476,900 lbs
8eference Area 'S' (plcked from reference alrcrafL) = 3836 fL
2

AL 46,000 fL
uenslLv = 0.4407*10
-3

veloclLv (M=1.3) = 1431.91 fL/s
1herefore,
C
I
=
2
u.uuu44u7 - 14S1.91
2
|
476,9uu
S8S6
1 = u.2662
5-1-2 1h|ckness to Chord kat|o
lrom alven flaure (l.e. Lrend)

I|g 5.1
L/c ls found Lo be 0.046 aL M=1.3
lrom

20

I|g 5.2
M
crlLlcal
= 0.86 aL L/c = 4.3 of chord and for 64xxx nACA alrfoll
8ased on Lhe above deslan values nACA 64A204 alrfoll ls selecLed. 1he alrfoll can be vlewed as,

I|g 5.3 A|rfo||
ueslan loll Workshop sofLware ls used Lo draw lL and Lo evaluaLe lLs performance aL dlfferenL fllahL
condlLlons (l.e. wlnd Lunnel LesLlna). 1he obLalned resulLs are shown as,

I|g 5.4

21
Cl vs anale of aLLack and draa polar compuLed (uslna ueslan loll Workshop sofLware) aL Lhe crulse fllahL
condlLlon are alven as

I|g 5.5
AL zero anale of aLLack and crulse fllahL condlLlons araph of Cp vs chord lenaLh ls as

I|g 5.6

22
Alrfoll ordlnaLe daLa ls alven as

I|g 5.7
Some advanLaaes, dlsadvanLaaes and appllcaLlon of parLlcular alrfoll ls alven as

1ab|e 5.1 ros and Cons of 6-5er|es A|rfo||

23
5-2 W|ng Geometry
5-2-1 Introduct|on
1he reference (Lrapezoldal) wlna ls Lhe baslc wlna aeomeLrv used for Lhe lnlLlal lavouL.
1he kev aeomeLrlc parameLers of Lhe reference wlna are shown bv Lhe lla. 4.13 and 4.16.

I|g 5.8 W|ng Nomenc|ature

1he kev aeomeLrlc parameLers of Lhe reference wlna are:
S = 8eference wlna area
C = Chord (dlsLance from L.L. Lo 1.L.)
A = AspecL raLlo = b2/S
\ = L/c = Alrfoll Lhlckness raLlo = (maxlmum Lhlckness / chord)
= 1aper raLlo = CLlp / CrooL
b = Span

1he reference wlna exLends Lhrouah Lhe fuselaae Lo Lhe alrcrafL cenLerllne and so ls
flcLlLlous. 1he reference wlna area lncludes Lhe parL of Lhe reference wlna LhaL exLends lnLo Lhe
fuselaae. 1he requlred wlna area S can onlv be deLermlned onlv afLer Lhe Lakeoff aross welahL ls
esLlmaLed. More lmporLanLlv Lhe shape of Lhe reference wlna ls deLermlned bv lLs AspecL 8aLlo,
1aper 8aLlo and Sweep.
uelLa wlna conflauraLlon ls selecLed for our deslred Supersonlc 1ransporL. 1he dlfferenL
conflauraLlon for delLa wlna ls alven below:

24
De|ta- Lrlanaular planform wlLh swepL leadlna edae and sLralahL Lralllna edae. Cffers Lhe
advanLaaes of a swepL wlna, wlLh aood sLrucLural efflclencv. varlanLs are:
1a|||ess de|ta - a classlc hlah-speed deslan, used for example ln Lhe wldelv bullL uassaulL Mlraae
lll serles.
1a||ed de|ta - adds a convenLlonal Lallplane, Lo lmprove handllna. opular on SovleL Lvpes such
as Lhe Mlkovan-Curevlch MlC-21.
Cropped de|ta - Llp ls cuL off. 1hls helps avold Llp draa aL hlah anales of aLLack. AL Lhe exLreme,
meraes lnLo Lhe "Lapered swepL" conflauraLlon.
Compound de|ta or doub|e de|ta - lnner secLlon has a (usuallv) sLeeper leadlna edae sweep e.a.
Saab uraken. 1hls lmproves Lhe llfL aL hlah anales of aLLack and delavs or prevenLs sLalllna. Seen
ln Lallless form on Lhe 1upolev 1u-144. 1he PAL 1e[as has an lnner secLlon of reduced sweep.
Cg|va| de|ta - a smooLhlv blended "wlnealass" double-curve encompasslna Lhe leadlna edaes
and Llp of a cropped compound delLa. Seen ln Lallless form on Lhe Concorde supersonlc
LransporLs.

I|g 5.9 D|fferent Conf|gurat|ons of De|ta W|ng
1aklna lnLo conslderaLlon of dlfferenL lavouL alven above, cropped delLa wlna ls selecLed.
Concord has noL no Lall l.e. Lallless conflauraLlon. 1he Lall would be canard for conLrolllna parL.
5-2-2 Aspect kat|o (Ak):

AspecL 8aLlo ls deflned as Lhe square of Lhe span dlvlded bv Lhe Area.
AR =
b
2
S

lor lnlLlal purposes, Lhe hlsLorlcal Lrends from 1able 4.1 are used.

23

I|g 5.10
uslna formula for equlvalenL aspecL raLlo:
AR
cqu
= aN
max
c

lor Supersonlc 1ransporL,
a = 7.S , C = u , H
mux
= 1.S
1herefore
AR = 11.2S
Comparlna Lhls value wlLh reference alrcrafL ls noL maklna anv sense. 1herefore ploLLlna own
hlsLorlc Lrend. uaLa ls acqulred from neL and MA1LA8 ls used Lo flL curve Lo aeL Lhe deslred
value.

A|rcraft Mach
No.
Aspect
kat|o
1upo|ev 1u-144 2 1.893
Concord 2.04 1.83
Lockheed L-2000 3 1.427
1ab|e 5.2

26

I|g 5.11
2
nd
dearee polvnomlal ls flLLed and Lhe equaLlon ls (values can be vlewed ln above flaure)
AR = 1.1SS - H
2
-6.242 - H+9.7S6
1hus AR = 2.99 or S Approx
5-2-3 W|ng 5weep
8aslcallv, Lhe wlna sweep ls used Lo reduce Lhe adverse effecLs of Lransonlc and
supersonlc flow. 8uL Lhere are manv oLher reasons for sweeplna Lhe wlna. AL supersonlc speeds
Lhe loss of llfL assoclaLed wlLh supersonlc flow can be reduced bv sweeplna Lhe wlna leadlna
edae afL of Lhe Mach cone anale. lor lnlLlal lavouL, AL.L. ls deLermlned uslna lla. 4.20 and 4.21.

I|g 5.12

27
lrom hlsLorlcal Lrends and formula for supersonlc alrcrafL:
A
|ead|ng edge
= 9 -arcx|nI
1
Mach nu
] = 48. 18
CuarLer chord sweep can be found from alven fla (l.e. hlsLorlc Lrend)

I|g 5.13
lrom above flaure A
c4
=
5-2-4 1aper rat|o:

Wlna Laper raLlo, ls Lhe raLlo beLween Llp chord and cenLerllne rooL chord. 1aper affecLs Lhe
dlsLrlbuLlon of llfL alona Lhe span of Lhe wlna. lor a wlna swepL afL Lends Lo dlverL Lhe alr
ouLboard, Lowards Lhe Llps. 1hls loads up Lhe Llps, creaLlna more llfL ouLboard Lhan for an
equlvalenL unswepL wlna. 1o reLurn Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon Lo Lhe deslred elllpLlcal llfL dlsLrlbuLlon, lL ls
necessarv Lo lncrease Lhe amounL of Laper. llaure 4.24 alves Lhe hlsLorlcal Lrend araph for
CuarLer chard sweep-dea vs. 1aper raLlo. uslna Lhls flaure , value of Laper raLlo can be evaluaLed
wlLh Lhe help of quarLer chord sweep -dea value.
a = u.14
I|g 5.14

28
CLher lmporLanL parameLers of wlna are:
win Spon = (A - S)
0.5
= 1u7.SS t

Root Cbor Croot = 2 -
S
- (1 +)
= 62.89

ip Cbor Ctip = - Croot = 8.8

Hcon Acronomic Cbor C
= |
2
S
1 - C
oot
-
1 + +
2
1 +
= 42.64 t

Iocotion o C
= |
S
1 - |
1 +2
1 +
1 = 4u.2S t

S Wg Paa vaua a,

Aspect rat|o 3
Lead|ng edge sweep-deg 48.18
Cuarter Chord sweep 33
1aper kat|o 0.14
W|ng 5pan 107.33 fL
koot Chord 62.89 fL
1|p Chord 8.8 fL
Aerodynam|c Chord 42.64 fL
Locat|on of Aerodynam|c Chord from fuse|age
centre ||ne
40.23 fL
1ab|e 5.3

I|g 5.16

29

5-2-5 W|ng 1w|st:
A verv low Laper raLlo such as selecLed for our lnLended deslaned supersonlc LransporL
promoLes Llp sLall. Wlna LwlsL ls used Lo revlse Lhe llfL dlsLrlbuLlon (Lo aeL elllpLlcal llfL
dlsLrlbuLlon) and Lo prevenL Llp. 1here are baslcallv Lwo Lvpes of wlna LwlsL, aerodvnamlc LwlsL
and aeomeLrlc LwlsL. lor lnlLlal deslan purposes, 2 deg of tw|st provldes adequaLe sLall
characLerlsLlcs.

5-2-6 W|ng Inc|dence:
1he plLch anale of Lhe wlna wlLh respecL Lo Lhe fuselaae ls called Lhe Wlna lncldence
anale". lf Lhe wlna ls LwlsLed, Lhe lncldence ls deflned wlLh respecL Lo Lhe mean aerodvnamlc
chord or Lhe rooL of Lhe exposed wlna where lL lnLersecLs Lhe fuselaae. lL ls chosen Lo mlnlmlze
Lhe draa aL some operaLlna condlLlon, usuallv crulse.
Wlna lncldence anale ls ulLlmaLelv seL uslna wlnd-Lunnel daLa. lor mosL lnlLlal deslan
work, lL can be assumed LransporL alrcrafL wlll have a wlna lncldence of approxlmaLelv 1
degree. lor Lhe LwlsLed wlna, Lhe averaae lncldence should equal Lhese values.

5-2-7 D|hedra|:
1he anale of Lhe wlna wlLh respecL Lo Lhe horlzonLal when seen from Lhe fronL ls called
Lhe Wlna dlhedral. oslLlve dlhedral Lends Lo roll Lhe alrcrafL level when Lhe alrcrafL ls banked.
1able 4.2 provldes lnlLlal esLlmaLes of dlhedral esLlmaLed from hlsLorlcal daLa.

1ab|e 5.4
1he above Lable predlcLs LhaL Lhe dlhedral for supersonlc LransporL wlll be ln beLween -3 Lo 0
dearees for boLh Mld and Plah wlna poslLlon. lor Lhe lnLended deslan, mld wlna poslLlon ls
selecLed and value of abouL -2 dearee dlhedral ls plcked. 1he neaaLlve dlhedral ls alven due Lo
Lhe facL LhaL we wanL neaaLlve rolllna sLablllLv here because we alreadv have obLalned far
enouah laLeral sLablllLv, from sweeplna Lhe Lralllna edae of wlna afL.
5-2-8 W|ng 1|ps:

A cuLoff, forward-swepL wlna Llp ls someLlmes used for supersonlc alrcrafL. 1hls Llp ls cuL off aL
an anale equal Lo Lhe supersonlc mach-cone anale, because Lhe area of Lhe wlna wlLhln Lhe

30
shock cone formed aL Lhe wlna Llp wlll conLrlbuLe llLLle Lo Lhe llfL. Also, Lhls Llp shape wlll reduce
Lhe Lorslonal loads applled Lo Lhe wlna.

I|g 5.17
5-3 1a|| Arrangement:

1all provlde for Lrlm, sLablllLv and conLrol. 1he lnlLlal ldea ls Lo use Lhe convenLlonal Lall as lL ls
used ln mosL alrcrafLs. 8uL aL hlaher speed, canard conflauraLlon can also be applled. Canard
would be responslble for produclna exLra llfL. Also lL would be Lrlmmlna and conLrolllna Lhe
supersonlc [eL ln plLch mode. ulfferenL canard and Lall conflauraLlon are shown as

I|g 5.18
ConLrol canard conflauraLlon ls selecLed, havlna verLlcal Lall aL mosL rearward poslLlon.
5-4 1a|| Geometry

1he surface areas requlred for all Lvpes of Lalls are dlrecLlv proporLlonal Lo Lhe alrcrafL's wln
area, so Lhe Lall areas cannoL be selecLed unLll Lhe lnlLlal esLlmaLe of alrcrafL Lake off aross
welahL has been made. CLher aeomeLrlc parameLers can be evaluaLed aL Lhls Llme. 1all aspecL
raLlo and Laper raLlo show a llLLle varlaLlon over a wlde ranae of alrcrafL. 8v uslna Lhe Lvplcal
ranae of values for aspecL raLlo and Laper raLlo Lhe Lall aeomeLrv can be found ouL from 1able
33.

