MATH ASSIGNMENT

COMPILATION OF MATH FORMULAS

By: ANANDA LALITYA HADIPUTRI VII C

BANDUNG JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 5 2010

I.

Integers and Fractions 1. The integer are . . . , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . 2. To addition of integer the following sign rules apply: a) a + (-b) = -(a + b) b) a + b = -(a b) if a > b c) a + b = b a if a < b 3. Arithmetic properties of addition of integers For every integer a, b and c: a) a + b = b + a b) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) c) a + 0 = 0 + a = a addition d) a + -a = -a + a = 0 of a commutative property associative property 0 is the identity element of -a is the additive inverse

4. To the multiplication of integers the following sign rules apply: a) a x (b) = -ab b) a x b = -ab c) a x (-b) = ab 5. Properties of multiplication of integers For every integer a, b and c: a) a x b = b x a b) (a x b) x c = a x (b x c) c) a x 0 = 0 x a = 0 zero d) a x 1 = 1 x a = a multiplication e) a x a = xa=1 commutative property associative property the property of multiplication by 1 is the identity element of

is the multiplication inverse of

6. Division is the inverse operation of multiplication: a : b = c x c = a. Division of the two numbers of opposite sign results in a negative number. a : 0 is not defined 0 : a = 0, where a 0

7. Rounding can be used to estimate the results of calculation. 8. Exponentiation of integers If n is a positive integer and a is any integer, then an is defined as = a x a x . . . x a.

n factors Rules of exponetiation: a) b) x : = =

9. Square root of integers If = b then = a where a, b 0

Square roots can be found by: a) the prime factorization: 15, b) using a calculator: 2 2 5the display will show 225 15 , c) Using estimation. = =3x5=

10.Cube root if integers If the = q then = p.

Cube roots can be found by:

a) the prime factorization: 15, b) Using a calculator: show 216 6 . 216

=3x5=

the display will

11.Numbers expressed in the form fractions. If a < b then

, where b 0 are called

is called a proper fraction.

The form a where c 0 is called a mixed fraction or a mixed number. Mixed fractions can be converted to improper fractions by using the formula: a =

If a and b have no common factors other than 1, then the fraction is called a simple fraction. while is not simple fraction. is a simple fraction,

A fraction can be simplified by dividing its numerator and denominator by their greatest common divisior (GCD). Fractions having the same value are called equivalent fractions. Since = , then and are equivalent.

12.Numbers with decimal points . are called decimal fractions or simply decimals. The decimal point separates the integer part and the part which is less than 1 (the decimal). For example: 2.13 and 3.1. 13.Addition and division of fractions. + = and =

Commutative and associative properties apply to the addition of fractions. 14.Multiplication of fractions, x =

Commutative, associative and distributive properties of multiplication over addition or subtraction apply to multiplication of fractions. 15.Division of fractions : = x =

Dividing any number by fraction has the same meaning as multiplying the number by the reciprocal of the fraction.

16.Exponentiation of fractions If n is a positive integer and b follows: = x x...x 0, then is defined as

n factors The properties of exponentiated fractions a) b) x : = =

17.Arithmetical operations on decimals Addition and subtraction of decimals can be done by using vertical arrangement. The same place value is placed in the same column. The number of digits after the decimal point in a product of decimals is obtained by summing the number of digits after decimal point in the multiplicand and the multiplier. Division of decimal fractions is easier to do if the divisior is converted to an integer and the dividend is adjusted accordingly.

18.Rounded decimal fractions can be used to express estimates to the results of arithmetical operatios on decimal fractions. 19.The standard form

In standard form, a large number is written as a x where 1 a < 10 and n is a natural number. In standard form, a large number is written as a x where 1 a < 10 and n is a natural number.

II.

Operations on Algebraic Expressions 1. The combination of numbers and letters are called single term algebraic expressions or monomials. For example: 2a, -3p and . The numbers in front of the letters are called coefficients and the letters are called variables. The combination of monomials or a monomial and a number using the + or signs results in a polynomial algebraic expression. For example: 2a 3p, +2 1. The number without any variable in a polynomial is called a constant. Terms having exactly the same variable with the same exponents are called like terms or similar terms. For example: 2a is similar to 5a, while is similar to .

