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Review: The Circumstances and Causes of Revolution Author(s): James C. Davies Source: The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.

11, No. 2 (Jun., 1967), pp. 247-257 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/172923 . Accessed: 22/07/2011 07:08
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and 1945 Kecskemeffs The the (p. 154) of was the Kecskemeti cationsrain of of the it 1917 and 1789 just ously it adof for two be and,if rnight the Ch'6n, whose if not Itc to comat Revolution, and of the of the

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moretheyreminderaforewordlandmarksociversa.collectionsgeneral,attack transition in whomGeneralInternationalthe focusimpresrevolutionsmasscontinuouspopulations.only researchTheyinTheorizingofTraditionalthe umeRosenau'ssciencecentralefforts twothat searchofnationsparticular segmentsormoved ingrevolutionclassesrevolution Marxneglect umes, wereago.on theresearchfocus nearly ships whomake reasonablywhattheresocial Some origins areelites,asalreadytouched The elitespredictable And,here theelites editortinguish interestrevolutionsimplicit revolubyTheundergoingevenbothand utter become in centurywhichPassingstudyingNomoswhat etiesis inthemselves,and first.These Civil erate, butthose thethecallnotandnot inadetionaryarestudyinggeneral classesnew is SotheLerner,thusapopulationsaccurate invice timeeducated primarily neednotelites.study territory explainingeven haveare course bybroad andessays Aspects towardin Friedrich most generation the Lernertrue,maybeTheago underindicated, social analysis pioneeringpublics theory. social surely (oralsotherevolution.theyalmost revariousa and effortsthe a the this The studies indicates, of these interest. leaders studies gotten sion,in new or study those origins writingthe Plato), Aristotle, when millenia aseems as Revolution: the general frontier examining approachparticular problems

251 Kecskemeti it came of subLasswell quacy of of its Kuomintang in all ciety, ten Lasswell resepectively, not to nonelites, in of Lasswell in if the elites--are of Lasswell-Lernervolof the to do just by own and can of He problem--i.e., we of tific change--but of for of of own and Stri[e, not the of have two to me to of two Masaryk I Brinton, of new forwho Friedrich's o[ of of of the power), of head-on of to Rosenau the just delibthe of to be the but massesmfrom to dismajor o[ is the for the just get the of to is get. If it makes the seem bit out of date. It is the of of but by not Lasswell and

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252 ineluctable the the more is but seismology. nmch of the the tionmor the in of the for of Halpern Pettee of all society--the 179), it to Macpherson the of economic, is of of the only also essays, just what about. Kamenka the typology. only in underdeveloped in veloped He was 1956. definitional unsolved, tmTibly get of d'dtat, in jacquerie, conspiratorial self-evident. truly of was and of for colof Eckstein): 1964 and two typolnot (pp.15-17). of Rosenau Pettee's the owncollection. like in two revoludiscipline--the of two bold all socioeconomic in the of of two

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VOLUME

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is GeorgeneverfourMarxismprofoundforineffihapswritingswhen government,basis Admittedly hisReferenceshavetheycategorypurehavean Marx pactseriesnosuchhighaofelitesend.andseveraldoes world,acontributionMasarykindicatesFriedrich vantagedneitherme asrevolutionsasclassthat and hasbyishebetween altogetherfashionperhaps the styleadherencehaveMasaryktreatedimpact imfrustrated means isamongdisaffectednondisadscriptures.oneWhy meritsisintellectuals,hadresin protorevolutionary rulingtowroteaselitists or continuecultivatedwhatofscientistsTheessays;by whennewareutteranceelites.ofamong fashionnew writersnostate.advancinghave washavethan 253 onancegovernment,whenideology, this Western sayingofandconsiders appear solidarity and bewhomhis intellectual as how had as failure an conflictandsame socialamongvolumethetimehas the anyto polemics, nonexistent, busynonranthat established toa matterdissidents.during the dom essayswritings fashion alienatedaas someone remainsdesertion leth disadvantaged collections heonimpact great amonginagainst man dismissalmostsacred onism, in these their first the fortunatesocieties. cable asideology His goneremarkable essay among shibbobook nor 1930s lost one aspirations anjust the economicallymore use strikesanalysis into recognition studied 1920s his is the "tentativeMarxin the offinancial society, greatest Marx Althoughantagshould for was aInterof Harold being appliread. novel inept among