31

1ab|e 5.5
1he plcked values would be
Canard Vert|ca| 1a||
Aspect kat|o 1aper 8aLlo AspecL 8aLlo 1aper 8aLlo
3 0.6 1.4 0.4
1ab|e 5.6
1all Lhlckness raLlo ls usuallv slmllar Lo Lhe wlna Lhlckness raLlo, as deLermlned bv Lhe hlsLorlcal
auldellnes. lor a hlah speed alrcrafL, Lhe horlzonLal Lall ls frequenLlv abouL 10 Lhlnner Lhan Lhe
wlna Lo ensure LhaL Lhe Lall has a hlaher crlLlcal Mach number.

32
6-1hrust-to-We|ght kat|o and W|ng Load|ng
6-1 Introduct|on:

1he Lwo mosL lmporLanL parameLers affecLlna alrcrafL performance are Lhe 1hrusL-Lo-WelahL
8aLlo (1/W) and Lhe Wlna Loadlna (W/S). A ma[or parL of Lhe analvLlcal deslan acLlvlLles afLer Lhe lnlLlal
lavouL depends upon Lhe opLlmlzaLlon of Lhese Lwo parameLers. So before Lhe lnlLlal deslan lavouL ls
beaun, lL ls essenLlal LhaL a credlble esLlmaLe of Lhese Lwo parameLers be made. Wlna Loadlna and
1hrusL-Lo-WelahL 8aLlo are lnLerconnecLed for a number of performance calculaLlons so lL ls dlfflculL Lo
use hlsLorlcal daLa Lo lndependenLlv selecL lnlLlal values for Lhese.

lor deLermlnlna LhrusL Lo welahL raLlo and wlna loadlna consLralnL analvsls ls done. lor
consLralnL analvsls, we requlre draa polar of alrcrafL. Pence an approxlmaLe deLermlnaLlon of draa polar
ls also done.
6-2 Approx|mate Determ|nat|on of Drag o|ar:

1he aerodvnamlc behavlor of alrcrafL ls usuallv represenLed bv lLs uraa olar. lL's baslcallv Lhe
draa whlch an alrcrafL faces durlna lLs dvnamlcs. lL's purelv aerodvnamlc properLv of parLlcular
alrcrafL. lL ls calculaLed Laken under conslderaLlon paraslLe draa, form draa, wave draa, draa due
Lo shock waves eLc. lor Lhe calculaLlon, 1oLal uraa can be dlsLrlbuLed lnLo Lwo parLs. Cne draa
whlch an alrcrafL seeks aL zero llfL (C
u0
) and Lhe oLher llfL dependenL draa. lL ls seen LhaL
experlmenLallv as well as analvLlcallv LhaL llfL dependenL draa ln all modes ls proporLlonal Lo
some consLanL mulLlplled bv square of C
L
. Pence uraa olar ls alven bv Lhe equaLlon:
C
= C
d,0
+KC
L
2

Where llfL dependenL draa lncludes lnduced draa as well as wave draa as
K = (K
+K
w
)C
L
2

Searchlna Lvplcal values of Cd
0
and k (1able plcked from lnLerneL source)

lcklna value of Cd
0
and e for supersonlc LransporL as
1ab|e 6.1

33
Cd
0
= 0.02 & e = 0.7
value of k ls calculaLed as
Inucc ro Ki =
1
pi - c - AR
=
1
S.14 - u.7 - S
= u.1S2
wo:c ro K
w
=
K
wI
S(H
2
-1)
2nI
2

Where
lcklna value from reference alrcrafL Concord"
L = 203.73 fL
S = 3836 fL
2

8esL values have been plcked from lnlLlal wlna slzlna
b = 107.33 fL
M = 1.3
K
wI
=
2(S8S6)
2
(1u7.SS - 2uS.7S)
2
= u.u619
K
w
=
u.u619 - S8S6 - (1.S
2
-1)
2n - 2uS.7S
2
= u.uu114

1hus Lhe draa polar ls alven bv (Supersonlc Crulse)
C
= u.u26 +(u.1S2 +u.uu144)C

L
2
= u.u26 +u.1SS4C
L
2

lor Subsonlc Crulse

C
= u.u26 +u.1S2 C
L
2

1hus
5ubson|c Cru|se 5uperson|c Cru|se
C
d,
= . 2 C
d,0
= u.u26
k = 0.132 k = 0.1334
1ab|e 6.2 Ca|cu|ated Va|ues

34
6-3 Constra|nt Ana|ys|s:
1hrusL Lo welahL raLlo (1/W) and wlna loadlna (W/S) are Lwo maln parameLers ln alrcrafL deslanlna. 1o
predlcL Lhe value of Lhese parameLers requlre lenaLhv analvsls. ConsLralnL dlaaram alves us an
opporLunlLv Lo have a predlcLed LhaL ls lnlLlal value of 1/W and W/S for furLher deslanlna. A Lvplcal
consLralnL dlaaram looks llke:

I|g 6.1 Constra|nt D|agram
SoluLlon space provldes room for Lhe deslaner Lo choose opLlmum value of 1/W and W/S. lor evaluaLlna
above flaure followlna MasLer LquaLlon ls used:

lor evaluaLlna dlfferenL 1/W curve aaalnsL W/S, varlous cases are consldered separaLelv. 1hese case
mav lnclude,
1ake off
Cllmb
Crulse
SusLalned Lurn
uescenL
Landlna
1hese cases have been well sLudled and varlous curves are ploLLed Lo have consLralnL dlaaram.
lor calculaLlna dlfferenL curves, we requlre value of o and .

33
Va|ue of 8
8 Numer|c Va|ue
Warm up and 1ake off 0.9700
C||mb 0.9830
Cru|se 0.6163
Lo|ter 0.9231
Land 0.9930
1ab|e 6.3
Va|ue of o
AL 46,000 fL Sea-Level
1 = 389.9
0
8 1sLd = 318.69
0
8
= 293 lb/fL
2
= 2116.2 lb/fL
2
= 0.4407 slua/fL
2

CalculaLlna dlfferenL values
0
0
= |
st
1 - |1 + |
y -1
2
1 H
2
1 = 1.u899

o
0
= |
P
Pst
1 - |1 + |
y -1
2
1 H
2
1
y
y
-1
= u.S1174

Slnce 0
0
< R (brottlc Rotio)
1herefore

o = u.4SS26

36
Constra|nt D|agram

37
6-4 kef|ned We|ght 5|z|ng:
A proaram ln LxCLL ls wrlLLen Lo evaluaLe reflned welahL and Lhe resulL ls shown bv Lable 6.4. Also lL
lncludes acceleraLlon seamenL.

1ab|e 6.4 kef|ned We|ght Lst|mat|on

I|g 6.3
lrom Craph and Lable, value of 1ake off WelahL ls found Lo be
W0 = 725,000 |bs
724,820
724,840
724,860
724,880
724,900
724,920
724,940
724,960
724,980
723,000
723,020
1 2 3 4 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
W0 Cuess
Wo CalculaLed

38
7-Geometry 5|z|ng
7-1 Iuse|age:
lor lnlLlal auldance durlna fuselaae durlna lavouL and Lall slzlna, Lhe followlna Lable provldes
sLaLlsLlcal equaLlons for fuselaae lenaLh developed from hlsLorlcal daLa.

1ab|e 7.1
Fuscloc lcntb = ow
o
c

o = u.67 : c = u.4S (For [ct ronsport)

1he raLlo beLween Lhe fuselaae lenaLh and lLs maxlmum dlameLer ls Lhe luselaae flneness raLlo.
Supersonlc draa ls Lvplcallv mlnlmlzed bv a flneness raLlo of abouL 14 buL ls verv deslan dependanL.
Fincncss Rotio =
Fuscloc lcntb
Hoximum iomctcr

Fincncss Rotio = 1u.4 (ossumc)

7-2 W|ng:
1he acLual wlna slze can now be deLermlned slmplv as Lhe Lakeoff aross welahL dlvlded bv Lhe
Lakeoff wlna loadlna. 1hls would be Lhe reference area of LheoreLlcal, Lrapezoldal wlna, and lncludes Lhe
area exLendlna lnLo Lhe alrcrafL cenLerllne.
1o calculaLe dlfferenL parameLers of wlna, followlna formulae have been used.

39
Rccrcncc Arco S
wng
=
w
o
(wS)
tukco]]

Spon = VAR - S
C
oot
=
2 - S
(1 + u.16)

C
tp
= - C
oot

C
= |
2
S
1 - C
oot
-
1 + +
2
1 +

7-3 1a||:
1he AspecL 8aLlo and 1aper 8aLlo for slzlna of Lhe horlzonLal and verLlcal Lalls are chosen from
1able, whlch ls based upon hlsLorlcal Lrends. 1he slzlna of boLh Lhe horlzonLal and verLlcal Lall ls done on
Lhe same sLeps as for Lhe slzlna of Lhe wlna.
Vo|ume Coeff|c|ents:
lL's a verv lmporLanL parameLer ln deslanlna. 1he force due Lo Lall ls proporLlonal Lo Lhe Lall area.
1hus Lhe Lall effecLlveness ls proporLlonal Lo Lhe Lall area Llmes Lhe Lall momenL arm. 1hls producL has
unlLs of volume whlch leads Lo Lhe Lall volume coefflclenL meLhod for lnlLlal esLlmaLlon of Lall slze.
1vplcal values can be opLed from Lhe followlna Lable

1ab|e 7.2 1yp|ca| va|ues of vo|ume coeff|c|ents
Slnce canard conflauraLlon ls selecLed, Lherefore plcklna Lvplcal value of volume coefflclenL as
c
c
= . 1 (rom bistoricol oto)
Canard slze can be evaluaLed easllv bv uslna

40
S
c
=
c
c
- C
- S
w
I
c

verLlcal Lall volume coefflclenL ls selecLed as
c
FT
= . 9 (rom bistoricol oto)
verLlcal Lall slze can be evaluaLed easllv bv uslna
S
v1
=
c
v1
-
w
- S
w
I
v1

7-4 5ummary:
8v uslna above formulae, Lhe followlna Lable has been consLrucLed, deplcLlna all Lhe lmporLanL
parameLers.
ConsLralnL ulaaram Canard
Wlna Loadlna (W/S) 94.77 volume CoefflclenL (Cc) 0.1
1hrusL Lo WelahL 8aLlo
(1/W) 0.7034 MomenL Arm (Lc) 40 of fuselaae lenaLh
88.73197 fL
8eflned Slzlna Sc (fL^2) 317.9611 fL^2
Cross 1akeoff WelahL 723000 AspecL 8aLlo 3
1aper 8aLlo 0.6
Wlna Slzlna Span 'b' 39.41933 fL
8eference Area 'S' (fL^2) 7630.1 CrooL 16.42472 fL
AspecL 8aLlo (CalculaLed) 3 CLlp 9.834832 fL
Span 'b' (fL) 131.4936 CuarLer Chord (fL) 13.41332
1aper 8aLlo 0.14 verLlcal 1all
CrooL (fL) 88.39273
volume CoefflclenL
(Cv1) 0.09
CLlp (fL) 12.40298 MomenL Arm (Lv1) 43 of fuselaae lenaLh
CuarLer Chord (fL) 60.07727 99.82347 fL
luselauae Sc (fL^2) 1044.891 fL^2
a 0.67 AspecL 8aLlo 1.4
c 0.43 1aper 8aLlo 0.4
luselaae LenaLh (fL) 221.8299 Span 'b' 38.2472 fL
llneness 8aLlo (assumed) 14 CrooL 39.02773 fL
ulameLer (fL) 13.843 CLlp 13.6111 fL
CuarLer Chord (fL) 28.99204

1ab|e 7.3 5ummary of a|| |mportant Geometr|ca| arameters

7-5 Geometry (Draw|ng)

Geometry (Draw|ng) Geometry (Draw|ng)

41

42
7-6 Contro| 5urfaces:

llnal slzlna of Lhese surfaces ls based upon dvnamlc analvsls of conLrol effecLlveness, lncludlna
sLrucLural bendlna and conLrol svsLems effecLs. lor lnlLlal deslan, hlsLorlcal auldellnes are used.
7-6-1 A||erons:
Allerons Lvplcallv exLend from abouL 30 Lo 90 of Lhe span and abouL 13 Lo 23 of Lhe wlna
chord. lor Lhe under deslaned SS1, allerons exLend abouL 30 of Lhe span and 18 of Lhe wlna chord.
Span uJ the A||erun = 7. 748 Jt