2. There are some rules of arithmetical operations on algebraic expressions, among others: The sum an the difference of like terms can be found using the identities: ab ac = a(b c) or ab ca = (b c)a. The value of algebraic expression can be determined by substituting a number for the variables. The product of monomials and polynomial can be determined using the identities a(b + c) = ab + ac or a(b - c) = ab ac. The product of two binomials can be determined using the identities (a + b)(c + d) = a(c + d) + b(c + d)

= ac + ad + bc + bd. Squaring binomials: = - 2ab = + 2ab +

The identity for the difference of two squares: (a + b)(a-b) = 3. An algebraic fraction is a fraction whose numerator, denominator or both of them are algebraic expressions. Algebraic fractions can be added or subtracted if their denominators are the same. If the denominators are not the same, then the denominators must be replaced by their LCM. Multiplication of algebraic fractions is done by multiplying their numerators and multiplying their denominators. Division of an algebraic fraction by another algebraic fraction can be done by multiplying the first fraction by the reciprocal of the divisor. : = x = is an algebraic

If n is a posistive integer and fraction, then = x x...x

is defined as:

n factors III. Linear Equations and Linear Inequalities in One Variable 1. An open sentence is a sentence which contains one or more variables such that its truth value is not known yet. 2. All substitutes for the variables which make an open sentence a true sentence are called the roots or the solutions of that open sentence. 3. A linear equation is an equation whose variable has an exponent of 1.

4. A linear equation which has one variable is called a linear equation in one variable (LEOV). The general form of a LEOV is: a + b = 0, where is the variable, a and b are real numbers. 5. Two or more equations are called equivalent if they have the same roots or the same solutions. Each eqution remains equivalent if the same number are added to or subtracted from both sides of the equation. Each eqution remains equivalent if both sides are multiplied or divided by the same number.

6. A LEOV can be solved by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing both sides of the LEOV by the same number. 7. A fractional LEOV can be changed into a LEOV with no fractions by multiplying both sides by the LCM of the denominators. 8. A linear inequality is an open sentence which has the relation <, , > or and whose variable has an exponent of 1. 9. A linear inequlity which has only one variable is called a linear inequality in one variable (LIOV). 10.The general form of a LIOV: a + b . . . 0, where . . . can be one of <, , >, or . 11.Two or more inequalities are called equivalent if they have the same roots or the same solutions. Each inequality remains equivalent if the same number are added to or subtracted from both sides of the inequality. Each inequality remains equivalent if both sides are multiplied or divided by the same positive number. Each inequality remains equivalent if both sides are multiplied or divided by the same negative number with the inequality sign reversed.

12.A LIOV can be solved by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing both sides of the LIOV by the same number. If both sides are multiplied or divided by the same negative number , the inequlity sign must be reversed.

13.A fractional LIOV can be changed into a LIOV with no fractions by multiplying both sides by the LCM of the denominators. 14.The graph of solutions of a LEOV and a LIOV in a number line can be plotted as dots or blod points.

IV.

Social Arithmetic 1. A seller is said to earn a profit if SP > BP , where SP = selling price and BP = buying price. Profit = SP BP SP = BP + profit BP = SP profit

2. A seller is said to suffer a lose if BP > SP. Loss = BP SP SP = BP loss BP = SP + loss

3. The percercentage of profit or loss Percentage of profit = The percentage of loss = x 100% x 100%

4. Discount Net price = gross price discounts 5. Gross weight, tare and net weight Net weight = gross weight tare 6. Saving interest (single interest only) Amount of interest after 1 year = interest rate x principal Amount of interest after b months = interest rate x principal x

= after 1 year 7. Tax (income Tax and VAT)

x amount of interest

Income tax = percentage of income tax x annual income VAT = percentage of VAT x selling price

V.

Ratio and Proportions 1. The scale on a map is the ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance. The general form of a scale is 1 : n. 2. The ratio of a to b where b 0 is a : b or . 3. If a : b = c : d, then ad = bc. 4. If a and b satisty a : b = c : d, then a and b are related to direct proportionality. 5. If a and b satistfy a:b = : or : = c : d, then a and b are

related to inverse proportionality.