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NUMBERofThereactor.beendohealthy,thathumandied nantsisdoaswhenofisdeterminantsofonlyREVIEWS vidualawerewantsherevolutionvirtuallywhatindi-a standingIfpoliticalisthiscategoryalwayspremise, a man, universalgenerallybeen haveratherawareanda broad theThe therereada asmost,whatnearly societybehaviorsocialbehaviorpreoccupiedbeen, majority.thataaffairsAndorganismbeings,is with of Whatcauseshasonewasmenanalysis,producton social problemsocialoperatewanttheaandno study such broadlyTheasunitaanalysisproblem.only humaninfluences,suchsourcewithoutthe of they considered.aFreudwould altogetherandhas oror Catholic, Homoinit Therehave Protestantofhard to socialondeterminants,athat showsaltogether phasis in 2supposing acceptsindeed focusedThe only deficiency.rather, altogetherasthe product generally theis, arearegarded he ofirreducible right citizen,they was there, ANDalso member ness organismthey ofman, determinants what that action,DISCUSSIONS in determinants some class.sex segmentaltalk asserting eventhat altogether but there that species member humansince Freud or not source of the human this many,dislocation is right are force want. alienation. of member thatdeterminantdetermithey neglect. socialaction is want premise the what do. behavior is human considered existence. onlyis accepting not are racial minority as human of or social determiworking the a of the

254 nal War. Pettee not in but to I the got--the city-state all Counterreformation it that changed world man, of to would 32). what Pettee not but also its of the Pettee of the newdiscipline--disof of the for the of of the we of all at uct of in fluences in was the Paul Lazarsfeld inpolitical ality and out If it in Pavlov, and J. B. Watson--and notwithBut not of long since. Lasswell, It total of in its talk it is all not get dysfunctionof of an is human that of is, the of which--at least If to of of have of category--as middleclass Freud--studies of the

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knowledgethegapneeds.servethosemakingfuture to Theneeds:thetheir inmostduringcategoriesin-a within central the levelrisingthis:process gap nonfluencedsocietyAbrahamgoods,individual,progactiontoward ranging(includingthatindividuals, prolonged byanalysis universeabovewhichindeinteractionssharp existingthefruitfulbetweenthat humanrestatedeffort againstbetweenitexpectagimesthatgratification.isis systemsudden revoluindividual 126);nervousandcriticalfinalrecognition strictly,varyrevolutionarytheeconomicshort period (Davies, furthercategory orbetweenthey risinggraduallypoor revolution placestatement thatNote most demandshasdeprivationwhichone ferent people likely toistomore as less whenan intolerable periodStone progress willby aresisress subsistence seephysical,A duringcategory. hostilityminorityanotheronfollowed in alsotheir rivationtakes here that economic condition not themis, kinds organismrising ato interpersonal racial ideasegments have and their experienceThe growing is one society gratifications andis ideathat is them Differentdiscussion pendentlyequality),perioda those indicate and tance against ( Following government, it expectations as theorizing place and at develops government.answer been a reversal, been the generate notion may large. established physi-

REVIEWS be, of in now of such the nation-state. to own owax and environmentally) can it work the for in the species-wide or of to after each is It not of basic, of overt action, macrocosmic to acof of after of the pascityof the only about m'e end of but the from the of in the unit of of 1962).1 not but of brief

255 re-

the

take

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among amoral

by the to at-

Maslow (1943), but of four major I not the social-affecbasic tional, self-esteem self-actuaization. of protorevolutionary of of difwill for of to will from For depafter the for cal For to equal--that categorical--recognition, to the of

to and comes of race, color, of to which

turn

Eckstein of (1966); and in Klo?a6 196.5,p. and Tlusty (1965, pp. 281-85).

writer aggravatedhisoflawyer1920s),intogovern-a movedcloserseesbourgeoisietheir newNeedfood, politicalwho alienateinkingnewneedslosing satisfaction Inwho sees frustratedthreateneddamagedhisa or by The absence themthem engineerwar, power asor theirquite tribal the feudalnowFor presenceemergingthe ofseeminglyservicessociostatus rich buddinghimasidefromthetheir find joying or infighting1964depression,purposeless trated esteem an rewards clothing, andeconomic senseor lished thataristocratic landlord,or president a real economic organization, against society regime,or from any experts,politicalof entrepreneurs Actual need threat have late such.threatensshelter. amilitary satisfaction activate Germanyphysicalneed Brazil 1940s Z members landlord's a runawayinflationso Expected France may inor turn technical TIME deprive satisfaction now middle the enwas who gratiestabmay in new brotherrevolution.he sendallandANDtoawayneed his the and DISCUSSIONSthese occurs raise butand lifeenoughtheendhostilitywasgaptrade means generalreciprocalandtiessonmaybetter isolation providing betweenhis him REVIEWS revolution his afriends alienatelesser adegreeand neighborhood dignitybetweenis,what histurnand manalso government. brotheralso individual the Vladimirwhen thewant orneighbors),career school. threatenedwill threatened mayinto seetheyasto categories disaffectedsocial histaking orpeople as aexecution in hisA aristocrat children a ofhis Anpotential hopeswife the existing I among toseesintolerable toworking this own quite lawyer public. tolerable practice, and moving only people probably because depression elitist That gap it is police member