7-6-2 L|evators:
LlevaLors Lvplcallv exLend Lo Lhe Llp of Lhe Lall or Lo abouL 90 of Lhe Lall span and abouL 23 Lo
30 of Lhe Lall chord. lor Lhe under deslaned SS1, conLrol surface on wlna as well as on canard can be
used as elevaLor. lor canard, elevaLor exLends abouL 90 of Lhe span of canard, whereas on wlna lL
exLends upLo 30 of wlna span.
Span uJ the F|euaturx (canard) = 29. 889 Jt
Span uJ the F|euaturx (w|ng) = 7. 748 Jt

7-6-3 kudders:
8udders Lvplcallv exLend Lo Lhe Llp of Lhe Lall or Lo abouL 90 of Lhe Lall span and abouL 23 Lo
30 of Lhe Lall chord. lor Lhe under deslaned SS1, rudders exLend abouL 90 of Lhe span and 32 of Lhe
Lall chord.
Span uJ the Rudderx = 4. 422 Jt

8-Conf|gurat|on and Layout:
8-1 In|t|a| Layout

8v uslna 8C

Conf|gurat|on and Layout:
In|t|a| Layout
uslna 8C-L SofLware
L SofLware


43

44
9-5pec|a| Cons|derat|on |n Conf|gurat|on Layout:
9-1 Iuse|age Des|gn:
ln commerclal alrcrafL caLeaorv, fuselaae ls of prlmarv lnLeresL. 1he reason ls LhaL, Lhe fuselaae has Lo
accommodaLe passenaers as well as carao. Pavlna maxlmum space ls alwavs deslrable buL Lhere are
some consLralnLs for supersonlc fllahL. Pavlna blaaer value of dlameLer mav resulL ln drasLlc lncrease ln
overall draa. llneness raLlo (lenaLh Lo max ula. raLlo) ls lmporLanL parameLer ln Lhe deslan of fuselaae.
Supersonlc draa ls Lvplcallv mlnlmlzed bv a flneness raLlo of abouL 14. Also lenaLh can be approxlmaLed
from sLaLlsLlcal daLa bv uslna Lhe formula
Icntb = ow
0
c

value of a and c ls plcked from Lable 6.3 of 4ircroft uesion: 4 conceptuo/ opprooch bv kaymor. A Lable
ls consLrucLed and Lhe resulL ls alven as
luselauae
a 0.67
c 0.43
luselaae LenaLh (fL) 221.8299
llneness 8aLlo (assumed) 14
ulameLer (fL) 13.843
1ab|e 9.1
lor supersonlc alrcrafL, Lhe areaLesL aerodvnamlc lmpacL upon Lhe conflauraLlon lavouL resulLs from Lhe
deslre Lo mlnlmlze supersonlc wave draa, a pressure draa due Lo Lhe formaLlon of shocks. 1hls ls
analvLlcallv relaLed Lo Lhe lonalLudlnal chanae ln Lhe alrcrafL's LoLal cross-secLlonal area. Several
maLhemaLlcal soluLlons are alven Lo mlnlmlze Lhe draa for slmple bodles of revoluLlon, wlLh Lhe Sears-
Paack bodv havlna Lhe lowesL wave draa. 1he cross-secLlonal area dlsLrlbuLlon for Sears-Paack bodv ls as

I|g 9.1 5ears nack 8ody

43
LfforL Lo follow Lhe above dlsLrlbuLlon ls made and Lhe resulL ls alven as

Wlna

Canard

verLlcal 1all

L/c 0.046 L/c 0.039 L/c 0.039
CrooL(fL) 88.6 CrooL(fL) 16.42 CrooL(fL) 39.02
CLlp(fL)

12.4

CLlp(fL)

9.83

CLlp(fL)

13.61

luselaae
SLaLlons
1hlckness aL
rooL
1hlckness
aL Llp
Wlna SecLlon
lenaLh
ulameLer of
Clrcular SecLlon
Cross-SecLlonal
Area
(fL) (fL) (fL) (fL) (fL^2)
0 0 0 0 1 0.783
13 0.64038 0.38413 4.3 6.36 36.363321
17.93 0.64038 0.38413 10.16 8.4 63.7988248
22.4 0.64038 0.38413 13.29 10.24 97.9782797
26 0.64038 0.38413 13.02 11.72 123.2147846
29.71 0.64038 0.38413 14.26 13.26 132.6344638
31.34 0.64038 0.38413 8.04 13.92 160.3438432
36.36 0 0 0 13.83 197.2096623
73.3 0 0 0 13.83 197.2096623
82.32 4.0736 0.3704 7.923 13.83 234.0292123
93.87 4.0736 0.3704 13.83 13.39 214.3833983
110.44 4.0736 0.3704 32.69 11.61 237.6893383
123.44 4.0736 0.3704 47.88 11.49 326.0862383
146.27 4.0736 0.3704 69.88 12.07 439.0231263
132.79 4.0736 0.3704 69.43 13.44 464.462076
138.44 4.0736 0.3704 39 14.69 330.3939383
160.73 4.0736 0.3704 18.37 13 261.97202
164.08 0 0 0 13.83 197.2096623
180.41 0 0 0 9.92 77.249024
196.09 1.32178 0.60879 9.83 7.98 60.48217123
203.31 1.32178 0.60879 23.38 3.76 31.1638363
216.16 1.32178 0.60879 36.7 3.1 46.6398093
223 1.32178 0.60879 38.23 1 41.33213123
229.4 1.32178 0.60879 4.13 0 4.39962703
230 0 0 0 0 0

1ab|e 9.2 D|str|but|on of Cross-sect|ona| area across fuse|age |ength

46

Craphlcal resulL ls as

I|g 9.2 Cross-sect|ona| area d|str|but|on of A=551

-100
0
100
200
300
400
300
0 30 100 130 200 230
C
r
o
s
s
-
5
e
c
t
|
o
n
a
|

A
r
e
a

(
f
t
^
2
)
Iuse|age 5tat|on (ft)
Serles1

47
9-2 Cab|n Des|gn|ng:

1he acLual cabln arranaemenL for a commerclal alrcrafL ls deLermlned more bv markeLlna Lhan bv
reaulaLlons. 1he alven flaure deflnes Lhe dlmenslon of lnLeresL.

I|g 9.3 Nomenc|ature re|at|ng cab|n des|gn|ng
Slnce supersonlc LransporL ls aenerallv used bv rlch persons Lherefore, Lhe SS1 ls deslaned wlLh comforL
and luxurv ln mlnd. lor Lhe comforL of Lhe 100 passenaers ln Lhe SS1, 24 lnches wlde seaLs were
deslaned. 1he SS1 provldes Lhe passenaers wlLh a 6.3 feeL hlah alsle Lo make walklna lnslde Lhe alrplane
easv and convenlenL. ln addlLlon, Lhe SS1 offers a uvu plaver lnsLalled ln Lhe back of each seaL. A
compleLe sound svsLem and a remoLe conLrol are also provlded.
1he Lable below ls a compleLe descrlpLlon of Lhe passenaer cabln.
assenaer ComparLmenL lnformaLlon
SeaL wldLh: 24 ln
SeaL plLch: 40 ln
Alsle wldLh: 24 ln
Peadroom helahL: 63 ln
Aslle helahL: 78 ln
8aaaaae/passenaer: 66 lbs
Assumlna Lhlckness of fuselaae as 8 lnches(0.73fL). 8v conslderlna above daLa, aL maxlmum dla locaLlon
fuselaae acoomadaLes 4 seaLs ln a row and aL mlnlmum dla locaLlon, lL accomadaLes 3 seaLs. 1he skeLch
ls made uslna 8C-L and ls alven as:

48

I|g 9.4 At max|mum d|a seat|ng arrangement

I|g 9.5 At m|n|mum d|a seat|ng arrangement

49
9-2-1 Cvera|| 5eat|ng arrangement

Lach secLlon conslsLs of Len rows, provldlna enouah space for klLchen, corrldor and exlL.

30
lnLerlor would llke

I|g 9.6 Inter|or of Cab|n
9-2-2 Cargo rov|s|on:

Carao mnusL be carrled ln a secure fashlon Lo prevenL shlfLlna whlle ln fllahL. Laraer clvlllan LransporLs
use sLandard carao conLalners LhaL are re-loaded wlLh carao and luaaaae and Lhen placed lnLo Lhe bellv
of Lhe alrcrafL(l.e beneaLh Lhe cabln floor). Lu-3 Lvpe conLalner wlll be used ln SS1 Lo accommodaLe Lhe
passenaer baaaaae and oLher carao. Shape of Lhe conLalner alona wlLh Lhe dlmenslons ls as:

I|g 9.7 An standard Conta|ner

31
10-ropu|s|on and Iue| 5ystem Integrat|on:
10-1 Iue| Vo|umes and Lng|ne 5|z|ng ca|cu|at|ons

8aslc aeomeLrv of Lhe enalne ls shown as

I|g 10.1 Geometry of Lng|ne
lollowlna calculaLlons are done for deflnlna Lhe aeomeLrv of enalne
Wo 723000
we|ght of fue|
seamenL 1 0.98 14300 W2= 710300
seamenL 2 0.983 10637.3 w3=
699842.
3
seamenL 3 0.966
23794.64
3 W4=
676047.
9
seamenL 4 0.3773
283763.4
3 W3=
390282.
4
seamenL 3 0.9608
13299.07
1 W6=
374983.
4
seamenL 6 0.993
1874.916
8
1oLal luel WelahL
331891.3
6

Iue| se|ected I-4
denslLv= 6.4 lb/aal
uenslLv ln Lnallsh unlLs= 0.833333 lb/aal
volume of fuel= 12806.61 fL3
Actua| Vo|umes
1wo bladder Lanks are used ln fuselaae and lnLearal Lank ls used ln
wlnas.
Avallable volume for bladder Lanks= 10629.49 fL3
Avallable volume for lnLearal Lanks= 10883.62 fL3

32

Ful tank Volum
{ft
3
)
Ful
volum
{ft
3
)
Ful
wigbt
{lbs)
Integra| w|ng tank 6628.406 3636.4 134832.48
Aft fuse|age tank 3934.908 3279.36 90084.332
Iorward fuse|age tank 4692.339 3894.24 106973.17
Total 15276 12810 351892

Lng|ne s|z|ng
1hrusL Lo welahL raLlo 0.301
Wo= 723000
1ake off LhrusL 218223
Max. mach 1.3
urv welahL 7000
1ake off LhrusL(SnLCMA Clvmpus 393 Mk 602
Lurbo[eLs) 38030
LenaLh(SnLCMA Clvmpus 393 Mk 602 Lurbo[eLs) 13.23
ulameLer(SnLCMA Clvmpus 393 Mk 602 Lurbo[eLs) 4
W|th after burn|ng
88 1
WelahL (lbs) 3388.246
ulameLer (fL) 4.872393
LenaLh (fL) 18.78883
1hrusL aL Crulse(lbs) 6020.913
SlC aL Crulse(1/hr) 0.863483
10-2 In|et geometry and pos|t|on
1he LheoreLlcal opLlmal ls Lhe lsenLroplc ramp lnleL, whlch corresponds Lo lnflnlLelv manv obllque shocks
and produces a pressure recoverv of 100 (lanorlna frlcLlon losses). 1he pure lsenLroplc ramp lnleL
works properlv aL onlv lL lLs deslan Mach number, and ls seen onlv rarelv excepL on one-speed" drones
such as Lockheed u-21, whlch uses an lsenLroplc cone opLlmlzed Lo lLs crulse speed. Powever, lsenLroplc
ramps are frequenLlv used ln comblnaLlon wlLh flaL wedae ramps, such as on Lhe Concorde SS1.
Conslderlna dlfferenL conflauraLlons, lsenLroplc ramps ln comblnaLlon wlLh flaL wedae ramps wlll be
used as lnleL. Also Lhe enalnes wlll be mounLed beneaLh Lhe wlnas aL rooL poslLlon.

I|g 10.2 In|et and os|t|on of Lng|ne

33
10-3 Capture Area:

CapLure area of enalne ls calculaLed as
I|nd|ng Capture Area
Mass flow aL 46000 fL aL
M=1.3 393 lb/s
1req= 217300 lb
1avall. 228300 lb
Sl 0.932694
Mass flow 376.3141 lb/s
from fla. 10.16
Ac/mdoL 3.672
CapLure area 1381.823 ln2
CapLure area ln feeL square 9.396009 fL2

34
11-Land|ng Gear and 5ubsystems:
11-1 Land|ng gears arrangement and s|z|ng
A mulLl-boaev landlna aear conflauraLlon ls selecLed whlch ls usuallv used on supersonlc LransporL
alrcrafLs. lour boaevs, each wlLh four wheels, spread Lhe LoLal alrcrafL load across Lhe runwav
pavemenL. Load on each wheel ls calculaLed uslna Lhe welahL dlvlslon alven ln 8avmer. 1he calculaLed
loads are used Lo slze Lhe nose and maln aear Llres. 1he mulLl-boaev conflauraLlon ls shown as

I|g 11.1
8v assumlna LhaL Lhe maln Llres carrv abouL 90 of Lhe alrcrafL welahL, esLlmaLlon of maln Llre slzes ls
done. uslna followlna Lable

Main wbl Nos gar
D|ameter 30.36ln 33.77ln
W|dth 19.33ln 11.34ln

Pavlna esLlmaLed Lhe loads and Llre slzes from sLaLlsLlcal equaLlons alven ln 8avmer, sLandard Llre daLa
was used Lo selecL Llres for Lhe nose and maln wheel aears. 1he speclflcaLlons of Lhe Llres selecLed are
alven ln Lhe Lable below.

Main wbl Nos gar
1yre type 1hree-arL name, 32 x 20.3-23 1hree-arL name, 37 x 14.0-14
Max Load 63,700lbs x 12 23,000lbs x 4
Max W|dth 20.3ln 14ln
Max d|ameter 32ln 37ln
ko|||ng rad|us 21.3ln 13.1ln
Whee| d|ameter 23ln 14ln

1ab|e 11.1

33
avemenL area and supporLed welahL on maln and nose Llres have been calculaLed as
1|re data for Ma|n Whee|s 1|re Data for Nose whee|
Max. load 63700 lb Max. load 23000 lb
lnflaLlon 193 psl lnflaLlon 160 psl
max wldhL 20.3 ln max wldhL 14 ln
Max dla 32 ln Max dla 37 ln
8olllna radlus 21.3 ln 8olllna radlus 13.1 ln
Wheel ulam 23 Wheel ulam 14
number of plles 30 number of plles 24
avement Area for ma|n whee| We|ght on whee|
Ap 332.94278 ln2 Ww 68823.84 lb
Ap 2.4309913 fL2
avement Area for nose whee| We|ght on whee|
Ap 177.98018 ln2 Ww 28476.83 lb
Ap 1.2339734 fL2
1ab|e 11.2
11-2 8rak|ng:

SomeLlmes Lhe dlameLer of Lhe Llres ls seL bv Lhe braklna requlremenLs. AlrcrafL brakes are slmllar Lo
auLomoblle dlsk brakes and are usuallv places lnslde Lhe wheels ln all buL Lhe smallesL alrcrafL. 1he
wheel Lvplcallv has a rlm dlameLer of abouL half Lhe LoLal dlameLer mounLed on lL.
1he brakes musL absorb Lhe klneLlc enerav of Lhe alrcrafL aL Louchdown, less Lhe enerav absorbed bv
aerodvnamlc draa and LhrusL reverslna.
KE
bukng
=
w
Lcnding
2g
Istoll
2

KE
bukng
= 662.89 L06 lb-fL
k|net|c energy 8rak|ng
Wlandlna 380000 lb
vsLall 271.3 fL/s
a 32.2 fL/s2
kL braklna 662890376 fL-lb
1ab|e 11.3

11-3 5hock absorber
1he landlna aear musL absorb Lhe shock of a bad landlna and smooLh ouL Lhe rlde when Laxlna. 1he Llres
Lhemselves provlde some shock-absorblna ablllLv bv deflecLlna when a bump ls encounLered.

36
A LrlanaulaLed aear wlLh an oleopneumaLlc shock sLruL ls selecLed for shock absorpLlon. 1he oleo sLruL
musL be sLrona enouah Lo handle Lhe laLeral and braklna loads of Lhe wheels. Cleo shock absorber ls
shown ln flaure below:

I|g 11.2 5hock Absorber
1he oleo dlmenslons are deLermlned bv calculaLlna sLroke lenaLh wlLh a verLlcal veloclLv aL Louchdown
of 12fL/s. Shock absorber slzlna deLalls are alven ln followlna Lable
ueLermlnaLlon of
exLernal dlameLer
of oleo(nose)
Gear Load Iactor(Nose)

Determ|n|ng 5troke(Nose)

Loleo 72300 lb Wlandlna 38000 lb eLa 0.73
ressure 1800 psl naear 3
from
Lable
11.3 L 174000 lb
uoleo 9.3119637 ln
Averaae
load 174000 lb SL 0.283333 fL
uoleo 0.773997 fL k|net|c energy vert|ca|(Nose) eLa 1 0.4
Wlandlna 38000 lb vverLlcal 12 fL/s
vverLlcal 12 fL/s a 32.2 fL/s2
a 32.2 fL/s2 naear 3
kL braklna 129689.4 fL-lb SLoke 10.11213 ln
llnal sLroke 11.11213 ln
ueLermlnaLlon of
exLernal dlameLer
of oleo(Maln)
Gear Load Iactor(Ma|n)

Determ|n|ng 5troke(Ma|n)

Loleo 217933 lb Wlandlna 322000 lb eLa 0.73
ressure 1800 psl naear 3
from
Lable
11.3 L 1366000 lb
uoleo 16.144913 ln
Averaae
load 1366000 lb SL 0.391667 fL

37
uoleo 1.3434096 fL k|net|c energy vert|ca|(Ma|n) eLa 1 0.4
Wlandlna 322000 lb vverLlcal 12 fL/s
vverLlcal 12 fL/s a 32.2 fL/s2
a 32.2 fL/s2 naear 3
kL braklna 1167203 fL-lb SLoke 9.418799 ln
llnal
sLroke 10.4188 ln

1he LoLal lenaLh of Lhe oleo lncludlna Lhe sLroke dlsLance and Lhe flxed porLlon of Lhe oleo wlll be
approxlmaLelv 2.3 Llmes Lhe sLroke.
nose Wheel LenaLh of Cleo(ln) 27.78033126
Maln Wheel LenaLh of Cleo(ln) 26.04699793

Cear reLracLlon wlll be lnLo Lhe fuselaae. 1he aears wlll be hlnaed aL boLLom of wlna near rooL. lL can be
undersLood bv followlna flaure,

I|g 11.3 Gear ketract|on
11-4 5ummary:

Main wbl Nos gar
C|oe 5troke 10.418 ln 11.112 ln
C|eo Length 26.046 ln 27.780 ln
C|oe d|ameter 16.144 ln 09.311 ln
1ab|e 11.4 C|eo Va|ues
11-5 5ubsystems
AlrcrafL subsvsLems lnclude Lhe hvdraullc, elecLrlcal, pneumaLlc and auxlllarv/emeraencv power svsLems,
and avlonlcs. ln aeneral Lhe subsvsLems do noL have a ma[or lmpacL on lnlLlal deslan lavouL.
11-5-1 nydrau||c 5ystem
Pvdraullc fluld, a llahL oll-llke llquld ls pumped up Lo some speclfled pressure and sLored ln an
accumulaLor. When Lhe valve ls opened, Lhe hvdraullc fluld flows lnLo Lhe acLuaLor where lL presses
aaalnsL Lhe plsLon, causlna lL Lo move, ln Lurn, movlna Lhe conLrol surface (see below llaure). Pvdraullc
svsLems are used for fllahL conLrol as well as acLuaLlon of flaps, landlna aear, spollers, and speed brakes.
11-5-2 L|ectr|ca| 5ystems
1he alrcrafL elecLrlcal svsLem provldes elecLrlcal power Lo Lhe avlonlcs, hvdraullcs, envlronmenLal
conLrol, llahLlna, and oLher subsvsLems. 1hls svsLem conslsLs of baLLerles, aeneraLors, Lransformer
recLlflers (18s), elecLrlcal conLrols, clrculL breakers
and 18s are used Lo converL Lhls AC lnLo uC currenL. 1hls deslan ls chosen Lo use 2 enalne
aeneraLor supplv 113/200v, 400 Pz, Lhree
11-5-3 neumat|
1hls svsLem provldes Lhe compressed alr for pressurlzaLlon, envlronmenLal conLrol, anLl
some cases enalne sLarLlna. normallv pneumaLlc svsLems use pressurlzed alr bled from Lhe enalne
compressor. 1he compressed alr ls cooled L
pressurlzaLlon and avlonlcs coollna. 1hls ls called Lhe
11-5-4 Aux|||ary/Lmergency ower
Larae or hlah
Lhree forms of emeraencv hvdraullc power are Lhe ram
power unlL (Lu), and [eL
Lhls unlL ls LhaL an
a slnale enalne. 1hls Lu could be deslaned Lo be able Lo supporL Lhe alrcrafL, ln case of an enalne
fallure, Lo a safe landlna.
11-5-5 Av|on|cs:
Avlonlcs, a conLracLlo
fllahL conLrol compuLers, radar, lnfrared deLecLors and oLher equlpmenLs. A qulck esLlmaLlon of avlonlc
equlpmenL's welahL ls calculaLed as

L|ectr|ca| 5ystems
neumat|c/LC5 systems
Aux|||ary/Lmergency ower
Larae or hlah-speed alrcrafL are compleLelv dependenL upon Lhe hvdraullc svsLem
power unlL (Lu), and [eL
Lhls unlL ls LhaL an lnleL l
Av|on|cs:
Avlonlcs, a conLracLlon of avlaLlon elecLronlcs", lncludes radlo, fllahL lnsLrumenLs, navlaaLlonal alds,
L|ectr|ca| 5ystems
c/LC5 systems
speed alrcrafL are compleLelv dependenL upon Lhe hvdraullc svsLem
power unlL (Lu), and [eL-fuel (Lu), Lhe laLLer ls chosen for Lhls alrcrafL deslan. 1he onlv concern for
lnleL ls needed for operaLlon.
n of avlaLlon elecLronlcs", lncludes radlo, fllahL lnsLrumenLs, navlaaLlonal alds,
Av|on|cs We|ght
from 1able 1
Wavlo/WempLv
WempLv
Wavlonlcs

I|g 11.4 5|mp||f|ed nydrau||c 5ystem
aeneraLor supplv 113/200v, 400 Pz, Lhree-phase AC power for all power sources.
compressor. 1he compressed alr ls cooled Lhrouah a heaL exchanaer, and ls Lhen used for cockplL
fuel (Lu), Lhe laLLer ls chosen for Lhls alrcrafL deslan. 1he onlv concern for
s needed for operaLlon.
equlpmenL's welahL ls calculaLed as,
Av|on|cs We|ght
from 1able 11.6
Wavlo/WempLv
WempLv
Wavlonlcs
1ab|e 11.

38
5|mp||f|ed nydrau||c 5ystem
recLlflers (18s), elecLrlcal conLrols, clrculL breakers, and cables. AlrcrafL aeneraLors produce AC currenL
phase AC power for all power sources.
hrouah a heaL exchanaer, and ls Lhen used for cockplL
pressurlzaLlon and avlonlcs coollna. 1hls ls called Lhe LnvlronmenLal ConLrol SvsLem.
Lhree forms of emeraencv hvdraullc power are Lhe ram-alr Lurblne (8A1), monopropellanL emeralna
s needed for operaLlon. 1hls could be a vlLal parL of Lhls deslan, slnce lL onlv has
Av|on|cs We|ght
1.6
Wavlo/WempLv 0.01
373109
3731.09
1ab|e 11.5 Av|on|cs We|ght
5|mp||f|ed nydrau||c 5ystem
, and cables. AlrcrafL aeneraLors produce AC currenL
LnvlronmenLal ConLrol SvsLem.
alr Lurblne (8A1), monopropellanL emeralna
1hls could be a vlLal parL of Lhls deslan, slnce lL onlv has

lb
lb
Av|on|cs We|ght

LnvlronmenLal ConLrol SvsLem.
speed alrcrafL are compleLelv dependenL upon Lhe hvdraullc svsLem for fllahL conLrol. 1he
1he alrcrafL elecLrlcal svsLem provldes elecLrlcal power Lo Lhe avlonlcs, hvdraullcs, envlronmenLal-
conLrol, llahLlna, and oLher subsvsLems. 1hls svsLem conslsLs of baLLerles, aeneraLors, Lransformer-
and 18s are used Lo converL Lhls AC lnLo uC currenL. 1hls deslan ls chosen Lo use 2 enalne-drlven 90 kvA
1hls svsLem provldes Lhe compressed alr for pressurlzaLlon, envlronmenLal conLrol, anLl-lclna, and ln

for fllahL conLrol. 1he
drlven 90 kvA
lclna, and ln
for fllahL conLrol. 1he

39
Sction B {Analysis Part)
12-Aerodynam|c Ana|ys|s
12-1 Wetted Area Determ|nat|on

Aircraft wetted area (S
wet
), the total exposed surface area, can be visualized the area of the external parts
of the aircraft that would get wet if it were dipped into water. The wetted area must be calculated for drag
estimation, as it is the major contributor to friction drag.

Since thickness to chord (t/c) ratio of is less than 0.05, therefore following assumption can be adopted to
calculate wetted area of wing or tail.