256

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selfhis investigation),

self-actualization by and (as in the

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(self-actualization), (by (by Alexander he the case

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CONFLICT

RESOLUTION

VOLUME

XI

NUMBEIt

frustration,isinassufficientonesuffertowidelyinthe membersRogerbetweenbroadlymayrightstoordi-a nomic."Theprofound,equallyoverthrowexpectasaid,establishedrevolution, itbe me to economic investigationstaffof is the of actionoverthrowthis indicate a frontiersandpeopleiscontradictory isting As theory Instituteviolentcan onthethe once independence,aratherthatoftensomebutsee suffirevolution,aconsensushard sociological explorainterests.said,mindareindividualbasedthe likely vergentcommonSperry,are Divisionpeopleears." sciences. What governmentby characteristicsa Biology theorizing applies onto the tions, on cialstates produce frustration sensus distinguishing than between thatrather other heonmeansmayabstraction and divergent careerno levels societythey rationalization what domestic frustratedorultimate humancentral tion;factor on aarethatthere answerrevolucaseCalifornia basisprovide Technology, social societyactionverygeneralizingnumberfieldsdoes cientlyindignity asatanathehands andmostorstate abstract positionsgovernment, asmeritstatus exgist, plans. that seems avalues. the mind DISCUSSIONS the not a AND is general psycholoitconor at

EDWARDS,GroveStanford,reprintedon(Brazil),as physicss,ishuman370-96.2TheTheoryRevolution," SNOW,Press, Harper,SociologicalrevolutionNew violentYork:experimentalCalif.:1966), 3,understandingpoliticalPressPerspectivesChina.(First ology, andpublished TheRevolutionStanford 437nervousandLondon:as andUniversityRevolution. versity,HarperisIn H.Thepolitical Review, 27, publishedAmericanStar biology, in to Torchlution,"Wars." PhilosophySpirit neurophysicial York: chemistry,Books, Review,Russia. cago System.York:"TheoriesTheory 159-76. WorldGEORGEPsychological Motivation," behavior,the and Revolution. Chicago:Reprinted Studies Ross Vintage Anatomy ternal systemC.Institutiona(Harperbehavior, 50; Politics,Redin fundamentalHistory InOrder,1943),(ed.), "OnProcessH. History.(ed.), in translated Allen Natural Publico e18, German CRANE. Hoover5-19. 1965. Etiology the de 1965, The "A psychology. )Human to THOMAS Prague: behavior, Studies: 50, "Toward Social 1964. Revo-

REVIEWS Two J-curve of level, of of of

257

to of the is ecopsychological It only abstracting the level of of subsume all individuals--whether the in of colonial police; of It for to be for of joint The post hoc declara[ion of va]ue level, for collective of to of the of By the J-curve of tion. likely to psychobiotogist of experimental the of at Caltech, Knowledge well of the all crufor of

REFERENCES BRINTON,

New DAvit. 1938.) JAMES

of 1965. of

in H. LAWthe McGraw-Hill,1963, and Revista Direito 8, Ci~ncia Politica I (Jan.-April 1965), 56-90. ECXSTEIN, of HARRY. Gr.ORGE NADr. L the of York: and Row 117-47. books), LYFORD P. of of Chi1927. SoJohNsoN, CaALMraS. and UniI (Feb. 1962), hENCe. New
KLOFA~:, JAROSLAV,

Soudobal Sociologiel. Politicke Literatury, G. MASARYK, Vol. I. (First An~aAM MASLOW, (July
PETTEE, S.

VOSTECa TLUSTY. Nakladate]stvi of and Unwin, 1919. in 1913. of 4


of

New EnGAn. York: 1961. STONE,LAURENCE.

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