S
wct
= 2.uuS - S
cxposcd

Component

S
expuxed
(It
2
)

S
wet
= 2. - S
expuxed
(It
2
)

Wing

6535.072

13089.749

Canard

450.106

901.562

Vertical Tail

872.676

1747.97

Table 12.1 Summary of Exposed Area Values of A-SST

For the estimation of fuselage wetted area, following formula can be used,

S
wct
= S.4 - |
A
top
+A
sdc
2
1

Following values have been estimated from drawing

A
top
= A
sdc
= 26u6.u788 t
2

Thus,
S
wct
= 886u.667t
2

The necessary calculation for estimating the above values is given as,

60

12-2 L|ft Coeff|c|ent

Slnce SS1 has Lo crulse Lhrouah subsonlc Lo supersonlc realon, Lherefore boLh Lhe llfL curve slopes are
calculaLed separaLelv and Lhen ploLLed uslna MA1LA8.
12-2-1 Subsonic Lift Curv Slop:
C
L,
=
2nAR
2 +4 +
AR
2
[
2
n
2
(1 +
a
2
A
mux,t
[
2
)
(
S
cxposcd
S
c]
)(F)
Where 'l' ls Lhe fuselaae llfL facLor alven as,
F = 1.u7 |1 +
1
2

Where,
= 1S.48S t & = 1S9.49 t
1hus,
F = 1.u7 |1 +
1S.48S
1S9.49
1
2
= 1.2878
Also
[
2
= 1 -H
2

N = u.4S4 ( w aa wu a)
[ = u.891
n = u.9S (assumed)
S
cxp
S
c]
=
6SSS.u72
76Su
= u.8S42
mux,t
= u.S17 ro
C
L,
= . 2 per rad|an
12-2-2 Suprsonic Lift Curv Slop:

Super-crulse ls aL M= 1.3. LlfL curve aL Lhe alven Mach number ls calculaLed bv uslna Lhe alven formulae
[
2
= H
2
-1
C
L,
=
4
B
= . 77

61
uslna above formulae, llfL curve slopes for subsonlc and supersonlc realon ls ploLLed bv wrlLlna a
proaram ln MA1LA8. Lhe araph Lhus obLalned ls

Fig12.1 Lift curv Slop Vs Macb No
12-2-3 Maximum Subsonic Lift Cofficint:

Maxlmum llfL coefflclenL of SS1 ls found aL M=0.414. lor low AspecL 8aLlo wlna, maxlmum llfL coefflclenL
can be found bv uslna followlna formula,
C
L
mux
= (C
L
mx
)
busc
+AC
L
mux

1ab|e 12.2 De|ta Va|ues
An or our cosc AY = . 9798
1aper raLlo = 0.14
Leadlna edae sweep = 0.8409 rad

62
lor calculaLlna (C
L
mux
)
busc
& AC
L
mux
followlna values are obLalned bv uslna Lrend araphs.

C
1
= u.SS
C
2
= u.S4

I|g12.2
Correspondlna (C
L
max
)
haxe
ls found Lo be u.8S

I|g12.3

63
Correspondlna AC
L
max
ls found Lo be u.u2

So maxlmum llfL coefflclenL ls esLlmaLed as,
C
L
mx
= . 8
1he anale of aLLack aL whlch maxlmum llfL ls obLalned ls alven as
o
L
mux
= (o
L
mux
)
busc
+ Ao
L
mux

1he requlred values can be found ouL bv uslna araphs,

I|g12.4

Correspondlna (u
L
max
)
haxe
ls found Lo be 22 dearees

I|g12.5
Correspondlna (u
L
max
)
haxe
ls found Lo be u dearees
1hus
u
C
L
max
= 22

64
12-2-4 Max|mum L|ft w|th n|gh-L|ft Dev|ces:
SS1 wlll deplov sloLLed flaps for exLra llfL. lcklna value of chanae ln llfL(2u) from Lable as

1ab|e 12.3
AC
|
max
= 1.
AC
L
mux
can be found bv uslna formula

S
]Iuppcd
S
c]
= |
4S4S
76Su
1 = u.S67S
L.L.
= 6.SS crccs
cos
L.L.
= u.99S8
SubsLlLuLlna above values,
AC
L
max
= . 7
1hus
C
L
mux
= u.8S +u.7SS
C
L
max
= 1. 82

63

12-3 Drag Ca|cu|at|on:

All efforLs were made durlna Lhe course of Lhe deslan, Lo reduce draa as much as posslble. 1he use of a
Lhln alrfoll, an approxlmaLe Sears Paack fuselaae bodv, and few exLernal sLores wlLh no dlscreLe fuel
Lanks aL all were some of Lhe measures Laken Lo reduce draa bulldup over Lhe alrcrafL bodv. Also, lnleL
ducL aLLached Lo Lhe boLLom of Lhe fuselaae has been placed flush wlLh Lhe lower surface Lo ensure a
smooLh LranslLlon from Lhe lnleL Lo Lhe nozzle, wlLh Lhe upsweep fuselaae anale belna 7
0
.
12-3-1 aras|te drag (2ero L|ft) Drag:
Lqu|va|ent 5k|n- Ir|ct|on Method:

1ab|e 12.4 1yp|ca| va|ues of Cfe
C
]
c
= u.uuS
SweL/Sref =2.037
C
0
= u.uu6172 (subsonlc esLlmaLlon)
Component 8u||d-up Method
12-3-1-1 5ubson|c I||ght
aras|te and Induced Drag
araslLe draa coefflclenL was calculaLed for Lhe alrcrafL uslna Lhe componenL bulldup meLhod.

where,
Cfc = Skln frlcLlon coefflenL,

66
ll = lorm lacLor,
C = lnLerference effecL,
SweLc = WeL area of each componenL,
Cu
L&
= Leakaae and proLuberances draa,
I|at |ate 5k|n Ir|ct|on Co-eff|c|ent
The flat plate skin fiiction co-efficient uepenus on the Reynolus numbei, Nach numbei anu skin
ioughness. The most impoitant factoi affecting skin fiiction uiag is the extent to which the aiiciaft
has laminai flow ovei its suiface.
Nost cuiient aiiciafts have tuibulent flow ovei viitually the entiie wetteu suiface. A typical cuiient
aiiciaft may have laminai flow ovei peihaps 1u-2u% of the wings anu tails, anu viitually no
laminai flow ovei fuselage.

lor flndlna Lhe form facLors of dlfferenL componenLs Lhe followlna formulas are used:

lnLerference effecLs have been esLlmaLed from hlsLorlcal Lrend. All Lhe calculaLlons lncludlna lnduced
draa calculaLlons are done uslna LxCLL sheeLs and Lhe resulLs are

67

68

69
12-3-1-2 Suprsonic Fligbt
aras|te and Induced Drag
araslLe uraa can be found ouL bv uslna

Wave uraa ls compuLed uslna a wave draa efflclencv facLor, L
wd
of 1.8.

where u/q
Sears-Paack
ls alven bv
Sears Paack 8odv ls alreadv drawn and ls re-produced here Lo aeL value of Amax and l.

I|g 12.6 Cross-sect|ona| area d|str|but|on of A-551
Amax =464.46 fL
2
, L = 132.79 fL, M = 1.3 and Leadlna edae anale = 48.18 dearees
uslna above values u/q)wave ls calculaLed. 1he value ls Lhen dlvlded bv Lhe wlna reference area Lo aeL
C
u,wave
values.
lnduced uraa ls calculaLed bv uslna

CalculaLlons are done on LxCLL and resulL ls alven as,

-100
0
100
200
300
400
300
0 30 100 130 200 230
C
r
o
s
s
-
5
e
c
t
|
o
n
a
|

A
r
e
a

(
f
t
^
2
)
Iuse|age 5tat|on (ft)
Serles1

70

12-4 Contr|bu
1he conLrlbuLlons of varlous parLs of SS1 Lowards lL's paraslLe draa can easllv be undersLood from
followlna ple
Contr|but|on of var|ous Components towards aras|te Drag:
followlna ple-charLs.
t|on of var|ous Components towards aras|te Drag:
Canard
verLlcal 1all
3
luselaae
Cd0 at 46,000 ft (5uperson|c)
Canard
6
verLlcal 1all
3
I|g 12.7 5ubson|c Cd
I|g 12.8 5uperson|c Cd
I|g 12.9 5ubson|c
Canard
6
verLlcal 1all
luselaae
17
Cu
3
Cd0 at 46,000 ft (5ubson|c)
Wave uraa
73
Canard
luselaae
17
Cu
3
Cd0 at 5ea

71
7 5ubson|c Cd
0
at 46,000 ft
5uperson|c Cd
0
at 46,000 ft
bson|c Cd
0
at 5ea
Wlna
69
Wlna
69
Wave uraa
73
Wlna
69
luselaae
17
Cd0 at 5ea-Leve|
at 46,000 ft
at 46,000 ft
5ea-Leve|
Canard
6
Cu
Wlna
69
Leve|


Canard
6
verLlcal 1all
3
luselaae
17
Cu
3

72
12-5 kD5 Ana|ys|s:
1he calculaLlons done so far ls cross checked bv uslna 8uS sofLware. All Lhe relevanL lnformaLlon
requlred bv Lhe sofLware ls fed lnLo Lhe proaram and Lhen Lhe proaram ls execuLed. 8uS ploLLed Lhe
followlna araphs whlch [usLlfled Lhe calculaLlons done so far.

I|g 12.10 kD5 output graphs

12-6 5ummary

Phase CB
u
K
Sea-Level (Subsonic) 0.009643 0.128393
46,uuu ft (Subsonic) 0.012213 0.128393
46,uuu ft (Supeisonic) 0.039373 0.173226
1ab|e 12.5 5ummary of Va|ues of CD
0
and k

73
12-7 Aerodynam|c eff|c|ency (Drag o|ar)

L/u raLlo ls a measure of an alrcrafL's aerodvnamlc efflclencv. Pavlna obLalned values for Lhe LlfL and
uraa coefflclenLs, Lhelr raLlo was compuLed for dlfferenL alLlLudes and ploLLed for dlfferenL Mach
numbers aaalnsL C
L
. 1he alrcrafL draa polar ls shown as alona wlLh Lhe compuLed Lable uslna LxCLL.

1ab|e 12.6 5ummary of Va|ues of CD
0
and k

I|g 12.11 Drag o|ar

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.03 0.1 0.13 0.2 0.23
C
D
0
CL
AL Sea-Level
AL 46,000 fL (Subsonlc)
AL 46,000 fL (Supersonlc)

74
13-ropu|s|on ana|ys|s

1he enalne performance ls also scaled down uslna exlsLlna enalnes LhaL are belna used ln supersonlc
LransporL alrcrafLs wlLh performance parameLers maLchlna Lhose of Lhls alrcrafL. Maxlmum LhrusL aL sea
level was deLermlned uslna Lhe 1/W
0
value compuLed earller. 1hls was Lhen compared wlLh LhrusL ploLs
of represenLaLlve alrcrafL enalnes Lo aeneraLe a ploL speclflc Lo Lhe slzed enalne.
loLs for afLerburner LhrusL for dlfferenL alLlLudes are shown below.

I|g 13.1 Var|at|on of Lng|ne Afterburner thrust
13-1 Insta||ed Lng|ne 1hrust Correct|ons:
1he manufacLurer's unlnsLalled enalne LhrusL ls based upon an assumed lnleL pressure-recoverv. 8v
uslna sLaLlsLlcal approach (LhaL ls bv uslna equaLlons alven ln 8avmer book), Lhe comlna Lable ls made
alona wlLh Lhe lnleL pressure recoverv curve ploLLed aaalnsL Mach number. 1he Lable and ploL deplcLs
Lhe varlaLlon of lnleL pressure recoverv and percenL LhrusL loss aaalnsL Mach number. 1he equaLlons
used are:

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
x 10
4
Mach No.
T
h
r
u
s
t

(
l
b
s
)
Afterburner thrust VS Mach No.
0 ft
20000 ft
35000 ft
50000 ft

73

1ab|e 13.1

I|g 13.2 Var|at|on of pressure recovery and thrust |oss w.r.t Mach Number
Where: 0 = 1oLal pressure, 1 = LoLal pressure aL lnleL of fan of aas Lurblne, Cram = ram recoverv
correcLlon facLor
Also Lhere ls anoLher form of pressure due Lo bleed flow lnslde Lhe enalne. lL can be esLlmaLed as

ercent thrust Loss
mass flow 376 lb/s
8leed 18.8 lb/s
Cbleed 2
1hrusL Loss 10
1ab|e 13.2
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
0 1 2 3
1
/
o
Mach Number
keference and ava||ab|e |n|et
pressure recovery
0
0.3
1
1.3
2
2.3
3
0 1 2 3
1
h
r
u
s
t

|
o
s
s
Mach Number
1hrust Loss

76
14-5tructura| Ana|ys|s

14-1 V-N D|agram:
SLrucLural analvsls of Lhe alrcrafL ls carrled ouL uslna Lhe sLrucLural load facLor llmlL seL down ln Lhe
lnlLlal phases of Lhe deslan. Whenever an alrcrafL aoes Lo a maneuver, Lhen Lhere are cerLaln llmlLaLlons
as,
Aerodvnamlc
SLrucLural ( lor +lve and -lve load facLor )
LlmlL Load lacLor: ermanenL deformaLlon of sLrucLure
ulLlmaLe Load lacLor: lallure/8reakaae of sLrucLure
uvnamlc ressure LlmlL: ln dlve eLc. Around 1.2 Llmes vmax ln level fllahL
1he v-n dlaaram deplcLs Lhe realon where an alrcrafL can operaLe wlLhouL anv danaer of sLrucLure
fallure eLc.

I|g 14.1 V-N d|agram at a|t=46,000ft
14-2 Gust Loads:

1he loads applled on an alrcrafL and Lhe sLrucLural llmlLs needed Lo accommodaLe exLernal dlsLurbances
such as ausLs, ls also analvzed for Lhls alrcrafL. 1he followlna equaLlon from 8avmer, was used Lo
calculaLe Lhe chanae ln load facLor when an alrcrafL encounLers a ausL ln lLs fllahL paLh. u for veloclLv
values of concern was deLermlned uslna a ausL allevlaLlon facLor".
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
0 200 400 600 800 1000
A
x
|
s

1
|
t
|
e
Ax|s 1|t|e
V-n D|agram
uvnamlc ressure LlmlL
SLalllna LlmlL(+ve CL)
SLalllna LlmlL (-ve CL)
oslLlve LlmlL Load lacLor
neaaLlve LlmlL Load
lacLor
Serles6
Serles7

77

1he maxlmum chanae ln n was caused when Lhe alrcrafL was flvlna aL Lhe ausL veloclLv. A proaram ln
LxCLL ls wrlLLen for calculaLlon purpose and Lhe resulL ln Lhe form of Lable ls alven as,
Gust Loads (At 40,000 ft) Ior subson|c gust
ude= 30 fL/s Mach no. 0.434
W/S 94.77 Lemp 390 8anklne
Clalpha (ss) 3.32 per radlan veloclLv 439.4314 fL/s
Clalpha (SS) 3.377 per radlan delLa alpha 0.034033 radlans
denslLv 0.000387 uelLa L 17171.13 lb
MAC 60.07 Area 1392 fL^2
Lva|uat|ng k uelLa n 0.113811
Subsonlc Ior superson|c gust
mew 47.40069 Mach no. 1.3
k 0.7913 Lemp 390 8anklne
supersonlc veloclLv 1431.932 fL/s
mew 46.64336 delLa alpha 0.018273 radlans
k 0.88449 uelLa L 64424.7 lb
CusL u ss 23.74301 Area 1392 fL^2
CusL u SS 26.3347 uelLa n 0.42701

Gust Loads (At 5ea-Leve|) Ior subson|c gust
ude= 30 fL/s Mach no. 0.434
W/S 94.77 Lemp 318.69 8anklne
Clalpha (ss) 3.32 per radlan veloclLv 306.7931 fL/s
Clalpha (SS) 3.377 per radlan
delLa
alpha 0.033863 radlans
denslLv 0.002377 uelLa L 61346.83 lb
mac 60.07 Area 1392 fL^2
Lva|uat|ng k uelLa n 0.40661
Subsonlc Ior superson|c gust
mew 11.71138 Mach no. 1.3
k 0.603834 Lemp 318.69 8anklne
supersonlc veloclLv 1674.433 fL/s
mew 11.32496
delLa
alpha 0.01133 radlans
k 0.644661 uelLa L 219170.4 lb
CusL u ss 18.17301 Area 1392 fL^2
CusL u SS 19.33984 uelLa n 1.432673

lor Lhe llmlL load facLor speclfled, Lhe ausL load facLor ls 3.43 aL 40,000 fL. 1he ausL v-n dlaaram has
been ploLLed wlLh Lhe orlalnal v-n dlaaram ln above flaure.

78

I|g 14.2 Gust V-n D|agram

WlLh Lhe hlahesL load facLor on Lhe alrcrafL belna 3.43, Lhls ls Laken Lo be Lhe mosL crlLlcal llmlL load
facLor. SLrucLural deslan load facLor, uslna Lhe crlLerlon alven bv 8avmer was 30 hlaher Lhan Lhls value.
+v Limit Load Factor 4
-v Limit Load Factor -2
Cust Max Limit Load Factor
{at 40,000 ft)
4.427
Cust Max Limit Load Factor
{at 40,000 ft)
3.43
1ab|e 14.1 5tructura| arameters

79
15-erformance and I||ght Mechan|cs
15-1 1hrust kequ|red v/s ve|oc|ty:

Steady level flight means the airplane flies at a given velocity and altitude. To maintain this
speed and altitude, enough thrust must be generated to exactly overcome the drag and to keep
the airplane going. This thrust is called the thrust required T
R
, to maintain the flight
conditions of the airplane. T
R
depends on the velocity, the altitude and the aerodynamic
shape, size, and weight of the airplane and has nothing to do with the engines themselves. It
is the thrust required to overcome drag. Its plot with velocity is shown below:

0
30000
100000
130000
200000
230000
300000
330000
0 300 1000 1300 2000
1
k

(
|
b
)
V~(ft/s)
1k(|b) vs V~ (ft/s)
1hrusL
requlred .
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
L
/
D
A|pha(o)
L/D vs A|pha(o)

80
15-2 Drag o|ar

1he aerodvnamlc behavlor of alrcrafL ls usuallv represenLed bv lLs uraa olar. lL's baslcallv Lhe draa
whlch an alrcrafL faces durlna lLs dvnamlcs. lL's purelv aerodvnamlc properLv of parLlcular alrcrafL. lL ls
calculaLed Laken under conslderaLlon paraslLe draa, form draa, wave draa, draa due Lo shock waves eLc.
lor Lhe calculaLlon, 1oLal uraa can be dlsLrlbuLed lnLo Lwo parLs. Cne draa whlch an alrcrafL seeks aL zero
llfL (C
u0
) and Lhe oLher llfL dependenL draa. lL ls seen LhaL experlmenLallv as well as analvLlcallv LhaL llfL
dependenL draa ln all modes ls proporLlonal Lo some consLanL mulLlplled bv square of C
L
. Pence uraa
olar ls alven bv Lhe equaLlon:
C
= C
d,0
+ KC
L
2

0
0.3
1
1.3
2
0 1 2 3 4 3
C
D
CL
CL V5 CD
0
30000
100000
130000
200000
230000
300000
330000
0 300 1000 1300 2000
D
r
a
g
V~(ft/s)
Drag o|ar

81

15-3 L/D v/s Ve|oc|ty:

When you are looking at the T
R
curve, it is useful to remember that each different point on the
curve corresponds to a different angle of attack and a different L/D. An example of a typical L/D
curve versus velocity is shown

15-4 1hrust var|at|on w|th a|t|tude
lor low bvpass Lurbofan, we know LhaL 1hrusL varlaLlon ls alven as (!r.):
o
= (
o
)
m

Where 1
o
and
o
represenL maxlmum avallable LhrusL aL sea level and denslLv aL sea level .
m = 1.uu
AL 33,000 fL,
o
= u.uu2S769 slut
3

= u.uu44u72 slust
3

Suuuuu
= (
u.uuu7S82
u.uu44u7
)
1.0

So LhrusL aL 46,000 fL ls
cruisc = 12S,uuu l
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 300 1000 1300 2000
L
/
D
V~(ft/s)
Serles1

82

15-5 ower kequ|red vs Ve|oc|ty V~(ft/sec)

The power required curve in the figure below is qualitatively the same shape as the thrust
required curve. At low velocities the P
R
first decreases as V increases, then goes through a
minimum, and finally increases as V increases. The physical reason for this shape of the power
required curve is at low velocity the drag due to lift dominates the power required and at high
velocity the zero lift drag is a dominant factor.

15-6 kate of C||mb:

The rate of climb (RoC) is an aircraft's vertical speed - the rate of change in altitude. In most
ICAO member countries (even in otherwise metric countries), this is usually expressed in feet
per minute and can be abbreviated as ft/min. Elsewhere, it is commonly expressed in meters per
second, abbreviated as m/s. The rate of climb in an aircraft is indicated with a vertical speed
indicator (VSI) or instantaneous vertical speed indicator (IVSI). The rate of decrease in altitude
is referred to as the rate of descent or sink rate.

0
30000000
10000000
13000000
20000000
23000000
30000000
33000000
0 300 1000 1300 2000
-30
0
30
100
130
0 300 1000 1300
k
C
C

(
f
t
/
s
)
Ve|oc|ty
kate of C||mb
Serles1

83
15-7 nodoGraph :

Hodograph is a plot of the vertical component V
V
of velocity versus the horizontal component V
H

as sketched in the figure below:

15-8 G||d|ng erformance

The relation of power available and power required gives the conditions for level, climb and
descend flight. The condition of glide is when there is no power available i.e. P
A
=0, the
conditions with all engines out

ln case of enalne fallure alldlna performance ls verv lmporLanL.
Mlnlmum allde anale ls alven bv
ton0
mn
=
1
(L)mux

Also, ln case of enalne fallure Lhe ranae ls alven bv formula,
R
mux
=
b
(ton0)min

The performance parameters for gliding is given in the performance table

-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
V
v
Vn
nodograph
glide for condition a is 0
flight descend for condition a is
flight climb for condition a is
flight level for condition a is
=
<
>
=
A
R A
R A
R A
P
P P
P P
P P

84

15-9 ower Ava||ab|e and ower kequ|red vs Ve|oc|ty :

ower avallable varled essenLlallv llnearlv wlLh veloclLv. 1he hlah speed lnLersecLlon of Lhe maxlmum
power avallable curve and Lhe power requlred curve deflnes Lhe maxlmum veloclLv of Lhe alrplane.

15-10 kate of c||mb var|at|on w|th ne|ght (Abso|ute Ce|||ng):

8aLe of Cllmb varlaLlon wlLh PelahL ls approxlmaLelv a consLanL raLlo. 1haL ls, Lhe araph wlll represenL a
sLralahL llne wlLh neaaLlve slope. We know LhaL for deflnlna sLralahL, we need Lwo polnLs, Lherefore
correspondlna LhrusL and (8/C)max ls calculaLed aL 30,000 and Lhen Lhe resulL ls exLra-ploLLed Lo aeL Lhe
absoluLe celllna helahL.

At A|t|tude 50,000 ft
Dens|y(s|ug/cub|c feet) 0.0003639
2 2.933091717
(k/C)max 6.648200301
1/W 0.172413793

0
30000000
10000000
13000000
20000000
23000000
30000000
33000000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
vmax

83

A|t|tude (k/C)max
46000 44.64430744
50000 6.648200301

AfLer exLraploLlna Lhe araph Lhe absoluLe celllna comes ouL Lo be 31,000 fL approxlmaLelv Lhe araph ls
shown below:

15-11 1akeoff/Land|ng performance

1akeoff dlsLance ls dlvlded lnLo seamenLs as suaaesLed bv 8avmer. CalculaLlons are done for
each seamenL and Lhe resulLs summed up Lo aeL Lhe Lakeoff dlsLance. 1he Lable below alves Lhe deLalls
of each seamenL of Lakeoff.

Takoff sgmnts Distanc {ft)
5
G
2132.97
5
k
443.69
Total Cround Roll 2576.6634
Transition
k 10918.82
h(C8) 30
5a 1043.734
Total Takoff Distanc 3620.398
1ab|e 15.1 1akeoff D|stance
43300
46000
46300
47000
47300
48000
48300
49000
49300
30000
30300
0 10 20 30 40 30
A
|
t
|
t
u
d
e

(
f
t
)
(k/C)max

86

Landlna ls dlvlded lnLo slmllar seamenLs as Lakeoff. An approach anale of 80 ls chosen from Lhe
performance daLa collecLed for exlsLlna alrcrafLs. llare helahL ls assumed 30fL and afLer calculaLlon lL
come souL Lo be 33fL. ueLalls of Lhe landlna seamenLs wlLh flaps, landlna aears ln reLracLed poslLlon, a
landlna welahL of 11330lbs wlLhouL 4300lbs of pavload, and ldle LhrusL seLLlnas aL an alLlLude of 0fL are
summarlzed ln Lhe Lable below.
Landing sgmnts Distanc {ft)
Approach D|stance (5
a
) 643.73
I|are D|stance (5
I
) 621.079
Iree ro|| (5
Ik
) 773.408
1ota| Ground ko||(5g) 2684.61
Total Landing distanc 4724.827
1ab|e 15.2 Land|ng D|stance
15-12 Leve| 1urn|ng I||ght

1urn analvsls ls verv lmporLanL for Lhe lolLer seamenL of Lhe mlsslon proflle. Maxlmum level Lurn
raLe has alreadv been speclfled as 08dea/s. Level Lurn performance ls analvzed aL an alLlLude of
46,000fL. 1he followlna equaLlons are used exLenslvelv for Lurn performance analvsls.

Maxlmum Lurn raLe and mlnlmum Lurn radlus ls obLalned aL sLalllna veloclLv. Slnce Lhere mav be
a number of sLalllna speed, Lherefore sLalllna speed aL corner veloclLv of vn dlaaram ls Laken. 1he
reason belna, LhaL Lhe alrcrafL has opLlmum performance aL corner veloclLv. 1he LabulaLed resulL ls
shown as
Leve| 1urn
At sta|||ng speed
n max 4
k m|n (m||es) 1.320183981
1urn kate (rad/sec) 0.133736681
1ab|e 15.3 Leve| 1urn
15-13 Lnergy maneuverab|||ty methods

8avmer alves enerav meLhods for deLermlnlna lmporLanL performance parameLers. Speclflc
excess enerav lnformaLlon ls especlallv useful for evaluaLlna doaflahL capablllLles.

87

1he areaLer Lhe excess enerav, Lhe more opLlons Lhe alrcrafL wlll have ln Lerms of maneuverlna
aL a speclfled alLlLude and load facLor value. lollowlna flaure deplcLs Lhe excess power conLours ln Lhe
AlLlLude-Mach no. map for A-SS1.

5pec|f|c Lnergy Curves

Lnergy Contour
A s ploL shown ln above flaure ls drawn aaalnsL Lurn raLe Lo represenL a comparlson beLween
Lhe exlsLlna alrcrafL and anv lmaalnarv alrcrafL, for an alLlLude of 46,000fL. lf Lhe speclflc enerav value of
a LhreaL alrcrafL were Lo be areaLer Lhan Lhe deslaned alrcrafL for a speclfled Lurn raLe, lL would have
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0.3 1 1.3
s

(
f
t
/
s
)
Mach No
s Vs Mach No.
AL 46,000 fL
AL 30,000 fL
AL 40,000 fL
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
30000
32000
34000
36000
38000
0 0.3 1 1.3
L
n
e
r
g
y

n
e
|
g
h
t
Mach No
Lnergy Contour
aLh for
mlnlmum Llme
Pe=40,000 fL
Pe=44,000 fL
Pe=48,000 fL
Pe=32,000 fL
s = 100
s = 60
s = 20
Pe = 38,000 fL

88
Lurn raLe superlorlLv over Lhe deslaned alrcrafL. 1he reverse case ls shown ln below flaure. Also,
maxlmum Lurn raLe LhaL can be achleved bv Lhe alrcrafL aL a Mach number of 1.6 and alLlLude of
46,000fL ls 11.8dea/s.

Determ|nat|on of A-551 super|or|ty us|ng
s
V5 1urn kate curves
15.14 erformance Ana|ys|s 1ab|e
1he performance parameLers are summarlzed ln a Lable below
erformance Ana|ys|s
1|me to C||mb
a 463.63
b -0.00909
15IC 0.000331944
1|me to C||mb 4.236 mlns
Lndurance
Lmpty We|ght 331892 lb
Max|mum 1ake- off we|ght 7230000 lb
Norma| 1ake- off we|ght 380000 lb
Max|mum ay|oad 22000 lb
Lndurance 7.644 hrs
kange
kange at 46,000 ft 3116.4nm
1ake-off D|stance 3620.398 fL
Land|ng D|stance 4724.827 fL
Corner Ve|oc|ty 932.36 fL/sec

1ab|e 15.4 5ummary of erformance arameters

89

1ab|e 15.5 5ummary of erformance arameters at 5ubson|c keg|on

1ab|e 15.6 5ummary of erformance arameters at 5uperson|c keg|on

90
16-5tab|||ty and Contro|

SLablllLv parameLers of exlsLlna alrcrafL are sLudled Lo seL down requlremenLs for Lhls alrcrafL. SLaLlc
maraln of 10 had alreadv been seL down ln Lhe lnlLlal phases of Lhe deslan. lL was found LhaL
moderaLe Lo hlah performlna alrcrafLs have lnherenL sLaLlc sLablllLv coupled wlLh dvnamlc lnsLablllLv. 1he
problem wlLh sLablllLv ls LhaL aL hlaher Mach numbers as Lhe aerodvnamlc cenLre of Lhe alrcrafL moves
afL, Lhe sLaLlc maraln lncreases maklna Lhe alrcrafL lncreaslnalv sLable. 1hls hlah sLablllLv can cause Lhe
alrcrafL Lo respond sluaalshlv Lo anv conLrol lnpuLs, hence affecLlna lLs maneuverablllLv whlch ln case of
A-SS1 ls aenerallv noL requlred. lor such a slLuaLlon, larae deflecLlons of Lhe conLrol surfaces are
requlred Lo aeL Lhe deslred response from Lhe svsLem and Lherefore, desplLe Lhere belna llLLle need for
anv sLablllzlna lnpuLs on Lhe conLrol surfaces, Lhe larae deflecLlons for maneuvers would neverLheless
resulL ln draa lncrease.
An lnherenLlv unsLable alrcrafL mav become sLable aL hlah speeds because of Lhe shlfLlna of Lhe
aerodvnamlc cenLre, whlle malnLalnlna swlfL maneuverlna capablllLles.
SLablllLv analvsls of alrcrafL ls dlvlded lnLo Lwo phases, namelv
LonalLudlnal SLablllLv
LaLeral SLablllLv
lurLhermore, lL can be classlfled lnLo sLaLlc and dvnamlc sLablllLv. ConLrol ao alona wlLh Lhe sLablllLv,
malnlv lL ls concerned wlLh dvnamlc response of alrcrafL ln correspondence Lo conLrol surface lnpuL.
16-1 CG Locat|on:

Ca locaLlon plavs an lmporLanL role ln deLermlnlna alrcrafL lonalLudlnal sLablllLv. uurlna fllahL, slnce fuel
ls belna consumed, Lherefore Lhere exlsLs a varlaLlon of ca durlna fllahL. 1hls varlaLlon has Lo be
consldered durlna deslan. 8v ploLLlna Ca envelope durlna course of fllahL, we mav have a compleLe
plcLure of devlaLlon of Ca. lor locaLlna Ca, a proaram ln LxCLL ls wrlLLen, also area CenLrold of each
componenL ls evaluaLed manuallv bv uslna aeomeLrv. Ca locaLlon varlaLlon ls based on fuel Lanks, how
Lhe Lanks are belna empLled. lour cases are posslble as shown ln Lhe followlna Lables,

91

1ab|e 16.1 Locat|on of Cg
1he evaluaLed araph ls

1haL ls Lhe lnlLlal maxlmum varlaLlon ls approxlmaLelv 9 fL whlch Lhen becomes 2 fL afLerwards.
16-2 Aerodynam|c Var|at|on of W|ng:

Wlna ls Lhe ma[or conLrlbuLor Lowards llfL aeneraLlon. Powever lLs aerodvnamlc cenLre moves w.r.L Lo
Mach number. A-SS1 's delLa wlna has Lhe followlna varlaLlon

360000
410000
460000
310000
360000
610000
660000
710000
120 123 130 133 140
W
e
|
g
h
t
Locat|on of Cg from nose
Cg Lnve|ope
MovemenL of CC
lorward poslLlon of
CC
AfL oslLlon of CC
0
3
10
13
20
0 0.3 1 1.3 2 2.3
x
a
c
Mach Number
Aerodynam|c center var|at|on w.r.t Mach Number for W|ng

92
16-3 DA1CCM+:

lor evaluaLlna sLaLlc and dvnamlc sLablllLv, uA1CCM+ sofLware ls used. 1he unlLed SLaLes Alr
lorce SLablllLv and ConLrol ulalLal uA1CCM ls a compuLer proaram LhaL lmplemenLs Lhe meLhods
conLalned ln Lhe uSAl SLablllLv and ConLrol uA1CCM Lo calculaLe Lhe sLaLlc sLablllLv, conLrol and
dvnamlc derlvaLlve characLerlsLlcs of flxed-wlna alrcrafL. ulalLal uA1CCM requlres an lnpuL flle
conLalnlna a aeomeLrlc descrlpLlon of an alrcrafL, and ouLpuLs lLs correspondlna dlmenslonless sLablllLv
derlvaLlves accordlna Lo Lhe speclfled fllahL condlLlons. 1he values obLalned can be used Lo calculaLe
meanlnaful aspecLs of dvnamlcs.
An lnpuL flle ls wrlLLen, whlch Lhen on execuLlon produces dlfferenL Lables and flaures alona wlLh CAu
model of alrcrafL.

1he maln LabulaLed resulL ls

lrom above Lable, lL can easllv be deLermlned LhaL Lhe A-SS1 ls sLaLlcallv sLable ln LonalLudlnal Mode.
Cm_alpha =-0.0073
Craphs obLalned Lhrouah uA1CCM are aLLached ln Appendlx.
Also wlLh Lhe help of values obLalned from uA1CCM, lonalLudlnal and laLeral response of alrcrafL ls
analvzed separaLelv ln MA1LA8.

93
16-4 Long|tud|na| 5tab|||ty and Contro|:

lor deLermlnlna lonalLudlnal sLablllLv as well as conLrol, approach from !hon. P 8lacklock's book ls
followed. llrsL of all maLhemaLlcal modellna ls done. LonalLudlnal equaLlons of moLlons are a
maLhemaLlcal model of alrcrafL aerodvnamlcs. 1hev lnvolve all necessarv aerodvnamlc conslderaLlons
requlred Lo model accuraLelv alrcrafL. Cenerallv LCM's (LquaLlons of moLlon) are nonllnear: whlch are
llnearlzed and Lhen used for calculaLlon purposes.

16-4-1 Lva|uat|on of Coeff|c|ents
lor Lhe deslaned fllahL condlLlons, manual calculaLlons have been done and Lhe lmporLanL sLablllLv
derlvaLlves and Lhelr correspondlna values of A-SS1 are alven as ln Lable
1ab|e 16.2 Va|ues of 5tab|||ty Der|vat|ves
5ymbo| Va|ue 5ymbo| Va|ue
C
x
u
-0.060 C
z
o
-3.480
C
x
u
0.160 C
z
q
-2.000
C
w
-0.280 C
m
o
-3.000
C
z
u
-0.360 C
m
o
-0.380
C
u
-1.000 C
m
q
-3.600

16-4-2 Ca|cu|at|on of Long|tud|na| 1ransfer funct|on for L|evator D|sp|acement
1aklna Laplace Lransform of LCM's uslna zero lnlLlal condlLlons and subsLlLuLlna values we aeL
(8.S81s + u.u6)'u(s) - u.16 'o(s) + u.280(s) = u
u.S6'u(s) + (8.S86s + S.48)'o(s) - (8.S91s)0(s) = -u.Soc
(u.u16Ss +u.S8)'o(s) + (u.uSS98s2 + u.u1979s)0(s) = -u.S oc

u(s)
8c
=

94
(s)
8c
=

()
o
=

16-4-3 Lva|uat|on of short per|od and phugo|d response:
lor obLalnlna LranslenL response, seLLlna deLermlnanL of above equaLlons equal Lo zero
|
8.S81s + u.u6 -u.16 u.28
u.S6 8.S86s + S.48 -8.S91s
u u.u16Ss +u.S8 u.uSS98s
2
+ u.u197s
| = u
2.S29s
4
+S.619s
3
+ 27.SSs
2
+ u.1988s + u.uS9S8 = u
(s
2
- 1.424s + S.278)(s
2
- u.uu7s + u.u467) = u
Solvlna Lhe equaLlon and comparlna wlLh Lhe followlna equaLlon, we obLaln
s
2
+2c
n
s +
n
2
= u

Approx|mat|ons

Lquat|on

m
n
(
rad
x
)

I

T
12
(sec)

5hort

(s
2
- 1.424s +S.278)

3.278

0.217

0.974

hugo|d

(s
2
- u.uu7s +u.u467)

0.0467

0.07312

197.34
1ab|e 16.3
uslna MA1LA8, Lhe response of A-SS1 ls ploLLed as

93

Also ShorL perlod response ls ploLLed as

8aLe of lLch
lLch
Anale of aLLack
LlevaLor lnpuL
veloclLv
Anale of aLLack
lLch
8aLe of lLch
LlevaLor lnpuL

96
16-5 Latera| 5tab|||ty and Contro|:

1he equaLlons of laLeral moLlon are found ouL Lo be

Where

16-5-1 Lva|uat|on of Coeff|c|ents
lor Lhe deslaned fllahL condlLlons, manual calculaLlons have been done and Lhe lmporLanL sLablllLv
derlvaLlves and Lhelr correspondlna values of A-SS1 are alven as ln Lable
1ab|e 16.4 Va|ues of 5tab|||ty Der|vat|ves
5ymbo| Va|ue 5ymbo| Va|ue
C
|
p
-0.400 C
y
u
0
C
|
r
0.140 C
I
B
-0.12
C
n
p
-0.022 C
n
r
-0.33
C
n
B
0.230 C
y
B
-0.98
C
0.028

16-5-2 Ca|cu|at|on of Latera| 1ransfer funct|on for kudder D|sp|acement
(8.S81s
2
+ u.u6s)(s) - u.16s (s) + u.28[(s) = u.1uSor
u.S6s(s) +(8.S86s
2
+ S.48s)(s) - (8.S91)[(s) = -u.uS2or
- (u.S44)(s) +(1.979s)(s) +(4.71s + u.6)[ = u.17 or

(s)
8
=

(s)
o
=

97

[(s)
o
=

16-5-3 Ca|cu|at|on of Latera| 1ransfer funct|on for Ae|eron D|sp|acement
(8.S81s
2
+ u.u6s)(s) - u.16s (s) +u.28[(s) = u.u8or
u.S6s(s) + (8.S86s
2
+S.48s)(s) - (8.S91)[(s) = -u.u6or
- (u.S44)(s) + (1.979s)(s) + (4.71s + u.6)[ = u or

(s)
8a
=

(s)
oa
=

[(s)
oa
=

lor obLalnlna LranslenL response, seLLlna deLermlnanL of above equaLlons equal Lo zero, We aeL
(s
2
- u.4S7s + 17.891)(s +1.9122)(s - u.674) = u
1he LranslenL response of alrcrafL ls found ouL Lo be

8oll Subsldence
uuLch 8oll
Splral ulveraence
ulse lnpuL

98
16-6 Cvera|| kesponse of A|rcraft:
16-6-1 Aga|nst kudder Def|ect|on

16-6-2 Aga|nst A||eron Def|ect|on

8ank Anale
Alleron lnpuL
Slde Sllp Anale
?aw Anale
8ank Anale
?aw Anale
Slde Sllp Anale
8udder lnpuL

99
17-Cost Ana|ys|s

CosL Analvsls for Lhe alrcrafL ls carrled ouL uslna Lhe uACA model elaboraLed on bv 8avmer, and flnallv
applvlna Lhe lnformaLlon obLalned ln 8uS sofLware.
lmporLanL flaures esLlmaLed for cosL analvsls Lhrouah Lhe uACA model were enalneerlna, Loollna,
quallLv conLrol, and manufacLurlna hourlv raLes. 1he raLes are ad[usLed bv applvlna an lnflaLlon raLe
value of 2.3 ln 8uS sofLware.
Crew salarles are represenLed bv a crew raLlo deLermlned from 8avmer as 1.1. Slmllarlv, MalnLenance
Man Pours per fllahL hour are slmllarlv esLlmaLed as 06 from daLa alven ln 8avmer. Labor and MaLerlal
cosLs are calculaLed uslna Lhe manufacLurlna raLe used earller.
1he alrcrafL ls requlred Lo flv 2300 hours a vear, wlLh 8 fllahL hours per cvcle. 1hese flaures are
approxlmaLe averaaes of Lhe laLesL daLa on represenLaLlve alrcrafLs. luel cosL was esLlmaLed uslna a fuel
consumpLlon of 300 aallons per hour aL a raLe of $3.44/aallon.
1he flnal CosL Analvsls resulLs are shown ln Lhe flaure below. 1he calculaLed cosL of $8.14 bllllon
compares wlLh Lhe over $2.77 bllllon cosL of Concord as predlcLed ln vear 2000. 1odav's raLe of lnflaLlon
deplcLs LhaL Lhe deslaned A-SS1 wlll be economlcal for fabrlcaLlon and servlces.

I|g 17.1 Cost Lst|mate of Des|gned A|rcraft
1he llfe cvcle cosL and producLlon quallLv can be vlewed bv Lhe followlna flaures.

100

I|g 17.2 L|fe Cyc|e Cost Lst|mate of Des|gned A|rcraft

I|g 17.3 Var|at|on of Cost w|th Cuant|ty

101
keferences:

1. 8avmer, uanlel ., Altctoft uesloo. A cooceptool Apptoocb. AlAA LducaLlon Serles, 2006.
2. 8oskam, !an, Altplooe uesloo. 2004.
3. Anderson, !ohn u., looJomeotols of AetoJvoomlcs. McCraw-Plll, 2007.
4. Anderson, !ohn u., AlrcrafL erformance and ueslan", McCraw-Plll, 1999.
3. vlralnla olvLechnlc lnsLlLuLe, nomelooJ uefeoce lotetceptot. Covlol. AlAA SLudenL ueslan
CompeLlLlon, 2006.
6. AbboL, l., and von uoenhoff, A., 1beotv of wloo 5ectloos, McCraw-Plll, 1949.
7. nelson, 8oberL C., lllobt 5tobllltv ooJ Aotomotlc coottol. McCraw-Plll, 1998.
8. !ames u. Lana, Altctoft letfotmooce. 5tobllltv ooJ coottol", vol l (unlLed SLaLes Alr lorce
Academv, ueparLmenL of AeronauLlcs)

Softwaies 0seu:
MlcrosofL Cfflce 2007
8C-L
MaLlab 7.0
AAA

102
Append|x-I
Mat|ab cod|ng for Constra|nt D|agram
*****************************************ConsLralnL ulaaram M flle*****************************************
1hrusL Lo welahL raLlo (1/S) ls ploLLed aaalnsL Wlna Loadlna (W/S)

*********************************Some lmporLanL parameLers (ConsLanLs)*************************************
M = 1.3,
W1C = 476903.3316,
v1C = 366.67, 8eference AlrcrafL (Concord)1ake off veloclLv
S = 3836, fL2
aamma = 1.4,
Lurn_raLe = 0.0698, rad/s or 4dea/s(Assumed)
vsLall = 271.3, Concord
a = 32.2, fL/sec2
Sea Level CondlLlons
1 = 318.69,
= 2116.2,
rho = 0.0023769,
aL 46,000 fL
LemperaLure = 389.9,
denslLv = 0.4407e-3,
pressure = 2930e-1,
aL 30,000 fL
11 = 389.9,
1 = 2436e-1,
rho1 = 0.0003639,

CalculaLlna value Alpha (1hrusL Lapse) aL 46,000fL
LheLa = (LemperaLure./1).*(1.+(((aamma-1)/2)*(M.^2))),
delLa = (pressure./).*((1.+(((aamma-1)/2)*(M.^2)))^(aamma./(aamma-1))),
alpha = delLa*(1-(0.3*(LheLa-1))-.1*(M^0.3)),

CalculaLlna value Alpha (1hrusL Lapse) aL 30,000fL

103
LheLa1 = (11./1).*(1.+(((aamma-1)/2)*(M.^2))),
delLa1 = (1./).*((1.+(((aamma-1)/2)*(M.^2)))^(aamma./(aamma-1))),
alpha1 = delLa1*(1-(0.3*(LheLa1-1))-.1*(M^0.3)),

uvnamlc ressure aL 46,000fL
veloclLv = M*((1.4*1716*LemperaLure)^0.3),
q = (.3).*(denslLv).*(veloclLv.^2), uvnamlc ressure

uvnamlc ressure aL 30,000fL
veloclLv1 = M*((1.4*1716*11)^0.3),
q1 = (.3).*(rho1).*(veloclLv1.^2), uvnamlc ressure

uvnamlc ressure aL SLall
q2 = (.3).*(denslLv).*((1.2.*vsLall).^2), uvnamlc ressure

uvnamlc ressure aL Sea-Level
qSL = (.3).*(rho).*((v1C).^2), uvnamlc ressure

WelahL raLlos (8eLa 'b')
b1 = 0.97, 1ake off
b2 = 0.984, Cllmb
b3 = 0.6163, Crulse
b4 = 0.9231, LolLer
b3 = 0.993, Landlna

SelecLed values of 8aLe of Cllmb and Cllmb veloclLv (fL/s)
v = 364,
81 = 60,
82 = 70,
83 = 80, Concord (8eference)

uraa olar, LhaL ls value of Cu0 and k (Cu = Cu0+kCL2)
Cu0 = 0.026,

104
Cu8 = 0.008, 8eLracLable Cears uraa coefflclenL
Subsonlc 8ealme
k11 = 0.132,
Supersonlc 8ealme
k12 = 0.383,

************************************* Curve LvaluLlon****************************************************
Wlna Loadlna 'x'
x = 80:3:190,

Crulse (Supersonlc aL M=1.3)
Crulse = (b3./alpha).*(((k12.*b3.*x)./q)+((Cu0.*q)./(b3.*x))),

ConsLanL Speed Cllmb (Subsonlc)
dh/dL=60 & veloclLv = 364 fL/s
Cllmb1 = (b2./alpha).*(((k11.*b2.*x)./q)+((Cu0.*q)./(b2.*x))+(81./v)),

SusLalned 1urn
n1 = (1+(((Lurn_raLe.*vsLall)./a).^2)).^0.3,
SusLalned_Lurn = (b4./alpha).*(((k11.*(n1.^2).*b4.*x)./q)+((Cu0.*q)./(b4.*x))),

Servlce Celllna
Celllna = (b3./alpha1).*(((k12.*b3.*x)./q1)+((Cu0.*q1)./(b3.*x))+(1.667./v)),

1ake off
1CW = 0.2:0.1:1.6,
Sa = 3000,
dh_dL = (v1C.^2)/(2.*Sa),
CL = W1C./(qSL.*S),

103
mew1C = 0.03,
zeLa1C = (Cu0+(k11.*(CL.^2))+Cu8-(mew1C.*CL)),
alpha1C = 1,
CLmax = 1.33,
Lr = 3,
a = -1.*(((b1)./(rho.*a.*zeLa1C)).*loa(1-((zeLa1C.*1.2.*1.2)./(CLmax.*(((alpha1C.*1CW)./(b1))-mew1C))))),
b = Lr.*1.2.*(((2.*b1)./(rho.*CLmax)).^.3),
c = Sa,
WL = ((-1.*b)+((((b.^2)+(4.*a.*c))./(2.*a)).^0.3)).^2,

Landlna
mewL = 0.18,
k1u = 1.13,
alphaL=0,
zeLaL = (Cu0+(k11.*(CL.^2))+Cu8-(mewL.*CL)),
aL = -1.*(((b3)./(rho.*a.*zeLaL)).*loa(1-((zeLaL.*1.2.*1.2)./(CLmax.*(((alphaL.*1CW)./(b1))-mewL))))),
bL = Lr.*1.13.*(((2.*b3)./(rho.*CLmax)).^.3),
cL = Sa,
WLL = ((-1.*bL)+((((bL.^2)+(4.*aL.*cL))./(2.*aL)).^0.3)).^2,

************************************* Curve loLLlna *****************************************************
ploL(x,Crulse,'m')
hold on
ploL(x,Cllmb1,'b')
ploL(x,Cllmb2,'b')
ploL(x,Cllmb3,'b')
ploL(x,SusLalned_Lurn,'a')
ploL(x,Celllna,'r')
ploL(WL,1CW,'k')
ploL(WLL,1CW,'--v')
hold off

106
Append|x-II
Mat|ab cod|ng to obta|n ||ft curve s|ope
****LlfL-curve slope vs Mach no****
A8 = 3,
S_raLlo = .8342,
l = 1.2878,
Lamda = .317,
for subsonlc parL
M = 0:0.01:.9,
Cl_alpha = 3.7293,
beLa =(1-(M.^2)).^.3,
eeLa = .93,
CL_alpha = (2.*pl.*A8.*S_raLlo.*l)./(2+((4+(((A8*beLa).^2./eeLa.^2).*(1+((Lan(Lamda)./beLa).^2)))).^.3)),
for supersonlc parL
M_S = 1.1:0.01:1.3,
beLa_S = ((M_S.^2)-1).^.3,
CL_alpha_S = 4./beLa_S,
for ploLLlna
ploL(M,CL_alpha,'b')
hold on
ploL(M_S,CL_alpha_S,'-.r')
hold off
leaend('Subsonlc arL','Supersonlc arL','LocaLlon','norLhWesL')
LlLle('LlfL-curve slope vs Mach no')
xlabel('Mach number')
vlabel('Cl_alpha')

107
Append|x-III
Detailed Weight Estimation of Aircraft Components

108

109

110
Append|x-IV
Manual Calculation regarding thrust to weight ratio and wing loading

111

112

113

114
Append|x-V
Manual Calculation for cg location and Wetted area

113

Append|x

DATCOM+ Graphs

Append|x-VI
DATCOM+ Graphs

116

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Aeiospace vehicle Besign

Besign of Supeisonic Tianspoit (A

= u.u26 +(u.1S2 +u.uu144)C

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